to a great extent water quality determines the success or failure of a fish farming operation water...
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To a great extent water quality determines the success or failure of a fish farming operation
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
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Fish perform allbodily functions in water
• Eat
• Breathe
•
•
• Take in and lose salts
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
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Water Balance in Freshwater Fish
Salts
Large quantitiesof dilute urine
Ammonia
Water
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Water Balance in Saltwater Fish
Small quantities ofconcentrated urine
Ammonia
Water
Drinkssea water
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Water Resources
• Water quality
• Water quantity
• Water sources
Inadequate water quality causes more Inadequate water quality causes more losses than any other problem!losses than any other problem!
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WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Physical
Temperature
• •
Chemical (“No effect” limits)
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Physical Characteristicsof Water
•
• “Universal solvent”
–
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
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Dissolved Oxygen
• Importance– highest cause of mortality
• Solubility– variables
•
•
•
• Safe levels– > 5mg/l
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7
6
5
4
3
2
1
05 pm 10 pm 5 am
Measured values
Projected values
mg/l
Projected Dissolved Oxygen Levels for Ponds
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Uniform dissolved O in pond2
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Decomposingmaterials
Low dissolvedoxygen (cool)
High dissolvedoxygen (warm)
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Low dissolved oxygen - possible fish kill
TurnoverTurnover
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Relationships
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Temperature (F) (pH) 7.0 8.09.0
50 0.19 1.8315.7
68 0.40 3.8228.4
86 0.80 7.4644.6
Percent Ammonia
Percent of Total Ammoniain the Un-Ionized Form at
Various Temperatures and pH
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Nitrification
NONO33-- NHNH33
1½ O1½ O22
nitrosomonas nitrosomonas nitrobacter nitrobacter
1½ O1½ O22 NONO22
--
• Requires 3 moles oxygen to convert one mole of ammonia to nitrate
•
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Dissolved Gasses
• Problem gasses– Nitrogen (primarily)
•
• Problem sources – Wells and Springs
–
– leaky pipeleaky pipe
Popeye/exophthalmiaPopeye/exophthalmia
dorsal viewdorsal view
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WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Water quantity parameters
• Requirements are based on temperature-dependent and size-dependent standard metabolic rates for fish
•
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WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Water quantity parameters Suggested replacement times Linear
• Noncirculating – • Circulating
Suggested water velocity rates
• Noncirculating – • Circulating -
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WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Water quantity parameters
Flow measuring techniques Flow meters
• •
Pond filling time – not very accurate
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WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Water quantity parameters Weir gauges
• Sharp-crested – if outfall consists of dam boards
• V-notch
• Trapezoidal• •
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Pre-Use treatment
Sediment removal• Settling basin/pond –
• Filtration –
Gas stabilization (O2 and/or N2)• Slatted inflow boards• •
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
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Pre-Use treatmentSterilization
• Ultraviolet –• • Chlorination-de-chlorination – •
Temperature control
• Heating • Chilling
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
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Water utilization• Open water systems
• Flow-through -Water enters pond or series of ponds and exits with/without treatment
-
-
WATER IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
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Water Sources
•
•
• Rivers, lakes and streams
• Surface
•
•
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Springs
• Advantages– – few or no predators– no pathogens
• Disadvantages–
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Wells• Types
– –
• Advantages– no predators– no pathogens
• Disadvantages– – low O2
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Rivers, Lakes and Streams
• Advantages– large volumes– inexpensive
• Disadvantages– – excessive nutrients
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Surface
• Advantages– inexpensive
• Disadvantages– contaminates– – 5-7 acre watershed
per surface acre of water
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Groundwater
• Advantages–
• Disadvantages– hard to drain
•
• removal of fish
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Municipal• Advantages
– – no predators–
• Disadvantages– disinfectants
• • chloramines
–
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Water Quantity
• Ponds
• Raceways
• Cages
• Recirculating aquaculture systems
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Ponds• Minimum requirement
– 13 gal/min or 50L/min per acre
• Rational– – to replace evaporation–
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Raceways• Minimum requirement
– 500 gal/min. or 1900L/min• Rational
– –
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
• Minimum requirement– varies depending on size of
system–
• Rational– needed to backflush filtersduring harvesting–
–
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0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.02 6 10 14 18 22
8
6
4
2
0
Ammonia(mg/l)
Nitrites &Nitrates(mg/l)
NHNO
NO
23
3
Time in Days
Time Requiredfor Bio-Filter to Mature