timeline questions 1.whose social and philosophical thought did mao begin following while in...
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Timeline Questions
1. Whose social and philosophical thought did Mao begin following while in college?
2. What viewpoint of Mao’s led to him being rejected by both the CCP & KMT?
3. What was the positive turnout for Mao from the Autumn Harvest Uprising?
4. Why did the U.S. become Mao’s enemy?5. What was the “Hundred Flowers” movement?6. What are some reasons the Great Leap
Forward failed?
Early Life & College Studies1893-1918• Born into peasantry, rebellious
son, studied Chinese classics & Confucianism
• Soldier in Republican Army (overthrew Qing)
• College: MARXISM!!
Favored peasant/worker class (personal & thru Marxist teachings); deals with army/military later as well
Party Affiliation
1920-1927
• Failed at democratic organization
• Founded CCP branch in Hunan (communist)
• Joined KMT to help fight against invaders
• Organized peasant unions, got leadership roles; published power of peasants
Marxist ideas isolated him
Autumn Harvest Uprising & Red Army Formation
1925-1929• KMT & Chiang Kai-shek battled
communists; Mao led peasant armies; he was defeated & left for rural area
Developed land reform ideas, recruited troops
• Troops became known as Red Army (cont’d into his rule); Improved on guerilla warfare
KMT troops destroyed and Mao gained prestige
Long March1934• Chiang tried to eliminate
communists again, Mao escaped & began march to protected base (6000 miles)
Zunyi Conference held along way where Mao gained power (more leadership)
Japanese Invasion
1931-1937
• Imperial Japan moved further into China; KMT & CCP temporarily united
• Troops made mainly of peasant (Red Army)
Success of peasant army solidified Mao’s efforts, he moved up in rank…began pushing out his critics in CCP
Civil War1945-1949
• Japan lost WWII; KMT & CCP fought for control of China
• CCP had large, trained army and won in Oct. 1949…declared People’s Republic of China
• KMT & Chiang Kai Shek fled to Taiwan to set up Republic of China
China was in despair, Mao in power, modeled reconstruction after USSR (socialist ideals)
Korean War & Hundred Flowers Movement
1950-1953, 1957
• Mao relied on USSR aid, allied with N. Korea, millions of Chinese died
Became enemies with US
• Mao wanted to PRC to be united as one…led campaigns to weed out traitors
• HFM- encouraged criticism, but it was more than expected, and attacked “rightists”
See evidence of fear in intellectuals later
Great Leap Forward(In 1949, land taken from landowners & given to peasants who
worked it = )
1958-1960• land taken from peasants & turned into communes
owned by state = – 20-40 families @ first county size (1,000s)
• Built backyard furnaces instead of factories to make iron tools– Melt down scrap metal…but then ran out and started melting
already usable objects! (had to meet quota)– Couldn’t use what they melted (too brittle)– These workers also were NOT making food…
Great Leap Forward• Commune leaders forced to meet quota of
food production– Couldn’t meet it lied about amount produced– Govt took % based on that lie peasants starved– Some food taken by govt rotted in warehouses
before being distributed, some sent to USSR for loan payment
• Told to do close planting to use land efficiently– Plants use each other’s nutrients and they all die!
(All critics were purged from office, many stayed quiet b/c of HFM)
Great Leap Forward
Over 20 million people died– Not realized until outsiders came in, studied
demographics– People eventually turned to cannibalism
• 1961: Mao realized it didn’t work gave 3 men, including Deng Xiaoping, 5 years for economic recovery– 1966…Mao didn’t like they had control leads to
Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution1966-1976
• Mao’s economic recovery task force had always been loyal, but no longer agreed with his ideologies– Mao saw same ∆s in USSR got group of
radicals together to purge them
• Created Red Guard (students)– Closed school to allow them to join
Mass propaganda of devotion to Mao (more so than Stalin), Little Red Book
Cultural Revolution• Beat, tortured, and imprisoned leaders who
opposed him– Suppressed all disorder/opposition with violence
• Lin Biao designated as Mao’s successor– Pushed Mao’s Little Red Book– Instituted martial law
Mao eventually disposed of him for having too much power (fled to USSR)
Death & Succession1976• 1972: Mao and his new successor
both have health problems brings back Deng Xiaoping– Radicals continue to purge opposition
• 1974: Mao favors Deng b/c economy is so bad
• 1976: Mao dies– His helpers (Gang of Four) are arrested– Deng emerges as leader in 1977
One-Child Policy1979• Mao had encouraged large families (labor for
communes, soldiers)…exponential population growth
• Deng needed to cut growth dramatically• Very severe punishments at first, less strict now
Unbalanced gender ratio, death/ abandonment of girls, controlled adoption policies, smaller population growth
Tiananmen Square Massacre
1989 (June 4)• In Peking (Beijing), civilian/ student protest for
democratic reform• Army came in shooting, with tanks…
hundreds (thousands?) killed• Happening simultaneously with protest in
USSR
Global condemnation
