time tracks and time segments. rethinking the way to look ...dcristea/talks/synasc... · – tts...
TRANSCRIPT
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TimeTracksandTimeSegments.RethinkingtheWaytoLookatTexts
DanCristea“AlexandruIoanCuza”UniversityofIași,FacultyofComputerScience
RomanianAcademyIașibranch,[email protected]
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Ourperceptionoftime
• Sherememberedthewordsthatsome.mes,atthe.meofadolescence,hermothertoldher."Youareapersonapprehended,right?...
TashAw:Mapoftheinvisibleworld
SYNASC,Timișoara,26thSeptember2016
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Ourperceptionoftime
SYNASC,Timișoara,26thSeptember2016
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Ourperceptionoftime
• Inthekitchen,wai.ngforthewatertoboil,MargaretwonderedhowwasitthatshejumpedsonaturallytoembraceAdam.Shecouldnotrealizewhathadmadeherfeelsohappytoseehimagain.
TashAw:Mapoftheinvisibleworld
SYNASC,Timișoara,26thSeptember2016
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Ourperceptionoftime
SYNASC,Timișoara,26thSeptember2016
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Goals• Acomputationalrepresentationoftemporalphenomenaoccurringinliterarytexts,preparingthusinvestigationtoolsthatwouldmakepossibletotacklethesephenomenabyautomaticanalysis
• Therewerereadersperceive:– changesofthecurrentdirectionoftime,– flashbacksandflashforwards,– temporalruptures,– perspectivesofdifferentnarratorsonthesamestory
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Inthistalk• Timecanbebettervisualisedasthreadsthatinterlaceandseparate,– muchlikerailwaysdoincomplexrailyards:.metracks
• ProposeanXMLnotationfortheserepresentations• Showafewexamplesthatputinevidencedifferenttemporalmanifestations– commute,rupture,joinandsplitpoints
• Makeapreliminaryevaluationoftheannotationsonasmallcorpus
• Freelythinkfurther.Noconclusions!
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Ourworkisframedin…
• TemporalReasoning(andtemporallogic:Allen,etc.)
• Annotationconventions/standardstocopewithtimeasmentionedinlanguageandtext
• Muchinterest:– informationextraction– questionanswering– textualentailment
SincetheACLworkshoponSpa.alandTemporalReasoning(2001),LRECworkshoponAnnota.onStandardsforTemporalInforma.oninNaturalLanguage(2002)
SYNASC,Timișoara,26thSeptember2016
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Relatedwork– Anotation:TimeML
– TIMEX3:markupexplicittemporalexpressions(times,dates,durations,etc.)– SIGNALannotatefunctionwordsthatindicatehowtemporalobjectsaretobe
relatedtoeachother(e.gon,during,when,if,etc.)– TLINK-TemporalLinks:thetemporalrelationshipholdingbetweeneventsor
betweenaneventandatime– SLINK-SubordinationLink:relationsbetweentwoevents,oraneventanda
signal– ALINK-AspectualLink:relationshipbetweenanaspectualeventandits
argumentevent
– EVENT JamesPustejovskyetal.(2003).TimeML:RobustSpecificationofEventandTemporalExpressionsinText,AAAITechnicalReportSS-03-07
SYNASC,Timișoara,26thSeptember2016
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Relatedwork
– Asystem(theTARSQIToolkit)thatrecognises:• temporalexpressions(TimeEx)• events• relationsbetweenthem
Verhagen&Pustejovsky:TemporalProcessingwiththeTARSQIToolkit,Coling2008
SYNASC,Timișoara,26thSeptember2016
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Relatedwork– NarrativeContainers:assumedwindowsprovideleftandrightboundariesforwhenunanchoredeventsmostlikelyoccurred;sizeparameterizedbyDocumentCreationTime(DCT)andtheperiodicityofthesource
– NarrativeScope:thetimespanbetweentheearliestandlatesteventsdescribedinthedocument
– NarrativeTime:thecurrenttemporalanchorforeventsinadocument;temporalfocusshiftsasthereadermovesthroughthedocument
=>themannerinwhicheventsarelinked(related)totheDCTinTimeML Pustejovsky&Stubbs(2011).IncreasingInformativenessin
TemporalAnnotation,ProceedingsoftheFiIhLawWorkshop(LAWV),Portland
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Relatedwork• ThemodelofNarrativeContaineranditsrelationswrtto:– Channel:isthedocumentwrittenorspoken?– Productioncircumstances:howwasthedocumentdistributed?broadcast,newswire,dailypublication
– Style:whatformatwasusedtopresenttheinformation?
– Presenceofatemporalanchor:whetheranarticlecontainedaNarrativeTimeinthefirstsentenceofthedocument
Pustejovsky&Stubbs(2011).IncreasingInformativenessinTemporalAnnotation,ProceedingsoftheFiIhLawWorkshop(LAWV),Portland
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However…
• Fictionnevermentionedinthesestudies– mostinterestattachedtoprocessnewswiresandbroadcastedinformation
• Lessornoattentiongiventothelinkbetweeneventsandcharactersinvolved– andthereismorethanthemereroleofagentinanevent:JohnmetAnawhenexi.ngtheOperaHouse.Hesaid:Amazingvoices!
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Weareinterestedinconnectedsequencesofevents
• Inhistoricalstudies,dramaturgyandnarratology– 1906:storyline:
Amer.PhysicianMar.86/1:Hehadtoconfesshisinabilitytodothestory-linejus.ce.
– 1907:.meline–Alineusedtoillustrateorrepresentachronologicalsequenceofevents;achronology;achronologicalsequenceJ.W.ADAMSONPract.ofInstr.II.iv.275:A.melineforEnglishhistory…canbemadewithgreatadvantagewhentheclassistakingitsfirstconnectedcourseinEnglishhistory.
OxfordEnglishDictionarySYNASC,Timișoara,27thSeptember2016
Thankyou,Ja
mesDaven
port!
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Weareinterestedinconnectedsequencesofevents
• InNLP– TimeLine:arepresentationofeventswhicharechronologicallyordered,ingeneralspecificforanentity(acharacterorparticipantinanaction,ageographicalplaceorregion)
– StoryLine:groupsofinteractingTimeLines,ormergersoftwoormoreTimeLineswherethesamecharactersorentitiesaretakingpartintheaction.Akindoftextstructurewhichisnotrelatedtotheflowoftime.
ChambersandJurafsky(2008).UnsupervisedLearningofNarrativeEventChains.InACL.
Laparra,AldabeandRigau(2015).FromTimeLinestoStoryLines:Apreliminaryproposalforevaluatingnarratives.InACL-IJCNLP.
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Weareinterestedinconnectedsequencesofevents
• InNLP– .meline(orfabula):asetofeventinstancesorderedintime(anchoredtotimeexpressionsorrelativetoeachother)andasetofbridgingrelationsbetweeneventswithexplanatoryandpredictivevalue(risingaction,climaxandfallingaction)
– storyline:thetimelinemadeofthoseeventswhichhavethehighestconnectivityscore
⇒ detectstorylineinmassivestreamsofnews⇒ notconcernedwithdecipheringthetemporalstructureoftexts
Vossen,CaselliandKontzopoulou(2015).Storylinesforstructuringmassivestreamsofnews.InACL-IJCNLP
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Motivationandgoal
• Largetextsaredifferentthennews– news:sequencesofevents,opinions,commentaries– novels:eventsareseldompresentedinnon-sequentialorder,sameeventsareinterpretedfromdifferentperspectives
• Charactersparticipateinevents• Eachhasher/hisowntrajectory/destiny/evolution• Althoughcharacters’trajectoriesintersectintime,onewouldliketodistinguish/separatethem
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The.meyardmodel
• ATimeYard(TY)isarepresentation(resemblingadiagram)ofthecharacters’destinies(atoo…preciousterm)inatext,unfoldedonthestorytimeaxis
• ATYismadeofTimeTracks(TTs)• ATTismadeofTimeSegments(TSs)• AbookisasequenceofTimeSegments
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TimeTracks
• ATTdisplaysthestorydevelopmentofonecharacterorastablegroupofcharactersoveraperiodofstorytime.– TTsaredecipheredbythereaderashavingaunityofcharacters,actionanddevelopment
– OneTTcanbenarratedbyoneormorerelators– TTsarenotnecessarilycharacterisedbyaunityofplace
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BorderpointsofTTs
• Timetrackscanbeborderedby:– startpoints–wheretheystart,– endpoints–wheretheyfinish,– joinpoints–inwhichtwodifferenttimetracksunify,
– splitpoints–whereonetimetracksplitsintotwoseparatetimetracks.
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TimeSegments
• ATSgroupsasequenceofeventsofonecharacterorastablegroupofcharactersoveraperiodofstorytime,thatisuninterruptedlytoldinaspanoftext.– oneTSisnecessarilytoldinacontinuousspanoftext– inaTS,thestorytimeevolveslinearly– oneTScanbenarratedbyonlyonerelator
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BorderpointsinTSs• IfinnertoTTs,TSscanbeborderedby:– rupturepoints–wherethestorycommutesfromonetimetrackontoadifferentone
– commutepoints–inwhich,althoughthestorygoeson,itissaidfromadifferentperspective,byadifferentstoryteller;oritmovesforthorbackonthesameTT.
• IfattheextremeofTTs,TSscanalsobeborderedby:– startorsplitpoints–ontheleftside– joinorstoppoints–ontherightside.
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Margaretinthekitchen…
• TS1:[Inthekitchen,wai.ngforthewatertoboil,Margaretwonderedhowwasitthat]
• TS2:[shejumpedsonaturallytoembraceAdam.]
• TS3:[Shecouldnotrealizewhathadmadeher]• TS4:[feelsohappytoseehimagain...]”
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TTsandTSsinMargaret&Adam’sepisode
commutepoints
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Margaretandhermother…
• TS1:[Sherememberedthewords]• TS2:[thatsome.mes,atthe.meofadolescence,hermothertoldher."Youareapersonapprehended,right?...]
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TTsandTSsinMargaret&hermother’sepisode
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Splitpoints
• TS1:[Uptoclimbintothetruckanddisappearafterthetarpaulinfalldown,]
• TS2:[hefollowedthemslowly,withhisclumsygait.]
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Joinpoints
• TS1:[Itwasonlywhenshecametothedoorwaythatsherealized]
• TS2:[someonewasthere,lyingonthefrontsteps.Hewasaboy,ateenager,almostcrouchedinthewomb.]
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TashAw’s“Mapoftheinvisibleworld”bird’seyetimeyard
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ReadingtheTYdiagrams
• Misses/discontinuities⇒ horizontalaxisinaTYrepresentsthestory-time⇒ notcompulsorythatatextincludesacompletedescriptionofaninterval
⇒ segmentsmaynotfillcontiguouslyacertainTT⇒ discontinuities:pauses,misses(interruptedlinesinthefigureabove)
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ReadingtheTYdiagrams
• Trackingcharacters’destinies(developments)=>inboldinthefigure:Adam’strajectory=>amereselectionoperationinthesetofTTelements=>producefocusedsummaries
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NotshowninTYdiagrams
• Ambiguoustemporalplacements:whentheexactorderofTSscannotbedetermined=>moreTSsbelongtothesameTT=>buttheirorderisundefined
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NotshowninTYdiagrams• Personalinterpretations:
=>differentTSsaretoldbydifferentrelators
=>thesameTSistoldbydifferentrelators
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AnXMLnotation–inadditiontothoseofTimeML
• ElementsmarkingTimeTracks:<TT NAME ACTORS ID LEFT-EP RIGHT-EP/>
– LEFT-EP:“START”|IDofaSPLITend-point– RIGHT-EP:“STOP”|IDaJOINend-point
• ElementsmarkingTimeSegments<TS ID IN-TT TIME TYPE PER>...</TS>
– IN-TT:IDofaTT– TIME:IDofTIMEelement– TYPE:NARration,REMembers,SUPposition,GENeralknowledge,FICtions
– PERspective:acharacter(entity)
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AnXMLnotation
• Elementsmarkingtimeconstraints<TIME ID FROM REL TO/>
– FROMandTO:IDsofTS– REL:BEFORE,IMMEDIATELY-BEFORE,AFTER,IMMEDIATELY-AFTER,SIMULTANEOUSLY,INCLUDES
• Elementsmarkingendpoints<ENDPOINT ID TYPE TT1 TT2/>
– TYPE:“JOIN”or“SPLIT”– TT1andTT2:IDsofthetwoTTsthateitherjoinorsplit
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Thecorpus
• FewpagesfromthesamenovelannotatedbyaclassofmasterstudentsinCL– interestedtoevidenceinter-annotatoragreement
• TashAw:Mapoftheinvisibleworld(Romanianversion)–currentlyunderannotation(byAndreeaMacovei)– tobeusedintrainingaTYparser
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Evaluation• InterestedtoappreciateinterannotatoragreementonperceivingTTsandTSs
• 2smallfragmentsfromMotIWçv
StudentstakingTSsasnewTT
çv
çv
StudentsmissingsomeTTsTTsareobjective,noticeable
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Continuation
• OngoingannotationofthewholeMofIWnovel
• ATYvisualiserunderconstruction• ATYannotatorthatwillworkhandinhandwiththevisualiser
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Butwe,ourselves,liveontimeyards…
• Weliveourlivessequentially– Ilivedwithinmyfamilyuntiltheageof16,thenfortwoyearsIwentinanothercitytofollowahighschool,thenfor5yearsIwasastudentinBucharest,andoneyearbeforefinishingthefacultyIwasmarried,thenIcametoIașiand4yearslatermyfirstdautherwasborn,andwhenshewas5Igotdivorced,oneyearlaterImarriedagaina.s.o.
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OurTYs
• Myfirstdaughter’sstory…• Ourlivesmeet,thensplit,thenmeetagain…• Wemeetmanypeopleduringourlives,eachhavingher/hisowntrajectory
=>likerailways...
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WhenIsay:Ilivedwithinmyfamilyun.ltheageof16…
• Actually,eachdayIwenttoschool,intheholidaysIwenttomygrandparentshouseinthecountryside,andIwentmany.mestocinema…
• …andmyparentswerenotnearmeallthetime.=>lookedatitunderthelens,atimesegmentrevealsmanymore(finer)segments=>italsodependsontheperspec&ve…
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Atimetrackperspective
• Somebodythinks/believesthatsomebodyelsehasacertaintrajectory=>coursesofeventscanbeseendifferentlythroughdifferentperspectives=>sometimesTTsofacommunityofpeoplearegrosslyseenintertwined,justlikemakingasingledestiny:collectivities,peoplelivinginacountry=>althougheachhasher/hisown(developing)TT
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Adigression
• GENLIAS(www.genlias.nl)–digitisationandtrascriptionofoneofthebiggestcollectionofbirth,marriageanddeathcertificatesintheworld:nowapprox.15millioncertificateson50millionpeople=>32millioncert.
• LINKS–conectsthenamesincertificates=>tracesthetrajectoryofthepopulationandrebuildsfamilies
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Justimagine…
• …thatthereisadevicethatrecordstheTTofeachoneofus=>technologicallyfeasible=>perhapsnotverymuchwanted…(sentimentofBBoppression,leaks,etc.)
• BUT...=>pagesofhistorycanbeautomaticallywritten,withaproperintelligentsummarisationagent=>onecanleavepartsofher/hislifetotheposterity...
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Anapplication:MyDiary(ForgetMeNote)
• AnAssistedLeavingproject:inthebenefitofoldpersonsindangerofAlzheimerdisease…– theAgent“follows”theMasterfromawakingtillgoingtobed
– itperceiveswalkings,drivings,encounters,etc.– attheendofthedaytheagentengagesadialoguewiththeMaster• toclarifyambiguousmoments• toexerciseMaster’smemory
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Anapplication:“Takingtheforeignlanguageteacherwithme”
• Anagentabletoteachatouristthelanguageofthecountryshe/hetravelsin,inadynamic,interactivemanner.– awareofthesituationtheuserhappenstobein– assistsher/him– offerslinguisticsupport,adaptabletotheprogresstheuserismakinginlearningthelanguage• drillingexercisesadaptedtothesituation,• explanationsoftherealityaroundher/himbyappealingtoculturalidiosyncrasies,• realtimesupportinconversations,etc.
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Acknowledgements• HumanitasPublishingHousefortheRomanianversionofTashAw’snovel
• TheWylieAgency,UK,fortheaccepttouseforreseachtheoriginalEnglishversionofTashAw’snovel
• MyclassofmasterstudentsinCL,fordebateswhileestablishingtheannotationconventionsandparticipationinthefirstannotationexperiment
• AndreeaMacoveiforannotatingthenovelandco-authoringpartsofthisresearch
• EmiPeiaforimplementingtheannotatorandtheTYvisualiser
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