to know prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and their functions how does the cell work as a...
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To know prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and their functions
How does the cell work as a system responsible for maintaining life?
Components of the Cell System
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
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Components of the Cell System
Structures and their Functions
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Two Basic Types of Cells form a great diversity
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotic Cells - a simple but effective compartment
Eubacteria and Archaea
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA
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Eukaryotic Cells - A compartment full of compartments
Animals, plants, fungi, and protists
Contain a nucleus and many organelles
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1. Cell Membrane
Outside boundary of cell Double (“bi”) layer of
phospholipid molecules Proteins embedded within;
have different functions Protects cell and regulates
what enters and exits
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2. Cell Wall
Plants, some fungi, some bacteria, some protists have this
Outside of membrane Provides structure Made of carbohydrates
(mainly cellulose, which we know as fiber)
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3. Nucleus
Holds DNA and controls the cells activities.
Pores in the nuclear membrane control flow of materials in and out.
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Transmission EM of Nucleus.
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3.5 Nucleolus Region within the
nucleus where ribosomes are formed
Ribosomes?… so ALSO where proteins are also formed!
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4. Cytoplasm Present in all cells Jelly-like mixture of water,
proteins, salt and carbohydrates.
Organelles are embedded in cytoplasm
Can be used interchangeably with “hyaloplasm”
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The Organelles
Smaller, specialized compartments within a
cell
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5. Mitochondria Where energy stored in
food is converted for use in the cell
Number of mitochondria in a cell depends on the purpose of the cell Muscle cells Skin cells
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6. Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll - green pigment that allows for photosynthesis
Flattened sacs within “Thylakoids”, where photosynthesis occurs
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7. Ribosomes: Not compartments!
No membrane; they are composed of two subunits
Proteins that make proteins
The most abundant of all cell parts
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8. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Like a highway where molecules move from one part of the cell to another
Two types: rough and smooth
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8a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes!
Processes proteins to export from the cell
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8b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No ribosomes! Makes lipids
(fats and steroids)
Detoxification in liver cells
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9. Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
System of flattened sacs called cisternae
Works with the RER to modify, package and release proteins
Spawns vesicles to transport materials to the cell membrane
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10. Vacuoles
In plant cells: large and used for water + nutrient storage
In animal cells: small and numerous and contain a variety of substances
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11. Lysosomes
Contain chemicals for digesting waste, toxins, or useless organelles
Formed from Golgi Common in animal and
fungus cells
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How do we know all this?
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Cell Theory- 1839The microscope opened a world of discovery of life never seen before. By 1839, scientists Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow concluded the following as the….
Cell Theory1. All living things are made of cells.2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.3. All cells come from other cells.