to have and to hold: exploring the personal archive joseph ‘jofish’ kaye, janet vertesi shari...
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To have and to hold:Exploring the personal
archive
Joseph ‘Jofish’ Kaye, Janet VertesiShari Avery, Allan Dafoe, Shay David, Lisa
Onaga, Ivan Rosero, & Trevor Pinch
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Introduction
To design better technologies to support archiving activities in a digital arena we have to understand personal archiving as a human practice, not just information retrieval
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Introduction
Why archive?
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Archiving in HCI
Henderson, CHI’04: DesktopsJones et. al., CHI’05: FoldersWhittaker & Sidner, CHI’96: EmailBellotti et. al., DIS’02: Email, infoDucheneaut & Bellotti, interactions
’01: email habitatWhittaker & Hirschberg, ToCHI’01:
personal paper archivesVoida et. al., CHI’05: iTunes
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Archiving as a Whole
Archiving occurs across– media– location
s– careers– time
An ongoing practice of– selection– organization– collation– display– storage– retrieval – disposal
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Methods
• 48 scholars, graduate students to nobel laureates
• Natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, engineering
• Interviews• Retrieval tasks• Archiving practices
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Results I:The Values of
Archiving
• Finding it later….but also…• Building a legacy• Sharing resources• Fears of Loss• Identity Construction
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Finding it Later
• no One Best Way• locally optimized• ceiling on maximum
efficiency
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Finding it Later
• “It works for me.”• “It’s very hard to find
things.”
• “..the only way to organize [my books] was alphabetically.”
• “…fight the hegemony of alphabetical order.”
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Building a Legacy
• Goal: storage, to put things away, not to find them later.
• Rigid structures• Unique, author built.• Academics… but also
families (photo albums, Flickr), corporations, etc.
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Sharing Resources
• Supports necessary retrieval of materials by a large number of people.
• Not place to put everything, but what’s in there can be found.
• Very rigid structures: primary interaction is retrieval.
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Fears of Loss
“If there ever were a fire, I would grab this folder right here.”
Influences entire structure of the archive
Values for archiving affect the choices you make about document storage
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Fears of Loss
What happens when you can’t back up?
“How do you back up a protein? How do you keep a moth alive? How do you keep a cancer cell from growing?”
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“I never expected to experience such a strong emotional reaction to the loss of my archive… After we had survived the first chaotic weeks I had a feeling of emptiness and deprivation and I felt very fragile. Working in our new, temporary, office I felt a big empty space behind my back (the place where my books used to be) and I felt cut off from the past and uncertain about the future. It is the first time in my life I experienced such a strong attachment to things. Talking with friends and family I realized that books are an important part of my identity as an academic scholar.”
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Identity Construction
Archiving as an expression and crafting of identity
Projected out to the world and back at the individual.
Goffman: identity kit, tokens, the visible personal.
Voida et. al.: iTunes
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Results II: The Structures of Archiving
Everyone we interviewed used both digital & analog
Different tools appropriated or neglected as necessary
Reproduction of similar values from analog to digital
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Physical Space
Hyper-use: Choose one tool to solve a particular problem and extend:– problems:
mobility, temporality
– tools:filing boxes, cabinets… applies to digital space: emails,
bookmarks, etc.
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Digital Space
• Physical & electronic retrieval times
• “Advantages” of digital:– “I print [papers] out to read
if I want to give them any real respect.”
– Difficulties meshing digital & analog
– Computer space ‘scarce’…
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For further research
• Findings may be domain specific: expand beyond academics to families, institutions, companies
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Implications for Design
• Identity Construction– How you can allow users to
construct the visible personal while preserving privacy
• Fear of Loss– Making backup visible
• Hyperuse– Customization, flexibility
• Not all data is digital
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Conclusions
Why archive?– finding– legacy– sharing– fear of loss– identity construction
These values provide criteria for judging the personal archive’s success
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Thanks
Our forty-eight subjects, Phoebe Sengers, Amy Voida, Geoff Bowker, the Culturally Embedded Computing Group and the Science & Technology Studies Department, Cornell University.