tilapiametric
TRANSCRIPT
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TILAPIA CULTUREby
Leonard LovshinDepartment of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures
Auburn University, AL 36849 U.S.A.
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Water Temperatures for:
Tilapia are native to Africa, Israel and Jordan
Best growth- above 250CSpawning - above 200C
Death- 10 to 120C
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Nile Tilapia Mozambique Tilapia
Blue Tilapia Red Tilapia
Popular Cultured TilapiasPopular Cultured Tilapias
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Food HabitsTilapia feed low on the food chain
phytoplankton
zooplankton
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Tilapia can be cultured in fresh and salt water. 1. All tilapia can be grown in fresh water.
2. Mossambique tilapia and red tilapia with Mossambique tilapia genes can be grown in salt water.
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Reproduction
Males dig and defend a nest
Females incubate eggs
and defend the fry
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Tilapia can be spawned in:
1. ponds
2. cages ( hapas )
3. tanks
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Fry can be harvested:
2. 40 days after stocking brood fish
1. 18 days after stocking brood fish
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Fry can be:1. partial harvested
2. completely harvested
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Eggs can be removed from females:
Incubating tilapia eggs
Yolk-sac tilapia fry
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Tilapia can be cultured as:
1. Mixed sexes - males and females together
2. Mono-sex - only males
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Advantages: 1. Technically easy
Disadvantages: 1. Small harvest weight 2. Mixed sizes at harvest
Grow-out:
Mixed-sex Culture
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Advantages: 1. Large harvest weight 2. Uniform size at harvest
Disadvantages: 1. Technically difficult
Mono-sex culture
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Stocking a predacious fish with mixed-sex tilapiawill control tilapia density and increase final harvest weight.
Largemouth bass in the U. S. A.
Peacock bass inSouth America
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Mono-sex male tilapia populations can be produced by:
1. Visual selection
2. Hybridization
3. Sex-reversal
4. Genetic manipulation
Male Populations
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Visual Selection of the Genital Papilla
Male papilla
Female papilla withoviduct
anus
anus
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Hybridization
Male Hornorum tilapia
Female Nile tilapia All-male hybrid tilapia
ZZ
XX
XZ
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Sex Reversal of Tilapia Fry
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Genetic Manipulation
1) XXF + XYM
estrogen
XXF + XY”F”
2) XY”F” x XYM
XXF + 2 XYM + YYM
3) XXF x YYM
100% XYM
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Tilapia are raised in:
Small earthen ponds
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Tilapia are raised in:Large earthen ponds
Harvested tilapia are held in net enclosures while waiting to be loaded onto trucks for transport to processors.
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Tilapia are raised in:Floating cages
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Tilapia are raised in:Circular tanks with partial water exchange and mechanical aeration
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Tilapia are raised in:Raceways with constant water exchange
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Tilapia are raised in:Indoors with water reuse, mechanical aeration and oxygen injection
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Tilapia ponds can be fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield
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Tilapia can be fed to increase yield
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Tilapia can be fedAgricultural by-products Pelleted feeds
sinking
floating
cottonseed meal wheat bran
rice bran
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Tilapia can be sold to
Neighbors and
Friends
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Tilapia can be purchasedAt supermarkets and fish shops
whole on ice
fresh and frozen fillets
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1. Most production is from enclosed, water reuse systems because of cold winter water temperatures.
2. Production costs are high.
3. Most tilapia are sold live or whole iced.
4. Presently, U. S. producers can’t compete with producers in tropical climates for processed tilapia.
5. Fresh fillets are imported from Central and South America.
6. Frozen whole tilapia and fillets are imported from Asia.
Tilapia farming in the U. S.
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1. feeds low on the food chain
2. accepts wide range of feeds
3. resistant to poor water quality, disease and handling
4. good flesh quality
5. fingerlings easy to produce year round
Advantages of Farming Tilapia
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1. sensitive to low water temperatures
2. reach sexual maturity at a young age
3. males grow faster than females
4. difficult to harvest from earthen ponds with a seine
5. low dressout percentage of fillet
Disadvantages of raising tilapia
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Over 2.0 million mt of farmed tilapia were harvest world-wide in 2004.
China>Egypt>Indonesia
U. S. tilapia Production 2004: 9,000 MT
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EAT MORE TILAPIA
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