three strikes and you’re out
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Three strikes and you’re out. la legge sulla recidiva nell’ordinamento della California. Il significato della metafora. Effetti delle politiche ‘tough on crime’. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Three strikes and you’re out
la legge sulla recidiva
nell’ordinamento della California
Il significato della metafora
Effetti delle politiche ‘tough on crime’
Confronto dei tassi di incarcerazione(numero di detenuti per 100.000 abitanti)
Fonte: National Criminal Justice Commission, marzo 2009
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
India Giappone Germania Cina RegnoUnito
Messico Stati Uniti
Il tasso di applicazione delle leggi ‘three strikes’
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
Ark
an
sas
Ca
lifo
rnia
Co
lora
do
Co
nn
ect
icu
t
Flo
rid
a
Ge
org
ia
Ind
ian
a
Ma
ryla
nd
Mo
nta
na
Ne
vad
a
Ne
w J
ers
ey
Ne
w M
exi
co
No
rth
Ca
rolin
a
No
rth
Da
kota
Pe
nn
sylv
an
ia
So
uth
Ca
rolin
a
Te
nn
ese
e
Ve
rmo
nt
Vir
gin
a
Wa
shin
gto
n
Wis
con
sin
Stati dotati di una legge dei tre colpi
nu
me
ro d
i a
pp
lic
azi
on
i
Trattamento sanzionatorio
Precedenti rilevanti
Nuovo reato Pena prevista
Secondo strike1 condanna
per delitto “serious o violent”
Qualsiasi delitto
(any felony)
doppio della pena prevista dalla legge per quel
delitto
Terzo strike
2 condanne
per delitti “serious o violent”
Qualsiasi delitto
(any felony)pena detentiva da
25 anni a vita
I serious e violent felony secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
• murder or voluntary manslaughter• mayhem• rape, sodomy by force, violence, duress,
menace, threat of great bodily injury, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person
• lewd or lascivious act on a child under 14 years of age
• any felony punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison for life
I serious e violent felony secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
• Any felony in which the defendant personally inflicts great bodily injury on any person, other than an accomplice, or any felony in which the defendant personally uses a firearm;
• Attempted murder;• Assault with intent to commit rape or robbery;• Assault with a deadly weapon or instrument on
a peace officer; • Assault by a life prisoner on a noninmate; • Assault with a deadly weapon by an inmate;• Arson;
I serious e violent felony secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
• Exploding a destructive device or any explosive with intent to injure;
• Exploding a destructive device or any explosive causing bodily injury, great bodily injury, or mayhem;
• Exploding a destructive device or any explosive with intent to murder;
• Any burglary of the first degree; • Robbery or bank robbery;• Kidnapping
I serious e violent felony secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
• Holding of a hostage by a person confined in a state prison;
• Attempt to commit a felony punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison for life;
• Any felony in which the defendant personally used a dangerous or deadly weapon;
• Selling, furnishing, administering, giving, or offering to sell, furnish, administer, or give to a minor any heroin, cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP), or any methamphetamine-related drug,
I serious e violent felony secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
• Any violation of subdivision (a) of Section 289 where the act is accomplished against the victim's will by force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person;
• Grand theft involving a firearm; • Carjacking; • Any felony offense, which would also constitute a
felony violation of Section 186.22 (gang crimes) • Assault with the intent to commit mayhem, rape,
sodomy, or oral copulation, in violation of Section 220;
I serious e violent felony secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
• throwing acid or flammable substances, in violation of Section 244;
• assault with a deadly weapon, firearm, machinegun,assault weapon, or semiautomatic firearm or assault on a peace officer or firefighter, in violation of Section 245;
• assault with a deadly weapon against a public transit employee, custodial officer, or school employee, in violation of Sections 245.2, 245.3, or 245.5;
I serious e violent felony secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
• Discharge of a firearm at an inhabited dwelling, vehicle, or aircraft, in violation of Section 246;
• Commission of rape or sexual penetration in concert with another person, in violation ofSection 264.1;
• Continuous sexual abuse of a child, in violation of Section 288.5;
• Shooting from a vehicle, in violation of
subdivision (c) or (d) of Section 12034;
I serious e violent felony secondo il § 1192.7 del Cal. Pen. Code
• Intimidation of victims or witnesses, in violation of Section 136.1;
• Criminal threats; • Any attempt to commit a crime listed in this
subdivision other than an assault; • Any violation of Section 12022.53; • A violation of subdivision (b) or (c) of Section
11418; • Any conspiracy to commit an offense described in
this subdivision
• Intimidation of victims or witnesses, in violation of Section 136.1;
• Criminal threats; • Any attempt to commit a crime listed in this
subdivision other than an assault; • Any violation of Section 12022.53; • A violation of subdivision (b) or (c) of Section
11418; • Any conspiracy to commit an offense described in
this subdivision
Trattamento sanzionatorio
Precedenti rilevanti
Nuovo reato Pena prevista
Secondo strike1 condanna
per delitto “serious o violent”
Qualsiasi delitto
(any felony)
doppio della pena prevista dalla legge per quel
delitto
Terzo strike
2 condanne
per delitti “serious o violent”
Qualsiasi delitto
(any felony)pena detentiva da
25 anni a vita
Entità della pena in base alla successione dei reati
Da Zimring, Hawkins, Kamin, Punishment and Delinquency, 2001
A B C
Tipo di
reato Pena
Tipo di
reato Pena
Tipo di
reato Pena
Prima condanna Any felony
(es. furto) X
Violent felony
(es. Rapina) X
Violent felony
(es. rapina) X
Seconda
condanna
Violent felony
(es. rapina) X
Any felony
(es. furto) XX
Violent felony
(es. rapina) XX
Terza condanna Violent felony
(es. rapina) XX
Violent Felony
(es. rapina) XX
Any felony
(es. furto) XXX
Popolazione degli ‘strikers’Dicembre 2008 (California Department of Corrections)
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
40.000
45.000
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
3rd Strikers
2nd Strikers
Incidenza degli strikers sulla popolazione detenuta
Dicembre 2008 (California Department of Corrections)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2008
3rd Strikers
2nd Strikers
Istogram. 3D 3
Determinate
Composizione etnica della popolazione degli strikers
2004, Justice Policy Institute
Gruppo etnico Residenti Detenuti 2°strike 3°strike
Neri6,5% 29,7% 35,8% 44,7%
Ispanici32,6% 35,9% 34,1% 25,6%
Bianchi47,1% 28,7% 26,1% 25,4%
Altro13,8% 5,7% 4,0% 4,3%
Composizione etnica della popolazione
degli strikers
Residenti Detenuti 2° strike 3° strike
Neri
Bianchi
Composizione 3rd strikers 2008Fonte: Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, California, 31 dicembre 2008
45%
26%
25%
4%
neri
ispanici
bianchi
altro
Tipologia dei reati che hanno dato luogo all’applicazione della legge
Dicembre 2008 (California Department of Corrections)
Delitti contro il patrimonio
27%
Delitti contro la persona43%
Altro10%
Delitti in materia di stupefacenti
20%
Confronto tasso criminalità tra California e Stato non striker
2003, Justice Policy Institute
California Stato New York
Riduzione generalità reati
- 38,8% - 49,6%
Riduzione reati violenti -44,9% - 53,9%
• AMERICA’S CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM HAS DETERIORATED TO THE PONT THAT IT IS A NATIONAL DISGRACE.
• ITS INEQUITIES CUT AGAINST THE NOTION THAT WE ARE A
SOCIETY FOUNDED ON FUNDAMENTAL FAIRNESS
• OUR FAILURE TO ADDRESS THIS PROBLEM HAS CAUSED THE NATION’S PRISONS TO BURNST THEIR SEAMS WITH MASSIVE OVERCROWDING
• WE ARE WASTING BILIONS OF DOLLARS AND DIMINISHING MILLIONS OF LIVES
(Dal sito del sen. Webb, proponente del National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2009)