tissues histology- the study of tissue groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a...
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TissuesHistology- the study of tissue
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function.
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4 primary types:
Epithelial (covering)Connective (support)Muscle (movement)Nervous (control)
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Epithelial-Used for covering (ex: organs) or Glands
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Epithelial Function-protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
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Characteristics of Epithelial:InnervatedAvascularHigh regenerative capacityPolar- Apical surface= free
Basal surface= attachedLots of cells / form sheets
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2 names for epithelia:Layers: simple or stratifiedShapes: Squamous
Cuboidal Columnar
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Simple Squamous- thin, permeable, for filtration or exchange, found in lungs, kidneys
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2 types:Endothelium- inner covering, slick friction reducing lining vessels
Mesothelium- middle covering lining the ventral body cavity
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Simple Cuboidal- secretion and absorption, found in glands
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A gland consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a product
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Endocrine gland- ductless, absorb and secrete product by diffusion (thyroid, adrenals, pituitary)
Exocrine gland- ducts (salivary, oil, liver, pancreas)
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Simple Columnar- lines the digestive tract from stomach to rectum
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Examples:
•Microvilli- lines intestine, absorbs nutrients
•Goblet Cells- secretes protective lubricating mucus
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Stratified Squamous• Stratified Squamous- is most
widespread, thick, protective, is the external part of skin, covers tongue, lines mouth, throat, esophagus, anal canal, vagina
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•Epidermis- the outer layer of the skin that contains a protective protein called keratin
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•Stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar are rarer types (make up some ducts)
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Connective Tissue
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2 Parts
Cells (living)
• Fibroblast• Chondroblast• Osteoblast• Hemocytoblast
Matrix (non-living)
1) Ground Substance:• Amorphous material
2) Fibers:• Collagen• Elastin• Reticular
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Mesenchyme (embryonic origin)
Fibroblast Chondroblast Osteoblast Hematoblast
Fibrocyte Chondrocyte Osteocyte Blood Cells
Connective Tissue Cartilage Bone BloodProper
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Connective Tissue Proper
1) Loose Connective * Areolar * Adipose * Reticular2) Dense Connective * Regular * Irregular
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Areolar (connective tissue proper)
• Gel like, wraps and cushions organs
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Adipose (fat) connective tissue proper
• Matrix contains stored neutral fat oil• Shock absorber and insulator
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Reticular Connective tissue proper
• Forms a soft internal skeleton (stroma)
• Found in lymphoid organs
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Dense Regular connective tissue proper
• Parallel collagen fibers• Tendons, Ligaments
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Dense Irregular connective tissue proper
• Thicker bundles of collagen fiber• Form sheets in body areas
where tension is exerted in different directions• Fibrous Joint Capsules, dermis
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Cartilage
-Tough but flexible-Avascular-Devoid of nerves-80% water-Heals slowly
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Cartilage-3 Types• 1) Hyaline Cartilage
• 2) Fibrocartilage
• 3) Elastic Cartilage
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1) Hyaline Cartilage
• Embryonic skeleton• ends of long bone• costal cartilage (rib)• Nose• trachea, larynx• supports, reinforces• flexible
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Fibrocartilage
Thick collagen fibers
Intervertebral Discs
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Elastic Cartilage
•More elastin fibers
•Ear, Epiglottis
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Bone•1) Compact bone
•2) Spongy bone
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Bone• Hard calcified matrix
• Very well vascularized
• Gives support
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Mesenchyme (embryonic origin)
Fibroblast Chondroblast Osteoblast Hematoblast
Fibrocyte Chondrocyte Osteocyte Blood Cells
Connective Tissue Cartilage Bone BloodProper
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Blood•Various Complex Cells
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Blood• Atypical Connective tiusse• Blood Cells= macrophages, wbc, rbc• Matrix= plasma• Fibers=soluable proteins that are
visible in clotting-Carries gas, nutrients, waste, etc.
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Nervous Tissue
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Makes up brain, spinal cord, nerves
• Neurons- highly specialized nerve cells generate and conduct nerve impulses• Supporting cells- no conducting,
support, insulate, and protect neurons
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Muscle Tissue
•Highly vascular•Highly cellular•Function= movement
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Voluntary• Attaches to bone, skin• Gross body movements• Long cylindrical, many nuclei• Striated (banded)
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Skeletal Muscle Picture
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue• Involuntary•Walls of the heart• Striated• Branched• Fit together by intercalated
discs
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Cardiac Muscle Picture
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Smooth Muscle TissueInvoluntaryFunction= to propel (squeeze) Found: in walls of hollow organs (uterus), digestive sys., urinary sys., blood
vesselsSpindle shapeCentral nucleusNO STRIATIONS
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Smooth Muscle Picture
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Functions of TissueProtection
•Mechanical protection= (barrier) skin, mucosa• Ciliary protection= epithelial
(trachea)• Chemical protection= glands
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Inflammatory response
•Occurs when tissues are injured•Non-specific
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Immune Response
• Specific• Takes longer to come to action• Involves antibodies
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Tissue Repair•Three steps:–Inflammation–Organization–Regeneration
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Inflammation
• Histamine macrophage, mast cell• Capillaries dilate• Leak clotting proteins• Clot scab
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Organization
• Clot Granulation tissue• New blood vessels collagen
fibers scar
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Regeneration• Epithelial cells migrate
across granulation tissue and thickens
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The ability to regenerate:
• Good: Epithelial (skin, epidermis, mucosa)• Limited: Smooth muscle, dense
regular connective (ligaments, tendons)• Poor: Skeletal muscle, Cartilage