today: chapter 6 volcanism
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Today: Chapter 6 Volcanism. Movie: Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea on Hawaii Nature of volcanic eruptions 3) Materials extruded during eruptions 4) Types of volcanoes 5) Other volcanic landforms. 2. The nature of volcanic eruptions. 1. The nature of volcanic eruptions. - violent? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Today:Today: Chapter 6 Chapter 6 VolcanismVolcanism
1) Movie: Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea on Hawaii
2) Nature of volcanic eruptions
3) Materials extruded during eruptions
4) Types of volcanoes
5) Other volcanic landforms
What determines if an eruption isWhat determines if an eruption is
3 primary factors:
magma’s composition
magma’s temperature
amount of gas in magma
magma viscosity
Its ability to move
more silica more viscous (chains)
hotter magma less viscous
Can increase fluidity
- violent?
- “gentle”?
- violent?
- “gentle”?
1. The nature of volcanic eruptions2. The nature of volcanic eruptions2. The nature of volcanic eruptions
Importance of gas in eruptions
Gas can provide the force to violently
hurl molten rock & ash from volcano
1. The nature of volcanic eruptions2. The nature of volcanic eruptions2. The nature of volcanic eruptions
•Fluid basaltic lavas generally produce quiet eruptions
•Highly viscous lavas (rhyolite or andesite) produce more explosive
eruptions
•Fluid basaltic lavas generally produce quiet eruptions
•Highly viscous lavas (rhyolite or andesite) produce more explosive
eruptions
1. The nature of volcanic eruptions2. The nature of volcanic eruptions2. The nature of volcanic eruptions
1. The nature of volcanic eruptions2. The nature of volcanic eruptions2. The nature of volcanic eruptions
80% of all volcanoes are found along convergent plate boundaries.
Fig. 6.18
2. Materials extruded during an eruption3. Materials extruded during an eruption
Volcanoes erupt:Volcanoes erupt:
lava
gas
pyroclastic materials
broken rockashdust
broken rockashdust
2. Materials extruded during an eruption3. Materials extruded during an eruption lava gas pyroclastic stuff
Basaltic (low Si content)
(Hawaiian type)
pahoehoe flowflows in thin, broad sheets, ~10-300 meters/hr, smooth twisted or ropey texture & wrinkled outer skin with molten flow beneath
2. Materials extruded during an eruption3. Materials extruded during an eruption lava gas pyroclastic stuff
Basaltic (low Si content)
thicker & slower flows~5-50 meters/hr, rough & jagged surface
aa flow
2. Materials extruded during an eruption3. Materials extruded during an eruption lava gas pyroclastic stuff
Magmas contain dissolved gases, held in by pressure
Reduce pressure gases escape(decompression)
Gaseous portion 1-6% by weight, mostly water vapor, some CO2
2. Materials extruded during an eruption3. Materials extruded during an eruption lava gas pyroclastic stuff
Magmas contain dissolved gases, held in by pressure
Phreatic explosion Hot, gas-charged magma encounters water and causes a superheated steam explosion
2. Materials extruded during an eruption3. Materials extruded during an eruption lava gas pyroclastic stuff
Gas can blow pulverized rock, glass, ash,
magma blobs into the air from a volcano
PyroclasticPyroclastic materials– “Fire fragments”
Types of pyroclastic debris
•Ash and dust - fine, glassy fragments•Volcanic bombs - ejected as blobs of lava, solidify in air
A volcanic bomb
Bomb is approximately 10 cm long
3. Materials extruded during an eruption lava gas pyroclastic stuff
Opening at the summit of a volcano
Crater - Depression at the summit < 1 km
Caldera - Summit depression > 1 km, produced by collapse following a massive eruption Vent – opening connected to the magma chamber via a pipe
4. Types of Volcanoes
See Fig. 6.9
Key terms: magma chambermagma chamber
vent/pipevent/pipe
calderacaldera
flank eruptionflank eruption
4. Types of Volcanoes
Types of volcanoes
Shield volcano
Cinder Cone
Composite Cone (Stratovolcano)
4. Types of Volcanoes
4. Types of Volcanoes
Broad, large area
Large volumes of basaltic lava
Mauna Loa on Hawaii
Built from ejected lava
Steep slope angle
Rather small size
Frequently occur in groups
4. Types of Volcanoes
Sunset Crater – a cinder cone near Flagstaff, Arizona
4. Types of Volcanoes
Sunset crater, AZ
4. Types of Volcanoes
Associated with convergent plate boundaries (e.g., Fujiyama, Mt. St. Helens)
Classic-shaped volcano (1000’s of ft. high & several miles wide at base)
Composed of interbedded lava flows and layers of pyroclastic debris
4. Types of Volcanoes
Composite Volcano
Mt. St. Helens – Mt. St. Helens – a typical composite volcanoa typical composite volcano
4. Types of Volcanoes
Mt. St. Helens following the 1980 eruption
4. Types of Volcanoes
A size comparison of the three types of volcanoes
4. Types of Volcanoes
a.a. caldera caldera
Fig. 6.10
Today, Crater Lake
occupies a
caldera 10km wide
5. Other Volcanic Landforms
crater greater than 1 km wide
from collapse of summit Also:
Yellowstone!
Fig. 6.13
5. Other Volcanic Landforms
b. Basaltic fissure eruption
Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures
Ocean ridges; Columbia River Plateau
5. Other Volcanic Landforms
Fig. 6.2
Flood basalt
of the Columbia River
Plateau formed during
extensive volcanic
activity 17 mio yr ago
Columbia River Basalts
c. lava dome
5. Other Volcanic Landforms
Bulbous mass of congealed lava
usually form after explosive eruption of gas-rich magma