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WELCOME TO A BRIEF LECTURE ON “DIGITIZATION PROCESS AND DIGITAL INDIA” By Dr K B N Sarma

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Page 1: TO A BRIEF LECTURE ON WELCOME “DIGITIZATION PROCESS AND DIGITAL INDIA” ·  · 2016-09-10• Digitization is the process of converting information into a ... speech signal and

               WELCOME                       TO             A BRIEF LECTURE ON  “DIGITIZATION PROCESS                    AND            DIGITAL INDIA”

                             By Dr K B N Sarma

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Two types of communication Techniques

• 1 Analog communications – employ  an electrical wave, sine, square or any other.

• 2 Digital communications – employ a coded signal• Digitization is the process of converting information into 

a digital format . In this format, information is organized into discrete units of data (called bit s) 

• This is the binary data that computers and many devices with computing capacity (such as digital camera s and digital hearing aid s) can process.

• Digitizing information makes it easier to preserve, access, and share. 

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Analog CommunicationsAdvantages: 1. More easy to generate.2. Easy way of communication.

Disadvantages: 

1 Very difficult to transmit as it is.2 Devices used are expensive.3 Lots and lots of noise interruptions.4 Accuracy is less.5 Transmission and reception is not very easy.

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Advantages of Digital Communictions

• 1. Circuitry becomes simpler than AC. 2. Low noise as we are dealing with binary   digits.3. Highly secure.4. Can travel long distances and can store data for long time.5. AS we have regenerative repeaters & reconstruction filters in the receiver section we can extract original signal 

• 6. Error correcting and detecting is easy.

• 7. A common format is used for different kind of message signal such as speech signal and video signal.

• 8. Flexibility in configuring digital communication. digital hardware  implementation is flexible and permit the use of  microprocessors and digital switches.

• 9. Optic Fiber Cable replaces conductor cables.

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Analog to digital converter (ADC) and DAC

ADC: an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, A–D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an analog signal into DIGITAL SIGNAL

DAC : A Digital to Analog converter  performs the reverse function.Integrated circuits (ICs) are most specified for the above functions.

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Symbol of for ADC

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Two steps in analog to digital conversion

1 QuantizationSamples are rounded to a fixed set of numbers (such as integers), This process 

known as quantization.A series of digital integers can be transformed into an analog output that approximates the original analog signal. Such a transformation is called a DA conversionExample : A staircase and a ramp.

2 EncodingIt is the process of reading of an analog signal at regular time intervals. Each such reading is called a sample and may be considered to have infinite precision 

at this stage;

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                                                     Usage of Logic GatesA logic gate is device implementing a Boolean function; It performs a logical operation on one or more logical inputs, and produces a single logical output. 

Logic circuits include such devices as multiplexers, registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and computer memory, all the way up through complete microprocessors.A micro processor may contain more than 100 million gates. In modern practice, most gates are made from field-effect transistors (FETs), particularly MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors).

Application:They are used to store data.A combination of multiple flip-flops in parallel is applied in building Computer Memory.

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A simple Flip Flop circuit

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§Applications  of ADCs and DACs :§Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS),

Text, sounds, images, and video,Short Message Service (SMS)Open Internet standards for messaging,TV and Radio 

§Web ApplicationsInformation portals,Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

§Location Communications ServicesLocation Awareness ,

§Personalization of information

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                     WIRELESS STANDARDS

§TDMA/GSMTime Division Multiplexing based AccessOperating frequencies – 894 to 893MHz

§CDMACode Division Multiplexing based Access-Digitasl coding.Operating frequencies – 1850 to 2150MHz

§FDMA AND OFDMAOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing based AccessAND Another oneLatest technology is called BDMA (Beam Division Multiplexing based Access system)Employed in 5G mobile technology.

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Units of Digital DataOne bit = either 0 or 1

1 byte    = 8 bits

1 KB       = 1024 bytes

1 MB     = 1024 KB

1 GB      = 1024 MB

1 TB       = 1024 GB

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Output size(bits)

Signal Frequency

1 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz

           8 1,243 µs 1.24 µs 124 ns 1.24 ns 124 ps 12.4 ps 1.24 ps

         10 311 µs 311 ns 31.1 ns 311 ps 31.1 ps 3.11 ps 0.31 ps

         12 77.7 µs 77.7 ns 7.77 ns 77.7 ps 7.77 ps 0.78 ps 0.08 ps

         14 19.4 µs 19.4 ns 1.94 ns 19.4 ps 1.94 ps 0.19 ps 0.02 ps

16 4.86 µs 4.86 ns 486 ps 4.86 ps 0.49 ps 0.05 ps –

18 1.21 µs 1.21 ns 121 ps 1.21 ps 0.12 ps – –

20 304 ns 304 ps 30.4 ps 0.30 ps 0.03 ps – –

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Different Generations of mobile technology

1G – First generation – 1981 – analog – 56 voice channels-poor-                                       Operating frequency 150MHZ2G  - Second Generation – 1990- analog and digital – 168 Voice channels – limited data Transfer – a few Kbps3G – Third Generation – 1998 – digital – smart phones – many channels – limited data transfer up to 1 to 10Mbps.Operates at high frequencies up to 3GHz.4G – Fourth Generation – 2008 – Digital – Smart Phones –Many channels – large data transfer – 10 to 100Mbps –Blue tooth-2.4 GHz – Multimedia, Wi-Fi, Java etcOperating frequencies:   2  to 8GHzEmploys OFDMA.4G LTE – Long Term Evolution technique –improved GSM5G – Fifth Generation  -BDMA – “ Beam Distribution Multiplexing base Access.        Operating frequencies 4 to 18GHz -           Data Transfer – More than 1Gbps,Operating Platforms:Android, windows, ios  (Unix based) etc.

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3G Services now in use

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What is Fourth Generation (4G) Technology? 

Faster and more reliable -100 Mb/s Lower cost than previous generations Multi-standard wireless system Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless Ad Hoc Networking OFDM used instead of CDMA Potentially IEEE standard 802.11Most information is proprietary 

Advantages of 4G Technology Internet Protocol (IP) based mobile system Low cost Wider bandwidths and higher bit rates Global mobility and service portability A wide range application using only one 4 G integrated terminal. 

4G

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Digital to Analog conversion (DAC)It is the reverse process of ADCA simple example is given to recover analog signal from a digital signal

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Detail view of a LED display with a matrix of red, green and blue diodes

A pixel consists of Three subpixels of one set of R,B,G.

Output Display Device for a Video Signal

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DIGITAL INDIA

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Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India . 

It is To ensure  that Government services are made available to citizens electronically .1 This can be done by improving online infrastructure 2 and by increasing Internet connectivity 3 or by making the country digitally empowered

It was launched on 2 July 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The initiative includes plans to connect rural areas with high-speed internet networks. Digital India consists of core components. 1 The creation of digital infrastructure2 Delivering services digitally

What is Digital India

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The Government of India hopes to achieve growth on multiple fronts with the Digital India Program. Specifically, the government aims  the 

Nine 'Pillars of Digital India’1 Broadband Highways2 Universal Access to Mobile Connectivity3 Public Internet Access Program4 e-Governance :– Reforming Government through Technology5 e-Kranti -  Electronic delivery of services6 Information for All7 Electronics Manufacturing8 Digital or IT for Jobs9 Early Harvest Programmes And- IOT   (Internet Of Things) – Centre for ExcellenceIt is to co-ordinate all things in a campus with a computer system.

Programmes of Government of India

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1 IT platform for messages2 Government greetings to be e-greetings3 Bio-metric Attendance4 Wi-Fi in all Universities5 Secure e mail within government6 Public wifi hotspots7 Schoolbooks to be eBooks8 SMS on disaster alerts9 National information on lost and found children10 Broadband for – rural and Urban people with common service centres11 e-governance12 Open data platform for public.13 All government transactions online14 Providing training to the youth in IT

Government  Services 

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1 Voter ID Card, Pan Card, BPL Card, Driving License, education certificates, etc in the cloud.

2 AADHAR

3 Radio and Television services

4 Fiber Grid : Three-in-one, namely, TV, Telephone and Internet

5 Digitization of TV - Set-top Box for TV receiver and Radio.

    Examples OF A Few  Government Services

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A set-top box (STB) or set-top unit (STU) is an information appliance device . It is an integrated Receiver and decoder.

It  generally contains 1 A TV-tuner input and a display output that is, television set 

2 An external source of signal, turning the source signal into content in a form that can then be displayed on the television screen or other display device. They are used in cable television, satellite television, and over-the-air television systems, as well as other uses.

3 Convenience features – Controls on the box, Remote controls, Parental locks, Alternative  software, Electronic Program guide, Favorites, Timer, Compatibility with VCRs and DVD Players etc.

Set-Top Box

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You were powerful with a computer, but

Now, YOU ARE MORE POWERFUL WITH A MOBILE PHONE

YOU MASTER IT, BUT LET IT NOT MASTER YOU