Printing in Malta

Its cultural role from inception

to the granting of

Freedom of the Press

WILLIAM ZAMMIT

GUTENBERG PREPRESS PRINTING - POSTPRESS

Contents

The Maltese Press during the Seventeenth and ~ighteenth Centuries

Chapter 1 Vicissitudes of Maltese Printing: 1642 to 1756 a a p t e r 2 'Starnperia di Sua Altezza Serenissima': 1756 to

The Eighteenth-Century Printed Output

Chapter 3 Censorship and other Forms of Control Chapter 4 The Printing Press and its Users Chapter 5 The Printed Product and its Audience Chapter 6 The Publishing Role of the Press

, Maltese Printing Activity during French and Early

Chapter 7 Press Control and the Printed Output: 1798 to 1800

Chapter 8 Printing during the British Protectorate: 1800 to 1814

Chapter 9 Printing under Crown Colony Government: 1814 to 1839

Chapter 10 The Maltese Struggle for Press Freedom: 1830 to 1839

ix

xxi

xxii

xxiii

British

viii

Epilogue

The Evolution of a Free Press and its Contribution to Maltese Political and Cultural Development

Conclusion

Notes

Appendices

I: The Eighteenth-Century Printing Press as Illustrated in d'Alembert's and Diderot's Encyclopedic (1769)

11: Coloured Illustrations pertaining to Maltese Printing and related Activities between the Seventeenth and early Nineteenth Centuries

111: Documents

Bibliography

Index

INDEX

Abela, Giovanni Francesco, vice- chancellor of the Order and author 10, 11, 25, 144

Acciard, Michele, author 113 Acireale, Sicily 242 Acts of the Apostles, translated into

Maltese 259 advertisements 252 Agira, Philip of, saint 188 Agius de Soldanis, Giovanni Pietro

Francesco, author 113, 134, 141 Aldobrandini, Carlo, Order's

ambassador in Rome 5 Alessandri, Giovanni Battista,

author and press superintendent 48, 126-7, 129-30, 155, 189, 191

almanacs 150-1, 153, 221, 235-6, 256

Alpheran de Bussan, Paolo, bishop of Malta (1728-57) 42, 159

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 247

Amiens, Treaty of (1802) 227 Ancien regime, in Malta 2 18 anonymous writings 114-6 Apap, Willie, artist 291 Ape Melitense, L', newspaper 277 Arabic language, printed works in

259-60, 297 Archivio Storico di Malta, periodical

290-1 Archivum Melitense, periodical 290 Arena, Gioacchino, entrepreneur

176 Argo, L', newspaper 212, 227, 231-

2 Arias y Porres, Emanuele, author

19, 25 Arniaud, Bernardino, Bolla Crociata

and press superintendent 43-4, 46, 48

Arniaud, Francesco, press employee 56

Arte, L': Periodic0 Partio-Bimensile, periodical 290

Asia Minor, distribution of Maltese publications in 234

Associazione Patriottica Maltese 284 Auberge d'ltalie, as press premises

245 Augustinians 177

educational establishment of 157

Austin, John, royal commissioner (1836) 271: see also under Royal Commission (1 836). report of

Austin, Sarah, wife of John Austin 27 1: see also under Royal Commission (1836), report of

Azopardi Baron Vincenzo, author 255

Azzopardi-Castelletti, Don Gian Maria, vicar to Bishop Rull 114- 15

Badger, George Percy, author 259, 279

Balaguer Camarasa, Michele, bishop of Malta (1635-63) 10

Ball, Captain Alexander, British leader of the Maltese and civil commissioner (1 799- 180 1 ; 1802- 09) 214-5, 223, 226

Balneavis, Henry, colonel and acting governor of Malta 267

Balsani, Massimiliano, uditore tc Grand Maste"rerel1os 36-7

Banchi, printer with Tonna 292 Bandiera tal Maltin, Il, newspaper

288 Barbaro, Carlo Antonio, author 92 Barberini, cardinal and head of the

Congregation of the Holy Office 9, 10, 41

baroque engravings, sets of: see under typographical decoration

Barth, Il: gazzetta di medicina e scienze naturali, periodical 290

Barzoni, Vittorio, author and editor 229, 231, 234, 253

Bastille Day, celebrated in Malta 214

Bauer, Andreas, inventor 245 Baynes, E.D., editor 256 Bellarmino, cardinal and author 33,

159, 259 Bellet, S., translator 236 Belli, Gabriele, uditore to Grand

Master Pinto 101, 142 Benedict X l V , pope (1740-581, 40-1,

110, 113 Benincasa, Rutilio, astrologer 15 1 Bertoldu, newspaper 277, 293 Bezzina, Giacomo, inquisitorial

censor 104

Index

Bianco family, printers in Messina 19, 23

Bianco, Giovanni Francesco, printer 19

Bible Society, Protestant in Malta 248

Biblioteca Pubblica or Tanseana: see under public library

bibliothkque bleue literature 146 bills of exchange and of lading 175-

6 bills of lading: see under bills of

exchange and of lading Bisagni, Antonino, printer of the

Bolla Crociata in Catania 43 Bisagni, Sicilian printing

establishment 183 blockade of the French in Malta

219, 227, 240 Bolla della Santissima Crociata: see

under Indult of the Crusade Bonacota, Paolo, printer in Messina

and in Malta 18, 23 Bonaparte, Napoleon 203, 229 Bonavita, Alberico R., press director

245 Bonavita Champion, Gavino,

president and superintendent of the press 221, 231-2, 245, 253

Bonnici, Francesco , inquisitorial censor 104

book advertisements 155-6 bookbinderies 284 booksellers 132 book-selling practices 132 bookshops 92, 284 book-size publications 135, 138-47 Borg, John, author 281 Borgo Novo, in Liguria 3 1 Braccini, Gustavo Adolfo, editor of

the Gazzetta del Governo di Malta 253

Brea, Pietro, printer in Messina 1P- 19

Brighella, newspaper 277 Buonamici, Francesco, architect 18 Buzzaccarini Gonzaga,

Massimiliano, Venetian representative in Malta 92

Calcedonius, saint 188 Calendimaggio festivity 3 1 Calleja, Paolo, press employee 56 Calli, Giovanni, author 105 calligraphic specimens 139 Calvert, Charles, British

businessman in Malta 239-40

Camera del Commercio 173 Cameron, Sir Charles, British civil

commissioner in Malta (1801- 02) 226

Cannarella Grimaldi, Vineerno, author 146

Cannolo, Giuseppe, author 163 Capaci, Niccolo, his Breve Notizia

della Tipograf~a Professione (1760) 52-4

printer in Malta 43-4, 49, 514, 58, 60, 95-6, 100-5, 127-30, 155, 183, 223

Capuchin Order 101, 127, 183 Caravita, Giovanni Maria, author

31, 185, 191 Cardew, George, acting governer of

Malta 270 caricatures, political 290 Carnival, distribution of ephemera

during 290 Carpegna, Giulio, inquisitor of

Malta (1793-8) 104 Cartaginese, Il, newspaper 2 12,

227, 231-4 Caruana, Francesco Saverio, bishop

of Malta (1831-47) 273 Caruana, Pietro Paolo, lithographer

29 1-2 Carvalho e Sanpayo, Diogo, author

119, 139 Casino Maltese, government post

office 234 Casolani, Giuseppe, assistant to

Barzoni 234, 253 Casolani, Vincenzo, editor of the

Malta Government Gazette 253 Castellania: see under law courts Castelli, knight commander 43, 54 catechism, Protestant 260 Catherine 11, empress of Russia 150 Catholic Church in Malta 255 Catholic Emancipation Act (1829)

258 censorship: 9-1 1, 297

and the Catholic Reformation Church 5-6

and the Order's vice- chancellor 9, 10, 101, 102

diocesan, removal of during French rule 202

diocesan, under the Order 109-10

in Italian cities and states 10 inquisitorial 9, 104-9 of the Maltese press 91-116

passim, 238-9, 242 removal of 201, 272-5 passim

Index

state 98-109 passim, 272 See also under press; press product;

printing; printing press chapbooks in Maltese 294 Chapter General of the Order (1631)

4 Chapter General of the Order (1776)

172, 182 Chief Secretary to Government 245,

249, 258 children's literature, publication of

29 1 Chircop, G., bookseller 262 Christological devotions 163 Church Missionary Society 247-9,

259-60, 277, 279-80 Ciantar, Giovanni Antonio, author

34,44, 50, 58, 61, 92, 127, 142, 144, 148, 150, 163-4, 184- 5, 189-91, 195

Cimarosa, Domenico, librettist 227 clandestine printing in Malta 258 Clement VIII, pope (1592-1605) 10 Clement XII, pope (173040) 99, 105 clergy, regular and secular 1 2 3 4 coats of arms: see under imagery,

coats of arms colportage literature 35 Comitato di Petizione 265: see also

under Maltese liberal movement Cornitato Generale Maltese 264-9

passim: see also under Maltese liberal movement

commercial contacts and activity 175

Commissariat department, British 240, 246, 258

communication of political ideas 284-90 passim

Cornpagnia de' medici lombardi 153 Conde, prince of 252 condemnations of printed works 113 Congregation for the Propagation of

the Faith 38 Congregation of the Holy Office 9-

11, 34, 36-7, 40-2, 96, 104-5 Congregation of the Index 96 'Con licenza de' superiori' formula,

use of 11, 40, 98 Consiglio Popolare, Maltese attempts

to revive 220, 238-9 controls over the Maltese press: see

under censorship of the Maltese press over the Maltese printed product 97-8

conventual chaplains, library of 93 copperplate engravings 45, 56, 76 Coretterie, La, secretary to the

French government commission 2 14

Cornewall-Lewis, George, royal commissioner (1836) 27 1 : see also under Royal Commission (1836), report of

Corogna, Maltese conventual chaplain 102

Cotra, Il, newspaper 288 Cottonera, church and oratory of St

Philip Neri 38 Council of Trent: see under Trent,

Council of Crespi, Antonio, press user 180 Crimean War 274 Crown colony rule over Malta 242,

287 Cunego, Domenico, engraver 77 Customs 171 Cutajar, Nicola, press employee 56

D'Angelo, Giuseppe, pressman 43, 48-9, 55

De Candia, Anastasio, pressman and printer 56, 96, 22 1-2

Declaration of Rights of the Maltese (1802) 220

De Fiore, Caterina, daughter of Pompeo 7

De Fiore, Margarita, daughter of Pompeo 7

De Fiore, Monica Teresa, daughter of Pompeo 7

De Fiore, Pompeo, his business transactions in Malta 7

as printer in Malta 6-10, 16, 25, 35

De Galdiano, Juan, author 19 De Lellis, Camillo, saint 188 De Lolme, Jean-Louis, British jurist

2 7 5-6 Delotra, knight 114 Demarco, Giuseppe, author 145 Denton, John, press employee 222 De Redin, Martin, grand master

(1657-60) 23 De Rohan, Emanuel, grand master

(1775-97) 71, 77, 114, 135, 150, 169, 195, 196

De Rossi, Giovanni, author 138, 191

descriptions of contemporary events 140-2

De Tencin, Louis Guerin, Order's ambassador in Rome 39-40, 41, 93

De Vilhena, Antonio Manoel, grand

Index

master (1722-36) 29, 38, 39 devotional literature, book-size 164-

5 minor 162-4

diatribes 150 Di Cristoforo, Carlo, translator of

the Malta Government Gazette 253

Dillon, John Joseph, British supporter of the Maltese 238

Dimarco, Felice, author 138 Di Maria, Giuseppe, pressman 43 Di Marino, Francesco, copperplate

designer 7 1 Dimech, Manwel, author, editor,

and social reformer 288 diocesan seminary 93 Di Tomaso, Francesco, neophyte

press employee 49 Domeier, William, traveller to Malta

235 Dominican Order as press user 182

educational establishment of 157

Durini, Angelo, inquisitor of Malta (1760-6) 106, 109

ecclesiastical literature 156-70 passim

educational institutions 138 publications 138-40

Emo, Agno10,Venetian admiral 142 English-language publications in

Malta 292-3 engravers, Maltese 83 ephemera, printing of 4, 284, 288,

290 Ercole, Enrico, diocesan censor 109 Escafio, Ferdinando de, author 106,

108, 126 Eton, William, British supporter of

the Maltese 238-9 Euangelo, Catholic periodical 256 Ewart, William, British supporter of

the Maltese 267, 269-70 exchange rates 155 ex-uotos 164

Fabriani, Arnaldo, author 291 Farini, Aldo (pseudonym of Arnaldo

Fabriani) 29 1 Fagard, Antonio, master-smith 58 false 'in Malta' works 23, 38-9 Farignani, Lorenzo, pharmacist and

author 145 Farrugia, Carlo, uditore to Grand

Master Pinto 101 Farrugia, Francesco Zaverio, judge

and author 139-40 Favray, Antoine de, painter 77 Felletti, Fortunato, chaplain of the

Order 1 15 Ferris, Achille, author 29 1-2 Filadelfia, locality in Calabria 229 Fisk, Pliny, Protestant missionary in

Malta 247 Floriana 7 Foglio d'Auuisi, newspaper 227,

230-1 fonts, printing 15, 43 foreign entrepreneurs 175 forms 175 Fournier, Pierre Simon, French type

designer 60-1 Franciscans Minor Conventuals 177 Freemasonry 99 French: administration of Malta 31

capitulation to the British 203 government commission 200,

214 occupation of Malta 199 press developments during 199-

218 passim, 220, 296 republican feasts 153 republican symbolism 203 revolutionary government 87 rule and press freedom 199-202

passim Frendo, Cristoforo, member of the

French government commission 202

Garofalo, Giuseppe, engraver in Palermo 71

Gatt, Francesco Saverio, uditore to Grand Master Pinto 101

Gauci, Luigi, diocesan censor 109 Gazzetta del Governo di Malta,

newspaper 235, 244, 252-3, 256, 272, 275, 280-1, 293

Gazette de Leyde, newspaper 140 gazettes 140 general imprimatur: see under

imprimatur generale Gili, Matteo, conventual chaplain

and press user 139 Giornale di Malta, newspaper 234,

244 Giouine Italia 269, 275 Giustinelli, Pietro, author 155, 184,

189 Glenelg, Charles Grant, Lord,

Secretary of State for War and

Index

the Colonies (1835-9) 266-7, 270-1, 273-5

Gori Pannellini, Giovanni Battista, inquisitor of Malta (1639-46) 9, 10

gospels, translated into Maltese 259 Gotho, Fra Federico, the Order's

receiver at Messina 16 government as press user 119-23,

181-2, 225-35 passim government press (1800-14) 220-5

passim (18 14-39) 244-6 (1839 to date), 280-1

government publications 252-4 governor's palace 246 grammars, Italian and Latin 138 Grech, Fabrizio, uditore to Grand

Master Pinto 92, 101 Grech, Francesco, pressman and

assistant printer 54, 130 Grech, Giuseppe, artist 77 Grech, Marcello, pressman 55 Greece, distribution of Maltese

publications in 248, 297 Grey, George, Under-Secretary of

State for the Colonies 267 Grima, Michelangelo, Maltese

surgeon, and author 92, 145 Grognet, Angelo, press

superintendent 48 Guardian Angel, single-sheet

composition in praise of 163 Gulia, Gavino, author and editor

290 gunpowder factory 171

handbills 153-5 Harlequin, The, newspaper 277, 279 Harper, Charles, press

superintendent 245, 253 Harper, Henry, editor and press

superintendent 253 Hatar, 11, periodical 294 historical accounts 142-5 Hompesch, Ferdinand von, grand

master (1797-8) 71 Hume, John, British supporter of

the Maltese 269

illiteracy among the knights 4 in Malta 31, 92, 133, 258, 284 illiterate audience 1 17, 131-2 illustrative matter 29 imagery: Christological 177-8

coats of arms 178, 222

devotional 177-8 foreign sources of 177 general, printed, 176-7 Marian 177-8 non-religious 180 obscene 176-7 of saints and devotions 178 political 177 satirical 177 unidentified 178, 180

Imbert, Salvatore, press user 180 imported literature 23 imprimatur: bishop's 37, 42

generale, granting of 96, 104- 6

granting of, in Sicily and southern Italy 104

inquisitor's 37, 42 issue, settlement of (1746-7)

39-44 state 9-10, 35-6, 42, 102

Imprirnerie nationale 200 Index of prohibited books 11 1 indulgences 169-70 Indult of the Crusade 39, 42-4, 46,

48, 56, 67, 83, 87, 95, 98, 109, 122, 167, 169, 182-3

Industrial Revolution 245 Inquisition in Malta: 9, 34

civil and criminal tribunals 92

palace in Birgu 104, 106 patentees 104 Roman 104

invitations: see under visiting cards and invitations

Italian liberal refugees in Malta 273 Ittar, Sebastiano, engraver 77, 196 Izzo Filippo, press owner 275-77,

286

Jesuit, class of mathematics 25 Jesuit church 163 Jesuit college 93, 139, 157 Journal de Malte, newspaper 14 l ,

202-3, 206-12, 253 journalistic activity in Malta 277,

286-8 Jowett, William, representative of

the Church Missionary Society in Malta 248-9, 259

Julyan, Sir Penrose, his report of the civil establishment (1880) 280

Kaulata Maltia, Il, newspaper 277, 293

Index

Keenan, Patrick, his report on education (1878) 287

Koenig, Friedrich, inventor 245

Labini, Vincenzo, bishop of Malta (1780-1807) 109-10, 208, 212

Labour Opinion, newspaper 288 Labour Party 288 La Coluniere, knight and press user

103 Language question in Malta 287 Lapide, Cornelii, a, author 292 Lapignani, Giovanni, il genouese,

engraver 67, 7 1 Lascaris, de Castellar, Jean-Paul,

grand master (1636-57) 4-8, 10, 16, 23

Latin, use of 157, 159 law courts 17 1 lay individuals and institutions as

press users 124-5 legal submissions 134-5 Leghorn 26 1-2 legislation, publication of, under

French rule 204-6 Leo, saint 188 Levanzin, Agostino, author and

editor 294 Liberty of the Press in Malta 220,

238, 249, 253, 262, 264, 270, 272, 283-4, 291, 297

libraries in Malta 92-3 literacy in Malta 94, 133 literary journals 140 works 146-50 passim lithography in Malta 291 liturgical calendars 162, 236, 256 works 160, 162 local institutions, publications of

173 Locano, Giorgio, Maltese medical

practitioner and author 145 Lombardo, Giuseppe Maria,

diocesan censor 109 London Missionary Society 246-7 Luther, Martin 260

Maitland, Sir Thomas, Governor of Malta (1823-24) 58, 220, 222, 239, 243-5

Mallia, Giovanni Battista, printer and press director 49, 51, 54, 96, 221-2, 245

Malta, newspaper 288 Malta American Mission 247-8 Malta Blue Book 281, 293

Malta Chronicle and Imperial Services Gazette, newspaper 288, 293

Malta Garrison Library 254 Malta Government Gazette: see

under Gazzetta del Gouerno di Malta

Malta Maltia, newspaper 294 Malta Penny Magazine, periodical

292-3 Malta Taghna, newspaper 294 Maltese: authors, difficulties to

publish 34 Christianization of 145 clergy 175, 178 cultural development and

printing 290-2 passim cultured elite 127, 142-5

passim, 287, 296 diocese as press user 126, 156 entrepreneurs, 175 language, use of 93-4 language, use of in printing,

133-4, 162, 244, 258-9, 293-4

liberal movement (1800-39) 263-4: see also under Cornitato Di Petizione and

Comitato Generale Maltese middle class, and patriotism

290-1 newspapers 288, 293-4 nobility 175, 178 Pauline tradition 145 periodical literature 286, 293-

4 political parties, their use of

the press 288-90 popular literature 294

Malti, 11, periodical 294 Mamo, Vincenzo, assistant editor of

the Malta Government Gazette 253

manuscript literature and its control 1 10- 16

map of the Maltese islands, printing of 195

Marian devotions 163 Marianne, French Republican

symbol 203 Marra, Vincenzo, press user 151 medicine and health 145-6 Mediterranean Literary Register, The,

periodical 256, 258 Mediterraneo, 11, newspaper 277,

286, 293 Melita Historica, periodical 290 Menville, Albino, conventual chaplain

Index

and author 135, 142 Niza, Marquis de, Portuguese Messerano, Giacinto Ferrero di, admiral 2 14- 15

inquisitor of Malta (1698-1703) North Africa, distribution of Maltese 37 publications in 234

Messina 18, 23 Metuscita, Michele, Maronite

missionary priest and press Oakes, Hildebrand, British civil owner 38 commissioner in Malta (1 8 10-

Micallef, Antonio, author 135 13) 239 Micallef Gio. Antonio, author 262 Opera 147 Michallef, Carlo, author 19, 105 Order of St John: general 4, 11, 25, Mifsud, Bartolomeo: see under 35

Pelagio, Padre administrative and Mifsud, Ignazio Saverio, dispute bureaucratic set-up 4

with Capaci 128-30 as press user 119-23, 157, author 34, 43, 51, 92, 99, 102-3, 181

127, 128, 142-4, 195 bakery 6, 7 Mifsud Tommasi, Ludovico, author ceding of Malta to the French

255 203 military and naval forces 171-2 Common Treasury 6 Mills and Son, British printers 268 Convent of St Ursula 7 Mills, Samuel, British supporter of ecclesiastical branch 46

the Maltese 269 falconry 87 Milner, Joseph, British Protestant financial crisis and

pastor and author 260 sequestration of its Missionay Herald, newspaper, 248 properties 87 Mitrovich, Giorgio, author 265, 267- financial resources of 87%

70, 284 hospital 162, 171, 227 Mizzi, Fortunato, politician and internal printing requirements

editor 288 3 1 Moneta, Alessio, suspended from manuals 4

office 116 members of 175, 178 Mongitore, Antonino, author 143 mint 171, 245 Monte di Pietb e Redenzione 17 1, political pretensions over

215 Malta, 5 Montgomery Martin, Robert, author 1 268

priorate of Messina 16 publications 173

Montpellier 145 statutes (1631) 4, 5 Morning Post, newspaper 269 Ordine, L', newspaper 286-7, 293 Moto Proprio, papal 34 Ordo: see under liturgical calendars municipal authority: see under Orient, L',Napoleon's flagship 203

Universita Ornieri, Giovanni, medical Muscat, Giovanni Nicolo, uditore to practitioner and press user 153

Grand Master Pinto and author Ortolani, translator 203 103, 135, 140, 142

NaNa, In-, newspaper 294 National Library of Malta: see under

public library Naudi, Cleardo, Maltese active in

the Church Missionary Society and author 248

Naudi, Francesco, press owner 286 naval forces: see under military and

naval forces neoclassical artistic influence 67 Nicola, engraver 67

Pace, Saverio, assistant printer 51, 54, 96

Pace, vicar-capitular 159 Pace, Vincenzo, engraver 77, 139 Paciaudi, Paolo Maria, historian of

the Order 126 Palestine, distribution of Maltese

publications in 248 Pallavicini, cardinal 109-10 Panzavecchia, Fortunato, author

253, 255, 277 Paris, First Treaty of (1814) 243

Index

parish priests 124 Parsons, Levi, Protestant missionary

247 Partito Anti-Ri$ormista 288 Passionei, Paolo, inquisitor of Malta

(1 743-54) 40-2 Pelagio, Padre, author 145 Pellerano, Giovanni Carmine, bishop

of Malta (1770-80) 133, 159 Pellico, Silvio, author 292 Perellos y Rocafull, Ramon, grand

master (1697-1720) 6, 35-7 Pericciuoli, Borzesi, Giuseppe,

author 254 Phosphorus, The, newspaper 277 Piazza dei Caualieri 153 Pinto de Fonseca, Emanuel, grand

master (1741-73) 39, 4-3, 46, 51, 54, 71, 95, 99, 113, 126, 142, 157, 171, 183, 195

Pisani, Baron Gaetano, author 143 plot of the slaves (1749) 113 Ponsonby, Sir Frederick Cavendish,

Governor of Malta (1827-36) 265 Poplu Malti, Il, newspaper 294 popular rebellion, dangers of 173 popular religiosity 156 Portajoglio Maltese, 11, newspaper

277, 286-7, 293 Portocarrero, Joaquin de, cardinal

and member of the Order 93 Poussielgue, Antonio, businessman

176 press: clientele, identification of

118-19 commissioned publications

183-7 passim during period 1814-39 249,

252 during the Protectorate 225-

38 passim expenditure: see under

printing, economics of freedom: see under Liberty of

the Press income: see under printing,

economics of law (Ordinance IV of 1839) 227-80

law, amendments and substitutions to the 1839 Ordinance 278-9

liberty: see under Liberty of the Press

overall financial performance: see under printing, economics of

president 22 1

publishing role 18 1-2, 184-5 See also under censorship; press

product: printing; printing press press product: and the formation of

opinion 13 1-2 eighteenth century, language

of 132-4, 244, 248 imagery 195 languages of 225-7, 248-9 marketing of 187 non-religious book-size

publications 190-1, 195 non-religious ephemera 190 Protestant 246 religious 187-90 selling price of 185-7 seventeenth century 11-28 staff 48-50, 56, 221-2, 244-5 subject matter 134, 180,

187-96 passim, 296-7 superintendents 95

~ e e also under censorship; press; printing; printing press

pressmen 54-5, 175 pressmen, assistant 55-6 price lists 155 primary schools in Malta 291 print culture 29 printed literature, imported 1 10-16

matter, public demand for 181 printers in Malta 5 1 trainee/assistant 54 printers' oath 9 printing: attempt to re-establish

under Perellos (1698-9) 35-8 commissions, government

253-4 commissions, private (1800-

14) 235-9 passim commissions, unpaid 18 1-2 copperplates 54 facilities, lack of down to

1756 29-35 ink 54 in Malta, illicit 96 in Sicily and southern Italy 4 institutional controls over

Maltese (1 756-98) 94 letterpress 54, 57 financial aspect of 83-8, 183,

221, 223, 245 petitions for 100 presses, early Maltese private

ones 275-80 passim, 283 rolling-press 57-8 social controls on (1 756-98) 92

See also under censorship; press; press product; printing press

Index

printing press: administrative records 3, 83, 117, 134, 181, 221. 232

administrative status and set- UP 46-8

censorship of 8-9 Commissariat department of:

see under Commissariat department, British,

equipment of 56-7, 245 exemption of staff from

compulsory guard duty 8 foreign, use of 29, 33, 261-2 Metuscita's Maronite 38 portable 203 presses 57-8 private 239-40 Protestant 246, 249 setting up by the Order 42-4 seventeenth century 4-1 1 Sicilian and Roman 60 Sicilian regiment's: see under

Sicilian regiment in Malta state monopoly of 44, 96,

293, 297 steam-powered 245

transfer of 201-2, 220, 246 twenty-year monopoly 8, 16 utilitarian and conservative

role of 91 See also under censorship; press;

press product; printing privately commissioned ephemera

173, 175 privately unpaid-for commissions

182-3 press-client relations 125-30 product labels and wrappings 176 propaganda, anti-French 228-35

passim Protectorate, British over Malta

(1800-14) 220, 222, 245 Protestant missionary societies 246,

258 Protestants as a source of prohibited

literature 1 1 1, 1 13 publications: book-size 124 non-government, 254-61 passim public library 93, 207-8 public notices, affixed in Floriana,

Valletta, Vittoriosa, and the Three Cities 228, 230

Pulejo, Sicilian printing establishment 183

Pullicino, Pao10,director of primary schools 291

Rapetti, Andrea, agent of Antonio Zatta 110

readership 23 reading in Malta 93 Reformation, Protestant 260 Reggimento di Malta 169, 172 recruits of 172

Regnaud de Saint Jean d'Angely, Michel-Louis, French government commissioner 203

Reitano, Giuseppe, conventual chaplain and press user 15 1

relazioni 14 1-2. 190- 1 religious institutions and

individuals as press users 123-4 literature 156-70 passim Rezzonico, cardinal 129 Richardson, James, editor 279 Rintoul, Robert Stephen, British

supporter of the Maltese 269 Rising of the Priests (September

1775) 140-1 Risorgimento, Italian 275, 286-7 Rivarola, Major, leader of Sicilian

regiment 240 Rizzo, Matteo, bookseller 156, 208 Rogadeo, Gian Donato, legal reformer

and author 114, 140 Roggio, Carmelo, Maltese designer

and engraver 83 Rosato, Paolo, author 159 Rosso, Gio. Battista, bookseller 261 Rowsell, Francis W., his report on

taxation (1878) 280 Royal Commission (18 12), report of

239, 243 Royal Commission (1836), report of

220, 240, 247-8, 254, 258, 270- 6 passim, 277, 279, 283-4

Ruffo, cardinal 4 1, 42

Sacchett, Giuseppe, master carpenter 58

Sacchetti, Marcello, Order's ambassador to Rome 36-7

Said, Giuseppe, soldier and press employee 56

saints, popular cults of 163 Salviati, Gregorio, inquisitor of

Malta (1754-9) 46, 96, 99, 104- 6

Samut, Francesco, press censor and author 102, 123, 156, 159

Santo Spirito Hospital 145 Sarria, church 7 Savona, Nicola 51 Savona, Sigismondo, politician and

editor 294 Sceberras, Camillo, patriot 265,

268-9

Index

Schembri, Marius, engraver 196 Schiada, Alessandro, press owner

249 Schlienz, Christoph Friedrich,

Protestant pastor in Malta 249, 259, 261, 279-80

Scicluna, Giovanni, potato crop grower 236

Second World War and Malta 287, 294

Secular institutional literature 170- 3

Secular literature 134-56 passim serenate di calendimaggio 147-8 Sevaglios, Gaspare, printer of the

Sicilian regiment 234, 240-2, 244

Sevaglios, Giuseppe, press employee 244

Seven years war 173 Sicilian presses 157

regiment in Malta 234, 240- 2, 244, 246

silk manufactory 171 slaves, ransoming of 175 Society of English Independents:

see under London Missionary Society

Spectator, periodical 269 Spettatore Imparziale, Lo, newspaper

277 Spinola family 3 1 Spinola, Giorgio, Inquisitor of Malta

(1703-06) 38 Stamperia di Palazzo 220 State-Church dispute (1774-5) 116 'State of the Souls' records 165 Stoddart, John, chief justice 270 St Priest, Fran~ois Emanuel de

Guignard, Count de 60, 77, 119, 144, 147

street entertainers 153 Sultana, Ottoman galleon 103

Temple, Daniel, Protestant missionary in Malta 247

Testaferrata, Giuseppe Giacomo, author 144-5

Testaferrata, Nicolo, marquis and politician 239, 264

Teuma, Ignazio, Jesuit inquisitorial censor 39, 104, 106, 159

textbooks 256, 260 theatre, bills 155, 226 marionettes 155 printed texts of performances 147-

8, 226-7

theatre, public 125 theologian censor 10 1-03 theological theses 157 works 159-60 theology, students of 123 Theresian friars 102 Thornton, William H., auditor-

general 256 tickets 175 Times, The, newspaper 245 Tonna, Luigi, bookseller and

printer 262, 265-8, 270, 276-7, 286, 292

tradesmen 176 Treasury 171-2, 221 Trent, Council of (1545-63) 9-10,

53 Trento, knight 103 type: decorated initials, sets of 60

French, importation in Malta 58

production of, in Malta 58 sets of 58-60, 223

typecasting skills 58 typeface: Bodoni-inspired, 60

Oriental 38 Syriac and Arabic 38

typographical decoration 60-83

uditori 98-9, 10 1-02, 108 unidentified press users 125 Unigenitus, bull ( 17 13) 34 Universita (municipal authority)

125, 173 University of Malta 93, 125, 13Q

157

Valense, Fra Henri d'Estarnpes, Order's ambassador in Rome 5

Valletta fish markets 155 Valletta Journal, The, newspaper

277 Valori, Giovanni, medical

practitioner 153 Vassalli, Michelantonio, author 134,

156, 259 Vassallo, Gio. Antonio, author and

historian 292 Vaubois, General Claude-Henri,

French Commander of Malta (1798-1800) 201, 203

Vella, Federico, pressman 48, 55, 56, 96

Vella, Francesco, author 261-2 Vella, Giuseppe, vicar -general 108 Verita, Protestant periodical 256

Index

'Vidit N.N.' formula 36 Vienna, Congress of (1815) 263 Vigna, Andrea, author 184 Villari, Mario, printer in Calabria

16, 18 visiting cards and invitations 175

Watts, R., printer in London 259 Wignacourt, Alof de, grand master

(1601-22) 23 Wilson, Samuel, Protestant minister

in Malta 246, 249 woodblock engraving 45 wrappings: see under product labels

and wrappings Wright, founder of the 'British

Press' in Malta 249 Wzzino, Francesco, translator of

the catechism in Maltese 33, 133, 159, 162, 165, 259

Xiberras, Giuseppe, distributor of the Malta Government Gazette 253

Ximenes de Texada, Francesco, grand master (1773-5) 55, 71, 77, 142, 180, 196

Zahra, Francesco, press employee 56

Zammit, Nicola, editor 290 Zatta, Antonio, Venetian publisher

110, 111 Zecchini, Giuseppe, publisher in

Leghorn 261 Zerafa, Stefano, author 254 Zimelli, Francesco, engraver 60, 77,

180