threat of unemployment and cardiovascular risk factors

6
7/30/2019 Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/threat-of-unemployment-and-cardiovascular-risk-factors 1/6 PAPERS Threat of unemployment and cardiovascular risk factors: longitudinal study of quality of sleep and serum cholesterol concentrations in men threatened with redundancy Ingrid Mattiasson, Folke Lindgarde, Jan Ak e Nilsson, Tores Theorell Abstract Objective-To assess whether the threat of un- employment affects risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Design-Longitudinal study of a cohort of middle aged shipyard workers followed up for a mean of 6-2 (SD 1.9) years and a group of controls observed for the same period. The first investigation took place during a period of relative economic stability for the shipyard and the second during the phase of its closure. Setting-An age cohort health screening pro- gramme in Malmo, Sweden. Participants-715 Male shipyard workers and 261 age matched male controls. Main outcome measures-Changes in 19 variables related to the risk of cardiovascular disease, and psychological variables, alcohol consumption, smoking, and dietary habits as assessed by question- naire. Results-Serum cholesterol concentrations in- creased more (mean 0-25 (SD 0.68) mmol/l v 0O08 (0.66) mmol/l) and serum calcium concentrations decreased less (-0-06 (0.10) mmolll v -0-08 (0.09) mmol/l) in the shipyard workersthan in the controls. A correlation was found between scores for sleep disturbance and changes in serum cholesterol con- centration. In the whole series there was a greater increase in serum cholesterol concentrations among men threatened with unemployment (437/976; 44.8%) than among those who were not. In stepwise regression analysis the change in serum cholesterol concentration was correlated with changes in haemo- globin concentration, body weight, and serum tri- glyceride and calcium concentrations. A positive correlation was found between change in cholesterol concentration and change in blood pressure, indi- cating that the overall risk profile had worsened among men with increased serum cholesterol con- centrations. Conclusions-Risk of unemployment increases the serum cholesterol concentration in middle aged men, the increase being more pronounced in those with sleep disturbance. The increase in serum cholesterol is related to changes in other established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. These find- ings might partly explain the excessive mortality due to cardiovascular disease recorded among the un- employed and people with sleep disturbance. Introduction Changes in the unemployment rate and business failure rate in nine countries have been positively correlated with changes in heart disease mortality two to five years later. The correlations persisted even when adjustment was made for consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, and animal fats and other factors.' In a corresponding Swedish study a tendencywas found for unemployment to be higher in areas with above average male mortality from ischaemic heart disease,2 and in a British study mortality due to heart disease was higher among unemployed men.3 A significant increase in morbidity was recorded in a group of factory workers when they were threatened with redundancy and subsequently laid off.4 The relation between unemployment and physical and mental health has been reviewed."6 A questionnaire survey during a two year observa- tion period when Denmark's largest shipyard was closed found a relation between the threat of job loss and the presence of anxiety and depression.7 A possible consequence of psychosocial stress is sleep disturbance, and a six year follow up study of adults showed mortality to be high among men with sleep disturb- ance.' Epidemiological studies in Alameda County, United States, over nine years also showed mortality to be increased among adults sleeping less than seven hours and more than nine hours even when a large number of confounding variables were taken into consideration.9 Hence there is a need for further studies on the effects of unemployment or the threat of unemployment on sleep, psychological variables, and established risk factorsfor cardiovascular disease. The aims of this study were twofold. Firstly, we wished to ascertain whether relations existed between the threat of job loss or future unemployment and changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease (namely, in respect of blood pressure, treatment for blood pressure, blood lipid concentrations, body weight, haemoglobin concentration, and glucose toler- ance as well as such lifestyle factors as smoking, alcohol intake, and dietary habits). Secondly, we wished to see whether mental stress and sleep disturbance were related to and might explain possible changes in risk -factors for coronary heart disease. The study group consisted of 715 male workers at a shipyard in Malmo in southern Sweden who had been followed up for six years. The first examinations took place during a period of relative economic stability for the company and the second during its closure phase. Subjects and methods EMPLOYMENT SETTING Kockums AB, Malmo, is a shipbuilding yard, which until June 1988 consisted of a mercantile side and a naval side (Kockums Marine, producing submarines). Only day shifts were worked at the yard. The decline of the Swedish shipbuilding industry began at the end of the 1970s, and Kockums was the last existing yard producing new vessels. In February 1986 the govern- BMJ VOLUME 301 8 SEPTEMBER 1990 Department of Medicine, University of Lund, Section for Preventive Medicine, Malmo General Hospital, S-214 01 Malmo, Sweden Ingrid Mattiasson, PHD, registrar Folke Lindgarde, PHD, senior registrar Department of Statistics and Data Processing, Malmo General Hospital, S-214 01 Malmo, Sweden Jan Ake Nilsson, BA, statistician National Institute for Psychosocial Factors and Health, Karolinska Institute, S-104 01 Stockholm, Sweden Tores Theorell, PHD, professor Correspondence to: Dr Ingrid Mattiasson, Department of Medicine, Malmo General Hospital, S-214 01 Malmo, Sweden. BrMed7 1990;301:461-6 461

Upload: ritalou1

Post on 14-Apr-2018

215 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

7/30/2019 Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/threat-of-unemployment-and-cardiovascular-risk-factors 1/6

PAPERS

T h r e a t o f u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d c a r d i o v a s c u l a r r i s k f a c t o r s :

l o n g i t u d i n a l s t u d y o f q u a l i t y o f s l e e p a n dserum

c h o l e s t e r o lc o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n men t h r e a t e n e d w i t h r e d u n d a n c y

I n g r i d M a t t i a s s o n , F o l k e L i n d g a r d e , J a n Ak e N i l s s o n , T o r e s T h e o r e l l

A b s t r a c t

O b j e c t i v e - T o a s s e s s w h e t h e r t h e t h r e a t o f u n -

e m p l o y m e n t a f f e c t s r i s k f a c t o r s f o r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r

d i s e a s e .D e s i g n - L o n g i t u d i n a l s t u d y o f a c o h o r t o f m i d d l e

a g e d s h i p y a r d w o r k e r s f o l l o w e d u p f o r a mean o f 6 - 2( S D 1 . 9 ) y e a r s a n d a g r o u p o f c o n t r o l s o b s e r v e d f o r

t h e s a m e p e r i o d . The f i r s t i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o o k p l a c ed u r i n g a p e r i o d o f r e l a t i v e e c o n o m i c s t a b i l i t y f o r t h e

s h i p y a r d a n d t h e s e c o n d d u r i n g t h e p h a s e o f i t sc l o s u r e .

S e t t i n g - A n a g e c o h o r t h e a l t h s c r e e n i n g p r o -

gramme i n M a l m o , S w e d e n .P a r t i c i p a n t s - 7 1 5 M a l e s h i p y a r d w o r k e r s a n d 2 6 1

a g e m a t c h e d m a l e c o n t r o l s .Main o u t c o m e m e a s u r e s - C h a n g e s i n 1 9 v a r i a b l e s

r e l a t e d t o t h e r i s k o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e , a n d

p s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n ,s m o k i n g , a n d d i e t a r y h a b i t s a s a s s e s s e d b y q u e s t i o n -n a i r e .

R e s u l t s - S e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n -c r e a s e d more ( m e a n 0 - 2 5 ( S D 0 . 6 8 ) m m o l / l v 0 O 0 8

( 0 . 6 6 ) m m o l / l ) a n d s erum c a l c i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n sd e c r e a s e d l e s s ( - 0 - 0 6 ( 0 . 1 0 ) m m o l l l v - 0 - 0 8 ( 0 . 0 9 )m m o l / l ) i n t h e s h i p y a r d w o r k e r s t h a n i n t h e c o n t r o l s .A c o r r e l a t i o n w a s f o u n d b e t w e e n s c o r e s f o r s l e e pd i s t u r b a n c e a n d c h a n g e s i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n . I n t h e w h o l e s e r i e s t h e r e was a g r e a t e r

i n c r e a s e i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s amongme n t h r e a t e n e d w i t h u n e m p l o y m e n t ( 4 3 7 / 9 7 6 ;4 4 . 8 % ) t h a n among t h o s e who w e r e n o t . I n s t e p w i s er e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s t h e c h a n g e i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l

c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h c h a n g e s i n h a e m o -g l o b i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n , b o d y w e i g h t , a n d s e r u m t r i -g l y c e r i d e a n d c a l c i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . A p o s i t i v ec o r r e l a t i o n was f o u n d b e t w e e n c h a n g e i n c h o l e s t e r o lc o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d c h a n g e i n b l o o d p r e s s u r e , i n d i -

c a t i n g t h a t t h e o v e r a l l r i s k p r o f i l e h a d w o r s e n e damong m e n w i t h i n c r e a s e d s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n s .C o n c l u s i o n s - R i s k o f u n e m p l o y m e n t i n c r e a s e s

t h e s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n m i d d l e a g e dm e n , t h e i n c r e a s e b e i n g more p r o n o u n c e d i n t h o s e

w i t h s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e . The i n c r e a s e i n s e r u mc h o l e s t e r o l i s r e l a t e d t o c h a n g e s i n o t h e r e s t a b l i s h e dr i s k f a c t o r s f o r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e . T h e s e f i n d -i n g s m i g h t p a r t l y e x p l a i n t h e e x c e s s i v e m o r t a l i t y d u et o c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e r e c o r d e d among t h e u n -

e m p l o y e d a n d p e o p l e w i t h s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

C h a n g e s i n t h e u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e a n d b u s i n e s sf a i l u r e r a t e i n n i n e c o u n t r i e s h a v e b e e n p o s i t i v e l yc o r r e l a t e d w i t h c h a n g e s i n h e a r t d i s e a s e m o r t a l i t y t w o

t o f i v e y e a r s l a t e r . T h e c o r r e l a t i o n s p e r s i s t e d e v e n

w h e n a d j u s t m e n t w a s m a d e f o r c o n s u m p t i o n o f a l c o h o l ,c i g a r e t t e s , a n d a n i m a l f a t s a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s . ' I n ac o r r e s p o n d i n g S w e d i s h s t u d y a t e nd e nc y w a s f o u n d f o ru n e m p l o y m e n t t o b e h i g h e r i n a r e a s w i th a b o v e

a v e r a g e m a l e m o r t a l i t y f r o m i s c h a e m i c h e a r t d i s e a s e , 2a n d i n a B r i t i s h s t u d y m o r t a l i t y d u e t o h e a r t d i s e a s e w a sh i g h e r a m o n g u n e m p l o y e d m e n . 3 A s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e

i n m o r b i d i t y w a s r e c o rd e d i n a g r o u p o f f a c t o r yw o r k e r s w h e n t h e y w e r e t h r e a t e n e d w i t h r e d u n d a n c y

a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y l a i d o f f . 4 The r e l a t i o n b e t w e e nu n e m p l o y m e n t a n d p h y s i c a l a n d m e n t a l h e a l t h h a s

b e e n r e v i e w e d . " 6A q u e s t i o n n a i r e s u r v e y d u r i n g a t w o y e a r o b s e r v a -

t i o n p e r i o d w h e n D e n m a r k ' s l a r g e s t s h i p y a r d w a s

c l o s e d f o u n d a r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t h r e a t o f j o b l o s sa n d t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n x i e t y a n d d e p r e s s i o n . 7 A p o s s i b l ec o n s e q u e n c e o f p s y c h o s o c i a l s t r e s s i s s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e ,a n d a s i x y e a r f o l l o w u p s t u d y o f a d u l t s s h o w e dm o r t a l i t y t o b e h i g h among me n w i t h s l e e p d i s t u r b -a n c e . ' E p i d e m i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s i n A l a m e d a C o u n t y ,U n i t e d S t a t e s , o v e r n i n e y e a r s a l s o s h o w e d m o r t a l i t y t ob e i n c r e a s e d among a d u l t s s l e e p i n g l e s s t h a n s e v e n

h o u r s a n d m o r e t ha n n in e h o u r s e v e n w h e n a l a r g en u m b e r o f c o n f o u n d i n g v a r i a b l e s w e r e t a k e n i n t oc o n s i d e r a t i o n . 9 H e n c e t h e r e i s a n e e d f o r f u r t h e rs t u d i e s o n t h e e f f e c t s o f u n e m p l o y m e n t o r t h e t h r e a t o fu n e m p l o y m e n t o n s l e e p , p s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s , a n de s t a b l i s h e d r i s k f a c t o r s f o r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e .

T h e a i m s o f t h i s s t u d y w e r e t w o f o l d . F i r s t l y , we

w i s h e d t o a s c e r t a i n w h e t h e r r e l a t i o n s e x i s t e d b e t w e e nt h e t h r e a t o f j o b l o s s o r f u t u r e u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d

c h a n g e s i n r i s k f a c t o r s f o r c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e( n a m e l y , i n r e s p e c t o f b l o o d p r e s s u r e , t r e a t m e n t f o rb l o o d p r e s s u r e , b l o o d l i p i d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , b o d yw e i g h t , h a e m o g l o b i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n , a n d g l u c o s e t o l e r -a n c e a s w e l l a s s u c h l i f e s t y l e f a c t o r s a s s m o k i n g , a l c o h o li n t a k e , a n d d i e t a r y h a b i t s ) . S e c o n d l y , we w i s h e d t o s e e

w h e t h e r m e n t a l s t r e s s a n d s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e w e r er e l a t e d t o a n d m i g h t e x p l a i n p o s s i b l e c h a n g e s i n r i s k

- f a c t o r s f o r c o r o n a r y h e a r t d i s e a s e . The s t u d y g r o u pc o n s i s t e d o f 7 1 5 m a l e w o r k e r s a t a s h i p y a r d i n M a l m oi n s o u t h e r n S w e d e n who h a d b e e n f o l l o w e d u p f o r s i xy e a r s . T h e f i r s t e x a mi na ti o ns t o o k p l a c e d u r i n g ap e r i o d o f r e l a t i v e e c o n o m i c s t a b i l i t y f o r t h e c o m p a n ya n d t h e s e c o n d d u r i n g i t s c l o s u r e p h a s e .

S u b j e c t s a n d m e t h o d s

EMPLOYMENT SETTING

K o c k u m s A B , M a l m o , i s a s h i p b u i l d i n g y a r d , w h i c hu n t i l J u n e 1 9 8 8 c o n s i s t e d o f a m e r c a n t i l e s i d e a n d an a v a l s i d e ( K o c k u m s M a r i n e , p r o d u c i n g s u b m a r i n e s ) .O n l y d a y s h i f t s w e r e w o r k e d a t t h e y a r d . T h e d e c l i n e o ft h e S w e d i s h s h i p b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y b e g a n a t t h e e n d o ft h e 1 9 7 0 s , a n d K o c k u m s w a s t h e l a s t e x i s t i n g y a r dp r o d u c i n g new v e s s e l s . I n F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 6 t h e g o v e r n -

BM J VOLUME 3 0 1 8 SEPTEMBER 1 9 9 0

D e p a r t m e n t o f M e d i c i n e ,U n i v e r s i t y o f L u n d ,S e c t i o n f o r P r e v e n t i v e

M e d i c i n e , M a l m o G e n e r a lH o s p i t a l , S - 2 1 4 0 1 M a l m o ,Sweden

I n g r i d M a t t i a s s o n , P H D ,

r e g i s t r a r

F o l k e L i n d g a r d e , P H D , s e n i o rr e g i s t r a r

D e p a r t m e n t o f S t a t i s t i c sa n d D a t a P r o c e s s i n g ,Malmo G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l ,S - 2 1 4 0 1 M a l m o , S w e d e nJ a n A k e N i l s s o n , B A ,s t a t i s t i c i a n

N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o rP s y c h o s o c i a l F a c t o r s a n dH e a l t h , K a r o l i n s k a

I n s t i t u t e , S - 1 0 4 0 1S t o c k h o l m , S w e d e nT o r e s T h e o r e l l , P H D ,p r o f e s s o r

C o r r e s p o n d e n c e t o :Dr I n g r i d M a t t i a s s o n ,

D e p a r t m e n t o f M e d i c i n e ,M a l m o G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l ,S - 2 1 4 0 1 M a l m o , S w e d e n .

BrMed7 1 9 9 0 ; 3 0 1 : 4 6 1 - 6

4 6 1

Page 2: Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

7/30/2019 Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/threat-of-unemployment-and-cardiovascular-risk-factors 2/6

m e n t d e c i d e d t h a t t h e m e r c a n t i l e s i d e o f Kockums

s h o u l d b e c l o s e d , e m p l o y e e s b e i n g g i v e n a d v a n c e

n o t i c e i n M a r c h . F i n a l n o t i c e w a s g i v e n i n J a n u a r y

1 9 8 7 , d i f f e r e n t d u r a t i o n s o f s ev e r an c e l e a v e b e i n g

g r a n t e d ( f i g 1 ) . O w i n g t o e x p e r i e n c e f r o m t h e c l o s u r e o f

o t h e r s h i p y a r d s g o v e r n m e n t s u p p o r t f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f

n e w j o b s w a s s u b s t a n t i a l . P e o p l e who c o u l d b e r e -e m p l o y e d i n K o c k u m s M a r i n e a n d t h o s e wh o w o u l d

b e o f f e r e d e a r l y r e t i r e m e n t w e r e i n f o r m e d . P e r s o n n e l

a g e d 5 8 - 3 y e a r s o r m o r e w e r e o f f e r e d e a r l y r e t i r e m e n to n f u l l p a y f o r t h e f i r s t 2 1 m o n t h s a nd 95% o f t h e i r

w a g e s f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g t i m e u n t i l t h e y r e a c h e d t h en o r m a l r e t i r e m e n t a g e o f 6 5 ; a l l e m p l o y e e s i n t h i s a g e

g r o u p a c c e p t e d , m a i n l y b e c a u s e o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y f o ro l d e r p e o p l e i n f i n d i n g n e w j o b s . T h e r e m a i n i n g

p e r s o n n e l f a c e d a n u n c e r t a i n f u t u r e f o r v a r y i n g p e r i o d sd u r i n g 1 9 8 7 ; i n t h e e v e n t m o s t o b t a i n e d n e w j o b sw i t h i n a y e a r a n d b e f o r e t h e i r e m p l o y m e n t a t Kockumsh a d e n d e d .

S TU DY GROUP

O f t h e 2 5 8 8 e m p l o y e e s i n O c t o b e r 1 9 8 6 , 1 3 8 4 men

h a d b e e n b o r n b e t w e e n 1 9 2 6 a n d 1 9 4 9 a n d l i v e d i n t h ec i t y o f M a l m o . A l l w e r e i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n ah e a l t h s c r e e n i n g p r o g r a m m e a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t o f

m e d i c i n e , s e c t i o n f o r p r e v e n t i v e m e d i c i n e , M a l m o

G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l . O f t h e s e 1 3 8 4 m e n , 1 1 8 1 b e l o n g e d t oa g e c o h o r t s t h a t h a d a l r e a d y b e e n s c r e e n e d . The

i n v i t a t i o n w a s i n t h e u s u a l s t a n d a r d i s e d f o r m u s e d f o rt h e s c r e e n i n g p r o g r a m m e , a n d n o i n d i c a t i o n w a s g i v e nt h a t u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t e m p l o y m e n t w a s t h e r e a l r e a s o n

f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . T h e e x a m i n a t i o n s s t a r t e d i nM a r c h 1 9 8 7 a n d e n d e d i n J a n u a r y 1 9 8 8 . O f t h e1 0 1 6 ( 7 3 - 4 % ) me n who a c c e p t e d t h e i n v i t a t i o n , 8 5 4

b e l o n g e d t o a g e c o h o r t s t h a t h a d b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e dp r e v i o u s l y , a n d f o r 7 1 5 ( 8 3 7 % ) o f t h e s e me n d a t a f r o m

a t l e a s t o n e e a r l i e r h e a l t h s c r e e n i n g s i n c e 1 9 7 6 w e r e

a v a i l a b l e .

CONTROLS

C o n t r o l s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s c r e e n i n g p r o -

g r a m m e d a t a b a s e b y r a n d o m s e l e c t i o n o f 3 3 2p r e v i o u s l y s c r e e n e d men m a t c h e d f o r a g e w i t h t h e 1 1 8 1

s h i p y a r d w o r k e r s w h o h a d p r e v i o u s l y b e e n s c r e e n e d .To m i n i m i s e a n y e f f e c t o f s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n i n s e r u m

c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n r o u g h l y e v e r y f i f t h p e r s o n

t e s t e d i n a g i v e n a g e c o h o r t w a s s e l e c t e d a s a c o n t r o l .T h e s e 3 3 2 men w e r e t h e n e x t e n d e d t h e s a m e s c r e e n i n gi n v i t a t i o n , 2 6 1 ( 7 8 - 6 % ) a c c e p t i n g . T h e r e w e r e n o

e x c l u s i o n s , e m p l o y m e n t a t t h e s h i p y a r d b e i n g t h e s o l ee x c l u s i o n c r i t e r i o n . T h u s t h e 2 6 1 c o n t r o l s w e r e ar a n d o m s u b s a m p l e o f m a l e M a l m o r e s i d e n t s , c o m -

p a r a b l e w i t h t h e s t u d y p o p u l a t i o n w i t h r e g a r d t o a g e ,s c r e e n i n g h i s t o r y , a n d ( a s a g e c o h o r t s c r e e n i n g t a k e so n l y a f e w m o n t h s ) d u r a t i o n o f f o l l o w u p .

HEALTH EXAMINATIONSA g e c o h o r t h e a l t h s c r e e n i n g h a s b e e n p e r f o r m e d a t

t h e p r e v e n t i v e m e d i c i n e s e c t i o n o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t o fm e d i c i n e a t M a l m o G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l s i n c e 1 9 7 4 .C o n s e c u t i v e , m a i n l y m i d d l e a g e d s u b j e c t s b o r n d u r i n g1 9 2 1 t o 1 9 4 9 ( a g e a t s c r e e n i n g 2 9 t o 6 1 ) h a v e b e e n

i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e . I n a l l , o v e r 4 0 0 0 0 h e a l t he x a m i n a t i o n s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t . S i x a g e c o h o r t sh a v e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d t w i c e . T h e a v e r a g e p a r t i c i -p a t i o n r a t e i s 7 5 % . T h e s c r e e n i n g p r o c e d u r e h a sb e e n d e s c r i b e d . ' 0 A r e l a t i v e w e i g h t i n d e x ( a c t u a l / i d e a lw e i g h t ) i s c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o s t a n d a r d i s e d w e i g h tt a b l e s . " B l o o d p r e s s u r e i s m e a s u r e d w i t h t h e p a t i e n ts u p i n e a f t e r 1 0 m i n u t e s ' r e s t . I n some a g e c o h o r t sa n o r a l g l u c o s e t o l e r a n c e t e s t ( 3 0 g g l u c o s e / m 2

b o d y s u r f a c e a r e a ) i s p e r f o r m e d , b l o o d g l u c o s e b e i n gm e a s u r e d f a s t i n g a n d a t 1 2 0 m i n u t e s .

T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s p e r f o r m e d i n t h e s a m e w a y a s

a n o r d i n a r y s c r e e n i n g e x c e p t t h a t , i n a d d i t i o n , p a r t i c i -

uz

C D)0

ET

0

0

z

2 0 0 '

1 0 0

6 - 2 ( S D 1 9 ) y e a r s

- OF e b 1 9 8 6

l o ! >- > 2 n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n

- - 1- -- -_>4 8 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8

M o n t h e

l s t i n v e s t i g a t o n ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )

F I G 1 - N u m b e r s o f e m p l o y e e s i n m e r c a n t i l e s i d e o f s h i p y a r d f r o m

F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 6 , w h e n d e c i s i o n t o c l o s e w a s m a d e , u n t i l d e f i n i t e c l o s u r ei n s u m m e r 1 9 8 8 . A r r o w s a b o v e p l o t i n d i c a t e s t a r t a n d f i n i s h o f f o l l o wu p e x a m i n a t i o n s . A r r o w s b e l o w g r a p h d e n o t e ( 1 ) g o v e r n m e n t d e c i s i o nt o c l o s e m e r c a n t i l e y a r d , ( 2 ) a d v a n c e n o t i c e t o e m p l o y e e s , ( 3 ) f i n a ln o t i c e o f i m p e n d i n g l a y o f f s

p a n t s a n s w e r e d a q u e s t i o n n a i r e d e s i g n e d t o e v a l u a t em u s c l e t e n s i o n , s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e , a n x i e t y , a n d

d e p r e s s i o n . T h e i n d i c e s f o r d e p r e s s i o n a n d a n x i e t yw e r e t r a n s l a t e d a n d a d a p t e d t o S w e d i s h c o n d i t i o n s

f r o m a s h o r t f o r m b a s e d o n f a c t o r a n a l y s i s o f t h eg e n e r a l h e a l t h q u e s t i o n n a i r e . ' 2 T h e s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e

i n d e x h a s b e e n u s e d i n s e v e r a l s t u d i e s . " 1 ' Th e m u s c l e

t e n s i o n i n d e x h a s b e e n u s e d a n d i t s p s y c h o m e t r i c

p r o p e r t i e s a n a l y s e d i n t w o r e c e n t s t u d i e s , i n w h i c hm u s c l e t e n s i o n w a s s h o w n t o b e r e l a t e d b o t h t ow o r k e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s a n d t o s u c h p h y s i o l o g i c a lv a r i a b l e s a s p l a s m a t e s t o s t e r o n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n . " " T h e

a p p e n d i x g i v e s d e t a i l s o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e . A l la n s w e r s w e r e s c o r e d " y e s " = 1 , " n o " = 0 . A s s c o r e s w e r e

c a l c u l a t e d o n l y f o r t h o s e who a n s w e r e d a l l o f a g i v e ng r o u p o f q u e s t i o n s t h e e x c l u s i o n r a t e w a s 1 1 % f o rm u s c l e t e n s i o n a n d b e l o w 1 0 % f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g

p s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s . T h e mean o v e r a l l e x c l u s i o nr a t e w a s 4 - 9 % .

STATISTICAL ME THODS

A l l s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s w e r e p e r f o r m e d w i t h t h es t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s s y s t e m MICROVAX I I . T h e f o l l o w -

i n g s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s w e r e u s e d : S t u d e n t ' s t t e s t ; Fs t a t i s t i c t o t e s t t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e v a r i a n c e s w e r e

e q u a l ; m u l t i p l e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n ; s t e p w i s e m u l t i p l el i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n ; a n a l y s e s o f c o v a r i a n c e ; x 2 t e s t ;P e a r s o n ' s p r o d u c t moment c o r r e l a t i o n ; S p e a r m a n ' s

r a n k c o r r e l a t i o n . V a l u e s a r e g i v e n a s m e a n s a n d o n e

s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n ( S D ) .

R e s u l t s

Mean a g e a t t h e s e c o n d e x a m i n a t i o n w a s 5 1 - 6 ( 6 0 )y e a r s ( r a n g e 3 7 - 9 - 6 1 6 ) i n t h e s t u d y g r o u p a n d 5 1 - 2( 6 3 ) y e a r s ( r a n g e 3 7 6 - 6 1 - 0 ) i n t h e c o n t r o l s . T h e mean

i n t e r v a l s b e t w e e n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d s c r e e n i n g s i nt h e t w o g r o u p s w e r e 6 - 2 ( 1 9 ) a n d 6 - 4 ( 1 9 ) y e a r s

r e s p e c t i v e l y . A t o t a l o f 2 9 0 ( 4 0 6 % ) me n i n t h e s t u d yg r o u p h a d c o m e t o S w e d e n a s a d u l t i m m i g r a n t s a s

c o m p a r e d w i t h o n l y 2 1 - ( 8 I 0 % ) o f t h e c o n t r o l s . A s t h i sd i s c r e p a n c y m i g h t h a v e a f f e c t e d t h e r e s u l t s w e a l s oa n a l y s e d v a l u e s i n n a t i v e S w e d e s a n d i m m i g r a n t s i n t h es t u d y g r o u p s e p a r a t e l y . I n r e s p o n s e t o t h e q u e s t i o n" H a v e y o u b e e n t h r e a t e n e d w i t h j o b l o s s ? " 4 2 8 ( 5 9 - 9 % )me n i n t h e s t u d y g r o u p a n d n i n e ( 3 - 4 % ) c o n t r o l sa n s w e r e d " y e s . "

T a b l e I s h o w s s o m e o f t h e b a s e l i n e v a l u e s r e c o r d e da t t h e f i r s t s c r e e n i n g i n t h e s t u d y a n d c o n t r o l g r o u p s .

T h e r e w e r e n o a p p r e c i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h eg r o u p s i n a n y v a r i a b l e w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f a s i g n i f i -c a n t l y h i g h e r f o r c e d v i t a l c a p a c i t y a m o n g t h e c o n t r o l s .A n a l y s i s o f c h a n g e s i n v a l u e s a t t h e s e c o n d i n v e s t i g a -

t i o n , h o w e v e r , s h o w e d s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e nt h e g r o u p s i n t w o v a r i a b l e s . S e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n s h a d i n c r e a s e d more i n t h e s t u d y g r o u p , a n d

s e r u m c a l c i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a d d e c r e a s e d i n b o t h

BM J VOLUME 3 0 1 8 SEPTEMBER 1 9 9 04 6 2

Page 3: Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

7/30/2019 Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/threat-of-unemployment-and-cardiovascular-risk-factors 3/6

g r o u p s b u t t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t i n t h e s t u d y g r o u p ( t a b l eI ) . T h e t w o g r o u p s w e r e c o m p a r a b l e w i t h r e g a r d t oc h a n g e s i n t r i c e p s s k i n f o l d t h i c k n e s s , e r y t h r o c y t e s e d i -m e n t a t i o n r a t e , w h i t e c e l l c o u n t , u r a t e a n d c r e a t i n i n ec o n c e n t r a t i o n s , a s p a r t a t e a n d a l a n i n e a m i n o t r a n s f e r a s e

a c t i v i t i e s , a n d p u l s e r a t e .C h a n g e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n s c o r e s

f o r a n t i h y p e r t e n s i v e t r e a t m e n t , a l c o h o l i n t a k e , a n d

s m o k i n g a n a l y s e d b y x 2 t e s t s h o w e d n o s i g n i f i c a n td i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e g r o u p s ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) .

N u t r i t i o n s c o r e s a t t h e s e c o n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s u g g e s t e d

t h a t t h e c o n t r o l s h a d s o m e w h a t b e t t e r d i e t a r y h a b i t st h a n t h e s t u d y g r o u p ( 4 7 ( 1 - 8 ) v 4 4 ( I 7 ) ; p=0 0 4 . )

PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES

T a b l e I I g i v e s t h e mean v a l u e s f o r s o m e r e l e v a n tp s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s o b t a i n e d a t t h e s e c o n d h e a l t hs c r e e n i n g . T h e o n l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h es t u d y g r o u p a n d t h e c o n t r o l s w a s a h i g h e r mean v a l u ef o r s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e i n t h e s t u d y g r o u p ( p = 0 0 4 ) .T h e r e w a s a r e m a r k a b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n v a l u e s f o rp s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s b e t w e e n i m m i g r a n t s a n d n a t i v eS w e d e s i n t h e s t u d y g r o u p ( p < 0 0 0 0 1 f o r a l l f o u rv a r i a b l e s ) . N a t i v e S w e d e s i n t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p h a d

s l i g h t l y h i g h e r mean v a l u e s f o r t h e s e v a r i a b l e s t h a n h a d

n a t i v e S w e d e s i n t h e s t u d y g r o u p .

A l l me n i n t h es t u d y

g r o u p

a g e d5 8 3

y e a r so r more

( n = 1 0 6 ; 1 4 8 % ) a c c e p t e d e a r l y r e t i r e m e n t o n f u l l p a y .S c o r e s f o r m u s c l e t e n s i o n , s l e e p i n g p r o b l e m s , a n x i e t y ,a n d d e p r e s s i o n w e r e a l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r i n t h i ss u b g r o u p t h a n i n t h e y o u n g e r m e n . No s u c h a g e

r e l a t e d d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e f o u n d a m o n g t h e c o n t r o l s . I n

g e n e r a l t h e o l d e r c o n t r o l s h a d h i g h e r mean v a l u e s f o ra l l p s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s , t h e s c o r e f o r s l e e p d i s t u r b -a n c e b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n t h e s e me n ( t a b l e I I ) .M e n i n t h e s t u d y a n d c o n t r o l g r o u p s r e p o r t i n g

t h r e a t e n e d j o b l o s s h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r s c o r e s f o rs l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e , d e p r e s s i o n , a n d a n x i e t y t h a n o t h e r

me n ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) .

CHANGES I N SERUM CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS IN

RELATION T O LIFESTYLE AN D SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS

C h a n g e i n t h e s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n

was c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a g e i n a l l s u b j e c t s ( r , = - 0 1 6 7 ;

T A B L E i - C h a n g e s i n c l i n i c a l a n d l a b o r a t o r y v a l u e s i n s t u d y g r o u p a n d c o n t r o l s c o m p a r e d w i t h b a s e l i n ev a l u e s r e c o r d e d a t f i r s t s c r e e n i n g 6 - 2 ( S D 1 9 ) y e a r s p r e v i o u s l y . A l l v a l u e s a r e m e a n s ( S D )

S t u d y g r o u p ( n = 7 1 5 ) C o n t r o l s ( n = 2 6 1 )

B a s e l i n e v a l u e C h a n g e B a s e l i n e v a l u e C h a n g e

W e i g h t ( k g ) 7 6 - 3 ( 1 0 - 3 ) 1 - 8 ( 3 9 ) 7 7 - 4 ( 1 1 6 ) 1 - 7 ( 4 5 )A c t u a l / i d e a l w e i g h t 1 - 0 9 ( 0 - 1 3 ) 0 - 0 3 ( 0 - 0 6 ) 1 - 0 7 ( 0 - 1 5 ) 0 - 0 3 ( 0 - 0 6 )S y s t o l i c b l o o d p r e s s u r e ( m m H g ) 1 2 4 - 4 ( 1 2 - 8 ) -2 0 ( 1 3 1 ) 1 2 4 - 7 ( 1 2 - 8 ) - 2 - 2 ( 1 4 - 1 )D i a s t o l i c b l o o d p r e s s u r e (mm H g ) 8 4 - 6 ( 8 3 ) - 0 - 1 ( 8 0 ) 8 3 - 7 ( 8 - 6 ) 0 - 6 ( 8 - 0 )H a e m o g l o b i n ( g / l ) 1 4 7 - 4 ( 9 - 0 ) 1 - 7 ( 7 7 ) 1 4 7 - 8 ( 9 - 3 ) 1 0 ( 7 1 )C a l c i u m ( m m o l / l ) 2 3 9 ( 0 - 0 9 ) - 0 - 0 6 ( 0 - 1 0 ) 2 - 3 9 ( 0 0 8 ) - 0 - 0 8 ( 0 - 0 9 ) * *C h o l e s t e r o l ( m m o l / l ) 5 - 5 4 ( 1 0 0 ) 0 - 2 5 ( 0 - 6 8 ) 5 6 7 ( 1 - 0 3 ) 0 o 0 8 ( 0 6 6 ) * * *T r i g l y c e r i d e s ( m m o l / 1 ) 1 3 8 ( 0 - 8 1 ) -0 0 1 ( 0 8 3 ) 1 4 5 ( 0 8 6 ) - 0 - 1 0 ( 0 - 7 3 )y - G l u t a m y l t r a n s f e r a s e ( [ t k a t / 1 ) 0 - 5 4 ( 0 - 5 1 ) - 0 - 0 1 ( 0 - 4 8 ) 0 - 5 4 ( 0 - 4 2 ) - 0 - 0 0 2 ( 0 - 4 6 )F a s t i n g g l u c o s e ( m m o l / 1 ) 498 ( 0 7 1 ) 008 ( 0 7 7 ) 4 9 4 ( 0 7 4 ) 005 ( 1 - 1 7 )G l u c o s e 1 2 0 m i n a f t e r l o a d i n g ( m m o l I l ) t 5 0 6 ( 1 7 0 ) 0 3 2 ( 1 - 6 1 ) 5 1 7 ( 1 - 2 4 ) 0 - 2 7 ( 2 2 0 )F o r c e d v i t a l c a p a c i t y ( 1 ) 4 4 6 ( 0 - 8 7 ) - 0 - 2 4 ( 0 - 7 3 ) 4 - 7 4 ( 0 - 9 2 ) * * * -0 2 2 ( 0 - 7 7 )

* * p < 0 0 1 , * * * p <0 0 0 1 C o m p a r e d w i t h s t u d y g r o u p.

t G l u c o s e l o a d i n g t e s t ' g i v e n to 4 9 0 m e n i n s t u d y g r o u p a n d 1 7 0 c o n t r o l s .

T A B L E i i i - C h a n g e s i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s c o m p a r e dw i t h b a s e l i n e v a l u e s r e c o r d e d a t f i r s t s c r e e n i n g i n s t u d y g r o u p a n dc o n t r o l s s u b d i v i d e d b y a g e a n d ( s t u d y g r o u p o n l y ) n a t i v e o r i g i n . V a l u e sa r e m e a n s ( S D )

S e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l( m m o l l l )

A g e( y e a r s ) No B a s e l i n e C h a n g e p V a l u e *

S t u d y g r o u p :

N a t i v e S w e d e s { < 5 8 - 3 3 4 6 5 - 5 7 ( 1 - 0 5 ) 0 - 2 5 ( 0 7 0 ) 0 . 0 9 4> d 8 - 3 7 9 5 7 8 ( 1 0 ) 0 - 1 0 ( 0 6 8 )

I m m i g r a n t s< 5 8 - 3 2 6 3 5 - 4 4 ( 0 - 9 5 ) 0 - 3 2 ( 0 - 6 7 ) 0 . 0 3 5a5 8 - 3 2 7 5 4 9 ( 0 - 8 8 ) 0 - 0 4 ( 0 5 0 )

C o n t r o l s f < 5 8 - 3 2 2 1 5 6 1 ( 1 0 5 ) 0 - 0 6 ( 0 - 6 9 ) 0 . 3 4C l 5 8 . 3 4 0 6 - 0 0 ( 0 - 9 4 ) 0 - 1 5 ( 0 - 4 9 )

* F o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n c h a n g e b e t w e e n a g e g r o u p s ( a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e ) .

p < 0 0 0 0 1 ) . A l l me n i n t h e s t ud y g r o u p a g e d 5 8 - 3 y e a r so r more k n e w a t t h e t i m e o f s c r e e n i n g t h a t t h e y w o u l db e g i v e n e a r l y r e t i r e m e n t o n f u l l p a y i n s t e a d o f neww o r k . T h e mean c h a n g e s i n t h e s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o lc o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e s e me n w a s 0 0 9 m m o l / l . By

c o n t r a s t , y o u n g e r me n i n t h e s t ud y g r o u p h a d a mean

c h a n g e o f 0 - 2 8 m m o l / l i n t h e i r s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o lc o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( p = 0 0 0 7 ) . Among t h e c o n t r o l s t h e r ew a s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e a g e g r o up s .

Of a l l 9 7 6 me n i n t h e s t u d y a n d c o n t r o l g r o u p s , 4 3 7

( 4 4 - 8 % ) r e p o r t e d b e i n g t h r e a t e n e d w i t h u n e m p l o y -m e n t . T h e s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n r o s eb y 0 - 2 8 m m o l / l i n t h e s e me n a s c o m p a r e d w i t h0 - 1 5 m m o l / l i n t h e r e m a i n d e r ( p = 0 0 0 4 ) .

T a b l e I I I s h o w s t h e c h a n g e s i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o lc o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n n a t i v e S w e d e s a n d i m m i g r a n t s i n t h es t u d y g r o u p a n d i n t h e c o n t r o l s s u b d i v i d e d b y a g e . I nt h e t o t a l g r o u p t h e mean c h a n g e i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o lc o n c e n t r a t i o n s w a s 0 - 1 6 ( 0 6 9 ) m m o l / l i n n a t i v eS w e d e s a n d 0 - 2 9 ( 0 - 6 5 ) m m o l / l i n i m m i g r a n t s( p = 0 0 0 5 ) . I n a n a n a l y s i s o f c o v a r i a n c e i n c l u d i n gs t u d y g r o u p v c o n t r o l s a s w e l l a s n a t i v e S w e d e s v

i m m i g r a n t s t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n -t r a t i o n s w a s s i g n i f i c a n t o n l y b e t w e e n t h e s t ud y g r o u p

a n d t h e c o n t r o l s ( p = 0 0 0 5 ) . I n n e i t h e r t h e s t u d y g r o u p

n o r t h e c o n t r o l s w a s t h e c h a n g e i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o lc o n c e n t r a t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h n u t r i t i o n o r

a l c o h o l i n t a k e s c o r e o r c h a n g e i n a l c o h o l i n t a k e s c o r e

b e t w e e n t h e t w o i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . C h a n g e i n n u t r i t i o ns c o r e c o u l d n o t b e c o m p u t e d a s some q u e s t i o n s w e r e

n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e a t t h e f i r s t s c r e e n i n gf o r t h e w h o l e g r o u p .

T h e 1 5 3 m e m b e r s o f t h e s t u d y g r o u p w h o a n s w e r e d

' ' y e s " t o t h e q u e s t i o n " H a v e y o u e v e r r e c e i v e d d i e t a r ya d v i c e ? " h a d a s i g n i f i c a n t l y s m a l l e r i n c r e a s e i n s e r u m

c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( 0 0 4 m m o l / l ) t h a n t h o s ew h o a n s w e r e d " n o " ( 0 - 2 4 m m o l / l ) ( p = 0 0 0 1 ) . I n

m u l t i p l e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s w i t h c h a n g e i ns e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n a s t h e d e p e n d e n tv a r i a b l e a n d i n c l u d i n g a g e , g r o u p , n a t i v e o r i g i n ,

d i e t a r y a d v i c e , n u t r i t i o n s c o r e , t h r e a t o f u n e m p l o y -m e n t , a n d s c o r e s f o r a l c o h o l i n t a k e a n d s m o k i n g t h ev a r i a b l e s a g e , g r o u p ( s h i p y a r d w o r k e r s v c o n t r o l s ) , a n d

d i e t a r y a d v i c e w e r e f o u n d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e dw i t h c h a n g e i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l v a l u e .

T A B L E i I - S c o r e s f o r p s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s a n d a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n r e c o r d e d a t s e c o n d s c r e e n i n g i n s t u d y g r o u p a n d c o n t r o l s s u b d i v i d e d b y a g e a n d ( s t u d y g r o u p o n l y ) n a t i v e o r i g i n .S c o r e s e x p r e s s e d a s m e a n s ( S D )

S t u d y g r o u p C o n t r o l s

N a t i v e A g e < 5 8 - 3 A g e ¢ 5 8 - 3 A g e < 5 8 - 3 A g e ¢ 5 8 - 3C o n t r o l s S t u d y g r o u p S w e d e s I m m i g r a n t s y e a r s y e a r s y e a r s y e a r s

( n = 2 6 1 ) ( n = 7 1 5 ) p V a l u e ( n = 4 2 5 ) ( n = 2 9 0 ) p V a l u e ( n = 6 0 9 ) ( n = 1 0 6 ) p V a l u e ( n = 2 2 1 ) ( n = 4 0 ) p V a lu e

P s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s :M u s c l e t e n s i o n

1 - 7 ( 2 - 1 ) 1 - 8 ( 2 2 )0 - 3 8

1 - 5 ( 1 - 8 )2

4 ( 2 5 ) 00 0 0 1

1 - 9 ( 2 - 2 ) 1 - 4 ( 1 - 7 )0 - 0 2

1 - 6 ( 2 - 0 ) 2 - 0 ( 2 2 ) 0 - 3 6S l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e 0 6 ( 0 9 ) 0 - 8 ( 1 - 0 ) 0 04 0 6 ( 0 9 ) 1 1 ( 1 1 ) 0 0 0 0 1 08(10) 0 5 ( 0 7 ) 0 0 0 0 1 06(09) 0 - 9 ( 1 - 0 ) 0 0 4D e p r e s s i o n 0 6 ( 1 1 ) 0 - 6 ( 1 - 0 ) 04 3 0 4 ( 0 9 ) 0 - 8 ( 1 - 1 ) 0 0 0 0 1 0 - 6 ( 1 - 1 ) 03(03) 0 0 0 0 1 0 - 6 ( 1 - 1 ) 06(06) 085A n x i e t y 0 - 8 ( 1 - 2 ) 0 - 8 ( 1 - 4 ) 0 - 3 8 0 - 6 ( 1 - 1 ) 1 - 3 ( 1 - 7 ) 0 0 0 0 1 0 - 9 ( 1 - 5 ) 0 5 ( 0 - 9 ) 0 O 0 0 0 1 0 7 ( 1 2 ) 1 - 0 ( 0 9 ) 0 3 1A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n 1 - 2 ( 1 - 4 ) 1 - 1 ( 1 - 4 ) 0 3 9 1 - 1 ( 1 - 5 ) 1 - 0 ( 1 - 2 ) 0 0 9 1 - 1 ( 1 - 4 ) 0 - 7 ( 1 - 1 ) 0 0 0 0 7 1 - 2 ( 1 - 4 ) 1 . 1 ( 1 4 ) 0 - 7 2

B M J VOLUME 3 0 1 8 SEPTEMBER 1 9 9 0 4 6 3

Page 4: Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

7/30/2019 Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/threat-of-unemployment-and-cardiovascular-risk-factors 4/6

Page 5: Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

7/30/2019 Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/threat-of-unemployment-and-cardiovascular-risk-factors 5/6

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e w e r e a n a l y s e dd u r i n g a p e r i o d w h e n a f o r m e r l y s t a b l e s o u r c e o f

e m p l o y m e n t c h a n g e d i n t o o n e f r a u g h t w i t h t h e r i s k o f

j o b l o s s f o r m o s t o f t h e e m p l o y e e s . Of t h e v a r i a b l e ss t u d i e d , o n l y t h e c h a n g e s i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l a n d

c a l c i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s d i f f e r e d b e t w e e n t h e s t u d y

g r o u p a nd c o n t r o l s . T h e b i o l o g i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n o f t h ec o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l c h a n g e i n s e r u m c a l c i u m c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n i s d i f f i c u l t t o e v a l u a t e , e s p e c i a l l y a s s e r u m

a l b u m i n v a l u e s w e r e n o t m e a s u r e d . From a n e a r l i e rs t u d y w e know t h a t s e r u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f b o t h t o t a lc a l c i u m a n d i o n i s e d c a l c i u m d e c r e a s e w i t h a g e . ' 7

A l t h o u g h t h e o r e t i c a l l y a d i f f e r e n c e i n l i f e s t y l eb e t w e e n t h e g r o u p s m i g h t h av e b e e n a c o n f o u n d i n gf a c t o r , w e f o u n d n o e v i de nc e o f a n y d i f f e r e n c e i nd i e t , h i s t o r y o f h a v i n g r e c e i v e d n u t r i t i o n a l a d v i c e ,r e c r e a t i o n a l e x e r c i s e , o r a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n t h a tm i g h t e x p l a i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o lc o n c e n t r a t i o n s . T h e s e c t i o n f o r p r e v e n t i v e m e d i c i n e

r u n s a n i n t e r v e n t i o n p r o g r a m m e f o r p e o p le w i th h i g h

b l o o d l i p i d v a l u e s , h i g h b l o o d p r e s s u r e , a n d g l u c o s ei n t o l e r a n c e ; 6 4 ( 9 0 % ) men i n t h e s t u d y g r o u p a n d 3 0

( 1 1 - 5 % ) c o n t r o l s w e r e e n r o l l e d i n t h e p r o g r a m m e .W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n s t r e s s a n d

c h a n g e s i n p l a s m a l i p i d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h e r e h a v e b e e nn u m e r o u s r e p o r t s o f a n i n c r e a s e i n f r e e f a t t y a c i d a n db l o o d c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h

s t r e s s f u l e v e n t s ( r e v i e w e d b y D i n s d a l e a n d H e r d ' 8 ) . I no n e s t u dy b l o o d c h o l e s t e r o l v a l u e s w e r e f o u n d t o b e1 0 % h i g h e r i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h j o b l o s s t h a n w h e na new j o b w a s o b t a i n e d . ' 9 I n r a t s s t r e s s n o t o n l yi n c r e a s e d t h e t o t a l s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n b u t

d e c r e a s e d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f h i g h d e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i nc h o l e s t e r o l s i g n i f i c a n t l y . 2 " T h e s e c h a n g e s s e e m e d t o b em e d i a t e d b y e n d o g e n o u s o p i o i d s . I n a S w e d i s h s t u d y

o f u n e m p l o y e d women s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n s w e r e f o u n d t o b e i n c r e a s e d f o r e i g h t m o n t h s a f t e rj o b l o s s a n d h i g h d e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i n c h o l e s t e r o l v a l u e st o b e d e c r e a s e d . 2 ' T h u s c h a n g e i n t h e a t h e r o g e n i ci n d e x i s g r e a t e r t h a n c a n b e e x p l a i n e d b y a n i n c r e a s e i nt o t a l c h o l e s t e r o l a l o n e . On t h e b a s i s o f m u l t i p l e r i s kf a c t o r i n t e r v e n t i o n t r i a l d a t a 2 2 t h e v a l u e s t h a t we

o b t a i n e d f o r t h e i n c r e a s e i n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n -t r a t i o n s i n t h e s h i p y a r d w o r k e r s w e r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h

a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e r e l a t i v e r i s k o f d e a t h d u e t o c o r o n a r yh e a r t d i s e a s e f r o m 1 - 8 4 t o 2 2 0 e v e n w i t h o u t t a k i n gi n t o a c c o u n t t h e p o s s i b l e a g g r a v a t i n g e f f e c t o f ad e c r e a s e i n h i g h d e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i n c h o l e s t e r o l .

A l t h o u g h c h o l e s t e r o l s e e m e d t o b e t h e m o s t s e n s i t i v es t r e s s i n d i c a t o r i n t h i s s t u d y , t h e r e w e r e p o s i t i v ec o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n c h a n g e i n c h o l e s t e r o l v a l u e s a n d

c h a n g e s i n b l o o d p r e s s u r e , t r i g l y c e r i d e v a l u e s , a n dh a e m o g l o b i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( t a b l e I V ) . S u r p r i s i n g l y ,g l u c o s e t o l e r a n c e d i d n o t s e e m t o c h a n g e w i t h c h a n g e s

i n c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n , n o r d i d u r a t e v a l u e s .P l a i n l y , h o w e v e r , p e o p le w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e i nc h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a l s o h a v e a d e t e r i o r a t i o n i nt h e o v e r a l l r i s k f a c t o r p r o f i l e t h a t i s n o t a t a l l n e g l i g i b l e .

I n s t e p w i s e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s c h a n g e i n h a e m o -g l o b i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n e x p l a i n e d m o s t o f t h e c h a n g e i nt h e s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n . O t h e r s t u d i e sh a v e s h o w n a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o la n d s e r u m h a e m o g l o b i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n c a s e s o fs i d e r o p e n i c a n a e m i a . 2 3 D a t a o n h e a l t h y p e o p l e a r es p a r s e , b u t i n o n e s m a l l s e r i e s s u c h a c o r r e l a t i o n w a sa l s o f o u n d i n y o u n g h e a l t h y a d u l t s o f b o t h s e x e s . 2 4 Too u r k n o w l e d g e n o p r e v i o u s d a t a h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e do n t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c h a n g e s i n t h e s e t w o v a r i a b l e si n h e a l t h y m e n .

T h e r e w a s a h i g h e r f r e q u e n c y o f s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e i nt h e s t u d y g r o u p t h a n a m o n g t h e c o n t r o l s . S c o r e s f o rs l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e w e r e

s i g n i f i c a n t l yc o r r e l a t e d w i t h

c h a n g e i n c h o l e s t e r o l v a l u e s b o t h i n u n i v a r i a t e a n a l y s i sa n d i n s t e p w i s e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s . I n s e v e r a l l a r g es c a l e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t u d i e s t h e r i s k o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r

m o r b i d i t y a n d m o r t a l i t y w a s f o u n d t o b e i n c r e a s e da m o n g s u b j e c t s r e p o r t i n g s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e o r d a y t i m e

f a t i g u e ( r e v i e w e d b y S i e g r i s t 2 5 ) . S l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e

s e e m s t o b e a s e n s i t i v e i n d i c a t o r o f c h r on i c o r s u b a c u t e

s o c i o e c o n o m i c d i s t r e s s s u c h a s s t r e s s a t w o r k a n d p o o r

c o n t r o l o v e r o n e ' s o c c u p a t i o n a l s e t t i n g . 2 5 To o u r k n o w -l e d g e t h e r e h a v e b e e n n o o t h e r r e p o r t s o f a r e l a t i o nb e t w e e n s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e a n d a n i n c r e a s e d s e r u m

c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n . A f o l l o w u p s t u d y i s n e e d e d

t o s e e w h e t h e r t h i s i n c r e a s e i s i m p o r t a n t f o r f u t u r e

c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e v e n t s .I n c o n c l u s i o n we f o u n d i n d i c a t i o n s o f a r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n t h e i m m i n e n t r i s k o f j o b l o s s a n d i n c r e a s e si n t h e s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n a c o h o r t o f

m a l e s h i py ar d w o r k e r s . T h e i n c r e a s e s w e r e m o r e

p r o n o u n c e d i n men w i t h s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e a n d i ni m m i g r a n t s a n d a l m o s t n o n - e x i s t e n t a m o n g me n who

w e r e o f f e r e d e a r l y r e t i r e m e n t o n f u l l p a y . M e n w i t h

i n c r e a s e d s e r u m c h o l e s t e r o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a l s o m a n i -

f e s t e d i n c r e a s e s i n o t h e r e s t a b l i s h e d r i s k f a c t o r s f o rc a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e , w h i c h m i g h t p a r t l y e x p l a i n t h eh i g h m o r t a l i t y i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h u n e m p l o y m e n t a n d

s l e e p d i s tu r b an c e r e po r t ed i n e a r l i e r e p i d e m i o l o g i c a ls t u d i e s .

We t h a n k t h e e x e c u t i v e d i r e c t o r a n d t h e s t a f f o f t h ep e r s o n n e l d e p a r t m e n t a t Kockums AB f o r t h e i r g e n e r o u s h e l p

i n t h e e x e c u t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y . T h e s t u d y w a s s u p p o r t e d b yg r a n t s f r o m t h e S w e d i s h Work E n v i r o n m e n t F u n d .

A p p e n d i x

DETAILS OF QUESTIONNAIRE ASSESSING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND

PSYCHOSOCIAL VARIABLES

M u s c l e t e n s i o n - T h e s e c t i o n o n m u s c l e t e n s i o n a s k e d 1 1q u e s t i o n s : "Do y o u o f t e n s t r a i n y o u r n e c k , y o u r s h o u l d e r s ,y o u r e y e s , y o u r b r o w , y o u r s t o m a c h ? " "Do y o u o f t e n h o l d

y o u r b r e a t h ? g r i p t o o l s h a r d e r t h a n n e c e s s a r y ? b i t e y o u r

t e e t h ? g r i n d y o u r t e e t h ? p e r c h o n a c h a i r r e a d y t o l e a v e ? f e e lo u t o f b r e a t h ? "

S l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e - T h e s e c t i o n o n s l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e a s k e d

f o u r q u e s t i o n s : " H a v e y o u d u r i n g t h e l a s t s i x m o n t h s

h a d d i f f i c u l t y i n w a k i n g u p ? n i g h t m a r e s ? t i r e d n e s s d u r i n gw o r k i n g h o ur s ? t i r e d n e s s o f t h e e y e s ? "

D e p r e s s i o n - T h e s e c t i o n o n d e p r e s s i o n a s k e d s e v e n q u e s -

t i o n s : "Do y o u f e e l t h a t y o u r l i f e i s m e a n i n g l e s s ? " " H a v e y o u

w i s h e d t o b e d e a d ? " " H a v e y o u b e e n u n a b l e t o s l e e p b e c a u s e

o f b r o o d i n g ? " "Do y o u f e e l a s i f y o u a r e c a r r y i n g a h e a v yb u r d e n ? " "Do y o u t h i n k t h a t y o u a r e a n u n i m p o r t a n t

p e r s o n ? " " H a v e y o u t h o u g h t o f s u i c i d e ? " "Do y o u t h i n k t h a tl i f e i s h o p e l e s s ? "

A n x i e t y - T h e s e c t i o n o n a n x i e t y a s k e d s i x q u e s t i o n s : "D o

y o u o f t e n f e e l b a d t e m p e r e d ? " " H a v e y o u w o r r i e d o r f e l tp a n i c k y w i t h o u t r e a s o n ? " "Do y o u a l w a y s f e e l n e r v o u s o rw o r r i e d ? " "Do y o u s o m e t i m e s f e e l t o o n e r v o u s t o b e a b l e t o d o

a n y t h i n g ? " "Do y o u f e e l t h a t y o u a r e u n d e r p r e s s u r e ? " "D o

y o u h av e d i f f i c u l t y g o i n g t o s l e e p ? "N u t r i t i o n s c o r e - D i e t a r y h a b i t s w e r e e v a l u a t e d b y e i g h t

q u e s t i o n s - f o r e x a m p l e , "Do y o u e a t v e g e t a b l e s d a i l y ? " "Do

y o u p r e f e r w h i t e b r e a d ? " A h i g h s c o r e i n d i c a t e d g o o d d i e t a r yh a b i t s .

A l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n w a s e v a l u a t e d b y a m o d i f i e d v e r s i o no f t h e M i c h i g a n a l c o h o l s c r e e n i n g t e s t (MAST) d e s c r i b e d b y

K r i s t e n s s o n a n d T r e l l . 2 " T h e t e s t c o m p r i s e s n i n e q u e s t i o n sa b o u t d r i n k i n g h a b i t s - f o r e x a m p l e , "Do y o u f e e l t h a t y o u

s h o u l d d e c r e a s e y o u r i n t a k e o f a l c o h o l ? " "Do y o u u s u a l l yd r i n k a b o t t l e o f w i n e a t w e e k e n d s ? " "Do y o u u s u a l l y t a k e ad r i n k b e f o r e y o u g o t o a p a r t y ? " "Do y o u t a k e a d r i n k o rt w o d a i l y t o r e l a x ? " A h i g h s c o r e i n d i c a t e s a h i g h a l c o h o li n t a k e .

1 B r e n n e r MH. E c o n o m i c c h a n g e , a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n a n d h e a r t d i s e a s em o r t a l i t y i n n i n e i n d u s t r i a l i z e d c o u n t r i e s . So c S c i M e d 1 9 8 7 ; 2 5 : 1 1 9 - 3 2 .

2 S t a r r i n B , L a r s s o n G , B r e n n e r S O . R e g i o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n c a r d i o v a s c u l a rm o r t a l i t y i n S w e d e n - s t r u c t u r a l v u l n e r a b i l i t y i n t h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y .

So c S c i M e d 1 9 8 8 ; 2 7 : 9 1 1 - 7 .

3 M o s e r K A , G o l d b l a t t P O , F o x A J , J o n e s DR . U n e m p l o y m e n t a n d m o r t a l i t y :c o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e 1 9 7 1 a n d 1 9 8 1 l o n g i t u d i n a l s t u d y c e n s u s s a m p l e .BrMedj 1 9 8 7 ; 2 9 4 : 8 6 - 9 0 .

4 B e a l e N , N e t h e r c o t t S . J o b l o s s a n d h e a l t h - t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a g e a n d p r e v i o u s

m o r b i d i t y . J R C o l l G e n P r a c t 1 9 8 6 ; 3 6 : 2 6 1 - 4 .

BMJ VOLUME 3 0 1 8 SEPTEM BER 1 9 9 0 4 6 5

Page 6: Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

7/30/2019 Threat of Unemployment and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/threat-of-unemployment-and-cardiovascular-risk-factors 6/6

5 S m i t h R . " H e n e v e r g o t o v e r l o s i n g h i s j o b " : d e a t h o n t h e d o l e . B r M e d J1 9 8 5 ; 2 9 1 : 1 4 9 2 - 5 .

6 S m i t h R . " I ' m j u s t n o t r i g h t " : t h e p h y s i c a l h e a l t h o f t h e u n e m p l o y e d . B r M e d J 7

1 9 8 5 ; 2 9 1 : 1 6 2 6 - 9 .7 S a b r o e S , I v e r s e n L . U n e m p l o y m e n t , s o c i a l s u p p o r t , p s y c h o l o g i c a l w e l l - b e i n g

a n d p s y c h o s o m a t i c s y m p t o m s . I n : S t a r r i n B , S v en s s on P G , W i n t e r b e r g e r

H , e d s . U n e m p l o y m e n t , p o v e r t y a n d q u a l i t y o f w o r ki n g l i fe - so m e E u r o p e a n

e x p e r i e n c e s . B e r l i n : E d i t i o n S i g m a ( i n p r e s s ) .8 K r i p k e DF, S i m o n s RN , G a r f i n k e l L , Hammond E C . S h o r t a n d l o n g s l e e p a n d

s l e e p i n g p i l l s . I s i n c r e a s e d m o r b i d i t y a s s o c i a t e d ? A r c h G e n P s y c h i a t r y1 9 7 9 ; 3 6 : 1 0 3 - 1 6 .

9 W i n g a r d DL , B e r k m a n L F . M o r t a l i t y r i s k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s l e e p i n g p a t t e r na m o n g a d u l t s . S l e e p 1 9 8 3 ; 6 : 1 0 2 - 7 .

1 0 B e r n t o r p K , T r e l l E , T h o r e l l J , Hood B . R e l a t i o n b e t w e e n p l a s m a i n s u l i n a n d

b l o o d g l u c o s e i n a c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n s t u d y o f t h e o r a l g l u c o s et o l e r a n c e t e s t . A c t a E n d o c r i n o l ( C o p e n h ) 1 9 8 3 ; 1 0 2 : 5 4 9 - 5 6 .

1 1 L i n d b e r g W, N a t v i g H , R y g h A , Sv e nd s en H , H o yd e - o c h v i k t u n d e r s o k e l s e rh o s v o k s n e menn o c h k v i n n e r . T i d s s h r N o r L a e g e f o r e n 1 9 5 6 ; 1 1 : 3 6 1 - 8 .

1 2 G o ld b er g D . M a n u a l o f t h e p e r s o n a l h e a l t h q u e s t i o n n a i r e . W i n d s o r : N a t i o n a l

F o u n d a t i o n f o r E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h , 1 9 7 8 .1 3 A k e r s t e d t T , G i l l b e r g M. E x p e r i m e n t a l l y d i s p l a c e d s l e e p . E f f e c t o n s l e e p i n e s s .

E l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r C l i n N e u r o p h y s i o l 1 9 8 2 ; 5 4 : 2 2 0 - 6 .1 4 A k e r s t e d t T , T o r s v a l l L , G i l l b e r g M. S l e e p i n e s s a n d s h i f t w o r k : f i e l d s t u d i e s .

S l e e p 1 9 8 2 ; 5 : 9 5 - 1 0 6 .1 5 T h e o r e l l T , A h l b e r g - H u l t h e n G , B e r g g r e n T , e t a l . A r b e t s m i l j o , l e v n a d s % v a n o r

o c h r i s k f o r h j a r t - k a r l s j u k d o m . S t o c k h o l m : N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r P s y c h o -

s o c i a l F a c t o r s a n d H e a l t h , K a r o l i n s k a I n s t i t u t e , 1 9 8 7 . ( S t r e s s r e s e a r c hr e p o r t No 1 9 5 . )

1 6 T h e o r e l l T , H a r m s - R i ng d a h l K , A h l b er g - H ul t h en G , W e s t i n B . P s y c h o s o c i a lj o b f a c t o r s a n d s y m p t o m s f r o m t h e s p i n e a n d j o i n t s - a m u l t i c a u s a l a n a l y s i s .S c a n d J 7 R e h a b i l M e d ( i n p r e s s ) .

1 7 L i n d g a r d e F . P o t e n t i o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s e r u m i o n i z e d c a l c i u m i n an o r m a l h u m a n p o p u l a t i o n . C l i n C h i m A c t a 1 9 7 2 ; 4 0 : 4 7 7 - 8 4 .

1 8 D i m s d a l e J E, H e r d J A . V a r i a b i l i t y o f p l a s m a l i p i d s i n r e s p o n s e t o e m o t i o n a la r o u s a l . P s v c h o s o n n Me d 1 9 8 2 ; 4 4 : 4 1 3 - 2 7 .

1 9 K a s I S , C o b b S , B r o o k s G . C h a n g e s i n s e r u m u r i c a c i d a n d c h o l e s t e r o l l e v e l s i nme n u n d e r g o i n g j o b l o s s . JAMA 1 9 6 8 ; 2 0 6 : 1 5 0 0 - 7 .

2 0 B r y a n t HU, S t o r y J A , ' Y i m G KW. A s s e s s m e n t o f e n d o g e n o u s o p i o i dm e d i a t i o n i n s t r e s s - i n d u c e d h y p e r c h o l e s t e r o l e m i a i n t h e r a t . P s v c h o s o m Me d1 9 8 8 ; 5 0 : 5 7 6 - 8 5 .

2 1 A r n e t z B B , B r e n n e r S O, H j e lm R , L e v i L , P e t t e r s s o n I . S t r e s s r e a c t i o n s t nr e l a t i w n t o t h r e a t o f j o b l o s s a n d a c t u a l u n e m p l o y i n t . S t o c k h o l m : N a t i o n a lI n s t i t u t e f o r P s y c h o s o c i a l F a c t o r s a n d H e a l t h , K a r o l i n s k a I n s t i t u t e , 1 9 8 8 .( S t r e s s r e s e a r c h r e p o r t No 2 0 6 . )

2 2 S t a m l e r J , W e n t w o r t h D , N e a t o n J D . I s r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s e r u mc h o l e s t e r o l a n d r i s k o f p r e m a t u r e d e a t h f r o m c o r o n a r y h e a r t d i s e a s ec o n t i n u o u s a n d g r a d e d ? _ J A M A 1 9 8 6 ; 2 5 6 : 2 8 2 3 - 8 .

2 3 O h i r a Y , E d g e r t o n R , G a r d n e r GW , S e n e w i r a t n e B . S e r u m l i p i d l e v e l s i n i r o nd e f i c i e n c y a n e m i a a n d e f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s t r e a t m e n t . J N u t r S c i V i t a m i n o l( T o k y o ) 1 9 8 0 ; 2 6 : 3 7 5 - 9 .

2 4 M ed ei r o s D , P e l l u m L , B r o w n B . S e r u m l i p i d s a n d g l u c o s e a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t hh a e m o g l o b i n l e v e l s a n d c o p p e r a n d z i n c i n t a k e i n y o u n g a d u l t s . L i f e S c i1 9 8 3 ; 3 2 : 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 0 4 .

2 5 S i e g r i s t J . S l e e p d i s t u r b a n c e s a n d c a r d i o v a s c u l a r r i s k : a b i o p s y c h o s o c i a la p p r o a c h . I n : P e t e r I H , P o d s t u s T , W i ch e rt P V , e d s . S l e e p r e l a t e d d i s o r d e r sa n d i n t e r n a l d i s e a s e . B e r l i n : S p r i n g e r , 1 9 8 7 : 1 7 3 - 8 2 .

2 6 K r i s t e n s s o n H , T r e l l E. I n d i c a t o r s o f a l c o h o l c o n s u m p t i o n . C o m p a r i s o n sb e t w e e n a q u e s t i o n n a i r e ( M n - M A S T ) , i n t e r v i e w s a n d s e r u m - g a m m a -g l u t a m y l t r a n s f e r a s e ( G G T ) i n a h e a l t h s u r v e y o f m i d d l e a g e d m a l e s .B r 7 A d d i c t 1 9 8 2 ; 7 7 : 2 9 7 - 3 0 4 .

( A c c e p t e d 1 9 J u n e 1 9 9 0 )

S t M a r y ' s H o s p i t a l ,M u m i a s , Kakamega

D i s t r i c t , K e n y aM K e u t e r , M D , c o n s u l t a n tp h y s i c i a nW i l f r e d a A N g w a w e , n u r s i n go f f i c e r i n c h a r g e

F r e e U n i v e r s i t y

o f A m s t e r d a m ,T he N e t h e r l a n d s

A n n e m i e k v a n G i j k , m e d i c a ls t u d e n tM a r j a n H o o g s t r a t e , m e d i c a ls t u d e n t

U n i v e r s i t y o f A m s t e r d a m ,A m s t e r d a m , T he

N e t h e r l a n d s

M a a r t e n R a a s v e l d , m e d i c a ls t u d e n tM a r c e l v a n d e r R e e , m e d i c a ls t u d e n t

W e l i c o m e T r us t R e s e a r c h

L a b o r a t o r i e s , N a i r o b i ,K e n y aW i l l i a m M W a t k i n s , P H D ,

i n t e r i m d i r e c t o r

C l i n i c a l R e s e a r c h C e n t r e ,

K e n y a M e d i c a l R e s e a r c hI n s t i t u t e , N a i r o b i , Kenya

J o a b B 0 W e re , M D , d i r e c t o r

D i v i s i o n o f P a r a s i t i cD i s e a s e s , C e n t e r f o rI n f e c t i o u s D i s e a s e s ,

C e n t e r s f o r D i s e a s e

C o n t r o l , A t l a n t a , G e o r g i a ,

U n i t e d S t a t e sA D a v i d B r a n d l i n g - B e n n e t t ,M D , v i s i t i n g s c i e n t i s t , C l i n i c a lR e s e a r c h C e n t r e

C o r r e s p o n d e n c e t o :

Dr M o n i q u e K e u t e r ,

D e p a r t m e n t o f I n t e n s i v eC a r e , S i n t R a d b o u d

Z i e k e n h u i s , PO B o x 9 1 0 1 ,6 5 0 0 HB N i j m e g e n ,T h e N e t h e r l a n d s .

B r M e d 3 ' 1 9 9 0 ; 3 0 1 : 4 6 6 - 7 0

C o m p a r i s o n o f c h l o r o q u i n e , p y r i m e t h a m i n e a n d s u l f a d o x i n e , a n dc h l o r p r o g u a n i l a n d d a p s o n e a s t r e a t m e n t f o r f a l c i p a r u m m a l a r i a i np r e g n a n t a n d n o n - p r e g n a n t w o m e n , K a k a m e g a d i s t r i c t , K e n y a

M o n i q u e K e u t e r , A n n e m i e k v a n E i j k , M a r j a n H o o g s t r a t e , M a a r t e n R a a s v e l d , M a r c e l v a n d e R e e ,

W i l f r e d a A N g w a w e , W i l l i a m M W a t k i n s , J o a b B 0 W e r e , A D a v i d B r a n d l i n g - B e n n e t t

A b s t r a c t

O b j e c t i v e - T o c o m p a r e t r e a t m e n t a n d p r o t e c t i o na g a i n s t f a l c i p a r u m m a l a r i a i n p r e g n a n t a n d n o n -

p r e g n a n t w o men w i t h t h r e e d r u g r e g i m e n s .

D e s i g n - P r o s p e c t i v e i n t e r v e n t i o n s t u d y w i t h s i xw e e k s ' f o l l o w u p . P a t i e n t s r e c e i v e d o n e o f t h r e e d r u gr e g i m e n s i n o r de r o f e n t r y .

S e t t i n g - P r i m a r y c a r e h o s p i t a l a n d s e c o n d a r y

g i r l s ' s c h o o l i n r u r a l w e s t e r n K e n y a .P a t i e n t s - 1 5 8 Of 9 8 8 p r e g n a n t w o m e n ( 8 9 p r i m i -

g r a v i d a n d 6 9 m u l t i g r a v i d ) i n t h e t h i r d t r i m e s t e r a n d1 0 5 o f 1 4 8 8 n o n - p r e g n a n t s c h o o l g i r l s o f r e p r o d u c t i v e

a g e w e r e p a r a s i t a e m i c ( m o r e t h a n 5 0 0 a s e x u a l

f o r m s / d . T h e s e w o m e n w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e

t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s b y g r a v i d s t a t e .I n t e r v e n t i o n s - W o m e n w e r e t r e a t e d w i t h c h l o r o -

q u i n e b a s e 2 5 m g / k g o v e r t h r e e d a y s o r p y r i m e t h a -m i n e 7 5 mg a n d s u l f a d o x i n e 1 5 0 0 mg a s a s i n g l e d o s e

o r c h l o r p r o g u a n i l 1 - 2 m g / k g a n d d a p s o n e 2 - 4 m g / k g

a s a s i n g l e d o s e .Main o u t c o m e m e a s u r e s - P a r a s i t a e m i a a n d

h a e m o g l o b i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s m e a s u r e d a t s e v e n d a y

i n t e r v a l s f o r s i x w e e k s .

R e s u l t s - P r i m i g r a v i d w o m e n w e r e m o r e l i k e l y t ob e p a r a s i t a e m i c o n f o l l o w u p t h a n m u l t i g r a v i d a s o r

n u l l i g r a v i d a s , w h o s e r e s p o n s e w a s a b o u t t h e s a m e .

P a r a s i t e s d i d n o t c l e a r b y d a y 7 i n p r i m i g r a v i d a s i n s i x( 2 0 % ) o f 3 0 w ho r e c e i v e d c h l o r o q u i n e , t h r e e ( 8 % ) o f

3 5 t r e a t e d w i t h p y r i m e t h a m i n e a n d s u l f a d o x i n e , a n dn o n e o f 2 3 t r e a t e d w i t h c h l o r p r o g u a n i l a n d d a p s o n e .

A t d a y 2 8 , 8 3 % , 1 9 % , a n d 6 7% o f p ri m i g r a v i da s

i n t h e s e t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s w e r e p a r a s i t a e m i c .

H a e m o g l o b i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r o s e i n a l l women, b u t

i m p r o v e m e n t was s u s t a i n e d o n l y i n w o m e n w ho

r e m a i n e d f r e e o f p a r a s i t e s .C o n c l u s i o n s - C l e a r a n c e o f p a r a s i t e s w a s b e t t e r

w i t h e i t h e r p y r i m e t h a m i n e a n d s u l f a d o x i n e o r

c h l o r p r o g u a n i l a n d d a p s o n e t h a n w i t h c h l o r o q u i n e .

L o n g e s t p r o t e c t i o n w a s o b t a i n e d w i t h p y r i m e t h a -

m i ne a n d s u l f a d o x i n e .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

P r e g n a n t w o m e n , e s p e c i a l l y p r i m i g r a v i d a s , a r em o r e v u l n e r a b l e t h a n n o n - p r e g n a n t women t o m a l a r i ai n f e c t i o n s . I n f e c t i o n may r e s u l t i n s t i l l b i r t h , l o w

b i r t h w e i g h t i n f a n t s , a n d a n a e m i a i n t h e m o t h e r . ' 4T h e W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i s a t i o n r e c o m m e n d s t h a tp r e g n a n t women r e c e i v e c h e m o p r o p h y l a x i s w i t h

c h l o r o q u i n e b a s e , 5 m g / k g b o d y w e i g h t w e e k l y , i na r e a s w h e r e P l a s m o d i u m f a l c i p a r u m i s s e n s i t i v e t o t h ed r u g . '

I n 1 9 8 6 i t w a s r e p o r t e d t h a t c h l o r o q u i n e 5 m g / k gw e e k l y a n d c h l o r o q u i n e 2 5 m g / k g m o n t h l y d i d

n o t c o m p l e t e l y p r o t e c t p r e g n a n t women i n w e s t e r n

K e n y a . 6 We f o u n d i n 1 9 8 7 t h a t 90% o f i n f e c t i o n s w i t h

P f a l c i p a r u m i n c h i l d r e n u n d e r 5 y e a r s i n w e s t e r n

K e n y a w e r e r e s i s t a n t t o c h l o r o q u i n e ( u n p u b l i s h e dd a t a ) .T w o a l t e r n a t i v e s t o c h l o r o q u i n e , a m o d i a q u i n e a n d

p y r i m e t h a m i n e w i t h s u l f a d o x i n e , a r e n o l o n g e r r e c o m -

m e n d e d f o r r o u t i n e p r o p h y l a x i s b e c a u s e o f s e r i o u s ,t h o u g h u n c o m m o n , s i d e e f f e c t s . 7 9 T h e d i h y d r o f o l a t er e d u c t a s e i n h i b i t o r s p y r i m e t h a m i n e a n d c h l o r -p r o g u a n i l a r e n o t e f f e c t i v e a s p r o p h y l a c t i c d r u g s i nK e n y a w h e n g i v e n a l o n e . ' 0 - ' 2 T h e r e f o r e o n l y a l i m i t e dn u m b e r o f d r u g s i s a v a i l a b l e f o r e f f e c t i v e p r o p h y l a x i s .A r e c e n t r e p o r t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f

c h l o r p r o g u a n i l a n d d a p s o n e i s more e f f e c t i v e t h a n

p y r i m e t h a m i n e a n d s u l f a d o x i n e i n v i t r o a n d a s e f f e c -t i v e i n v i v o a g a i n s t P f a l c i p a r u m i n K e n y a . ' 3 B e c a u s e

t h e c h l o r p r o g u a n i l a n d d a p s o n e c o m b i n a t i o n i s e l i m i -

n a t e d m o r e r a p i d l y t h a n p y r i m e t h a m i n e a n d s u l f a -d o x i n e , i n o n e w e e k c o m p a r e d w i t h a b o u t e i g h tw e e k s , c h l o r p r o g u a n i l a n d d a p s o n e may e x e r t l e s sp r e s s u r e t h a n p y r i m e t h a m i n e a n d s u l f a d o x i n e f o r t h e

4 6 6 BM J VOLUME 3 0 1 8 SEPTEMBER 1 9 9 0