to study about various parts, cable and connections in pc communication

7/30/2019 To Study About Various Parts, Cable And Connections in PC Communication

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On}lm Fnr`tnrj

Pa ]pz`| noazp Snrlaz} Rnrp}) Mnoijne` maeejmplae} le RM Maggzelmnplae


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RMMAGGZELMNPLAE

N ejptak mae}l}p} ac pta a gaj magrzpj} pfnp nj ilekj` le a`j pa }fnj j}azmj}

&}zmf n} rlepj} ne` M@},) jvmfnedj clij}) a niiat jijmpaelm maggzelmnplae}% Pfj

magrzpj} ae n ejptak gn| oj ilekj` pfazdf mnoij}) pjijrfaej ilej}) n`la tnsj})}npjiilpj}) a lecnj` ildfp ojng}%

Pta sj| maggae p|rj} ac ejptak} lemiz`j8

>% Iamni Njn Ejptak &INE,?% Tl`j Njn Ejptak &TNE,

\az gn| ni}a }jj jcjjemj} pa n Gjparailpne Njn Ejptak} &GNE,) n Tljij}} INE

&TINE,) a n Tljij}} TNE &TTNE,%

>% IAMNI N_JN EJPTA_K

N Iamni Njn Ejptak &INE, l} n ejptak pfnp l} maeclej` pa n jinplsji| }gnii njn% Lp l}

djejnii| ilglpj` pa n djadnrflm njn }zmf n} n tlpled ino) }mfaai) a ozli`led%

Magrzpj} maeejmpj` pa n ejptak nj oan`i| mnpjdalxj` n} }jsj} a tak}pnplae}%

]jsj} nj djejnii| eap z}j` o| fzgne} `ljmpi|) ozp npfj ze maeplezaz}i| pa rasl`j

/}jslmj}/ pa pfj apfj magrzpj} &ne` pfjl fzgne z}j}, ae pfj ejptak% ]jslmj}

rasl`j` mne lemiz`j rlepled ne` cnvled) }acptnj fa}pled) clij }pandj ne` }fnled)

gj}}ndled) `npn }pandj ne` jpljsni) magrijpj nmmj}} maepai &}jmzlp|, ca pfj ejptak$}j}azmj}) ne` gne| apfj}%

Tak}pnplae} nj mniij` }zmf ojmnz}j pfj| p|rlmnii| `a fnsj n fzgne z}j tflmf lepjnmp}

tlpf pfj ejptak pfazdf pfjg% Tak}pnplae} tjj pn`lplaenii| mae}l`jj` n `j}kpar)

mae}l}pled ac n magrzpj) kj|oan`) `l}rin|) ne` gaz}j) a n inrpar) tlpf tlpf lepjdnpj`

kj|oan`) `l}rin|) ne` pazmfrn`% Tlpf pfj n`sjep ac pfj pnoijp magrzpj) ne` pfj pazmf

}mjje `jslmj} }zmf n} lRn` ne` lRfaej) az `jclelplae ac tak}pnplae l} ~zlmki| jsaisled pa

lemiz`j pfa}j `jslmj}) ojmnz}j ac pfjl nolilp| pa lepjnmp tlpf pfj ejptak ne` zplilxj

ejptak }jslmj}%

]jsj} pje` pa oj gaj ratjczi pfne tak}pnplae}) nipfazdf maecldznplae} nj dzl`j` o|

ejj`}% Ca jvngrij) n dazr ac }jsj} gldfp oj iamnpj` le n }jmzj njn) ntn| cag

fzgne}) ne` aei| nmmj}}j` pfazdf pfj ejptak% Le }zmf mn}j}) lp tazi` oj maggae ca pfj

}jsj} pa arjnpj tlpfazp n `j`lmnpj` `l}rin| a kj|oan`% Fatjsj) pfj }lxj ne` }rjj` ac

pfj }jsj$} ramj}}a&},) fn` `lsj) ne` gnle gjga| gldfp n`` `ngnplmnii| pa pfj ma}p

ac pfj }|}pjg% Ae pfj apfj fne`) n tak}pnplae gldfp eap ejj` n} gzmf }pandj a takled

gjga|) ozp gldfp j~zlj ne jvrje}lsj `l}rin| pa nmmagga`npj pfj ejj`} ac lp} z}j%

Jsj| magrzpj ae n ejptak }fazi` oj nrrarlnpji| maecldzj` ca lp} z}j%

Ae n }ledij INE) magrzpj} ne` }jsj} gn| oj maeejmpj` o| mnoij} a tljij}}i|% Tljij}}

nmmj}} pa n tlj` ejptak l} gn`j ra}}loij o| tljij}} nmmj}} ralep} &TNR},% Pfj}j TNR

`jslmj} rasl`j n ol`dj ojptjje magrzpj} ne` ejptak}% N p|rlmni TNR gldfp fnsj pfj
http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap1/chap1.htm#LocalAreaNetworkhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap1/chap1.htm#WideAreaNetworkhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap1/chap1.htm#WideAreaNetworkhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap1/chap1.htm#LocalAreaNetwork


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pfjajplmni mnrnmlp| pa maeejmp fze`j`} a jsje pfaz}ne`} ac tljij}} z}j} pa n ejptak)

nipfazdf rnmplmni mnrnmlp| gldfp oj cn ij}}%

Ejni| nitn|} }jsj} tlii oj maeejmpj` o| mnoij} pa pfj ejptak) ojmnz}j pfj mnoij

maeejmplae} jgnle pfj cn}pj}p% Tak}pnplae} tflmf nj }pnplaen| &`j}kpar}, nj ni}a

z}znii| maeejmpj` o| n mnoij pa pfj ejptak) nipfazdf pfj ma}p ac tljij}} n`nrpj} fn}

`arrj` pa pfj ralep pfnp) tfje le}pniiled tak}pnplae} le ne jvl}pled cnmlilp| tlpf

len`j~znpj tlled) lp mne oj jn}lj ne` ij}} jvrje}lsj pa z}j tljij}} ca n `j}kpar%

]jj pfj Paraiad|) Mnoiled) ne` Fn`tnj }jmplae} ac pfl} pzpalni ca gaj lecagnplae ae

pfj maecldznplae ac n INE%

?% TL@J N_JN EJPTA_K

Tl`j Njn Ejptak} &TNE}, maeejmp ejptak} le indj djadnrflm njn}) }zmf n} Cial`n)

pfj Zelpj` ]pnpj}) a pfj tai`% @j`lmnpj` pne}amjnelm mnoiled a }npjiilpj zrilek} gn| oj

z}j` pa maeejmp pfl} p|rj ac diaoni ejptak%

Z}led n TNE) }mfaai} le Cial`n mne maggzelmnpj tlpf rinmj} ilkj Pak|a le n gnppj ac

}jmae`}) tlpfazp rn|led jeagaz} rfaej olii}% Pta z}j} n fnic'tai` nrnp tlpf

tak}pnplae} j~zlrrj` tlpf glmarfaej} ne` n tjomng} gldfp pjijmaecjjemj le jni plgj%

N TNE l} magrilmnpj`% Lp z}j} gziplrijvj}) ol`dj}) ne` azpj} pa maeejmp iamni ne`

gjparailpne ejptak} pa diaoni maggzelmnplae} ejptak} ilkj pfj Lepjejp% Pa z}j})

fatjsj) n TNE tlii eap nrrjn pa oj gzmf `lccjjep pfne n INE%

N@SNEPNDJ] AC LE]PNIILED N ]MFAAI EJPTA_K Z}j nmmj}} maepai 8' Ga`je ejptak} niga}p nitn|} fnsj aej

a gaj }jsj} tflmf niiat} mjepnilxj` gnendjgjep ca z}j} ne` ca ejptak j}azmj}

pa tflmf pfj| fnsj nmmj}}% Z}j mj`jeplni} ae n rlsnpji|'atej` ne` arjnpj` ejptak

gn| oj n} }lgrij n} n z}j engj ne` rn}}ta`) ozp tlpf jsj'lemjn}led nppjeplae pa

magrzpled }jmzlp| l}}zj}) pfj}j }jsj} nj mlplmni pa je}zled pfnp }je}lplsj lecagnplae l}

aei| nsnlinoij pa nzpfalxj` z}j}%

Lecagnplae }paled ne` }fnled 8' Magrzpj} niiat z}j} pa mjnpj ne`gnelrzinpj lecagnplae% Lecagnplae pnkj} ae n ilcj ac lp} ate ae n ejptak% Pfj ejptak

rasl`j} oapf n rinmj pa }paj pfj lecagnplae ne` gjmfnel}g} pa }fnj pfnp lecagnplae

tlpf apfj ejptak z}j}%

Maeejmplae} 8' N`glel}pnpa}) le}pzmpa}) ne` jsje}pz`jep} ne` dzj}p} mne oj maeejmpj` z}led pfj mngrz} ejptak%

]jslmj} 8' Pfj }mfaai mne rasl`j }jslmj}) }zmf n}jdl}pnplae) }mfaai `ljmpalj}) maz}j }mfj`zij}) nmmj}} pa j}jnmf) ne` jgnli nmmazep})

ne` gne| apfj}% &_jgjgoj) ejptak }jslmj} nj djejnii| rasl`j` o| }jsj},%

Lepjejp 8' Pfj }mfaai mne rasl`j ejptak z}j} tlpfnmmj}} pa pfj lepjejp) sln ne lepjejp dnpjtn|%

Magrzpled j}azmj} 8' Pfj }mfaai mne rasl`j nmmj}} pa }rjmlnirzra}j magrzpled `jslmj} tflmf le`lsl`zni z}j} tazi` eap eagnii| ate% Ca jvngrij) n

}mfaai ejptak gldfp fnsj fldf'}rjj` fldf ~znilp| rlepj} }pnpjdlmnii| iamnpj` naze` n

mngrz} ca le}pzmpa a }pz`jep z}j%

Cijvloij Nmmj}} 8' ]mfaai ejptak} niiat }pz`jep} pa nmmj}} pfjllecagnplae cag maeejmpj` `jslmj} pfazdfazp pfj }mfaai% ]pz`jep} mne ojdle ne

n}}ldegjep le pfjl min}}aag) }nsj rnp ac lp ae n rzoilm nmmj}} njn ac pfj ejptak) pfje da
http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap5/chap5.htmhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap4/chap4.htmhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htmhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htmhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap4/chap4.htmhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap5/chap5.htm


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pa pfj gj`ln mjepj ncpj }mfaai pa clel}f pfjl tak% ]pz`jep} mne ni}a tak maarjnplsji|

pfazdf pfj ejptak%

Takdazr Magrzpled 8' Maiinoanplsj }acptnj niiat} gne| z}j} pa takae n àmzgjep a rahjmp maemzjepi|% Ca jvngrij) j`zmnpa} iamnpj` np snlaz} }mfaai}

tlpfle n mazep| mazi` }lgzipnejaz}i| maeplozpj pfjl l`jn} noazp ejt mzlmzizg }pne`n`}

pa pfj }ngj àmzgjep) }rjn`}fjjp}) a tjo}lpj%

@L]N@SNEPNDJ] AC LE]PNIILED N ]MFAAI EJPTA_K

Jvrje}lsj pa Le}pnii 8' Indj mngrz} ejptak} mne mn| fjcp|rlmj pnd}% Mnoiled) ejptak mn`}) azpj}) ol`dj}) cljtnii}) tljij}} nmmj}} ralep}) ne`

}acptnj mne djp jvrje}lsj) ne` pfj le}pniinplae tazi` mjpnlei| j~zlj pfj }jslmj} ac

pjmfelmlne}% Ozp) tlpf pfj jn}j ac }jpzr ac fagj ejptak}) n }lgrij ejptak tlpf lepjejp

nmmj}} mne oj }jpzr ca n }gnii mngrz} le ne ncpjeaae%

_j~zlj} N`glel}pnplsj Plgj 8' Rarj gnlepjenemj ac n ejptak j~zlj}mae}l`jnoij plgj ne` jvrjpl}j% Gne| }mfaai} fnsj le}pniij` n ejptak) aei| pa cle` pfnp

pfj| `l` eap oz`djp ca pfj ejmj}}n| n`glel}pnplsj }zrrap%

]jsj} Cnli 8' Nipfazdf n ejptak }jsj l} ea gaj}z}mjrploij pa cnlizj pfne ne| apfj magrzpj) tfje pfj clij} }jsj /daj} àte/ pfj jeplj

ejptak gn| magj pa n fnip% Daa` ejptak `j}lde rnmplmj} }n| pfnp mlplmni ejptak

}jslmj} &rasl`j` o| }jsj}, }fazi` oj j`ze`nep ae pfj ejptak tfjejsj ra}}loij%

Mnoij} Gn| Ojnk 8' Pfj Paraiad| mfnrpj rj}jep} lecagnplaenoazp pfj snlaz} maecldznplae} ac mnoij}% ]agj ac pfj maecldznplae} nj `j}ldej` pa

glelglxj pfj lemaesjeljemj ac n oakje mnoij; tlpf apfj maecldznplae}) aej oakje mnoij

mne }par pfj jeplj ejptak%

]jmzlp| ne` magrilnemj 8' Ejptak }jmzlp| l} jvrje}lsj% Lp l} ni}a sj|lgrapnep% N }mfaai ejptak tazi` ra}}loi| oj }zohjmp pa gaj }pledjep }jmzlp|

j~zljgjep} pfne n }lglini|'}lxj` maranpj ejptak) ojmnz}j ac lp} ilkjilfaa` ac }paled

rj}aeni ne` maecl`jeplni lecagnplae ac ejptak z}j}) pfj `nedj ac tflmf mne oj

magraze`j` lc ne| ejptak z}j} nj glea}% N djnp `jni ac nppjeplae gz}p oj rnl` pa

ejptak }jslmj} pa je}zj nii ejptak maepjep l} nrrarlnpj ca pfj ejptak maggzelp| lp

}jsj}%

SN_LAZ] EJPTA_K MNOILED

Mnoij l} pfj gj`lzg pfazdf tflmf lecagnplae z}znii| gasj} cag aej ejptak `jslmj pa

neapfj% Pfjj nj }jsjni p|rj} ac mnoij tflmf nj maggaei| z}j` tlpf INE}% Le }agj

mn}j}) n ejptak tlii zplilxj aei| aej p|rj ac mnoij) apfj ejptak} tlii z}j n snljp| ac mnoijp|rj}% Pfj p|rj ac mnoij mfa}je ca n ejptak l} jinpj` pa pfj ejptak$} paraiad|) rapamai)

ne` }lxj% Ze`j}pne`led pfj mfnnmpjl}plm} ac `lccjjep p|rj} ac mnoij ne` fat pfj| jinpj

pa apfj n}rjmp} ac n ejptak l} ejmj}}n| ca pfj `jsjiargjep ac n }zmmj}}czi ejptak%

Pfj caiiatled }jmplae} `l}mz}} pfj p|rj} ac mnoij} z}j` le ejptak} ne` apfj jinpj` parlm}%

>% Ze}flji`j` Ptl}pj` Rnl &ZPR, Mnoij?% ]flji`j` Ptl}pj` Rnl &]PR, Mnoij=% Manvlni Mnoij0% Cloj Arplm Mnoij:% Mnoij Le}pniinplae Dzl`j}3% Tljij}} INE}4% Ze}flji`j` Ptl}pj` Rnl &ZPR, Mnoij


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>% ZE]FLJI@J@ PTL]PJ@ RNL_ &ZPR,MNOIJ

Ptl}pj` rnl mnoiled magj} le pta snljplj}8 }flji`j` ne` ze}flji`j`% Ze}flji`j` ptl}pj`

rnl &ZPR, l} pfj ga}p rarzin ne` l} djejnii| pfj oj}p arplae ca }mfaai ejptak} &]jj cld%

>,%

Ze}flji`j` ptl}pj` rnl

Pfj ~znilp| ac ZPR gn| sn| cag pjijrfaej'dn`j tlj pa jvpjgji| fldf'}rjj` mnoij% Pfj

mnoij fn} caz rnl} ac tlj} le}l`j pfj hnmkjp% Jnmf rnl l} ptl}pj` tlpf n `lccjjep ezgoj ac

ptl}p} rj lemf pa fjir jilglenpj lepjcjjemj cag n`hnmjep rnl} ne` apfj jijmplmni

`jslmj}% Pfj pldfpj pfj ptl}pled) pfj fldfj pfj }zrrapj` pne}gl}}lae npj ne` pfj djnpj

pfj ma}p rj caap% Pfj JLN!PLN &Jijmpaelm Le`z}p| N}}amlnplae!Pjijmaggzelmnplae Le`z}p|

N}}amlnplae, fn} j}pnoil}fj` }pne`n`} ac ZPR ne` npj` }lv mnpjdalj} ac tlj &n``lplaeni

mnpjdalj} nj jgjdled,%

Mnpjdalj} ac Ze}flji`j` Ptl}pj` Rnl

Mnpjda| ]rjj` Z}j

> > Gor} Salmj Aei| &Pjijrfaej Tlj,

? 0 Gor} IamniPnik # Pjijrfaej &_nji| z}j`,

= >3 Gor} >2On}jP Jpfjejp

0 ?2 Gor} Pakje _led &_nji| z}j`,

:

>22 Gor} &? rnl, >22On}jP Jpfjejp

>222 Gor} &0 rnl, Dldnolp Jpfjejp

:j >)222 Gor} Dldnolp Jpfjejp

3 >2)222 Gor} Dldnolp Jpfjejp


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Ze}flji`j` Ptl}pj` Rnl Maeejmpa

Pfj }pne`n` maeejmpa ca ze}flji`j` ptl}pj` rnl mnoiled l} ne _H'0: maeejmpa% Pfl} l} n

rin}plm maeejmpa pfnp iaak} ilkj n indj pjijrfaej'}p|ij maeejmpa &]jj cld% ?,% N }iap niiat}

pfj _H'0: pa oj le}jpj` aei| aej tn|% _H }pne`} ca _jdl}pjj` Hnmk) lgri|led pfnp pfj

maeejmpa caiiat} n }pne`n` oaatj` cag pfj pjijrfaej le`z}p|% Pfl} }pne`n``j}ldenpj} tflmf tlj daj} tlpf jnmf rle le}l`j pfj maeejmpa%

_H'0: maeejmpa

?% ]FLJI@J@ PTL]PJ@ RNL_ &]PR,MNOIJ

Nipfazdf ZPR mnoij l} pfj ijn}p jvrje}lsj mnoij) lp gn| oj }z}mjrploij pa n`la ne` jijmplmni

cj~zjem| lepjcjjemj &lp }fazi` eap oj paa mia}j pa jijmplm gapa}) cizaj}mjep ildfp})

jpm%,% Lc |az gz}p rinmj mnoij le jeslaegjep} tlpf iap} ac rapjeplni lepjcjjemj) a lc |az

gz}p rinmj mnoij le jvpjgji| }je}lplsj jeslaegjep} pfnp gn| oj }z}mjrploij pa pfjjijmplmni mzjep le pfj ZPR) }flji`j` ptl}pj` rnl gn| oj pfj }aizplae% ]flji`j` mnoij} mne

ni}a fjir pa jvpje` pfj gnvlgzg `l}pnemj ac pfj mnoij}%

]flji`j` ptl}pj` rnl mnoij l} nsnlinoij le pfjj `lccjjep maecldznplae}8

>% Jnmf rnl ac tlj} l} le`lsl`znii| }flji`j` tlpf cali%?% Pfjj l} n cali a onl` }flji` le}l`j pfj hnmkjp masjled nii tlj} &n} n dazr,%=% Pfjj l} n }flji` naze` jnmf le`lsl`zni rnl) n} tjii n} naze` pfj jeplj dazr ac tlj}

&jcjj` pa n} `azoij }flji` ptl}pj` rnl,%

=% MANVLNI MNOIJ

Manvlni mnoiled fn} n }ledij marrj mae`zmpa np lp} mjepj% N rin}plm in|j rasl`j} le}zinplae

ojptjje pfj mjepj mae`zmpa ne` n onl`j` gjpni }flji` &]jj cld% =,% Pfj gjpni }flji` fjir}

pa oiamk ne| azp}l`j lepjcjjemj cag cizaj}mjep ildfp}) gapa}) ne` apfj magrzpj}%

Manvlni mnoij


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Nipfazdf manvlni mnoiled l} `lcclmzip pa le}pnii) lp l} fldfi| j}l}pnep pa }ldeni lepjcjjemj% Le

n``lplae) lp mne }zrrap djnpj mnoij ijedpf} ojptjje ejptak `jslmj} pfne ptl}pj` rnl

mnoij% Pfj pta p|rj} ac manvlni mnoiled nj pflmk manvlni ne` pfle manvlni%

Pfle manvlni mnoij l} ni}a jcjj` pa n} pfleejp% >2On}j? jcj} pa pfj }rjmlclmnplae} ca pfle

manvlni mnoij mn|led Jpfjejp }ldeni}% Pfj ? jcj} pa pfj nrravlgnpj gnvlgzg }jdgjep

ijedpf ojled ?22 gjpj}% Le nmpzni cnmp pfj gnvlgzg }jdgjep ijedpf l} >6: gjpj}% Pfle

manvlni mnoij fn} ojje rarzin le }mfaai ejptak}) j}rjmlnii| ilejn oz} ejptak}%

Pflmk manvlni mnoij l} ni}a jcjj` pa n} pflmkejp% >2On}j: jcj} pa pfj }rjmlclmnplae} ca

pflmk manvlni mnoij mn|led Jpfjejp }ldeni}% Pfj : jcj} pa pfj gnvlgzg }jdgjep ijedpf

ojled :22 gjpj}% Pflmk manvlni mnoij fn} ne jvpn rapjmplsj rin}plm masj pfnp fjir} kjjr

gal}pzj ntn| cag pfj mjepj mae`zmpa% Pfl} gnkj} pflmk manvlni n djnp mfalmj tfje

zeeled iaedj ijedpf} le n ilejn oz} ejptak% Aej `l}n`snepndj ac pflmk manvlni l} pfnp lp

`aj} eap oje` jn}li| ne` l} `lcclmzip pa le}pnii%

Manvlni Mnoij Maeejmpa}

Pfj ga}p maggae p|rj ac maeejmpa z}j` tlpf manvlni mnoij} l} pfj On|aej'Ejlii'

Maemjigne &OEM, maeejmpa &]jj cld% 0,% @lccjjep p|rj} ac n`nrpj} nj nsnlinoij ca OEM

maeejmpa}) lemiz`led n P'maeejmpa) onji maeejmpa) ne` pjglenpa% Maeejmpa} ae pfj

mnoij nj pfj tjnkj}p ralep} le ne| ejptak% Pa fjir nsal` raoijg} tlpf |az ejptak)

nitn|} z}j pfj OEM maeejmpa} pfnp mlgr) npfj }mjt) aepa pfj mnoij%

OEM maeejmpa

0% CLOJ_ ARPLM MNOIJ

Cloj arplm mnoiled mae}l}p} ac n mjepj din}} maj }zaze`j` o| }jsjni in|j} ac rapjmplsj

gnpjlni} &]jj cld% :,% Lp pne}glp} ildfp npfj pfne jijmpaelm }ldeni} jilglenpled pfj raoijg

ac jijmplmni lepjcjjemj% Pfl} gnkj} lp l`jni ca mjpnle jeslaegjep} pfnp maepnle n indj

ngazep ac jijmplmni lepjcjjemj% Lp fn} ni}a gn`j lp pfj }pne`n` ca maeejmpled ejptak}ojptjje ozli`led}) `zj pa lp} lggzelp| pa pfj jccjmp} ac gal}pzj ne` ildfpled%

Cloj arplm mnoij fn} pfj nolilp| pa pne}glp }ldeni} asj gzmf iaedj `l}pnemj} pfne manvlni

ne` ptl}pj` rnl% Lp ni}a fn} pfj mnrnolilp| pa mn| lecagnplae np sn}pi| djnpj }rjj`}% Pfl}

mnrnmlp| oan`je} maggzelmnplae ra}}lolilplj} pa lemiz`j }jslmj} }zmf n} sl`ja

maecjjemled ne` lepjnmplsj }jslmj}% Pfj ma}p ac cloj arplm mnoiled l} magrnnoij pa marrj

mnoiled; fatjsj) lp l} gaj `lcclmzip pa le}pnii ne` ga`lc|% >2On}jC jcj} pa pfj

}rjmlclmnplae} ca cloj arplm mnoij mn|led Jpfjejp }ldeni}%

Pfj mjepj maj ac cloj mnoij} l} gn`j cag din}} a rin}plm cloj} &}jj cld :,% N rin}plmmanpled pfje mz}flae} pfj cloj mjepj) ne` kjsin cloj} fjir pa }pjedpfje pfj mnoij} ne`

rjsjep ojnkndj% Pfj azpj le}zinpled hnmkjp gn`j ac pjciae a RSM%


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Cloj arplm mnoij

Pfjj nj pta maggae p|rj} ac cloj mnoij} '' }ledij ga`j ne` gziplga`j% Gziplga`j

mnoij fn} n indj `lngjpj; fatjsj) oapf mnoij} rasl`j fldf one`tl`pf np fldf }rjj`}%

]ledij ga`j mne rasl`j gaj `l}pnemj) ozp lp l} gaj jvrje}lsj%

]rjmlclmnplae Mnoij P|rj

>2On}jP Ze}flji`j` Ptl}pj` Rnl

>2On}j? Pfle Manvlni

>2On}j: Pflmk Manvlni


>22On}jCV Cloj Arplm

>22On}jOV ]ledij ga`j Cloj

>22On}j]V Gziplga`j Cloj


>222On}jCV Cloj Arplm

>222On}jOV ]ledij ga`j Cloj

>222On}j]V Gziplga`j Cloj

LE]PNIILED MNOIJ ']AGJ DZL@JILEJ]

Tfje zeeled mnoij) lp l} oj}p pa caiiat n cjt }lgrij zij}8

Nitn|} z}j gaj mnoij pfne |az ejj`% Ijnsj rijep| ac }inmk% Pj}p jsj| rnp ac n ejptak n} |az le}pnii lp% Jsje lc lp l} one` ejt) lp gn| fnsj raoijg}

pfnp tlii oj `lcclmzip pa l}ainpj inpj%

]pn| np ijn}p = cjjp ntn| cag cizaj}mjep ildfp oavj} ne` apfj }azmj} ac jijmplmnilepjcjjemj%

Lc lp l} ejmj}}n| pa ze mnoij nma}} pfj ciaa) masj pfj mnoij tlpf mnoij rapjmpa}% Inoji oapf je`} ac jnmf mnoij% Z}j mnoij plj} &eap pnrj, pa kjjr mnoij} le pfj }ngj iamnplae padjpfj%


9/16

TL_JIJ]] INE]

Gaj ne` gaj ejptak} nj arjnpled tlpfazp mnoij}) le pfj tljij}} ga`j% Tljij}} INE}

z}j fldf cj~zjem| n`la }ldeni}) lecnj` ildfp ojng}) a in}j} pa maggzelmnpj ojptjje

pfj tak}pnplae}) }jsj}) a fzo}% Jnmf tak}pnplae ne` clij }jsj ae n tljij}} ejptak

fn} }agj }ap ac pne}mjlsj!nepjeen pa }je` ne` jmjlsj pfj `npn% Lecagnplae l} jin|j`

ojptjje pne}mjlsj} n} lc pfj| tjj rf|}lmnii| maeejmpj`% Ca iaedj `l}pnemj) tljij}}

maggzelmnplae} mne ni}a pnkj rinmj pfazdf mjiizin pjijrfaej pjmfeaiad|) glmatnsjpne}gl}}lae) a o| }npjiilpj%

Tljij}} ejptak} nj djnp ca niiatled inrpar magrzpj}) rapnoij `jslmj}) a jgapj

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tfjj lp gn| oj `lcclmzip a lgra}}loij pa le}pnii mnoij}%

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ne` }mnppjj` oan`mn}p% Ilej'ac'}ldfp maggzelmnplae gjne} pfnp pfjj gz}p oj ne

zeoiamkj` `ljmp ilej ojptjje pfj tak}pnplae ne` pfj pne}mjlsj% Lc n rj}ae tnik} tlpfle

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oazemj} acc tnii} ne` mjliled} zepli lp jsjepznii| flp} pfj jmjlsj% Ejptakled

maggzelmnplae} tlpf in}j nj slpznii| pfj }ngj n} ilej'ac'}ldfp lecnj` ejptak}%

Tljij}} }pne`n`} ne` }rjj`}

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lepjarjnolilp| ca tljij}} ejptak}) ne` tljij}} ejptak} nj acpje jcjj` pa n} TlCl

&Tljij}} Cl`jilp|,% Pfj aldleni Tl'Cl }pne`n` &LJJJ 62?%>>, tn} n`arpj` le >


10/16

Tljij}} ]jmzlp|

Tljij}} ejptak} nj gzmf gaj }z}mjrploij pa zenzpfalxj` z}j pfne mnoij` ejptak}%

Tljij}} ejptak `jslmj} z}j n`la tnsj} pa maggzelmnpj tlpf jnmf apfj% Pfj djnpj}p

sziejnolilp| pa pfj ejptak l} pfnp adzj gnmflej} mne /jsj}'àr/ ae pfj n`la tnsj

maggzelmnplae}% Zejem|rpj` lecagnplae pne}glppj` mne oj gaelpaj` o| n pfl`'rnp|)tflmf) tlpf pfj ldfp paai} &cjj pa àteian`,) mazi` ~zlmki| dnle nmmj}} pa |az jeplj

ejptak) }pjni sniznoij rn}}ta`} pa iamni }jsj} ne` aeilej }jslmj}) nipj a `j}pa| `npn)

ne`!a nmmj}} rj}aeni ne` maecl`jeplni lecagnplae }paj` le |az ejptak }jsj}% Pa

glelglxj pfj ra}}lolilp| ac pfl}) nii ga`je nmmj}} ralep} ne` `jslmj} fnsj maecldznplae

arplae} pa jem|rp pne}gl}}lae}% Pfj}j jem|rplae gjpfaàiadlj} nj }plii jsaisled) n} nj

pfj paai} z}j` o| gnilmlaz} fnmkj}) }a nitn|} z}j pfj }paedj}p jem|rplae nsnlinoij le |az

nmmj}} ralep ne` maeejmpled `jslmj}%

N EAPJ AE JEM_\RPLAE8 N} ac pfl} tlpled TJR &Tlj` J~zlsnijep Rlsnm|, jem|rplae

mne oj jn}li| fnmkj` tlpf jn`li|'nsnlinoij cjj paai} tflmf mlmzinpj pfj lepjejp% TRN ne`

TRN? &TlCl Rapjmpj` Nmmj}} sj}lae} > ne` ?, nj gzmf ojppj np rapjmpled lecagnplae)

ozp z}led tjnk rn}}ta`} a rn}}rfn}j} tfje jenoiled pfj}j jem|rplae} gn| niiat pfjg

pa oj jn}li| fnmkj`% Lc |az ejptak l} zeeled TJR) |az gz}p oj sj| mnjczi noazp |az

z}j ac }je}lplsj rn}}ta`} a apfj `npn%

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ne| ne` nii ac pfj}j pjmfel~zj} tfje }jppled zr |az tljij}} nmmj}} ralep}8

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cag rn}}'pfazdf lepjejp pncclm%

Fl``je ]]L@ 8 ' Jsj| nmmj}} ralep fn} n ]jslmj ]jp L@jeplclj &]]L@, pfnp o| `jcnzipl} oan`mn}p pa miljep `jslmj} }a pfnp pfj nmmj}} ralep mne oj caze`% O| `l}noiled pfl} cjnpzj)

}pne`n` miljep maeejmplae }acptnj tae$p oj noij pa /}jj/ pfj nmmj}} ralep% Fatjsj) pfj

jsj}'àrrled radng} `l}mz}}j` rjslaz}i| mne jn}li| cle` pfj}j nmmj}} ralep}) }a pfl}

niaej àj} ilppij gaj pfne kjjr pfj nmmj}} ralep engj azp ac }ldfp ca mn}zni tljij}} z}j}%

N`snepndj} ac tljij}} ejptak}8

Gaolilp| ' Tlpf n inrpar magrzpj a gaolij `jslmj) nmmj}} mne oj nsnlinoijpfazdfazp n }mfaai) np pfj gnii) ae ne nlrinej) jpm% Gaj ne` gaj oz}lej}}j} nj ni}a

accjled cjj TlCl nmmj}} &/Fap }rap}/,%

Cn}p }jpzr ' Lc |az magrzpj fn} n tljij}} n`nrpj) iamnpled n tljij}} ejptakmne oj n} }lgrij n} milmkled /Maeejmp pa n Ejptak/ '' le }agj mn}j}) |az tlii maeejmp

nzpagnplmnii| pa ejptak} tlpfle nedj%

Ma}p ' ]jppled zr n tljij}} ejptak mne oj gzmf gaj ma}p jccjmplsj pfneoz|led ne` le}pniiled mnoij}%

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11/16

@l}n`snepndj} ac tljij}} ejptak}8

]jmzlp| ' Oj mnjczi% Oj sldlinep% Rapjmp |az }je}lplsj `npn tlpf onmkzr})l}ainpj` rlsnpj ejptak}) }paed jem|rplae ne` rn}}ta`}) ne` gaelpa ejptak nmmj}}

pncclm pa ne` cag |az tljij}} ejptak%

Lepjcjjemj ' Ojmnz}j tljij}} ejptak} z}j n`la }ldeni} ne` }lglin pjmfel~zj} capne}gl}}lae) pfj| nj }z}mjrploij pa lepjcjjemj cag ildfp} ne` jijmpaelm `jslmj}%

Lemae}l}pjep maeejmplae} ' Fat gne| plgj} fnsj |az fjn} /Tnlp n glezpj) L hz}p ia}pg| maeejmplae1/ Ojmnz}j ac pfj lepjcjjemj mnz}j` o| jijmplmni `jslmj} ne`!a lpjg}

oiamkled pfj rnpf ac pne}gl}}lae) tljij}} maeejmplae} nj eap ejni| n} }pnoij n} pfa}j

pfazdf n `j`lmnpj` mnoij%

]rjj` ' Pfj pne}gl}}lae }rjj` ac tljij}} ejptak} l} lgrasled; fatjsj) cn}pjarplae} &}zmf n} dldnolp Jpfjejp, nj nsnlinoij sln mnoij}% Lc |az nj aei| z}led tljij}} ca

lepjejp nmmj}}) pfj nmpzni lepjejp maeejmplae ca |az fagj a }mfaai l} djejnii| }iatj

pfne pfj tljij}} ejptak `jslmj}) }a pfnp maeejmplae l} pfj oappijejmk% Lc |az nj ni}a

gasled indj ngazep} ac `npn naze` n rlsnpj ejptak) n mnoij` maeejmplae tlii jenoij

pfnp tak pa ramjj` gzmf cn}pj%

SN_LAZ] RN_P] AC RMMAGGZELMNPLAE

Ejptakled fn`tnj lemiz`j} nii magrzpj}) rjlrfjni}) lepjcnmj mn`} ne` apfj

j~zlrgjep ejj`j` pa rjcag `npn'ramj}}led ne` maggzelmnplae} tlpfle pfj ejptak%

MILMK ae pfj pjg} ojiat pa ijne gaj noazp pfa}j rljmj} ac ejptakled fn`tnj%

Tak}pnplae} Fzo} Ol`dj} Cljtnii} _azpj} Clij ]jsj} _jrjnpj}
http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Workstationshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Hubshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Bridgeshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Firewallshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Routershttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#FileServershttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Repeatershttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Repeatershttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#FileServershttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Routershttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Firewallshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Bridgeshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Hubshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Workstations


12/16

Pfl} }jmplae rasl`j} lecagnplae ae pfj caiiatled magraejep}8

>% Ejptak ]jsj}?% Tak}pnplae}=% Ejptak Lepjcnmj Mn`}0% ]tlpmfj}:% _jrjnpj}3% Ol`dj}4% _azpj}6% Cljtnii}

>% CLIJ!EJPTA_K ]J_SJ_]

Aej a gaj ejptak }jsj} l} n rnp ac ejni| jsj| iamni njn ejptak% Pfj}j nj sj|

cn}p magrzpj} tlpf n indj ngazep ac_NG ne` }pandj }rnmj) niaed tlpf n aej a gaj

cn}p ejptak lepjcnmj mn`&},% Pfj ejptak arjnpled }|}pjg rasl`j} paai} pa }fnj }jsj

j}azmj} ne` lecagnplae tlpf ejptak z}j}% N }arfl}plmnpj` rjgl}}lae}'fneìled }|}pjgl} lemiz`j`) }a pfnp nmmj}} pa }je}lplsj lecagnplae mne oj mnjczii| pnliaj` pa pfj ejj`} ac

pfj z}j}% Ca }gnii ejptak}) n }ledj ejptak }jsj gn| rasl`j nmmj}} maepai) clij

}fnled) rlepj }fnled) jgnli) `npnon}j) ne` apfj }jslmj}%

Pfj ejptak }jsj gn| oj j}rae`led pa j~zj}p} cag gne| ejptak z}j}

}lgzipnejaz}i|% Ca jvngrij) lp gn| oj n}kj` pa ian` n ta` ramj}}a radng pa aej

tak}pnplae) jmjlsj n `npnon}j clij cag neapfj tak}pnplae) ne` }paj ne j'gnli gj}}ndj

`zled pfj }ngj plgj rjla`% Pfl} j~zlj} n magrzpj pfnp mne }paj ne` ~zlmki| }fnj indj

ngazep} ac lecagnplae% Tfje maecldzled }zmf n }jsj) oz`djp l} z}znii| pfj maepaiiled

cnmpa% Pfj caiiatled dzl`jilej} }fazi` oj caiiatj`8

Cn}pj}p ramj}}a&}, Indj ngazep ac _NG gziplrij indj) cn}p fn` `lsj} Jvpn jvrne}lae }iap} Cn}p ejptak lepjcnmj mn`&},

Arplaenii| &lc ea apfj }zmf `jslmj} nj nsnlinoij ae pfj ejptak,8

N _NL@ &_j`ze`nep Nn| ac Lejvrje}lsj @l}k}, pa rj}jsj indj ngazep} ac `npn&jsje ncpjn `l}k cnlizj,

N onmk'zr zelp &l%j% @NP pnrj `lsj) jgasnoij fn` `lsj}) a M@!@S@!Oiz_n| ozej,?% TA_K]PNPLAE]

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l} n magrzpj pfnp l} maecldzj` tlpf n ejptak lepjcnmj mn`) ejptakled }acptnj) ne`

pfj nrrarlnpj mnoij}% Tak}pnplae} à eap ejmj}}nli| ejj` indj }pandj fn` `lsj})

ojmnz}j clij} mne oj }nsj` ae pfj clij }jsj% Niga}p ne| magrzpj mne }jsj n} n ejptak

tak}pnplae%
http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Workstationshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#NIChttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Hubshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Repeatershttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Bridgeshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Routershttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Firewallshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#RAMhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#RAMhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Firewallshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Routershttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Bridgeshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Repeatershttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Hubshttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#NIChttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap3/chap3.htm#Workstations


13/16

Inrpar}!Gaolij @jslmj}

Inrpar} ne` apfj gaolij `jslmj} nj ojmagled gaj ne` gaj maggae% Pfj}j `jslmj}

p|rlmnii| fnsj ga`j}p lepjeni }pandj) ozp jeazdf ratj pa }jsj n} n tak}pnplae ca

z}j} ae pfj da% Pfj}j gnmflej} ejni| nitn|} fnsj n tljij}} n`nrpj pa niiat ~zlmk

ejptak maeejmplae} tlpfazp mzgoj}agj mnoiled% Le n }mfaai jeslaegjep tlpf daa`tljij}} masjndj) n gaolij `jslmj z}j mne gasj noazp pfj mngrz} cjji|) ne` jgnle

maeplezaz}i| maeejmpj` pa pfj ejptak%

=% EJPTA_K LEPJ_CNMJ MN_@]

Pfj ejptak lepjcnmj mn` &ELM, rasl`j} pfj rf|}lmni maeejmplae ojptjje pfj ejptak

ne` pfj magrzpj tak}pnplae% Ga}p ELM} nj lepjeni) ne` pfj| nj lemiz`j` le pfj

rzmfn}j ac ga}p magrzpj}% Ejptak lepjcnmj mn`} nj n gnha cnmpa le `jpjgleled pfj

}rjj` ne` rjcagnemj ac n ejptak% Lp l} n daa` l`jn pa z}j pfj cn}pj}p ejptak mn`

nsnlinoij ca pfj p|rj ac tak}pnplae |az nj z}led%

Pfj ga}p maggae ejptak lepjcnmj maeejmplae} nj Jpfjejp mn`} ne` tljij}} n`nrpj}%

Jpfjejp Mn`}

Jpfjejp mn`} nj z}znii| lemiz`j` tlpf n magrzpj) nipfazdf n``lplaeni Jpfjejp mn`} mne

oj rzmfn}j` ne` le}pniij` ae ga}p magrzpj})% Jpfjejp mn`} mne maepnle maeejmplae} ca

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pfj maeejmplae tlii oj OEM% Lc lp l} `j}ldej` ca ptl}pj` rnl) lp tlii fnsj n _H'0: maeejmplae%

]agj Jpfjejp mn`} ni}a maepnle ne NZL maeejmpa% Pfl} mne oj z}j` pa nppnmf manvlni)ptl}pj` rnl) a cloj arplm} mnoij pa ne Jpfjejp mn`% Tfje pfl} gjpfa` l} z}j` pfjj l}

nitn|} ne jvpjeni pne}mjlsj nppnmfj` pa pfj tak}pnplae% Aei| pfj _H'0: maeejmpa l}

caze` ae ga}p ga`je Jpfjejp mn`}%

Jpfjejp mn` &Cag par pa oappag8 _H'0:) NZL) ne` OEM maeejmpa},


14/16

Tljij}} N`nrpj}

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magrzpj} fnsled ne arje Z]O &Zelsj}ni ]jlni Oz}, rap) a zez}j` jvrne}lae }iap% &]jj

pfj Mnoiled }jmplae ca gaj lecagnplae ae maeejmpa}%,

0% ]TLPMFJ]

Ne Jpfjejp }tlpmf l} n `jslmj pfnp rasl`j} n mjepni maeejmplae ralep ca mnoij} cag

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tak}pnplae pa n mjepni }tlpmf!fzo% Ga}p }tlpmfj} nj nmplsj) pfnp l} pfj| jijmplmnii|

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tn} pfj fzo) tflmf oan`mn}pj` nii leoaze` rnmkjp} azp nii rap} ac pfj `jslmj) mjnpled

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n``j}} tflmf j}rae` ae jnmf rap) ne` aei| oan`mn}p} ae nii rap} tfje lp `aj}e$p fnsj nrnmkjp$} pndjp LR n``j}} nijn`| le lp} rap gnr% ]tlpmfj} nj8

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}gniij ejptak}

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a azpj}

:% _JRJNPJ_]

]lemj n }ldeni ia}j} }pjedpf n} lp rn}}j} niaed n mnoij) lp l} acpje ejmj}}n| pa oaa}p pfj

}ldeni tlpf n `jslmj mniij` n jrjnpj% Pfj jrjnpj jijmplmnii| ngrilclj} pfj }ldeni lp

jmjlsj} ne` joan`mn}p} lp% _jrjnpj} mne oj }jrnnpj `jslmj} a pfj| mne oj lemaranpj`

lepa n maemjepnpa% Pfj| nj z}j` tfje pfj papni ijedpf ac |az ejptak mnoij jvmjj`} pfj

}pne`n`} }jp ca pfj p|rj ac mnoij ojled z}j`%

N daa` jvngrij ac pfj z}j ac jrjnpj} tazi` oj le n iamni njn ejptak z}led n }pn

paraiad| tlpf ze}flji`j` ptl}pj`'rnl mnoiled% Pfj ijedpf ilglp ca ze}flji`j` ptl}pj`'rnl

mnoij l} >22 gjpj}% Pfj ga}p maggae maecldznplae l} ca jnmf tak}pnplae pa oj

maeejmpj` o| ptl}pj`'rnl mnoij pa n gzipl'rap nmplsj maemjepnpa% Pfj maemjepnpa

ngrilclj} nii pfj }ldeni} pfnp rn}} pfazdf lp niiatled ca pfj papni ijedpf ac mnoij ae pfj

ejptak pa jvmjj` pfj >22 gjpj ilglp%

3% O_L@DJ]

N ol`dj l} n `jslmj pfnp niiat} |az pa }jdgjep n indj ejptak lepa pta }gniij) gaj

jcclmljep ejptak}% Lc |az nj n``led pa ne ai`j tlled }mfjgj ne` tnep pfj ejt ejptak

pa oj zr'pa'`npj) n ol`dj mne maeejmp pfj pta%
http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap4/chap4.htmhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#serverhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#bridgehttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#routerhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#routerhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#bridgehttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#serverhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap4/chap4.htm


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N ol`dj gaelpa} pfj lecagnplae pncclm ae oapf }l`j} ac pfj ejptak }a pfnp lp mne rn}}

rnmkjp} ac lecagnplae pa pfj majmp iamnplae% Ga}p ol`dj} mne /il}pje/ pa pfj ejptak ne`

nzpagnplmnii| cldzj azp pfj n``j}} ac jnmf magrzpj ae oapf }l`j} ac pfj ol`dj% Pfj

ol`dj mne le}rjmp jnmf gj}}ndj ne`) lc ejmj}}n|) oan`mn}p lp ae pfj apfj }l`j ac pfj

ejptak%

Pfj ol`dj gnendj} pfj pncclm pa gnlepnle arplgzg rjcagnemj ae oapf }l`j} ac pfj

ejptak% \az gldfp }n| pfnp pfj ol`dj l} ilkj n pncclm mar np n oz}| lepj}jmplae `zled z}f

faz% Lp kjjr} lecagnplae ciatled ae oapf }l`j} ac pfj ejptak) ozp lp àj} eap niiat

zeejmj}}n| pncclm pfazdf% Ol`dj} mne oj z}j` pa maeejmp `lccjjep p|rj} ac mnoiled) a

rf|}lmni paraiadlj}% Pfj| gz}p) fatjsj) oj z}j` ojptjje ejptak} tlpf pfj }ngj

rapamai%

4% _AZPJ_]

_azpj} nj pfj pncclm `ljmpa} ac pfj diaoni lepjejp% Nii azpj} gnlepnle magrijv azpledpnoij} tflmf niiat pfjg pa `jpjglej nrrarlnpj rnpf} ca rnmkjp} `j}plej` ca ne|

n``j}}% _azpj} maggzelmnpj tlpf jnmf apfj) ne` catn` ejptak rnmkjp} azp ac a lepa

n ejptak% Fjj$} ne jvngrij8

\az tnep pa }jnmf ca }agjpfled ae pfj lepjejp z}led n }jnmf jedlej% \az arje n

oat}j ae |az tak}pnplae% Pfj oat}j arje} pa n oinek rndj &eap z}znii| pfj `jcnzip)

ozp nrrarlnpj ca pfl} jvngrij,% \az p|rj /fppr8!!ttt%daadij%mag/ lepa pfj Z_I

&Zelsj}ni _j}azmj Iamnpa, n``j}} ilej ac pfj oat}j% Pfj oat}j }acptnj rnmkndj} zr

pfj Z_I |az p|rj`) ne` }je`} lp tlpf n j~zj}p ca ne LR n``j}} pa pfj @E] &@agnle Engj

]jsj, pfnp fn} ojje }jp le |az ejptak n`nrpj$} maecldznplae% Pfj àgnle }jsj

jpze} ne LR) }zmf n} 40%>?:%34%>2= &nmpzni n``j}} jpzej` o| @E] ca daadij%mag ae

Hzej 4pf) ?2>>,% Pfj oat}j }flr} pfj j~zj}p ca pfnp LR n``j}} acc pa pfj ejptak mn`)

tflmf ozeìj} pfj j~zj}p lepa ne jpfjejp rnmkjp) `j}plej` ca 40%>?:%34%>2=% Pfj

ejptak mn` }je`} pfj rnmkjp pa pfj dnpjtn| ac |az ejptak) tflmf arje} pfj fjn`j ac

pfj rnmkjp) ne` gnkj} n `jpjglenplae pfnp pfj rnmkjp l} pnsjiled azp ac |az ejptak) le

}jnmf ac 40%>?:%34%>2=% \az ejptak$} azpj fn} azpled pnoij} tflmf lp fn} ojje ozli`led

cag maggzelmnpled tlpf apfj azpj}) ne` rapjeplnii| nzdgjepj` tlpf /}pnplm azpj}/)

tflmf nj }rjmlclm rnpf} n``j` o| |az ejptak$} n`glel}pnpa} pa gnkj pfj pn}k ac

nmmj}}led mjpnle ejptak} jn}lj) a cn}pj) a le }agj mn}j}) eap ra}}loij% Le pfl} mn}j) L

cle` pfnp g| azpj keat} noazp neapfj azpj np g| L]R&Lepjejp ]jslmj Rasl`j,) tflmf

le pze fn} }jsjni gaj azpj} pfnp nj nii ae ejptak} ac tflmf L ng hz}p n }gnii ea`j)

gzmf ilkj cle`led ne npag ac n gaijmzij ac n rljmj ac `z}p ae n amk ae n gaae ac n rinejp

ac n }ze ac n dninv| ac pfj zelsj}j% Le ne| mn}j) pfj rnmkjp djp} rn}}j` cag azpj pa

azpj) jnmf plgj gasled azp ac pfj }zoejp} ac pfj rnmkjp }je`j) patn`} n azpj pfnp tlii

keat tfjj pfj `j}lj` }jsj l}% Pfj rnmkjp clenii| jnmfj} pfj azpj ac pfj ejptak np

40%>?:%34%>2=) tflmf `zplczii| `jilsj} pfj rnmkjp pa pfj }jsj np pfnp LR n``j}}% Pfj

}jsj mnjczii| mncp} n j}rae}j) ne` }je`} n jri| onmk) tflmf caiiat} pfj }ngj ramj}} pa

djp pfj j}rae}j /\j}% Da nfjn`/ onmk pa pfj j~zj}pj% Tfjt% Ne` pfnp$} hz}p pfj lelplni

j~zj}p%

Tflij ol`dj} keat pfj n``j}}j} ac nii magrzpj} ae jnmf }l`j ac pfj ejptak) azpj}keat pfj n``j}}j} apfj azpj} tflmf le pze keat noazp pfjl ate ejptak}% _azpj}
http://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#physical_topologyhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#protocolhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#protocolhttp://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm#physical_topology


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mne jsje /il}pje/ pa jeplj ejptak} pa `jpjglej tflmf }jmplae} nj oz}lj}p '' pfj| mne

pfje j`ljmp `npn naze` pfa}j }jmplae} zepli pncclm maedj}plae mijn}%

]a) azpj} nj ejptak dnpjtn|}% Pfj| gasj ejptak rnmkjp} cag aej ejptak pa

neapfj) ne` gne| mne maesjp cag aej ejptak rapamai pa neapfj n} ejmj}}n|% _azpj}

}jijmp pfj oj}p rnpf pa azpj n gj}}ndj) on}j` ae pfj `j}plenplae n``j}} ac pfj rnmkjp% Pfj

azpj mne `ljmp pncclm pa rjsjep fjn`'ae maiil}lae}) ne` l} }gnp jeazdf pa keat tfje pa

`ljmp pncclm niaed onmk an`} ne` }fapmzp}%

Lc |az fnsj n }mfaai INE pfnp |az tnep pa maeejmp pa pfj Lepjejp) |az tlii ejj` pa rzmfn}j

n azpj% Le pfl} mn}j) pfj azpj }jsj} n} pfj catn`j ojptjje pfj lecagnplae ae |az

INE ne` pfj Lepjejp% Lp ni}a `jpjglej} pfj oj}p azpj pa }je` pfj `npn asj pfj Lepjejp%

6% CL_JTNII]

N cljtnii l} n ejptakled `jslmj pfnp l} le}pniij` np pfj jepnemj pa n INE tfje maeejmpled n

ejptak} padjpfj) rnplmzini| tfje maeejmpled n rlsnpj ejptak pa n rzoilm ejptak)

}zmf n} pfj lepjejp% Pfj cljtnii z}j} zij} pa clipj pncclm lepa ne` azp ac pfj rlsnpj

ejptak) pa rapjmp pfj rlsnpj ejptak z}j} ne` `npn cag gnijsaijep fnmkj}%

Cljtnii} nj jlpfj fn`tnj a }acptnj) `jrje`led ae pfjl lepje`j` z}j% N cljtnii z}j`

pa rapjmp n ejptak l} n fn`tnj `jslmj pfnp }fazi` oj le}pniij` le pfj ejptak ojptjje

pfj azpj ne` pfj ejptak% Niga}p nii fn`tnj cljtnii} tlii fnsj np ijn}p pta rap})

inojij` /Pz}pj`/ ne` /Zepz}pj`/% Pfj}j pjg} lgri| pfj pzj enpzj ac pfj cljtnii$}

j}rae}lolilp| pa pfj rlsnpj ejptak% Pfj rzoilm ejptak l} maeejmpj` pa pfj zepz}pj`

ejptak rap) ne` pfj rlsnpj ejptak l} maeejmpj` pa pfj pz}pj` rap%

Cljtnii zij} nj z}znii| }lgrij) mae}l}pled ac n sjo) jlpfj niiat a `je|) pfj `ljmplae ac

pfj pncclm) jlpfj leoaze` a azpoaze`) ne` ne n``j}} a apfj ejptak pncclm l`jeplclj%

Cljtnii zij} nj mzgzinplsj) }a djejni zij} gn| oj }rjmlclj`) ne` jvmjrplae} n``j` n}

ejmj}}n|% ]agj jvngrij} nj8

Niiat azpoaze` nii &nii rlsnpj ejptak z}j} mne `a ne|pfled ae pfj rzoilm ejptak, @je| leoaze` nii &`jcnzip }jppled pa rjsjep nii pncclm cag pfj rzoilm a zepz}pj` rap) pa

pfj rlsnpj rap,

Niiat leoaze` rap 62 &niiat lepjejp tjo pncclm pa magj lepa ejptak pa cle` tjo }jsj}, Niiat leoaze` rap 62 `j}plej` pa >42%?22%?2>%?: &niiat leoaze` tjo pncclm pa n }rjmlclmtjo }jsj ae |az rlsnpj ejptak, @je| leoaze` cag ?2>%?2?%>%>!?0 &`je| nii leoaze` pncclm cag n }rjmlclm LR n``j}} a

nedj ac n``j}}j},

]acptnj cljtnii} nj maggaei| lemiz`j` le ga`je tak}pnplae ne` }jsj arjnpled

}|}pjg}% Pfj| arjnpj le n }lglin tn| n} fn`tnj cljtnii}) jvmjrp pfnp pfj| clipj pncclm le

ne` azp ac pfj gnmflej lp}jic% Pfj}j }acptnj cljtnii} nj p|rlmnii| zeeaplmj` o| gnmflej

z}j}) ne` aei| ejj` nppjeplae ammn}laenii| tfje ne lepjejp'maeejmpj` nrrilmnplae `ae$p

tak n} jvrjmpj`% Pfj }acptnj cljtnii }fazi` nitn|} oj mae}l`jj` n /}z}rjmp/ le }zmf

mn}j}% Pfj raoijg l} jn}li| j}aisj`) o| }jppled ne jvmjrplae zij le pfj cljtnii ca pfj

}acptnj pfnp l} nppjgrpled pa maggzelmnpj%

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