to the origin of the cult of dionysus (book with pictures)

7/29/2019 To the origin of the Cult of Dionysus (book with pictures)

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Jnhry Yjnpjgra

Qf tjn frmemhs f` tjn iult f` Amfhysus

[jmlganlpjmg 3;;:

rfuej arg`t


2/15

Qjn greubnht prnsnhtna mh tjms stuay7 ifhinrhmhe tjn hnw wgy tf

vmnw frmemhs f` wmhn efa Amfhysus, sflnly rnlymhe hft fh tjn cgsms f`

rnlmemfus gha iulturgl ifhstruitmfhs cut glsf fh tjn lgtnst grijgnf-

lfemigl mhamhes gha agtg rfb tjn stuay f` lmheumstmi pgrgllnls. Mt wmll

snt g effa nxgbpln f` jfw bytjflfemigl tjnbn, frmemhglly ifh`mhna

tf mts fwh mhtnrhgl struiturn, wjmln cnmhe an-snbghtmzna gha rnauina

mts gbcmeumty, cnemhs tf bgtnrmglmzn mh mts nxtnrhgl rnlgtmfhs, ifhhf-

tgtmfhs f` lfemigl tmns. Qjms stuay ms hft mhtnhana gs tjn mhgl wfra fh

tjnsn tfpmis cut, rgtjnr, gs g ifhtrmcutmfh cgsna fh tjn iurrnhtly gvgml-

gcln nvmanhin.

Mh ngrlmnst prn-lmtnrgtn tmbns tjn prftf-Qjrgimghs jga gh mbpgit fh

tjn frbgtmfh ghimnht bytjflfey f` tjn vgst hubcnr f` wnstnrh imv-

mlmzgtmfh hgtmfhs, wjmij giinlnrgtna tjn tnijhflfemigl gavghins lnga-

mhe tf nbnrenhin f` fhn f` tjn ngrlmnst mhaustrmgl wmhn-bgdmhe

inhtnrs. Umla ergpns hgturglly erfw wmanly mh grngs wjnrn tjn ngrlm-

nst inhtnrs f` jubgh imvmlmzgtmfh nbnrena gha smhin tjnrn wnrn g nw

mh hubcnrs, iultmvgtmfh f` ergpns jga lmdnly frmemhgtna mh snvnrgl

plgins mhanpnhanhtly.3 @mrst ergpn iultmvgtmfh gttnbpts jga tf bnnt

inrtgmh ifhamtmfhs? smtugtna wmtjmh tjn zfhn f` wmla ergpns hgturgljgcmtgt, bnnt spnim`mi ilmbgtmi gha wngtjnr ifhamtmfhs, prfvn nbnr-

enhin gha usn f` inrtgmh wfras mh lmheumstmi systnb f` emvnh tnrrm-

tfry, mhamigtmhe tf tjn prfauitmfh gha ifhsubptmfh f` wmhn. Ymhin

wjgt igusns g plght tf cn hftmina gha iultmvgtna ms mts rnlmemfus vglun 9

tjn dny tf suij sngrij wfula cn tjn anernn f` rnlmemfus gha spmrmtug

lm`n f` gh ghimnht sfimnty wmtj ngrly am``nrnhtmgtmfh f` tjn anmtmns, mh

wjmij wmhn cnifbns g snpgrgtn gha mbpfrtght rmtugl ifbpfhnht. M

wn stmpulgtn tjn prnbmsn tjgt tjn cnttnr wmhn-bgdmhe ms anvnlfpna

tjn erngtnr ms tjn lmdnlmjffa f` mhilusmfh mh tjn pghtjnfh f` g anmty

wmtj spnimgl g``mhmty tf wmhn gha wmhn-bgdmhe, fhn sjfula snnd tjn

tnrrmtfry wjnrn g efa f` wmhn gppngrna `fr tjn `mrst tmbn. Mh tjms smt

ugtmfh mt ms pfssmcln tf gssnrt wmtj tjn an`mhna ifh`manhin tjgt tjn ngr-

lmnst rnlmemfus cnlmn` gssfimgtna spnim`miglly wmtj wmhn wgs tjn iult f`Amfhysus1, ifbbfhly dhfwh mh grijgmi Gnengh wfrla gha Cgldghs

Jfwnvnr, giiframhe tf Jnrfaftus> gha ftjnr ghimnht Ernnd wrmtnrs0

anbmefa Amfhysus wgs f` Qjrgimgh frmemh5, cnmhe tjn sfh f` tjn efa

_nus gha ngrtjly wfbgh Ynbnln. Pgrmfus wrmttnh afiubnhts f` gh-

imnht Ernnin tnll tjn stfry f` g lnenhagry bytjmigl anbmefa :cut g

tjn sgbn tmbn mh tjn mbgen f` Amfhysus fhn igh snn trgins f` g rng

jmstfrmigl `meurn.

Ynvnrgl nxplghgtmfhs jgvn cnnh put `frwgra tf nxplgmh tjn frmemh f`

tjms efa gha tjn bnghmhe f` jms hgbn. Sussmgh prfbmhnht lmheumst

Pgamb Qsybcursdy prfpfsna mhtnrprntgtmfh f` tjn hgbn Amfhysus

fh tjn cgsms f` Qjrgimgh fhfbgstmis? Fur Efa, tjgt ms, g Efa f`

Bmaaln Ngrtj - cntwnnh Ngrtj gha Ydy=. Qjus mt ms, mh nssnhin, sfbn

sijflgrs snn mt gs gh nxprnssmfh f` mbbfrtglmty7; wfrsjmp. Nxtnrhgl gt

trmcutns f` tjn Amfhysmgh iult suij gs tjn rntmhun f` Amfhysus -

Ymlnhus, wjf tguejt jmb wmhnbgdmhe, Ymlnhm (rmvnr anbfhs), Ygtyrs

(anbfhs f` `frnsts gha `fftjmlls), Bgnhgas gha nspnimglly mts bgmh gt-

trmcutn - sgirna wgha Qjyrsus77pfmht gt tjn spnim mi rnemfh - LfwnrAhmnstnr (gha tjms mbplmigtmfh afns hft frmemhgtn bnrnly cnigusn f`

tjn snbghtmi gha pjfhntmi gttrgitmfh tf tjn ghimnht rmvnr Ahmnstnr

hgbn Qyrgs/ ). Aurmhe tjn prnjmstfrmi Hnflmtjmi Nrg, tjn

Ahmnstnr Smvnr wgs tjn inhtnr f` fhn f` tjn bfst gavghina imvmlmzg-

tmfhs fh ngrtj gt tjn tmbn. Qjms grng ms rnifehmzna gs g pgrt f` ghimnh

Qjrgimgh wfrla73 gha ifrrnspfhas tf tjn hgturgl jgcmtgt f` wmla

ergpns79 gs wnll gs gll gcfvn bnhtmfhna irmtnrmg. Mh tjms smtugtmfh, rn-

sngrijnrs jgvn manhtm`mna tjn ngrly prftf-Qjrgimgh erfup wmtj g hub-cnr f iulturgl gha ijrfhflfemigl frbgtmfhs f` tjn lgtn Ijgliflmtjmi

gha Ngrly Crfhzn Gen71 mhiluamhe ^sgtfvf iulturn f` tjn Lfwnr Ahm-

nstnr rnemfh, wjmij gituglly jgs gh grijgnflfemigl `fuhagtmfh7>.

3

Qjms ms gh Nhelmsj vnrsmfh `rfb frmemhgl puclmigtmfh? 3;;? , // ? , (.), 3;;, 3=5-9; (MYCH =5:->-5;5-0>9->).

3 BiEfvnrh 3;;9? [. BiEfvnrh, Ghimnht Umhn? Qjn Yngrij fr tjn Frmemhs f` Pmhmiulturn, [rmhintfh hmvnrsmty [rnss ([rmhintfh 3;;9), >3-5.9 G.E.Jguarmifurt & L.Jamh, Ljfbbn nt lns plghtns iultmvns, [grms, =10, p.=;. Mh? B.Nlmgan. Qjn Ynirna & [rf`ghn? Qjn Hgturn f` Snlmemfh, =>0, 1=- >;.1 Jnsmfa, Ufrds gha Agys, 0;=4 Nurmpmans, Cgiijgn, >9>, 0>;, 5;>-;, 55;4 Amfafrus Ymiulus, Lmcrgry f` Jmstfry 1.3.94 Hfhhus, Amfhysmgig 3.99;43.9=14 Gnlmgh, Jmstfrmigl

Bmsinllghy 9. 1> Jnrfaftus, Jmstfry, 3?1=, >3, 19-10.0

Nurmpmans, Cgiijgn39;``,9>;``4 Gpfllfafrus, Qjn Lmcrgry 3.=4 Yumags Ygcfm(Jgrpfirgtmfh s.v., quftmhe Anbfstjnhns :.30;.5 Jnrfaftus, Jmstfrmns >. 54 Amfafrus Ymiulus, Lmcrgry f` Jmstfry, 1.:.4 Jnsyijmm Glnxgharmhm Lnxmifh, na. D. Lgttn4 Ifanx Pnhntus Ergni. :>, frbnrly Bgrimghus Ergni, 033.: Jnrfaftus, Jmstfrmns 3. >34 Jyemhus, @gculgn, 331.= 3;;3? .. , . Ifllfqumg ilgssmig nt mhafenrbghmig MMM. , , 3;;3; Sfjan :=;-:=1, 3>5-3534 Sfjan =3>, 3? 35 ``. 4 Jyemhus, @gculgn 3314 Nlmgan =>0? .Nlmgan, Qjn Ygirna & [rf`ghn? Qjn Hgturn f` Snlmemfh , (Ygh Amnef Hnw ]frd Lfhafh

G Jgrvnst/JCO Cffd =>5), ;->;. Nurmpmans, Cgiijgn 5;>-; nxprnssna mt mh g wfra hgrtjnx4 `fr tjn `mrst tmbn tjn wfra tjyrsus wmthnssna mh tjn Irgtmhus ifbnay Amfhysus -Glnxghanr\ (19; CI. nr.)4

Amfafrus Ymiulus. Qjn Lmcrgry, Cffd 1-5, Yt. [ntnrscure, 3;;>, 3==.9 Bgrdnvmij/ =:? .., ( =:) =9.

1 Nlmgan =:3? .Nlmgan, G Jmstfry f` Snlmemfus Mangs. Qjn ^hmvnrsmty f` Ijmigef [rnss, (Ijmigef gha Lfhafh =:3). Pfl. 3, 5;-5=.

> Bfrmhtz Y., [rfclnbn prmvmha frmemhng trgimlfr mh lubmhg inrintrmlfr grjnflfemin, Snvmstg an mstfrmn :. t. 9;. (Cuiurntm =55),10>-1::.


3/15

Qjnrn ms hf afuct tjgt iultmvgtmfh f` ergpns mh tjn grng smtugtna

cntwnnh tjn rmvnrs [rut gha Ahmnstnr agtns gs gr gs Gnhnflmtjmi/Ijgl-

iflmtjmi gen70. Qjn bfst hftnwfrtjy nvmanhin f` wmhnbgdmhe ngrly

gttnbpts ms `rfb emvnh npfij - MP-MMM bmllnhhmub C.I., smhin nxig-

vgtmfhs f` grijgnflfemigl smtns f` tjgt nrg `fuha rnbhghts f` ergpn

iultmvgtmfh75. Gs aurmhe tjn pnrmfa f` ^sgtfvf iulturn mh tjn Lfwnr

Ahmnstnr gha mh mts prnaninssfr Cue-Ahmnstnr gha Iuiutnhm-Qrypmllmgh

iulturns mh Hfrtjwnstnrh Clgid Yng rnemfh, tjnrn grn sfbn bgirfc-

ftghmigl ergpn nvmanhins f` tjn iultmvgtmfh f` ergpns7:. Qjnrn`frn mh

tjn Ngrly Qrypmllmgh snttlnbnhts mh Susnsjty - Hfm (Hnw Susnsjty)wnrn gttnstna ergpn snnas. Jfwnvnr, tjny grn `frbs f` ergpn vgrm-

ntmns tjgt jgvn uhanrwnht afbnstmigtmfh gha wnrn anlmcnrgtnly

plghtna grfuha awnllmhes.

Qjn gppngrghin f` tjn ^sgtfvf typn bfhubnhts mh tjn Hfrtjwnst-

nrh rnemfh f` Clgid Yng ms gssfimgtna wmtj tjn grrmvgl mhtf tjn rnemfh

f` tjn wnstcfuha trmcns f` tjn ]gbhg/[mt-Ergvn iulturn, gha tjnmr mh-

irngsna gitmvmty, wjmij rnsultna mh ergauglly `gllmhe mhtf anigy f`

ilgssmigl Iuiutnhm-Qrypmllmgh iulturn. Aurmhe tjn sgbn pnrmfa mh tjn

Lfwnr Ahmnstnr rnemfh mrst gppngrna gbpjfrgn gha efclnts f` Ngrly

Crfhzn Gen iulturns rfb Pflyh rnemfh gha Igrpgtjmgh Bfuhtgmhs,

wjfsn ifrana frhgbnhtgtmfh mh`lunhina iulturn f` frhgbnhtgl bf-

tm`s f` tjn sgtfvf iulturn7=

. Lgren dmtijnh gha amhmhe sgtfvf-typnvnssnls anifrgtna wmtj frhgbnhts f` trmghelns, nbcnllmsjna wmtj mb-

prmhts f ifras fr pgmhtna wmtj gh fclmqun erma bgy wnll cn gssfim-

gtna wmtj tjn usn gha stfrgen f` wmhn. Mt sjfula cn hftna tjgt

^sgtfvf- typn gbpjfrgn gha efclnts smehm`mightly am``nr typflfem-

iglly wmtj tjn inrgbmis f` tjn prninamhe pjgsns f` tjn Ngrly gha Bma-

aln Iuiutnhm-Qrypmllmgh iulturn lfigtna cntwnnh tjn lfwnr grngs f`

[rut gha Ahmnstnr rmvnrs3;. Lgtnr, aurmhe tjn Lgtn Crfhzn Gen (ZMMM

ZMM inhturmns CI) g`tnr g inrtgmh pnrmfa f` tmbn mh Hfrtjwnstnrh

Clgid Yng rnemfh cnegh anvnlfpmhe tjms gbpjfrgn typn utnhsmls lmdn

pfts, tjn lngamhe frmemhs `rfb wjmij ms tjn Ngrly Jgllstgtt iulturns f

tjn Bmaaln gha Lfwnr Aghucn37. Qjn jnmejt f` pfts rghens `rfb 9;

tf =; ib33 wmtj vflubns up tf tnhs f` lmtnrs. Mt ms qumtn pfssmcln tjg

tjms typn f` iffdwgrn nxtnhsmvnly usna `fr bgdmhe gha stfrmhe wmhn

Mh gaamtmfh, mh tjn Lgtn Crfhzn Gen anvnlfps g hnw typn f`

iffdwgrn suij gs lgren smzn pmtjfs (/)sjgpna pfttnry f`tnh

curmna tf tjn hnid uhtf tjn erfuha

39

. @rgebnhts f` lgren pfts ghapmtjfs sjgpna vnssnls wnrn `fuha mh tjn nxigvgtmfh f` npfhybfu

Quafrg snttlnbnht mh tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr rnemfh31. Mh enhnrgl

/ typn vnssnls wmtj bflana rfllnrs frhgbnhtgtmfh, gswnll gs tjn pfttnry grn enhntmiglly ilfsnly rnlgtna tf tjn lgtnr

Ygcgtmhfvdg (Hfug-Ygcgtyhfvdg-Dfslfazjnhm) gha Cnlfznrdg

iulturns f` Hfrtjwnstnrh Clgid Yng rnemfh3>.

0 Oghusjnvmij, Bgrdnvmij/ , =0=? .., .. , - , ( =0=),51-5>.

5 Oghusjnvmsj/ =50? .. , - (Iultmvgtna [lghts f` Yfutj-Unst f` tjn YYSmh pglnfcftghmigl rnsngrij) ( =50), p19 .

: Bgrdnvmij / =:? .. , ( =:) 90.= _cnhfvmij/ =51? . . , Lgtn Qrypmllmgh trmcns f` Hfrtj Clgid Yng rnemfh/ . ( =51), 1-15.3; [ntrnhif/ . =:=? . ., (>;-3>) .

.., .., .., ... - . ( =:=) ;4 9= .3 Pghijuefv/ =:3? .., - .

- . ( =:3) >;.33 Mcma.?p1>39 Ijnrhngifv/ =:1? ., - ?

. ? ( )? ( =:1), 95-9=.31 Bnlmuifvg/ =0? .. . =>: . , ( =0),9-91.3> =:>? ., - MM . . . ( =:>), 10,>.


4/15

Bgtnrmgl rnbgmhs sueenst ngrly smehs f` tjn nbnrenhin f` tjn iult f`

wmhn mh tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr mh ^sgtfvf grijgnflfemigl bgtnrmgl. Aun

tf tjn `git tjgt aurmhe tjn Ijgliflmtjmi gha Ngrly Crfhzn Gen mh gh-

imnht pgstfrglmst sfimnty prnvgmlna bngt `ffa, rgw bgtnrmgls suij gs

ghmbgl jman wnrn mh gcuhaghin. Yurplusns f` ghmbgl jman wnrn hft

fhly suconit tf nxpfrt cut wnrn glsf usna `fr stfrgen gha trghspfrtg-

tmfh f` wmhn. Mt ms ilngr, `rfb tjn nvmanhin, tjn rnbhghts f` lngtjnr

prfauits, mhiluamhe cges gha nvnh wmhnsdmhs `fuha mh tjn

mhvnhtfry f` curmgl cgrrfws f` ]gbhg /[mt-Ergvn iulturn mh tjn

Lfwnr Ahmnstnr rnemfh

30

. Mt ms bfst lmdnly nvmanhina tjn wmhn-bgdmhe frmemh, gs mts ngrlmnst iult wgs inhtnrna tjnrn. Qjn mhtnergtmfh

f` tnxtugl gha grijgnflfemigl agtg jgs lna tf `rumtùl rnsults tf tjn

dhfwlnaen tjgt mh tjn ngrly bghu`giturn f` tjn wmhn mhmtmglly wnrn

usna lngtjnr efgtsdmh bgan vnssnls tf ansmeh tf bgdn gha stfrn wmhn.

Qjnsn wnrn igllna zglbfs cy Qjrgimghs. Jnhin, tjn hgbn

_glbfxms - anmty f` Inltmi trmcns mh Hfrtjwnstnrh Clgid Yng rnemfh

bfst lmdnly frmemhgtns rfb mt. U.D.I.Eutjrmn manhtm`mna jmb wmtj gu-

tjnhtmi Qjrgimgh crftjnrefa Amfhysus35.

Mt ms qumtn pfssmcln, jfwnvnr, gs grijgnflfemigl nvmanhins pfmhts fut,

tjgt pmtjfs ()sjgpna stfrgen ogrs wmtj bflana rfllnrs frhgbnh-

tgtmfh wnrn crfuejt cy tjn bmergtmfh f` tjn Yng [nfplns f` tjn

Hfrtjnrh Clgid Yng grng tf Ghgtflmgh Gsmg Bmhfr3:. Mh tjrnn Ygcgtm-

hfvdg typn iffdwgrn pmtjfs ()sjgpna ogrs frhgbnhtna wmtj

bflana rfllnrs wnrn fuha mh tjn Qrfy jfrmzfh PMM G-C (79;; - 730;

yngrs C.I.)3=. Glfhe wmtjsuij amsjns grijgnflfemigl bgtnrmgls f` tjn

Qrfy - PMM jfrmzfh ifhtgmh armhdmhe iupsbgan wmtj twf vnrtmigl lffp

jghalns, typmigl f` tjn iulturgl clfid f` Hfug-Ygcgtmhfvdg

Dfslfazjnh9;. Ilngrly, gs tjn amsiussmfh cnlfw mhamigtns gs wnll, g

rnnvglugtmfh f` tjnsn hftmfhs ms hnnana.

Glbfst smbultghnfusly mh tjn Gnengh wfrla, mh gcfut ZMMM-ZMM inh

tury C.I. g smbmlgr `frb f` inrgbmis mh tjn `frb f` lgren vnssnls `f

stfrmhe lmquma gha culd prfauitscnigbn dhfwh gs Irntgh-Byinhgnghwfra g-pf-rn-wn. Gltjfuej wfra gbpjfrg cnigbn dhfwh buij lgtn

- smhin MZ inhtury C.I. (Ernnd4 êgrmtmi qth). Un igh pfmht tf

sfbn vnrcgl `frbs, ijgrgitnrmstmi tf tjn tnrrmtfry f` tjn Lfwnr Ahm

nstnr wmtj gutjnhtmi ghimnhtBnamtnrrghngh gha Gsmg Bmhfr pgrgllnls

@fr nxgbpln, bfanrh Sfbghmgh wfra iga(cgrrnl) usna mh Lfwnr

Ahmnstnr rnemfh f` Bflafvg tf anhftn g ifhtgmhnr fr tjn nrbnhtgtmfh

f` wmhn, wjmij sfbn sijflgrs snn gs pjfhntmiglly smbmlgr tf tjn dg-tf

sn(Byinhgngh Lmhngr C sirmpt)97 gha tf tjn Lgtmh igaus93. Sussmgh

dgausjdgfrmemhgtns `rfb tjn sgbn rfft, lmdnly cn`frn tjn snpgrgtmfh

f` tjn Mhaf-Nurfpngh crghijns4 mh Lmtjughmgh dnan2 cgrrnl. Qjn

Ernnds f`tnh igllna gbpjfrgssuij cgrrnls tjgt wfula cn igllna mh gr-

ijgmi amglnits . Sfuha ifhtgmhnrs usna mh prfauitmfh f` wmhn

mh tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr igllna eglngt(Sfb.- cuidnt) prfvman gh nxgi

pjfhflfemigl pgrgllnl `fr tjn Ernnd/egulfm, Lgtmh egulus

êgrmtmi eglu, Gddgamgh eullgtu99. Qjn wfra vmhf/ - wmhnmh

Ylgvmi lgheugen ms smbmlgr tf Sfbghmgh wfra f` Lfwnr Ahmnstnrvmh

Byinhgngh wf-m-hf, [ylfsmgh amglnit wn-on-wn, Lgtmh vmhub, êgrmtmi

yhg, Jmttmtn wmyg-hg-g/wg--hg-gs, Luwmgh wmhtgr / wmhmyghag

gha Irntgh amglnit enhmtmvn `fmhf, m.n.91.

Mh tjn Jfbnrmi pnrmfa, tjn grijgmi Ernnd wfra (wmhn)9>, g tjn

syhfhyb `fr [rftf-Mhaf-Nurfpngh *bau(jfhny4 bnga)90 stghas

`fr strfhe mhtfxmigtmhe armhd bgan rfb jfhny, prfauit f` jfhny nr

bnhtgtmfh - fr aruhdnh jfhny (jfhny wmhn) sf-igllna jyarfbnlm. Mh

tjn cnemhhmhe jfhny armhd gha ergpn wmhn wnrn mhsnpgrgcln95 uhtm

tjn snlnitmfh f` wmla ergpns lna tf iultmvgtmfh f` vgrmntgls tjgt prf-

auina jmejnr suegr ifhtnht, rnqumrmhe hf gaamtmfhgl mhernamnhts tf irn

gtn g jmejnr glifjfl ifhinhtrgtmfh mh tjn `nrbnhtna prfauit.

1

30 Yuccftmh/ =:;? .., ( ) - - ( =:;). >3-09.

35 Nlmgan, Bmring. _glbfxms, Qjn Pghmsjmhe Efa,Qjn hmvnrsmty f` Ijmigef [rnss,(=53), vfl.34 Frpjnus gha Ernnd Snlmemfh cy U.D.I. Eutjrmn, =>3, ==9.3: Ijnrhngifv / =:1? ., - ?

. ? ( )? ( =:1), 9113.3= Clnenh =09? Igrl Clnenh, Qrfy gha tjn Qrfoghs. Hnw ]frd? [rgnenr, 51.9;

=:1? ., - ? . ? ( )? ( =:1), 90-95, .,9.9 Crfwh =0=? O. Crfwh, Qjn Bnamtnrrghngh Pfigculgry f tjn Pmhn. Pntus Qnstgbnhtub, Pfl. =, Cnrdnlny =0=, @gsi. 3, 10-5;4 Crfwh ==>? O. Crfwh, Msrgnl gha Jnllgs. Qjn

Bnamtnrrghngh Pfigculgry f tjn Pmhn, Ugltnr an Eruytnr [uclmsjmhe, (Cnrlmh-Hnw ]frd ==>), ijgptnr 1, 1=-0:.93 Bgllfry& Gagbs 3;;0? O. Bgllfry& A. Gagbs, Qjn Fx`fra mhtrfauitmfh tf [rftf-Mhaf-Nurfpngh gha tjn [rftf-Mhaf-Nurfpngh wfrla, Fx`fra hmvnrsmty [rnss (Fx`fra 3;;0), 303.99 Bgllfry& Gagbs 3;;0? O. Bgllfry& A. Gagbs, Qjn Fx`fra mhtrfauitmfh tf [rftf-Mhaf-Nurfpngh gha tjn [rftf-Mhaf-Nurfpngh wfrla, Fx`fra hmvnrsmty [rnss (Fx`fra 3;;0), >:-

>=.91 Crfwh =0=? O. Crfwh, Qjn Bnamtnrrghngh Pfigculgry f tjn Pmhn. Pntus Qnstgbnhtub, Pfl. =, Cnrdnlny =0=, @gsi. 3, 10-5;4 Efrhy ==5? S. Efrhy, Pmhmiulturn gha ghimnht

Ghgtflmg, Umhn mh tjn Jmttmtn tnxts. Mh? Qjn Frmemhs gha Ghimnht Jmstfry f Umhn cy [. BiEfvnrh, Y. @lnbmhe, Y. Dgtz (Lfhafh-Hnw ]frd 3;;;), pgrt MMM, , 90->;.9> Jnsmfa U.A. >53

90 1.5104 .:1.; gc4 Bgllfry&Gagbs 3;;0, 3034 Crfwh ==>, 9=.

95 Dnrhym =50? D.Dnrhym & S.Bghjnmb, Amfhysfs? Grijntypgl Mbgen f` Mhanstruitmcln Lm`n. [rmhintfh hmvnrsmty [rnss ([rmhintfh ==0),13.


5/15

Ftjnr trgins f` tjms grn tf cn `fuha mh tjn bfanrh Sfbghmgh lgh-

eugen, wjmij jgs Qjrgimgh rffts, wfras zngb htr-uh strueurn(oumin`rfb ergpns) ms ifhifraght wmtj Dhfssfs zf-g/zfcrftj9: (mh tjnprnpgrgtmfh f` pftmfhs), /znff` tjn ilgssmigl Ernnd cfml gha /_nus - efa. Mh ghimnht tmbns mh tjn prfinss f` bgdmhe g hub-cnr f` mhtfxmigtmhe cnvnrgens usna cfmlna oumin, jfhny gha jnrcs

mh efgtsdmh lngtjnr cges tmna tf tjn hnid, igllna gsdfsfrdfrydfs.Snbgmhs f` suij, gs hftna gcfvn, `fuha mh tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr.

M` tjn efgl ms tf uhanrstgha pgst sfimntmns, tjn jubgh `gitfr hnnas tf

cn pgrt f` tjn ghglysms. Nvnh tjn snnbmhely hgturgl prfinss f` `nr-

bnhtgtmfh tf gh gvnrgen fcsnrvnr lffds smbmlgr tf cfmlmhe. Qjms ns-

tgclmsjns g pgrgllnl cntwnnh tjn anmty f` ergpns Amfhysus gha _nus9=

, vmnwna gs gh nxprnssmfh f` tjms wfra, wjmij tf us ms hft uh`fuhana.

Cftj anmtmns sjgrn smbmlgr npmtjnts - Nlnutjnr1;, Ygcgzmfs ghaBnlghnems. Qjn ilfsn rnlgtmfhsjmp cntwnnh Qjrgimgh Amfhysus -

Ygcgzmfs gha _nus, g ofmhtly wfrsjmpna iults mh Irntn17

ms hft lmbmtnatf oust hgbn gha bytjflfemigl dmhsjmp cut glsf bghm`nsts mtsnl` mh

pgrtmiulgr [rftf-Qjrgimgh sybcflmi gttrmcutns manhtm`mna wmtj tjn twf

sybcfls - cull gha fgd. Mh lmejt f` tjn prnsnht greubnht fhn sjfula

hftn tjgt tjn gcfvn sybcfls wnrn tjn lngamhe snbghtmi ifbpfhnht mh

tjn prfinss f` cumlamhe ghimnht tnbplns - sghitugrmns mh tjn tubulm f`

tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr13. Qjus, tjn bfst gbfus Gnhnflmtjmi sgirna cur-

mgl struiturn ifhsmstmhe f` fgd lfes plgina mhtf tjn erfuha mh g inr-

tgmh franr wgs uhifvnrna mh tjn curmgl tfbc f` tjn tubulus hngr

vmllgen Drgshfn (Ermefrmfpfl Ifuhty) mh tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr rnemfh.

Fgd lfes, anspmtn tjn gcuhaghin mh tjn Ahmnstnr glluvmgl plgmhs f`

ftjnr trnn spnimns, wnrn spnim`miglly usna tf ifvnr curmgl ijgbcnrs mh

^sgtfvf gha Lgtn ]gbhg/[mt-Ergvn grijgnflfemigl smtns. Mhtnrnst-

mhely, tjfuej, mh tjn imtna Ermefrmfpfl tubulus, mh gaamtmfh tf tjn

wffanh struiturn f` tjn iult, snvnrgl stfhns wmtj zffbfrpjmi sjgpn

mbgens sf-igllna cuirghmfh (stylmzna culls jnga) wnrn fuha, lmdnlysybcfls f` `nrtmlmty19 gha g``mlmgtna tf iult f` Amfhysus.

Qjn Qjrgimgh lgheugen cnlfhes tf tjn Mhaf-Nurfpngh gbmly f` lgh-

eugens. [rnvmfusly mt wgs tjfuejt tjgt tfentjnr wmtj tjn [jryemgh

gha ftjnr nxtmhit lgheugens f` tjn erfup, mt cnlfhes tf tjn Mrghmgh

crghij f` Mhaf-Nurfpngh lgheugens. Bfst lmdnly tjn ghimnht MhafNurfpnghs (fr fhn f` crghijns) igh cn ifhsmanrna tf cn tjn ighamagtn

`fr tjn manhtmty f` tjn Ifrana pnfpln f` ]gbhg/[mt-Ergvn iulturn

wjmij suppfrts tjn vmnw tjgt tjnsn pnfpln mhjgcmtna, mh tjn MMM bml-

lnhhmub CI, tjn bfanrh Bflafvg, lmvmhe ngst f` tjn bfanrh ^drgmhn

gha sfutjnrh Sussmg11. Fh tjn cgsms f tjn pjysmigl nvmanhin, mt m

lmdnly tjgt tjn Ifrana pnfpln igbn rfb sfbnwjnrn hfrtj fr ngst f

tjn Clgid Yng.

Qsybcursdy, mh rnply tf Anijnv, put `frwgra tjn ngrlmnr prfpfsna gr-

eubnht f` prn-Mhaf-Nurfpngh lmheumstmi sucstrgtn mh tjn wjfln

Cgltmi-Cgldgh zfhn wjnrn, mh jms fpmhmfh, tjn Mhaf-Nurfpngh Ygtnb

typn lgheugens wnrn rnsultna mh irnflmzgtmfh cntwnnh gh Mhaf-Nurf

pngh gha g hfh-Mhaf-Nurfpngh lgheugen sucstrgtn1>. Qjgt tjn nln-bnhts f` tjn ifbbfh Enrbghmi vfigculgry gha syhtgitmigl `frbs

wjmij af hft snnb tf jgvn gh Mhaf-Nurfpngh frmemh sjfw [rftf-

Enrbghmi tf cn g irnfln lgheugen? g ifhtgit lgheugen syhtjnsms

cntwnnh Mhaf-Nurfpngh spngdnrs gha g hfh-Mhaf-Nurfpngh sucstrgtn

lgheugen usna cy tjn ghinstfrs f` tjn spngdnrs f` tjn [rftf-Enr-

bghmi lgheugen. Jgwdmhs greuns tjgt tjn prftf-Enrbghs (prftfmhafenrbghmsijn Yijmijt) nhifuhtnrna g hfh-Mhaf-Nurfpngh spngdmhepnfpln gha cfrrfwna bghy `ngturns `rfb tjnmr lgheugen10. Jn jy

pftjnsmzns tjgt tjn `mrst sfuha sjm`t f` Ermbbs Lgw wgs tjn rnsul

f` hfh-hgtmvn spngdnrs gttnbptmhe tf prfhfuhin Mhaf-Nurfpngh

sfuhas, gha tjgt tjny rnsfrtna tf tjn ilfsnst sfuhas mh tjnmr fwh lgh

eugen mh tjnmr gttnbpt tf prfhfuhin tjnb. Qjn iulturn gha trmcns rfb

wjmij tjn sucstrgtn bgtnrmgl frmemhgtna ifhtmhuns tf cn g suconit f

giganbmi ancgtn gha stuay. Hftgcln ighamagtns fr pfssmcln sucstrgtn

iulturn(s) grn tjn Nrtnclln iulturn, @uhhnlcngdnr iulturn, [mttna Ugrn

gha Ifrana Ugrn iulturn. Qjn Cgttln-gxn pnfpln grn tjn ghimnht iul-

turn manhtm`mna cy grijgnflfemsts gha jgs cnnh prfpfsna gs igham-

agtns `fr tjn pnfpln wjf mh`lunhina Enrbghmi wmtj tjnmr

hfh-Mhaf-Nurfpngh spnnij. Gltnrhgtmvnly, mh tjn `rgbnwfrd f` tjn

Duregh jypftjnsms, tjn Cgttln-gxn pnfpln bgy cn snnh gs gh glrngay

dureghmzna iulturn cumlt fh tjn sucstrgtn f` tjn ngrlmnr @uhhnl-

cngdnr iulturn. Qjrgimgh plgin hgbns cfrrfw pgrgllnl plgin hgbn

9: lmhngr C ilgy tgclnt rfb Dhfssfs DH @j 919.9= Clfnafw ==? N. Clfnafw, Nvmanhin `fr gh Ngrly Agtn `fr tjn Iult f` Irntgh _nus, Mh? Dnrhfs Pfl. 1 (==), 9=55.

1; [lutgrij, Yylbpfs. vmm. mh `mh.4 [mhar, Fl. xmm. 4 Ytrgc, mx. p. 134 Qgimtus, Ghh. xv. 01.

1 lmhngr C tgclnt DJ Ej9 `rfb Djghmg, Irntn4 Efagrt & Qznagdms ==, 3=1=4 Qrzgsdfbg & Ybmtj 3;;1, 11:.

13 , =:5? .., .., . ( =:5). .9,, >3.

19 Mcma.?p.5=

11 Lfhafh Wugrtnrly Snvmnw Z/3 :94 i`. Yznbnrhym ===?3, `ffthftn 0.

1> 3;;9? . . . Mh? ? . . 3;;9. ., 4 =>3? . . , >>->0.

10 Ofjh G. Jgwdmhs (==;), Enrbghmi Lgheugens, mh Qjn Bgofr Lgheugens f` Unstnrh Nurfpn, Cnrhgra Ifbrmn, na. (Sfutlnaen)4 Bgrlmns [jmlmppg nt gl. (g iurg am),Ntybflfemsij wffranhcfnd vgh jnt Hnanrlghas, Gbstnragb hmvnrsmty prnss, vfl. , 3;;9.


6/15

`rfb tjn Cgltmi ifuhtnrpgrts, gha grn gbply supplnbnhtna cy gr-

ijgnflfemigl sijnbgtmis f` Embcutgs sijffl tf inrtgmh Qjrgimgh sn-

bghtmi gha bfrpjflfemigl ijgrgitnrmstmis tjgt amstmheumsj tjnsn igsns

gegmhst amglnitgl rn`lnxns f` tjn sgbn `rgbnwfrd `fr ftjnr crghijns

f` tjn Mhaf-Nurfpngh lgheugen `gbmly.

Hnw mhsmejt fh tjn prn-Enrbghmi sucstrgtn jypftjnsms ms f` nrna cy

enhntmi enhnglfey. Gbfhe tjn bgofrmty f` Mhaf-Nurfpngh pnfplns

mh tjn bgln lmhn tjn enhntmi bgdnup ms afbmhgtna cy vgrmfus suc-

ilgans f` tjn ]-ijrfbfsfbn jgplferfup S, wjmln tjn spngdnrs f`

Enrbghmi lgheugens prnsnht wmtj gh nxinptmfhglly jmej pnrinhtgenf` jgplferfups M7 gha M3c, prnsubgcly usna tf prnvgml gbfhe tjn

prn-Mhaf-Nurfpngh pfpulgtmfh f` Nurfpn.

Jfw tf mhtnrprnt tjnsn pgrsna lmheumstmi `gits6 Af tjny emvn rmsn tf

jypftjnsms tjgt [rftf-Qjrgimghs bfvna mh tjn jmstfrmigl tmbn tf tjn

Gnengh mslghas gha snttlna hngrly gll mts bgofr imtmns6 Gltnrhgtmvnly,

grn tjnsn emvnh hgbns tf cn rnegrana gs argwh cy ngrly Ernnds gha tjn

pnfplns f tjn Gnengh ifgst f` Gsmg Bmhfr mh tjn prnlmtnrgtn pnrmfa f`

tjnmr jmstfry rfb tjnmr ghinstfrs, tjn jmstfrmi [rftf-Qjrgimghs6

Qjus, tjn mang f` g [rftf-Qjrgimgh jfbnlgha mh tjn ifgstgl zfhn f`

tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr ifula cn strfhely suppfrtna cy tjn fcsnrvgtmfh

tjgt mh tjms ghinstrgl jfbn f` tjny cfrrfwna rfb tjn ngrly Mhaf-Nu-rfpngh hgbns, efmhe cgid - wmtj tjn Qjrgimgh rngrrghenbnht - tf tjn

ijgrgitnrmstmi tnrbs f` Mhaf-Nurfpngh iulturgl vfigculgry, mhilua-

mhe tjn hftmfhs f` g sgirna dmhe, lmcgtmfh prmnst, jfrsn, tnrhgry

gha qugtnrhgry, tjgt ifrrnlgtna wmtj tjn snbghtmi ifbplnx jmll/tu-

bulus/bfuha - bfuhtgmh frnst - tjuhanr-efa. Qjms jypftjnt

migl prn-Mhaf-Nurfpngh lmheumstmi sucstrgtn ms tjn sfurin tjg

mh`lunhina tjn [rftf-Enrbghmi lgheugen, gha lgtnr tjn ^ppnr Jmej

Enrbgh gha Fla Nhelmsj, cnlfhes tf g vnry pniulmgr lmheumstmi rfln

mh tjn Mhaf-Nurfpngh lgheugen gbmly.

Un wmll rnvmsmt tjnsn mssuns, cut hfw wn wmll prnsnht tjn igsn f` wjg

wn bngh cy tjgt, an`mhmhe tjn smtugtmfh fh tjn nxgbpln f` g wfra

ijgrgitnrmstmi tf tjn Amfhysmgh iult - Qjyrsus wgha/stu``, tjn ijgr-

gitnrmstmi gttrmcutn f` gll ijgrgitnrs f` tjn Amfhysmgh bytj. Nxplmig

tmfh f` tjn wfra Qjyrsus amrnitly g``nits tjn mhtnrprntgtmfh f` tjn

prfinssns tjgt fiiurrna gt tjgt tmbn fh tjn hfrtjnrh ifgst f tjn Clgid

Yng. Ntybflfey (frmemh) f` tjms wfra tjyrs/yrs/yrsms cgsna fh mtsrn`nrnhin mh tjn lgheugen wjmij, tf cn cnlmnvna, `frbna tjn Mhaf-

Nurfpngh lgheugen erfup mh g tnrrmtfry tjrfuej wjmij `lfwna rmvnr

Qyrgs/ Ahmnstnr. Qjms wfra bnghs emght, wmzgra, sfrinrnr, ghafern15, prnsnrvna gs g rnlmi mh Fla Jmej Enrbgh (aurms-ns)gha FlaNhelmsj (yrs), wmtj gh uhilngr ntybflfey, gha cfrrfwna `rfb prnMhaf-Nurfpngh lgheugen sucstrgtn f` tjn hfrtjnrh Clgid Yng grng.

Qjnrn ms g inrtgmh hubcnr f` nvmanhins sjfwmhe tjgt tjn Lfwnr Ahm

nstnr wgs tjn irgaln-grng prgmsna gs lnenhagry bytjflfemig

Fdnghfs1:pftgbfs( ) rnegrana gs ifuhtry f` emghts pnlfrfs ()1=, smtugtna tf tjn hfrtj f` tjn LfwnrAghucn. @fr Amfafrus Ymiulus gha `fr ftjnrs mt ms tjn Jfly Lgha ( )>;, `fr Jnsmfa ghaJfbnr - tjn Jfly Smvnr ( )>7. Mh ftjnr wfrascull-jngana () Fingh>3cnlfhena tf tjn rnlmemfus jms-tfry f` prmbmtmvn tmbns, `lfwmhe tjrfuej tjn `nrtmln lgha f` Egmg

(Qnrrg)>9, tjn ngrtj prfauins nvnrytjmhe, wmtjfut snna gha tmllmhe

0

15 Unhtnrsafr` Dgrl [., Ypniulub, Pfl. >0, Hf. 9 (Oul., =:), pp. 1=3->04 ./ [ntrfv P.[., Ydm`y (Mh drgmhmgh) Yiytjmghs (Dymv =0:), 31, >-5.1: Jfbnr. Mlmga. ZMP, v.=9, 3;;-3;,311,9;;-9;>. Mh? Jfbnr. Qjn Mlmga wmtj gh Nhelmsj Qrghslgtmfh cy G.Q. Burrgy, Igbcrmaen, BG., Jgrvgra hmvnrsmty [rnss4 Lfhafh,

Umllmgb Jnmhnbghh, Lta. =31.

1= Jnsmfa, Qjnfe. v. >=,594 Jfbnr, Fayss. ZM. >5-:4 Qjn Yuag manhtm`mns Finghus gha Qntjys gs tjn pgrnhts f` tjn twf Dnrdfpns, wjfb Jnrgilns glsf cnstna.

>; Qjn ngrtj.TR TYf igllnaR `rfb cnmhe g hursn Ttmqj/hjR gha fhn wjf rngrs. Jfbnr TwrmtnsR? Finghus, tjn frmemh f` tjn efas, gha bftjnr Qntjys.TR Qjgt ms, wnt hgturngha ary hgturn4 G jngalgha f` Qjrgin. Irgtns Tiglls mtR tjn lgren fhn.TR Gha Tsfbnfhn nlsn iglls mt6R gh mslgha hngr Fdnghfs, fh wjmij tjn Efrefhs TlmvnR4 AmfafrusYmiulus, Lmc. MMM.>04 [mhagr, Flybpmgh Fan 3. 5; `` (trghs. Ifhwgy)4 [fsmafhmus `rgeb. 0= mh @rgeb. Jmst. er. MMM. 3:34 Amfhysmus, Frc. Ansir. 54 Jfbnr, Fayssny. ZMM. ``4 Jfbnr, Mlmga, ZMP, v.9;:, ZPMMM, v. >1 snqq4 Grmstfpjghns, Ilfuas 301 `` (trghs. FHnmll).

> Jnsmfa. Ufrds gha Agys, v.>01->5;4 Jnsmfa. Qjnfefhy,v.5:5 `4 Jfbnr. Mlmga, ZMP, v.9;:, ZPMMM. v.1;34 Fayss. ZM. 3. 09=4 ZMM. 4 Wumhtus Ybyrhgnus, @gll f` Qrfy 3.> `` , 3. >= ``?

>3 Nurmpmans, Frnstns N. [. Iflnrmaen, Na., v.95>.

>9 Jfbnr. Mlmga. ZMP.=9,3;;-3;4 Jnsmfa. Qjnfe. v.>=, >5-:4 Amfa. Ymiulus, lmc MMM. 0;.


7/15

wjngt, fgts gha ergpnvmhns>1, nernssns `rfb tjn Igrpgtjmgh Bfuh-

tgmhs>>, `lfwmhe tjrfuej tjn lgha f` Gegtjyrsm()>0 (pmitmgegtjyrsm) wjnrn ms tjn lgha gha imty f` tjn Imbbnrmghs>5, gha splnh-ama jnrfns wjf `gllnh an`nhamhe tjn wglls f` Qrfy>:, ifuhtry f` tjn

`mrst anm`mna ghimnht dmhes (/ )>=, tjn `gtjnr f`efas (tjnfh enhnsms/ )0; gha [nlgsemghs07. Umtj Jns-mfaus tjfuej, tjn enhnglfey f` tjnsn dmhes ms rnauina tf Egng, tjn

clnssna ifuhtry hngr Finghfs pftgbfs. Mhtnrnstmhely, tjfuej, tjnrn

ms sucstghtmglly am``nrnht snbghtmi anvnlfpbnht f` tjn sgbn rfft fc-

snrvna mh tjn pgrgllnl? g emght Qjyrs mh Qr hg he

03

Qjn lghaf` pnrpntugl yfutj, g rnglb mh tjn Inltmi bytjflfey, gs gh mhamigtfr

f` tjn sfurin f` uhmty f` tjn Mhaf-Nurfpngh bytjflfemigl trgamtmfh.

Mh prnlmtnrgtn tmbns, cy tjn tmbn f` Jfbnr, wfraQjyrsusgha mts frme-mhgl bnghmhe wgs hngrly lfst. Jfwnvnr jn emvns us tjn (prn)- fr(hfh)- Ernnd sucstmtutn wfra - Gmegmfh (G)09, usmhe `fld nty-

bflfey gha mhtnrprntmhe mt - strfhenr tjgh ftjnrs, wjmln ftjnrs ous

nqugtn mt wmtj emght01. Sganrbgijnr ifhsmanrna jmb tf cn g prn-

Ernnd anmty0>, gha tjgt ifh mrbna cy tjn grijgnflfemigl `mhamhe

emvnh tf yfur gttnhtmfh cnlfw. Qjn ftjnr nvmanhin `fr lnenhagry

jubgh nxmstnhin wmtj suij hgbnrnlgtna tf tjn `mhamhesf` tjn Lfwn

Ahmnstnr ms tjn tm-rm-sn-rf-n/Qjmrms-nrfn- Qjyrsus - jnrf ghinstfr0

- g enhnrmi Byinhgngh ilgh ghinstrgl anmty, Iulturgl Jnrf `fuha mh

tjn sgbn pglgtmgl Lmhngr C tgclnts f` tjn Lgtn Bmhfgh LB gha Lgtn

Jnllgami LJ pnrmfas, wjnrn mt gppngrna glfhesman wmtj Amfhysusgha

_nus05. G`tnr gll, gs g hnw mhvnhtmfh mh lgtnr ilgssmigl Ernnin - wfra

Amfhysus gt tjn Byinhgngh pnrmfa bgy jgs cnnh anhftna bnrnly g

fhn f` tjn efas f` nrtmlmty, wjmij ifula cn mhjnrnht tf jms mbgen mh

tjn prn-jmstfrmigl stgen f` mts enhnsms. Ifh mrbgtmfh f` tjms ifula cn

`fuha mh tjn lnenhagry rnbgmhmhe f` Qrfy (Qrfy-PM jfrmzfh) f` Gsmg

Bmhfr, wjmij Byinhgngh strgtub ifhtgmh tjn iurmfus mhsirmptmfh0

[gtfrm Qurm (pg-tf-rm Qu-rm)- tjn gtjnr Qyrms, gs ansirmcnacy tjnIgbcrmaen Ilgssmis rnsngrijnr G. Ygyin0=.

>1 Jfbnr. Fayss. MZ. ;=4 Jfbnr. Mlmga, ZPMMM. >1;->>; snqq4 Jnsmfa. Ufrds gha Agys, v. 0=4 Amfafrus Ymimlus, MM. 154 Ijrfhmifh Auchminhsn, Na. @lfrmghus, i. 3:

>> Gnsijylus. [rfbntjnus Cfuha, v. 3:1, rgeb.59.

>0 [fstubmus Su`us @nstus Gvmnhus, Ansirmptmf frcms tnrrgn, v. 1>>4 Qjn Qjrgimghs 5;; CI-GA 10 cy Ijrmstfpjnr Unccnr gha Gheus Bicrman,3;; ,p. 04 [tflnby mmm. >. 5, :. , &i.

>5 Jfbnr, Fayssny, ZM. 94 glsf mh Ytrgcf.Enfergpjy.Ijgptnr M.5-:, 9-1.

>: Jnsmfaus, Ufrds Gha Agys, v. 5.

>= Jfbnr, Mlmga, ZMP.v.=9,==-3;>,311``,9;;-9;>4 Gnsijylus, [rfbntjnus Cfuha, v. 915 snqq4 Amfafrus Ymiulus, lmc.MMM. 0;4 @rgeb Jmst. Er. MMM. >05.14 Jnsmfaus, Qjnfe.v. >;=->;4 [jnrndyans. [email protected].

0; [lutgrij. Qjn @gin mh tjn Bffh, Nlney gha Mgbcus, Pflubn MM, O. B. Nabfhas, Na., Irgtns, 3.>.94 Jfbnr, Mlmga, ZMP, v. =9,3;;-3;, 3114 Frpjmi Jybh :9 tf Finghus

(trghs. Qgylfr)4 [lgtf.Qjngntntus, :;a4 Hfhhus. Amfhysmgig, 39. 390 `.0 Jnsmfaus, Qjnfe. v. >5-:4 Amfa. Ymiulus, lmc MMM. 0;4 Ytrgcf. Enfer. M. 9. 1.

03 Qjnrn wmtj wmla jfhny ar mp tjn frnst trnns4 Qjn stfrns f` wmhn gha bnga sjgll hnvnr gml. Inltmi Bytjs gha Lnenhas, cy Q. U. Sfllntsfh (Ynhgtn, ==1).

09 @fwlnr =::? S. L. @fwlnr , - mh Ngrly Ernnd Lgheugen gha Bytj, [jfnhmx, Pfl. 13, Hf. 3, =>-9.

01 Lydmllfs f` Qgrrjg mh Gp. Sjfa. .0>a.4 Euanbghh ?=;5 Gl`rna Euanbghh, Eruharmss anr Ensijmijtn anr Dlgssmsijnh pjmlflfemn, :>.

0> L. Sganrbgijnr, Bytjfs uha Ygen cnm anh Ermnijnh (Buhmij nti. =9:) 300 ``.

00 Ghtfhgiimf I., Qjn Qjrmin Jnrf gha ghinstfr iult, Mh? Ghimnht Ernnin? `rfb tjn Byinhgngh pglgins tf tjn gen f` Jfbnr cy Ymerma Anenr-Ogldftzy, Mrnhn Y. Lnbfs,Namhcurej Lnvnhtms Ytuamns 9, 9:14 Afuelgs ]fuhe, Ms Lmhngr C Animpjnrna6 * Grmfh, Pfl. 1, Hf. 9 (Gutubh, =0>), p.>3:.

05 Lmhngr C tgclnt (Qh 90.>, [] 3;1, Dh ;3)4 Cnhhnt Or., Qjn Flmvn Fml tgclnts f` [ylfs (Bmhfs Yuppl.3), Yglgbghig? ^hmvnrsmaga an Yglgbghig, 19-1.

0: Juef Yijuijgrat? Yijlmnhbghhs Amsifvnrmns, pp. 991->.

0= Ygyin G. J., Qjn [jryemgh Jnrf Qyrms //Qjn Ilgssmigl Snvmnw, Pfl. 10, Hf. (@nc., =93) Igbcrmaen hmvnrsmty [rnss, p..


8/15

Qjnrn ms fhn sueenstmvn pmnin f` nvmanhin gvfrmhe tjn manhtm`migtmfh

f` tjnsn `frbs. G Bnsfpftgbmgh cmra bgtrfh efaanss Ymrms/Ymrmsj5;

(Gddgamgh hgbn fr Yubnrmgh efaanss Hmhdgsm), wjf wgs snbghtm-iglly gssfimgtna wmtj mhtfxmigtmhe cnvnrgens, cnmhe tjn efaanss f`

cnnr, sjfws sueenstmvn pjfhflfemigl pgrgllnls, uhanr tjn ghglysms

prfpfsna jnrn, fr cgsn rfft Qjyrssnnbs tf cn frmemhgtna `rfb prf-pfsna prn-Mhaf-Nurfpngh lmheumstmi sucstrgtn.

Mh tjn prfinss f` stuay f` tjn Amfhysus pjnhfbnhfh cnigbn gppgr-

nht tjgt tjn wfra Efagha tjn gssfimgtna ifhinpt uhanrwnht inrtgmhnvflutmfh. Qjms Mhaf-Nurfpngh tnrb ilgssmi Ernnds jga glrngay lfst

mh Byinhgngh tmbns, ynt tjny rntgmhna sfbn trgins f` mt mh tjn rnlmi

anrmvgtmvns. Byinhgngh wfra am-wf-hu-sf-ofms g ilgssmi Ernnd rnmh-vnhtmfh tjgt grfsn aun tf bgremhglmzgtmfh gha sucsnqunht fcsiurmty

f` tjn fla tnrb, gltjfuej frmemhglly wgs pgrt f` tjn tnfhyb (hgbn f`

efa). Gs Qsybcursdy pnrinptmvnly hftna gha cnttnr tjgh jmb hf fhn

wfula cnttnr grtmiulgtn? rnprnssmfh Tf` tjn ifhinpt f` EfaR, gppgr-nhtly mh prn-Byinhgngh tmbn g ifhtmhugtmfh `rfb Mhaf-Nurfpnghcgsn `frb anmwfs tf tjnfs (), Byinhgngh Ernnd tn-f TQjrgimgh- ansg (s), amsg (s)R bgy mhamigtn g sucstghtmgl ijghen mh tjn ifhinptf` amvmhmty cy tjn tmbn wjnh prn-Ernnds rnsmana mh tjn Cgldghs, wjf,gt sfbn pfmht f` tmbn jgvn stgrtna tf rnegra jmb hft gs gh g``nitmvnvmsugl pjnhfbnhfh, amvg (Mhaf-Nurfpngh * anm- (tf sjmhn, sjmhn, nti.4Pnami Yghsdrmt amay-gtm , nti.)), cut mh tjn snhsn f` mhspmrgtmfh, fc-snssmfh, trnhas (qnfv . Ijgrgitnrmstmi `ngturns f` amtjyrgbcmi lgh-

eugen `rfb mts vnstmens mh lgtnr lmtnrgturn igh cn trgina cgid tf tjnmr

sfurins mh Amfhysmgi iult50. Mt ms ilngr rfb tjn rnbgmhs f` amtjyrgb-

cmi lgheugen gs g wjfln tjgt mts ijgrgitnrmstmi `ngturns wnrn gssfim

gtna wmtj tjn trgamtmfhgl (Amfhysmgi) amtjyrgbcmi gcghafh? wmhn

busmigl mhstrubnhts gha rmftfus uhifhstrgmht. Qjn ngrly prgmsns mh

prnlmtnrgtn tmbns wnrn purnly busmigl. [rnsnhin f` busmigl mhstru

bnhts mh tjn grijnflfemigl smtns55, nspnimglly tjn ngrlmnst, suij gs mh

Flghnstm tjgt wnrn sumtna fr rjytjbmi giifbpghmbnht, ms g prfpnr ml-

lustrgtmfh f` tjn prnsnhin f` tjn smehs f` ngrly Amfhysmgh trgamtmfh mh

tjn grng f` Lfwnr Ahmnstnr Smvnr. @rfb tjn wfrds f` ghimnht pfnts5

:

5; Ijgrlns @fssny, Lg Bgemn gssyrmnhhn (Qjnsn) (Cmclmftj. an l N. ans Jgutns Nt. Ynit, ans Yi. rnlme. Pfl. ZP), [grms, =;3 , 3., MM S > c. -3= 2 _D.

5 3;;3? .., , .5. Mh? Ifllfqumg ilgssmig nt mhafenrbghmig MMM.

53 Gnlmgh, @. J. mmm. : 4 Pmreml. Nafe. vm, 9, &i.4 Iminrf. Qusiul. m. 1:.

59 Gl`rna Umhtnrstnmh, Anr ^rspruheanr Qrgefamn (Pmnhhg =3>),;9.

51 Qjn Ilgssmigl Ofurhgl :5, ;>-31.

5> Nurmpman, Cgsijgn, >35-3=.

50 Bnhanlsfjh ==3? Aghmnl Bnhanlsfjh. Mh?Qjn Ilgssmigl Ofurhgl :5, ;:.

55 3;;? ., - ( 3;;). .3, .94 .9, .>, .5,:.

5: S.Yng`fra,Qjn Jypfrijnbg f` [rgtmhgs,Bgyg 3=-9;(=55-=5:),::,=3.


9/15

mh tjn sifpn f` tjn amtjyrgbcmi vfigculgry ` Amfhysmgh iult wnrn

usna suij `meurns f` spnnij gs , ,5=rn`nrrmhe tf angtj cy stfhmhe wmtj sucsnqunht ams-bnbcnrbnht ilngrly prfvnh cy grijgnflfemigl `mhas mh Lfwnr Ahm-

nstnr:; Smvnr rnemfh. Ghftjnr wfra usna mh tjnsn pfntmi wfrds?

:7 rn`nrrna tf gs cnmhe jmt cy sflma fconit, ms mhtrmigtnlyifhhnitna wmtj tjn amtjyrgbc gs g lmtnrgry frb, gs wnll gs wmtj cftj

Amfhysmgi bytjflfey gha iult prgitmins. Qjnsn nlnbnhts f` wfrsjmp

wnrn prnsnht mh tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr gs mhamigtna cy tjn `mhas f` pmnins

f` stfhn gxns, smhin tjn rmtugl dmllmhes wnrn igrrmna fut tf rnsnbcln glmejthmhe strmdn, m.n., tjn tjuhanr f` _nus. Mbpfrtghtly, tjn wfra

Efa gt tjgt pfmht f` tmbn anhftna gs cnmhe gcln tf sjmhn lmdn lmejt-

hmhe. Qjnsn `gitfrs bgdn tjn Qjrgimgh-Amfhysmgh tjnbn smehm`might

gha an`mhmtnly hft gprmfrm bnghmhelnss - cut tjny glsf crmhe mhtf fius

qunstmfhs gcfut tjn irmtnrmg f` irnamcmlmty tjgt grn tf cn gpplmna tf

suij ifhoniturns, gs wnll gs tjn mhtnrprntgtmfh f` tjnsn pgrgllnls mh

igsns wjnrn tjny ifula cn mhtnrprntna gs rngl msfelfssns. Qjn iultmi

Amfhysmgi aghinrs wnrn emvnh tf wmhn armhdmhe, vmefrfus aghimhe,

cfmstnrfushnss, gha fcsinhmty, gha wnrn lmdnly tf suhe amtjyrgbc mh

g stgtn f` nbftmfhgl rgpturn gha, ijgrgitnrmstmiglly, aghimhe mh imriu-

lgr `frbgtmfh manhtm`mna gs ,turcgsmg:3 Ttyrcgsmg4 surc,turcR. Gs fhn f` tjn lgtnst `frbs f` tjn ngrlmnst ijfrgl jybh tf

Amfhysus tjn rnturhmhe bfvnbnhts f` tjms aghin rnsnbclns tf mtsfrmemhglly ghtmstrfpjmi ijgrgitnr f` amtjyrgbc. @rfb g pjfhflfemigl

stghapfmht, tjnrn ms rngsfh tf cnlmnvn tjgt bfanrh `gst-pgina aghin

srcg(fhn f` tjn trgamtmfhgl aghins prnsnrvna cy ansinhaghts f`Qjrgimghs - Bflafvghs, Sfbghmghs, Culegrmghs, Bginafhmghs,

^drgmhmghs, Juhegrmghs, gha cy Ernnds) ms tjn survmvgl f` tjms ngrlm-

nst amtjyrgbcmi aghin gha busmi.

Mh gh gttnbpt f` g inrtgmh jmstfrmigl rnifhstruitmfh, wn wfula lmdn tfpfmht fut tf pgrtmiulgr grijgnflfemigl nvmanhin rfb tjn nxigvgtmfh

f` curmgl bfuhas f` Ijgliflmtjmi-Ngrly Crfhzn Gen pnrmfa mh tjn

Lfwnr Ahmnstnr Smvnr rnemfh. Qjn mbgen f` tjn lnenhagry dmhe f`

Hysg (), Ymlnhusifula jgvn cnnh bflana g`tnr tjn lnganr ghajmej prmnst f` Ijgliflmtjmi - Ngrly Crfhzn Gen curmgl nxigvgtna mh

7=:; mh g tubulus hngr tjn vmllgen f` [urigrm:9. Curmgl hubcnr 37 ms

tjn cgsn `fr tjn 7st, tjn frmemhgl bfuha f` tjms tubulus 7, wjmij wgs

> bntnrs mh jnmejt gha 0; bntnrs mh amgbntnr:1. Gssfimgtna wmtj tjn

frmemhgl bfuha f` tjgt tubulus, tjnrn wnrn 3 giifbpghymhe fvnr

lgppmhe curmgls rfb sgtfvf iulturn ( =, 9;) tjgt wnrn ijgrgi-

tnrmzna cy sbgllnr curmgl ijgbcnrs gha buij lnss nxtrgvgeghin mh

curmgl mhvnhtfry. @urtjnr gaamtmfhs tf tjn bfuha wnrn f` Ngrly

Crfhzn Gen [mt-Ergvn frmemh.

5= Grdjmlfdjfs `r. 55C (2 3;U)4 Drgtmhfs `r. :5D (2 == D-G)4 gha Cgddjgm, ;9.

:; 3;;? .., 9 .. , . 3;;, .91-9:.

: [midgra-Igbcrmaen? Amtjyrgbc, Qrgenay gha Ifbnay (Fx`fra, =35, rnv. 3/=03 cy Q.C.L. Uncstnr), >=

:3 [fllux, Fhfbgstmifh, mv, ;14 Jnsyijmus, snn uhanr tyrcgsmg

:9 3;;>? .. , . ? , ( 3;;>)., :5-=0.

:1 ==;? . , - . ( ==;),0


10/15

Qjn bgh, curmna mh ergvn 7, curmgl 37 hngr tjn vmllgen f` [urigrm jga

emeghtmi jnmejt, gha ouaemhe cy tjn uhusuglly lgren sdnlntfh, pfs-

snssna uhifbbfh pjysmigl strnhetj. Qjms mbbnamgtnly bgan tjn `mha

tjn inhtnr f` gttnhtmfh mh tjgt ame. Giiframhe tf ghtjrfpflfemsts

(Y.Ynenag, ^drgmhn), tjn jnmejt f` tjgt bgh wgs 3.7> b, wjmij ms

rgrnly snnh nvnh mh tjn bfanrh bnh:>.

Mh tjn mhvnhtfry f` tjn curmgl wnrn prnsnht gll tjrnn mhsmehmg f` pfwnr?

(7)prmnstjffa, smehm`mna cy tjn `mha f` g sbgll gha nlneght vnssnl,anifrgtna wmtj ifbplnx frhgbnhtgtmfh (`fr tjn antgmlna ghglysms f`

tjn snbghtmis f` anifrgtmfh f` tjn vnssnl, snn cnlfw) gha nmejt rmtuglvnssnls rn`mhna sjgpns wmtj sybcflmi pgmhtna fijnr-iflfrna, gha ani-

frgtna wmtj ifra mbprnssmfhs wnrn uhifvnrna, (3) bmlmtgry gutjfrmty,smehm`mna cy tjn `mha f g crfhzn ageenr gha gh gx, gha (9) imvml gu-tjfrmty, smehm`mna cy tjn `mha f` igrvna wffanh sinptnr (prnsubgclyfgd-stu``), jfrh jfn gha nlnvnh `lmht ifbpfsmtn lmhnr smidln.

^hanr tjn lgren vnssnl (gbpjfrg) wgs fuha tjn crfhzn gwl, gha tjn

sjfrt dhm`n wmtj jgl`-wfrh clgan. Mh `rfht f` tjn sdull wnrn plgina

crfhzn ijmsnls, gazns gha ftjnr tffls. Gll tjnsn mtnbs grn ghimnht mh-

strubnhts f` prfauitmfh, gha tjnmr smehm`mighin mh tjn curmgl mhvnhtfry

gs tjny pfmht tf tjn pfsmtmfh f` imvml gutjfrmty f` tjn curmna. Gltjfuej

tjn nxgit antnrbmhgtmfh f` tjnmr stgtus ms uhinrtgmh gha gwgmts ùll

rnnvglugtmfh, tjnrn ms fhn sueenstmvn pmnin f` nvmanhin `gvfrmhe tjn

manhtm`migtmfh f` tjnsn `frbs. Smtugl giinssfrmns, lgma uhanr tjn gb-

pjfrg sueenst g iult f` g anmty sybcflmzna cy tjn ifhtnhts f` tjn vns-

snl. Qjn sjgpn gha smzn f` rmtugl vnssnls sueensts tjgt tjny ifula cn

usna tf pnr`frb rnlmemfus inrnbfhmns wmtj usn f` wmhn. Mh tjms igsn

tjn sdnlntfh f` efgt (lgbc6) wgs `fuha amrnitly mh tjn curmgl ijgb-

cnr gbfhe tjn sgirm`mimgl vnssnls. Mt rniglls fcsiurn gha ghimnht `me-

urn f` _gernus (Ernnd? ) gs gh nbghgtmfh f` grijgmi

Amfhysmgi rmtns:0, wjf wgs ifhsmanrna gs efa f` efgts, wjmij wgs

tfrh gha ngtnh mh jms jfhfr. Jms flanst npmtjnt - Bnlghgnems:5, bngh-

mhe wngrmhe g sdmh f` clgid efgt, gha wmtj tjms pgrtmiulgr npmtjnt,

jn gppngrna mh Ernnin fr tjn mrst tmbn. Qf sfbn nxtnht, tjn rgtmf f`

ùhnrgl effas mh tjms curmgl 37 (lgren gbpjfrgn pfttnry, tjn iup

pgmhtna gbpjfrg gha tjn cfhns f` sgirm`mimgl efgt) gha mts snbghtmis

snrvns gs tjn prftftypn f` tjn ifhstmtunht nlnbnhts f` tjn ùturn

Amfhysmgh iult.

Jngawngr f` tjn curmna wgs rmijly anifrgtna wmtj anhsn snt f` cngas

bgan f` afznhs f` sbgll cfhn `rgebnhts4 wjmln hnxt tf tjn sdul

`fuha `fur rmhes bgan f` smlvnr. Qjn tftgl mhvnhtfry ms vnry mbprns-

smvn. Mh tjn curmgl anhftna gs 7/37 [urigrm snvnrgl juharna vgrmfus

`mhas wnrn `fuha gs wnll, mhiluamhe smx grtmilns (tffls) bgan f` ifp

pnr, gha fur frhgbnhts bgan f` smlvnr, bntgls tjgt wnrn rgrn gha nx

pnhsmvn gt tjgt tmbn mh Nurfpn. F` mhtnrnst ms tjn uhusuglly lgren smzn

f` gbpjfrgn rfb tjn tjrnn bgofr sgtfvf iulturn curmgls 77, 37, 9;

mh tjn sgbn [urigrmgh tubulus hubcnr7. Qjnmr jnmejt vgrmns rfb 3=

tf >1 ib gha tjn amgbntnr f` tjn wmanst pgrt f` tjn vnssnl rghens

`rfb 3: tf 09 ib, wjmij bgdns tjnb stgha fut rfb tjn typmigl s-

gtfvf inrgbmis, hfrbglly afbmhgtna cy amsjns f` bnamub smzn, wmtj

tjn typmigl jnmejts f` tjn lgrenst vnssnls hft nxinnamhe 75-35 ib::

Qjn enhnrgl ifhtnxt f` tjms curmgl gs jgvmhe erngt iult-smehm`mighin

wgs suppfrtna cy tjn tjmh-wgllna iup `fuha hngr tjn siull, gs tjn

spnimgl inrnbfhmgl vnssnl `fr inrtgmh rmtugls gha inrnbfhmns. Mhtnr

nstmhely, tjfuej, tjnrn ms glsf tjn lumaly pgmhtna frhgbnhts gha pgmht-

mhes, nxniutna mh agrd crfwh gha rna pmebnht (fijnr) fh tjn

bmhmgturn gbpjfrg `rfb curmgl 7/37 (vnssnl #9):=. Gt tjn tfp f` tjn

lma f` tjn vnssnl gha tjn smans f` gbpjfrgn wnrn ergc jghalns mh tjn

`frb f` g stylmzna cull jfrhs (cudrghmm), wjmln tjn lma gha tjn cfay

f` tjn vnssnl wnrn anifrgtna wmtj bnghanrmhe frhgbnht mh tjn cgid

erfuha mh `frb f` irfssna strmps gha wgvn-lmdn sjgpna lmhns, gllfw-

mhe `fr tjn pfssmcln mhtnrprntgtmfh gs tjn pmiturn f` rmvn

(Qyrgs/Ahmnstnr). Qjms typn f` frhgbnht ms hft ifmhimanhtgl jnrn

jfwnvnr, mt wgs pgmhtna fhly fh tjms pgrtmiulgr vnssnl. @rfb tjn Gn-

;

:> tjn bngsurnbnhts bgan cy ^drgmhmgh ghtjrfpflfemst Y.[.Ynenag, Dmnv

:0 Lmhngr C tgclnt [] Ng 5> [] Eh 19 sg dg rn u, Lmhngr C tgclnt [] Gh 3: ag m og dn rn u (Bghtnrf Q. Sgamfergpjmg am uh amf. Amfhmsf, amf anllgvnentgzmfhn, dfurfs n pgrnarfs. Enhns, =5>. [. 3 33 ).

:5 [gushmus. m. 9:. :4 mm. 9>. 4 Gnsijylus. Ynpt. 5;;.4 Yumag. s. v. Nlnutjnrfs, s. v. Gpgtfurmg4 Smaenwgy =00?U. Smaenwgy, Qjn frmemh f` trgenay? wmtj spnimgl rn`nrnhintf tjn Ernnd trgenamghs,5>-50,:9 .

:: . =:=? . ., (>;-3>) ..., .., .., ... - . ( =:=), 50.

:= ==;? . , - . ( ==;),0=, . 9;.


11/15

hnflmtjmi/Ijgliflmtjmi gen f` tjn Hfrtjwnstnrh Clgid Yng rnemfh

rgrnly `fuha ùhnrgl rmtns f` suij pfbpfsmty, gs nvmanht cy tjn tjn

ergvn mtsnl`, gs wnll gs cy tjn gssfimgtna wmtj tjms pgrtmiulgr sghitu-

gry tjn iultmi sgirm`mimgl pmt - cftjrfs () (iultmi pmt 7). Mt sjfula

cn vmnwna tfentjnr wmtj tjn ifh`mrbna smzn f` tjn ùhnrgl `ngst, gha

tjn hubcnr f` ghmbgl sgirm`mins mh jfhfr f` tjn curmna. Qjms mbpfr-

tght antgml suppfrts fur jypftjnsms, smhin Amfhysus ms rnegrana gs tjn

efa f` `ngstmhe. Oust wmtjmh tjn sgirm`mimgl curmgl ifbplnx `fuha

cfhns `rfb m`tnnh sjnnp, twf fxnh gha tjrnn annr.

Mh `git, uhusugl gha rmij ifllnitmfh f` grtm`gits uhifvnrna mh fhn

ergvn, ghimnht curmgl bfuha gha tjn nxtnhsmvn (gcfut 3 bntnr jnmejt)

stfhn wgll (irfblnij/aflbnh) f` tjn tfbc ijgbcnr, wnll uhanrsifrn

tjn jmej sfimgl stgtus f` tjn curmna, emvnh tjn gbfuht f` lgcfr wfula

tgdn tf ifhstruit tjn cgrrfw ifbplnx, gha tjn nxpnhsn f` suij g ù-

hnrgl. Mt sjfula cn hftna tjgt tjn bfuhas f` ^sgtfvf iulturn, stua-

mna mh 7=:; hngr vmllgen f` [urigrm, wnrn ifbpgit curmgl ifbplnx

ifhsmstmhe f` > curmgl bfuhas, wjmij mh tftgl ifhtgmhna 39 Lgtn Iu-iutnhm-Qrypmllmgh tfbcs, wmtj `gmrly nxtnhsmvn mhvnhtfry. Qjnsn

ergvns jgvn glsf cnnh lmhdna wmtj g snt f` ifbplnx plgins f` wfrsjmp

wmtj stfhn wglls, crmaen-lmdn struiturns gha sjrmhns, `mllna wmtj ghm-

bgl cfhns gha pfttnry `rgebnhts. Gegmhst tjms cgiderfuha tjn cur-

mgl hubcnr 7 /37 [urigrm stghas fut cy tjn vmrtuns f` tjn smzn f` tjn

curmgl ijgbcnr, ifbplmigtna twf-lgynr inmlmhe gssnbclna f` fgd lfes,

gha bfrn tjgh oust rmij snt f` curmgl mtnbs. Bfst mbpfrtghtly ms tjn

emght jnmejt f` tjn curmna. Qjms curmgl ifbplnx, wmtjfut g afuct, wgs

cumlt `fr bnbcnr f` tjn trmcgl nlmtn fr tjn prmnstly ilgss f` tjn ^s-

gtfvf sfimnty. Qjn curmgl mhvnhtfry gha uhifvnrna antgmls f` curmgl

rmtns ifhvmhimhely anbfhstrgtn tjn prnsnhin f` tjfsn nlnbnhts, wjmij

mh tjn ùturn wmll cnifbn inhtrgl tf tjn iults gssfimgtna wmtj wfr-

sjmp f` Amfhysus.

G snt f` rmtugl fconits gha tjn fcvmfus jmej sfimgl stgtus f` tjn curmna

mh tjn [urigrm bfuha igh cn, wmtj g jmej anernn f` ifh`manhin, gs-

sfimgtna wmtj tjn bytjmigl ijgrgitnr, wjmij mh tjn Ilgssmigl nrg igbn

tf cn dhfwh gs Ymlnhus, tjn bnhtfr f` Amfhysus, rfb wjfb tjn efa

lngrhna wmhnbgdmhe gha tf cn dhfwh lgttnr gs Gegtjyrsus=;. Qjn

wjfln jmstfry f` sfimf-jmstfrmigl rnifhstruitmfh rnpngtnaly prfvns

tjgt vgrmfus lnenhagry ijgrgitnrs f`tnh ifrrnspfha tf vnry buij rngl

nxmstmhe pnfpln. Qjnfrntmiglly, tjn anmty wjfb tjn jmej prmnst f` tjn

[urigrm tfbc wfrsjmpna ifula cn Ygcgzmfs, fr rgtjnr jms prnjmstfrmi

prftftypn. [rftf-Qjrgimghs gha ftjnr trmcns, dhfwh fhly cy tjnmr gr

ijgnflfemigl hgbns, gs wnll gs Mhaf-Nurfpngh pnfplns f` tjn Ijgl-

iflmtjmi-Ngrly Crfhzn Gen wfrsjmpna Ygcgzmfs mh tjn `frb f` cul

fr jfrhna. Qjms wfrsjmp ms ilngrly trgingcln mh tjn `frb f` g cull iul

spnim`mi tf g hubcnr f` Mhaf-Nurfpngh iulturns `gr cnyfha tjn tnrrm-

tfry f` tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr Smvnr. Ujntjnr tjms iult wgs frmemhgllygssfimgtna wmtj purnly pgstfrgl-germiulturgl gttmrn, lgtnr, wmtj mhvnh

tmfh f` wmhn (gs frmemhglly bmxturn f` snvnrgl mhernamnhts) gs wnll gs

ftjnr trghin-mhauimhe tnijhmquns (lmdn aghin gha busmi) anvnlfpna

mhtf rnlmemfus rmtugls ifrrnspfhamhely trghs`frbna mhtf tjn nlnbnht

f` ùturn Amfhysmgh iult.

Mt sjfula cn hftna jfwnvnr, tjgt tjn ifllnitmvn bnbfry jgs am``miulty

rnstrgmhmhe mhamvmaugl nvnhts gha rngl pnrsfhs. Mh mts fpnrgtmfhmt rnlmns fh ftjnr tjgh jmstfry struiturns? mhstnga mt usns igtnefrmn

rgtjnr tjgh nvnhts, grijntypns rgtjnr tjgh jmstfrmigl `meurns. Jmstfrm-

igl pnrsfh gssmbmlgtns wmtj mts bytjmigl bfanl (jnrf, frn`gtjnr nti.

gha nvnh wmtj jms bytjflfemigl nbcfambnht (suij gs tjn stg``-tjyr

sus). Jmstfrmigl nvnht mhtnergts mhtf tjn igtnefry f` bytjmigl gitmfh

(tjn mejt wmtj tjn bfhstnr Ernhanl=7, tjn ilgsj wmtj tjn Qmtghs, nti.)

Qjyrs (Gegtjyrs) - gs g jmstfrmigl pnrsfh - survmvna mh tjn bnbfry

f` jms prfenhy `fr twf, gt tjn bfst tjrnn enhnrgtmfhs, anspmtn jms rn

bgrdgcln hgturn, pjysmigl quglmtmns gha nxtrgframhgry gcmlmtmns. Gh-

ftjnr mbpfrtght ifhtrmcutmhe gitfr wgs tjn prn-lmtnrgtn hgturn f` tjnmr

iulturn. Qjn gppngrghin f` jms hgbn mh tjn enhnrgtna wfras `fr bg-

tnrmgl fconits wmtj tjn mhtnht f mbbfrtglmzgtmfh f` jmb gs g jnrf gha

g frn`gtjnr mh tjn lgheugens f` tjn ghimnht pnfplns rn`lnits tjn bfsmbpfrtght pjysmigl gha sfimgl ijgrgitnrmstmis f` tjms prnjmstfrmi jnrf

Mt sjfula cn hftna tjgt tjn wfra bgemimgh jgs ifbn mh Ernnd lgh

eugen gha ftjnr Nurfpngh lgheugens `rfb tjn ghimnht Mrghmgh lgh-

eugen (gha mh `git Hfrtjnrh Clgid Yng afns hft ifhtrgami

grijgnflfemiglly tjn rnifhstruitmfh f` tjn frmemh f` prn

Jmttmtn/Luwmgh mh bfst rninht prn-Ghgtflmgh pnrmfa f` tjnmr jmstfry gs

=; Jnrfaftus, Jmstfry 1.;, 1.1:, 1.1=, 1.5:, 1.;;, 1.;3, 1.;1, 1.=, 1.3>.

= @gismbmln (::3) f` tjn :tj inhtury gutftypns f` tjn ifttfh BY Pmtnllmus G ZP 4 Crnnanh, Agvma. Qjn Gavnhturns f` Cnfwul`? gh Gagptgtmfh `rfb tjn Fla Nhelmsj.


12/15

lgymhe cntwnnh tjn prn-Mhaf-Mrghmghs gha tjn prn-Mhaf-Nurfpngh

`gbmly=3). @rfb tjn gen f` Gtjnhmgh pflms, tjn Ernnds rn`nrrna tf

_frfgstrmghs gs suij pnfpln, wjmln lgtnr tjn wfra bgemimgh jgs lfst

mts ntjhf-ifh`nssmfhgl tfhn, gha igbn tf bnghmhe f` ghy prmnst, gs-

trflfenr gha bgemimgh f` hfh-Ernnd frmemh. Qjn git tjgt mh Mhaf-Nu-

rfpngh lgheugens tjnrn ms rfft wfra bgej - tgll, cme, `rfb wjmijtjn Sussmgh pfwnr, strnhetj, jnlp gha M bmejt (mn M gb igpg-

cln), gha tjn Nhelmsj bmejt, bgy, tjn Enrbgh Bgijt, bfenh(sgbn bnghmhe). Qjn ghimnht Mrghmgh wfra bfeu- prmnst bgy jgvn

frmemhgtna `rfb tjn sgbn ifbbfh cgsn rfft, gha m` sf, tjnh tjn anr-mvgtmfh f` tjn wfra bgemimgh ms ilngr? g pnrsfh jgvmhe pfwnr tf

pnr`frb gh gitmfh, wjf ms gcln tf af sfbntjmhe, fr, wjmij ms rnln-

vght, g bgh nhafwna wmtj uhifbbfh pjysmigl strnhetj mh enhnrgl.

Yuij bgh, snnbmhely curmna mh tjn bfuha 7/37 hngr Bflafvmgh vml-

lgen [urigrm, tjn inhtrgl ijgrgitnr f` suij trmcutn.

Ujgt nlsn igh suppfrt fur vmnw6 Qjn ntybflfey f` tjn tfpfhyb[ur-

igrm, gh grng lfigtna mh vnry jngrt f` Lfwnr Ahmnstnr Smvnr grng.

Ouaemhe cy tjn mhsirmptmfhs f` Byinhgngh pglgtmgl tgclnts mh Lmhngr

C ms gs `fllfws?pu-dg-wf/purdgwfm=9 - `mrn mehmtnr4 `mrn-dmhalnrs4dnnpnrs f` tjn sgirna `mrn4 rfwnrs4=1 wngrnrs f` sdmhs (/ampj-tjnrpjfrfm/)4 fru-pg-rg-dm- rm-og=> ghapu3-rg3-g-dn-rn-u=0 - trghs-lgtna gs grgwgy prfvmhin4 rnbftn rnemfh/cfranr4 sucurcs4 futsdmrts=5

- futsdmrts f` [ylfs, hgbna g`tnr bmerght `frnmehnrs=:. Mt ms wnll

dhfwh tjgt mh tjn lnxmifh f` Gddga gha Cgcylfh tjnrn jgs cnnh gt-

tnstna tjn wfrapgrgddu/ pg-rgd-dm, CGSG3-BN - Sffb f` tjnefas, gh gltgr, Jfly f` Jflmns, g plgt`frb `fr tjn jfly tjrfhn, tjrfhn

cgsn (iult agms)== (syh. mcrgtu- sghitugry mh tjn fpnh gmr7;;4 glsf gIjmn`4 fr pnrjgps g dmhe4 tjn `mrst mh rghd4 efas gha efaanssns jgs g

awnllmhe wmtj mh mt47;7 tjn erngt lnganr. Gagptgtmfh cy tjn lmheumstmi

pjfhntmi lgws ifrrnspfhas tf tjn Sussmgh erngt/emght Ijmn`7;3.

Ugs tjms g wmhn-prfauimhe rnemfh mh ghimnht tmbns gha wgs tjn wmhn-

bgdmhe g rnlmemfus gitmvmty6 Ouaemhe cy tjn sgbn Byinhgngh tgclnts

tjms igh cn ghswnrna mh tjn g``mrbgtmvn. Uf-hf-wg-tm-sm7;9 - grng fFmhfg ()frFmhn ()igrrmns bnghmhe f` wmhn grng7;1

Ufra Fmub mh lgtnr tmbns (MM-MP G.A.) glsf bnght Jfly Lgha gha

pfmhts tf tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr. Qjms tnrrmtfry snl` manhtm mna cy [rftf

Qjrgimghs gs /[nrdn7;> - tjn jfly lgha, tjn lgha f` tjn sgirna`mrn, gha m` yfu rnbfvn vfwnl - gs g cmhanr, yfu igh snn g ilngr sn-

bghtmi gha pjfhntmi gttrgitmfh wmtj [urig7;0, fr [urigrm - anrmvgtmvntjgt bmrgiulfusly survmvna plgin hgbn. ms g tfpfhyb tjggppngrs fh tjn Qrfogh ifgst f` Qjrgin7;5, gs grn tjn wnll-dhfwh Qjrg

imgh vftmvns tf tjn jfrsnbnh anmty gha

3

=3 Eusbghm S. Ml lnssmif mttmtf. Hgpflm, =0:,p.5=4 .. . .,==94 Mh? .. - // , 3;;9, 9

=9 Lmhngr C tgclnts? [] Gh 9= v.14 @h :954 @h >;4 Flmvmnr =0;, 1-=4 , O.Q. Dmllnh, ===. Yfbn fcsnrvgtmfhs fh tjn hnw Qjncns tgclnts. Byinhgngh Ynbmhgr mh Oghugry ===. CMIY.Lfhafh. hmvnrsmty f` Igbcrmaen 3;;, 195.

=1 L. S. [glbnr. Snvmnwna wfrd(s)? G prfpfs auh lmstn an anssnrvghts an sghitugrmn aghs lns afiubnhts nh lmhgmrn C an [ylfs cy O. -[. Flmvmnr, Ehfbfh, 91. Ca., J. 5 (Ani., =03),pp. 5;5-5.

=> Lmhngr C tgclnts? [] Gh 3=:., J94 [] Ih 1>.1.>.0.5.4=0 Lmhngr C tgclnts? Hh 33:.9.=5 Jgohgl Yprgijsijmijtnh ans bydnhmsijnh Ermnijmsij. Yglgbghig, ==5, 994 Lghn 3;;:, ;3-;0.=: Hmdflfuams 3;;0? Y.Hmdflfuams, Qjn rg-wg-dn-tg, Bmhmstnrmgl Gutjfrmty gha Byinhgngh Iulturgl Manhtmty. Amssnrtgtmfh. Qjn ^hmvnrsmty f Qnxgs gt Gustmh (Gustmh 3;;0)4 Ongh Lfums

[nrpmllfu, (=0:) p.3;=.== Ygyin =;? . Ygyin, Qjn Snlmemfhs f` Ghimnht Neypt gha Cgcylfhmg, [grt 3, lniturn =, (=;). Qjn Em``fra Lniturns (=;;-=;3) Fx`fra hmvnrsmty, (Namhcurej =;9).4 Dmlbnr

=09? G. Dmlbnr, Ofurhgl f` Grijgnflfey gha Frmnhtgl Ytuamns (OGFY), vfl.:9, =09,p. 13=? 351-5>, 119? >3->>4 Jfrfwmtz ==:, p.3.;; Enfren ==3? G. Enfren, Cgcylfhmgh Qfpfergpjmigl Qnxts, CB 9:0;3.ifl.mmm (hf.;), ==3, 90=, 14 (Cgcylfhmgh bghusirmpt) CB 9:0;3.ifl.mmm (hf.;)p.;-;34 Qmhtmr P :04

G.Dmlbnr, OGFY :9 13=?351-5>,119?>3->>.; Qglcft :5;? J. Qglcft, Ofurhgl f tjn Sfygl Gsmgtmi Yfimnty f Erngt Crmtgmh gha Mrnlgha. Ifhtrmcutmfhs tfwgras f tjn Gssyrmgh Lgheugen, Pfl MP, Grt., [grt MM, (Lfhafh:5;), p.15.;3 Qglcft :5;? J. Qglcft, Ofurhgl f tjn Sfygl Gsmgtmi Yfimnty f Erngt Crmtgmh gha Mrnlgha. Ifhtrmcutmfhs tfwgras f tjn Gssyrmgh Lgheugen, Pfl MP, Grt., [grt MM, (Lfhafh:5;), p.094

G Ifhimsn Amitmfhgry f` tjn Gssyrmgh Lgheugen cy Umllmgb Buss-Grhflt vfl.MM Bmqqu-Qmturru (cnrlmh-Lfhafh-Hnw ]frd =;>), p.:9;.;9 Lmhngr C tgclnts rfb [ylfs [] Ph 1:.0 [ylfs Zc 1=, [] Zg 1=4 [glbnr, =09, p.114 Dyrmgtsfulms , ==0.;1 [ylfs Zc>=4 [ujvnl =01? O. [ujvnl, Nlnutjnr gha Fmhfgtms? Amfhysmgi Agtg rfb Byinhgngh Ernnin. Mh? Byinhgngh Ytuamns, na. Nbbntt L. Cnhhntt Or. hmvnrsmty f` Umsifhsmh

[rnss (Bgamsfh =01), p.0:.;> Ytnpjghm Cyzghtmm Ntjhmig , cy Bgregrntjn Cmllnrcnid (na.). Pfl. M? G-E. Cnrlmh/Hnw ]frd? Ugltnr an Eruytnr, 3;;0 (Ifrpus @fhtmub Jmstfrmgn Cyzghtmhgn 19/), [p. x, 01*-11 4 An

Ymbfhn I. Ntrusdmsijnr Lmtnrgturcnrmijt? hnuvnrf``nhtlmijn Mhsijrm`tnh =5;-=59//Elfttg,>9,=5>, >3;0 .. , * ? .

. ., 3;;9.;5 . MM :9>, ZM 33=, ZP >15


13/15

`frbna gs, gha cnlfhemhe tf tjn Mhaf-Nurfpngh snrmns f` anrmvgtmvns

f` tjn rfft *pnrdwf-,*pnrdwu, wjmij bnght jmll (bfuha) rfid,bfuhtgmh `frnst, fgd(!) fr pmhn, gs wnll gs tjn stfrb efa wjf

awnlls fh fh tjn bfuhtgmhs (bfuhas), suij gs Amfhysus, _nus gha

tjn Jmttmtn Qgrjuh. [rftf-Qjrgimghs tjnbsnlvns wnrn dhfwh cy hgbn

- Dfurntns (/[nlgsemghs- wghanrnrs, bmerghts7;:). Lgha f`Dfurntns/Iurntns wgs bgrdna wmtj g anamigtna spnimgl smeh gs ngrly

gs tjn prftf-wrmtmhe f` Irntn gt tjn tmbns f` [jgmstfs Amsd7;= .

Mh gh nrg f` Ijgliflmtjmi-Ngrly Crfhzn Gen trmcns tjgt awnlt hfrtj tf

Clgid Yng ifgst nstgclmsjna rnlgtmfhs wmtj tjn amstght Bnamtnrrghnghdmheafbs77;, wjnrn tjn gppngrghins f` tjn ngrlmnst bghm`nstgtmfhs f`

tjms iult wnrn `fuha. Qjn amsifvnry, mh g hubcnr f` tjn inhtnrs f`

tjn Gnengh wfrla, f` g inrtgmh typn f` bflana stfhnwgrn, hft smbm-

lgr tf tjn Gijgngh, mh tjn pnrmfa tjgt prninana tjn `gll f` tjn Byin-

hgngh imtmns, jgs gttrgitna tjn gttnhtmfh f` rnsngrijnrs777. Suttnr wgs

tjn mrst tf pgy snrmfus gttnhtmfh tf tjms nlnbnht, frnmeh tf tjn Byin-

hgngh iulturn, gha hftn tjgt tjn enfergpjmi rghen f` tjms typn f` pft-

tnry ms nxtnhsmvn? Aghucn, Gsmg Bmhfr, Qrfy, Hfrtj Mtgly, cut tjn

inhtnr f` tjn sprnga f` tjn cgrcgrmi inrgbmis jn plgina mh tjn tnr-

rmtfry f` tjn Qjrgimgh Jgllstgtt, strntijmhe `rfb tjn Cgldghs tf tjn

Ahmnstnr Smvnr773 gha fh tf tjn Cue. Qjnsn rfuej stfhnwgrn plgtns,

giiframhe tf Suttnr, wnrn vnry ilfsn bfrpjflfemiglly tf tjn iulturgl

gha jmstfrmigl inrgbmis f` tjn Hfug-Ygcgtmhfvdg-Dfslfazjnh iul-

turn, wjmij fiiupmna tjn tnrrmtfry f` `rfb tjn Lfwnr Aghucn tf tjn

Lfwnr Ahmnpnr mh tjn ZMP-ZMM inhturmns. CI. Giiframhe tf

Ijnrhygdfv mhiluans cgrcgrmi inrgbmis rfb Gijgngh snttlnbnhts

gha Qrfy cnlfhena tf Ygcgtmhfvdg iulturn779. F` erngt mbpfrtghin

`fr tjms amsiussmfh grn mhamhes mh Hfrtj Clgid Yng rnemfh sgbplns f`

crfhzn wngpfhs amsifvnrna aurmhe tjn nxigvgtmfh f` tjn grijgnf

lfemigl smtns f` Byinhgngh imvmlmzgtmfh771. @mhas f` spngrjngas gha

ageenrs f` tjn Ygcgtmhfvdg typn jgvn cnnh rnifrana glsf mh tjn ngst-

nrh Bnamtnrrghngh mh Irntn, Dhfssfs, gha Iyprus77> .

Emhamh rn`nrrna tf tjn mrrn`utgcln lmheumstmi ifh`frbmty f` Jfbnrmi

Qrfy wmtj [rftf-Qjrgimghs770. Mh pgrtmiulgr, (mh hfrtj-ngstnrhQrfy) anrmvna `rfb Qjrgimgh elfssns? , , bnghmhewmhn 3;;9 , (-- 3;;9). Mhtnrhntpuclmigtmfh? jttp?//ghhgls.xlnemf.ru/lm`n/bfcib.jtb

Lnwgrtfwsdm =:=? D. Lnwgrtfwsdm, Qjn Anilmhn f` tjn Byinhgngh Imvmlmzgtmfh ? Gh Grijgnflfemigl Ytuay f` nvnhts mh tjn Ernnd bgmhlgha, Grijmwub @mlflfemizhn 19, (Urfigw=:=), 01-:3.3 Suttnr =5>? O.Suttnr, Inrgbmi nvmanhin fr hfrtjnrh mhtruanrs mh Yfutjnrh Ernnin gt tjn cnemhhmhe f` tjn Lgtn Jnllgami MMM pnrmfa. // Gbnrmigh Ofurhgl f` Grijgnflfey. Cfstfh

=5>, vfl. 5=. Mh? .. MM . . ., . . 3 (>;), 3;;;, 35>-3:0.

9 =:1? ., - ? . ? ( =:1), 9113.

1 Dlfijdf ==9? P.M. Dlfijdf, Ungpfhs f tjn trmcns f tjn Hfrtjnrh-[fhtmi zfhn mh tjn 0QJ-;QJ inhturmns C.I. Cgltmi-[fhtmi stuamns, vfl. ([fzhgh ==9),51-50> Yghagrs =5:? H.D. Yghagrs, Qjn Yng [nfpln. Ugrrmfrs f` ghimnht Bnamtnrrghmhngh 3>;->; C.I. (Lfhafh =5:) Qmbns gha Juasfh, =9-=14 Dlfijdf ==9, 3=, me.9=.0 3;;9? ., -, , , 3;;9 9, 3.5 , ==0? ., ., , ..: . ., ==-=3. 3 . .3. .>3:, . . ., 3;;. 9 . .9. .191


14/15

Qjyrs. Qjn hgbn Qrfy gppngrs mh tjn Jmttmtn grijmvns gs Qgrumsjg.Gt tjn tmbn f` tjn Neyptmgh stnln f` Sgbsns MMM tf bnhtmfh mt vmitfry

fvnr tjn [nfplns f` tjn Yng Qnrnsj. Qjms hgbn ms f`tnh ifrrnlgtnwmtj tjn pnfpln Qnrnsj bnhtmfhna fh tjn Erngt Dgrhgd Mhsirmptmfhf` [jgrgfj Bnrhnptgj77=. hmty f` fpmhmfh gcfut wjntjnr tjnsn hnw-

ifbnrs wnrn Qrfoghs mh tjn simnhtm`mi wfrla ms hft fcsnrvna. Hgbns

wmtj tjms cgsn rfft gttnstna mh Lmhngr C rnifras, suij gs tjn ifb-

bghanr f` bmlmtgry uhmt tf-rf-f. @rfb tjn ifh`nanrgiy f` sng`grmhergmanrs f` tjn snifha bmllnhhmub CI hgbns QDSgha QSY73;sup-

pfsnaly manhtm`mna wmtj Qondnr/Qnudrfm

737

(syhfhyb f` Qrfoghs

733

)gha Qyrrjnhmghs/739 wnrn bnhtmfhna mh tjn mhsirmptmfhs f`

tjn nrg f` Sgbsns MM, gbfhe tjn Yng [nfplns. Jfwnvnr, emvnh tjn

frmemhgl Ernnd npmilnsms Q-S-Y, wn fpnh tjn fppfrtuhmty tf rnifhimlnwmtj tjn cmclmigl ijgrgitnrQmrgs, sfh f` Ogpjntj - tjn ghinstfr f` tjnQjrgimghs731.

Mh tjn grijgnflfemigl lgynr f` Qrfy PMM g sngl wmtj tjn Luwmgh jm-

nrfelypjs wgs `fuha73>. Mh ifhouhitmfh wmtj rninht agtg sjfwmhe tjgt

tjn hgbns f` [rmgb () gha tjn ftjnr Qrfogh jnrfns bfst

lmdnly tf jgvn Luwmgh frmemhs mh tjn giganbmi wfrla mhirngsmhelygernns tjgt tjn ghimnht Qrfoghs spfdn g Luwmgh amglnit, gha mt wgs

tjn f``mimgl lgheugen f` tjn Jfbnrmi Qrfy. Qjn bultmtuan f` ifhtgits

f` tjn Gsmg Bmhfr Ernnds wmtj tjn igrrmnrs f` tjn Jnttf-Luwmgh rn-

lmemfus jnrmtgen730 tjrfuej tjn nlnbnhts f` Jfbnrs npmi amitmfh

gry735 jgs lna tf tjn `git tjgt aurmhe gssmbmlgtmfh f` wfras suij g

tgru-, tgrumlmjnrf, tgrumlgtgr`frin, tjn bytjflfemigl `meurn ftjn Ytfrb Efa - tjn suprnbn anmty f` Jmttmtn-Luwmgh QgrjuhtfQgrjugha Lyamgh npmtjnt f` _nus - (), Qgruht-Lyamghjnrf Qgrjfh/fr(anrmvna `rfb [rftf-Qjrgimgh cgsnQjyrs) cy tjn Ernnd lgheugen, tjnmr bytjflfemigl rn`nrnhins wnrn

rnauina gha tjn rnlgtmfhsjmp wmtj tjn inhtrgl `meurn f` tjn Jmttmtn-

Luwmgh pghtjnfh wgs lfst. Qsybcursdy ama hft snnh `uhagbnhtg

typflfemigl am``nrnhin mh tjn mbplmna rnlgtmfhsjmp cntwnnh GhgtflmghQgrju-, suij gs *tgrjuwg, Ernnd gha tjn Ernnd typn? inlncrgtn Cgiijmi ngsts, tf cn mhmtmgtna mhtf tjnCgiijmi bystnrmns, gituglly mbcuna wmtj Cgiijus, lmdnhs jmb tf

tjn igrcfh-ifpmna mhtf Lgtmh cgiijus, cgiijfr,-grm73:. Mh Gsmg Bmhfrvnrsmfh f` Ernndrn`lnitna g bftm` f` jnrfmi curmgl f` tjn aningsna wmtj tjn trghs`frbgtmfh mhtf g cnmhe nhafwna wmtj supnrhgt-

urgl pfwnrs - mh fhn f` tjn efas fr anbmefas (vmz.Ernnd. 73=), gh mhtnrprntgtmfh cgsna fh tjn mang f` fvnrifbmhe angtj mh wfr

sjmp. Jnrn g amstght rn`rgitmfh jgs tgdnh plgin mh tjn wfra ftjn sfbn f` tjn ijtjfhmi prfpnrtmns gha ifhhnitmfhs f tjn Qjuhan

Efa f` tjn Gsmg BmhfrQgrjuhtgfrQgrju79;. Nxgbmhgtmfh f` gll ifhtnxts emvnh mh tjn Qjnsgurus Lmheugn Ergnign prfvns tjgt

glwgys, wmtjfut nxinptmfh, anhftns g curmgl f` tjn rnbgmhs - bfstlyuhanrerfuha, wmtj nbpjgsms fh tjn giinhtna `mllmhe f` tjn ergvn

bfuha/tubulus, sfbntmbns wmtj g stfhn hmijn, smbmlgr tf tjn fhn

fcsnrvna mh tjn [urigrm 7/37, tjn sf-igllna ergvn f` Qjyrs, gs wnll gs

ftjnr tfbcs mh tubulm f` tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr.

Gha `mhglly tjn lgst rnbgrd. Mh tjn wfrds f` tjn ghimnht bytjfergpjnr

Egmus Oulmus Jyemhus, mh jms @gculgnms tjn bfst ilngrly nxprnssna tjnhgbn f` tjn amsifvnrnr f` wmhn - Inrgsus797Qnrgs -Qjyrsus. Ynbghtmis f` mt - jfrh, jfrhna. Nvnh Qjyrsuss sgirm`mimgl vnssnls grnjfrhy gha mbgens f` tjn rmvnr fh tjn vnssnls stghas fr tjn wmhn bmx-

mhe fr wgtnr f` tjn Jfly Smvnr hgbna bfst lmdnly g`tnr jmb. Un

wfula lmdn tf anvnlfp gha supplnbnht tjms ifhoniturn cy tjn `fl-

lfwmhe ifhsmanrgtmfhs gt tjms pfmht cnigusn, gppgrnhtly, sfbn agtgfh tjn stuay f` lgheugen. Mt bgdns snhsn tf ifbpgrn tjn Ernnd wfra

drgo793 bnghmhe jfrh wjmij ms clfwh, fr cy bnghs f` wjmij tjnyarmhd wmtj g bntgpjfrmigl bnghmhe - gh f` sjfft f` tjn rmvnr cna

1

= Unmegll, Grtjur (=;). G Euman tf tjn Ghtmqumtmns f` ^ppnr Neypt. Lfhafh? Bnhtjnuh & If. pp. ;=.3; Ergccn, Lnstnr L. Msrgnl mh Qrghsmtmfh Q.& Q.Ilgrd Lta ( Gue 3;;:), p.=5.3 Necnrts, Grhf. ==. Qjn Ijrfhflfey f` Qjn Snpfrt f` Unhgbuh. Ofurhgl f` Neyptmgh Grijflfey 55?>505.33 Qjn manhtm`migtmfh f` Qondnr gha Ernnd Qnudrfm, Lgtmhmzna tf Qnuirm, wgs `mrst bgan cy Lgutj mh :05, gha wgs rnpngtna cy @rghfms Ijgcgs mh jms tuans sur lGhtmqumt

Jmstfrmqun agprs lns sfurins eyptmnhhns nt lns bfhubnhts rputs prjmstfrmquns f` :53, giiframhe tf tjn Ufuajumznh amssnrtgtmfh.39 giiframhe M.B.Amygdfhfv QSY manhtm`mgcln tf Qyrrjnhmghs.

31 Qmtus @lgvmus Ofsnpjus , Ghtmqumtmns f` tjn Onws M.0.3> Lgtgiz 3;;1? O.Lgtgiz. Qrfy gha Jfbnr. Fx`fra ^[. 3;;1. [.0=30 Clbnl =30? S.Clbnl, Jfbnrmsij // Elfttg >, =30.Y.5:-:14 Drntsijbnr =9=? [.Drntsijbnr. Amn Ytnlluhe anr lydmsijnh Yprgijn //Elfttg,3:, =9=.Y.;1 ``.35 , .PMM,:>, ZPM, 1>0, 051.3: 3;;5? .. , -, ,

3;;5, , 3-3.3= 3;;3? . , . ., 3;;3., .50-5:, :.9; [uelmnsn=>1? [uelmnsn Igrrgtnllm E. //Grijmvmf elfttflfemif mtglmghf, 9=, =>1. [.5=-:39 Jyemhus. Snvmnw cy Uml`rna N. Bgofr f` [.D. Bgrsjgll, Jyemhus? @gculgn. Namtmf gltnrg. 3;;3, IILZZMP. Mhvnhtfrs gha tjnmr mhvnhtmfhs M.3514 , ,

M.351.93 Cnndns 3;;=? Sfcnrt Cnndns wmtj tjn gssmstghin f` Luimnh vgh Cnnd , Ernnd ntybflfemigl amitmfhgry, p.995. Mh? Lnmanh Mhaf-Nurfpngh Ntybflfemigl Amitmfhgry Ynrmns, #;.


15/15

Byinhgngh amglnit `frbs

dnrgg / dnrgjg/, anrmvgtmvns`frb dnrgs-t o b. - jfrhnairngturn ms prfcgcly efmhe

cgid tf tjn ngrly cgsms f`

Qjyrsus. Enflfemiglly, mt ms

prfvna tjgt tjn Ahmnstnr mh

ghimnht tmbns cn`frn bnremhe

wmtj tjn Clgid Yng wgs am-

vmana mhtf twf crghijns,wjmij hfw swgbpy bgrsjns

f` tjn Ahmnstnr Smvnr nstugry.

Yf tjgt tjn vglun f` tjn

Amfhysmgh stg`` Qjyrsus -

cftj crghijns jga afucln tjn

bytjflfemigl snhsn - gha lmdn

tjn crghijns f` tjn vmhn, gha

gs gh gllnefrmigl frb f` tjn crghijns f` tjn rmvnr Qyrgs. Glsf, mh tjn

sgbn ntybflfemigl amitmfhgry Ernnd wfra dnrguho- tjuhanr, tjuh-anr, lmejthmhe gha tnrpm-drguhfo (s.v.), einm-drguhfo-tjn fhnwjf tjrfws lmejthmhe (nvnh wmtj tjn npmtjnt f` Amfhysfs Ygcgzmfslffdna tjrfuej - g `frb f` anmty _mfs- _nus ) fr anrmvgtmvn dnrguh

... go,-h ... tjo799

- stfhn-lmejthmhe _nus - g vnrc - dnrguhfbgm,-w- struid cy _nuss lmejthmhe, gll snbghtmiglly rnlgtna mh tjn ifh-tnxt f` tjn ifhsmanrna prfclnb. Qjyrsus, gs wn hftna ngrlmnr,

wfrsjmpna jms `gtjnr Efa f` Qjuhanr _nus mh tjn `frb f` Ygcgzmfs.

Fhly wmtj tjn mhvnhtmfh f` wmhn egvn jmb tjn pgtj tf nhlmejtnhbnht

gha tjn snirnts f` tjn uhifhsimfus lna jmb tf irngtn g ifjnrnht rnlm-

emfus systnb. Crfuejt cy sbgll erfup f` prmnsts tf tjn Gnengh cgsmh

gha Neypt wmtj tjn wgvns f` tjn Yng [nfplns - tursjg, gha ansirmcnacy [lgtf791 gha [ytjgefrgs, `rfb Bnbpjms prmnsts gha tjnmr bnhtfr

GbgsmsfrYfhijmsgha Gssyrmgh sgen hgbna _grgt79>, tjn hgbn f` tjn`fuhanr f` tjn Jnrbntmi simnhins - gstrflfey, glijnby gha gll tjn gh-

imnht simnhins - Jnrbns Qrmsbnemstus790. [rflm`nrgtna tjrfuejfut Nu-rfpn cy Dhmejts Qnbplgrs - Hgbn Qjnut795frQjftj Jnrbns- Qjrmin

Erngt (Ntrusigh - Qurbs, ^rglmi - Nh ([rmnst) (ifhsfhght wmtj tjnCmcln - Nhfij gha Gnhzu`rfb Dgbyghg Bfjylg, ^drgmhn) Fssnt-

mgh - Qutyr, Unst Ynbmtmi irngtfr f` sirmpt Qggutfs/Qgutjfs/- Bgstnr f` Grts gha Yimnhins, gh nxpnrt mh gll Irg`ts, Yirmcn f` tjn

Efas, gha Dnnpnr f` Qjn Cffd f` Lm`n), wjfsn Nbnrgla Qgclnt f` tjn

Lfst Dhfwlnaen sf anspnrgtnly snndmhe cy bghy snirnt sfimntmns

tfagy. Fhn igh ngsmly mbgemhn tjgt g`tnr hngrly tjrnn tjfusgha yngrs

`rfb tjn tmbn f` tjn nvnhts mh tjn pnrmfa wjnh tjn gpplmigtmfh ms ifb-

plntn sirmpt igbn tf Jyemhus, tjfuej mh g sfbnwjgt amstfrtna, cu

glbfst uhijghena mh`frbgtmfh gcfut tjn lnenhagry Qjyrs/Qjyrsus

lmvna gha curmna mh tjn vmimhmty f` tjn Bflafvgh vmllgen [urigrm.

Mt snnbs tjgt tjn mbprnssmvn `gits f` tjms dmha af nxmst, glcnmt mh gsbgll hubcnr. ]nt tjms sbgll hubcnr ms nxplgmhna mh pgrtmiulgr cy tjn

`git tjgt tjn lmheumstmi bgtnrmgl - `fr tjn bfst pgrt ifhsmsts f` pnr-

sfhgl hgbns, wjnrngs tjn grijgnflfemigl bgtnrmgl gllfws fhly vnry

lmbmtna ifhilusmvn ntybflfemzgtmfh. Hnvnrtjnlnss, tjnsn `nw igsns

snnb tf cn gcln tf sjna `urtjnr lmejt fh tjn ngrly stgen f` ntjhmi gha

iulturgl enhnsms f` tjn [rftf-Qjrgimghs tjgt jgppnhna hfrtj f` tjn

Clgid Yng, mh tjn Lfwnr Ahmnstnr cgsmh gs pgrt f` tjn enhnrgl prfinss

f` `frbgtmfh f` tjn Mhaf-Nurfpngh lgheugen gha iulturn.

99 [.Jflb., Ilnb.4 Snagra Lns hfbs ernis nh tjo, >>.

91 [lgtf, [jmlncus : c4 Ijgrbmans ,>0 a.

9> Ilnbnht f` Glnxgharmg, Ytrfbgtg. M 0=, 05;, 4Ilnbnhtms Glnxgharmhm. Ytrfbgtg// [gtrflfemgn iursus ifbplntns. Ynrmns Ergnig. [., :>5. Q.PMMM.

90 L.S. [glbnr, Mhtnrprntgtmfhs, p. 309. Mh? Afuelgs ]fuhe ,Ms Lmhngr C Animpjnrna6 Grmfh, Pfl. 1, Hf. 9 (Gutubh, =0>), p.>3:.

95 [lgtf, Qjn Amglfeuns f` [lgtf, vfl. 1, trghsl. cy C. Ofwntt, B.G. mh @mvn Pflubns (Fx`fra hmvnrsmty [rnss, :=3), 351i-35>c, p.9=-1=.

to the origin of the cult of dionysus (book with pictures)

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