thongsouk s. format .book1 - cerlalaoscerla.laoss.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/thongsouk-s... ·...

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wIg wIg wIg wIg IIII hlENjIgcVmpB 1840 mI : lEdoA mIg-KlnAn LmQnrObFbLnvnCQNoBQKpEnKagwFb LlO qFbyvWn cCQNpOgabdvWe 3 wIgsvQnGhQe :prEceI,KsysIdgInKmDaN LlO lEdoAvEdyVnAeFmpvEdtAsIdkaNcFncEWngEmmOganaVdsIhOgEmoEnsmEe.rObFbLnvqAddEQNgIQvbXQLmQncFncEWngEmmOganaVdsIhOgEmoBQqAdkDWn.LtQhIgLmQnzFnNInaEnpBcIsImIdkaNnEgprIdaIjInoBQeAQNGhQekaNJlgqD mIgcT,aENLgnLlOKlnAncCQNHdWqFWnqvWILlOpIlAmIKpEnKvlI KgDab~CQNsEtvEd(1924-1840

=84pB).1840yDvQILmQngIngXIKnBd kaN lEdoA mIgcT; 1924 lOeOsVdoIWekaN oAdsdBKlnAn. LtQcVmpB 1840 hI 1895 LmQnHccnOkaNlEdoA mIgcT tXQmIoAdsdB gInKmDaN sENqFmuUQGnJlg.GnrOeOKvlIdEQNgIQv(1840-1895

=45pB)HdWgXIKnBdoAdsdBgInKmDaN, sENqFmhlIeoBQsVd.KwDQapFvLpN,dEdLpNpMQnLonGhWoAdsdBkaNrObaboCnnAeFm,KwDQanXImIGhWpOcIcFnzUWoVgeIg yDggFdkBQkUdiBd,kFQmKhEN cCQNqvImqAd LlO qvImsBvAHl.pOmInvQImBiad 200 gvQI oAdsdB GhWLkQNkEngEnGnKvoBgInKmDaNJlgGnKvlInEWn (Si mon mémoire est exact !!) sAQNoBQKgEbqXIwXGjKvlInEWn,nagjIgoAdsdBkaN Marx LlO Engels LlWv,eENLmQnoAdsdBkaNwvgaOnIoApOHtqDkaNProudhon,Boukanin LlO (Wernes ? KbAQNtDQm) svQnoAdsdBaDQn|nEWngXyDvQIgOLjggOjIe....... oAdsdBkaNwvgaOnIoApOHtwFWnKdEQnoBQsVd LmQnqIvsmEeqammUnpIrB (Commune de Paris 1871)KwIOuUQGngInnXIkaNqammUnnEWn svQnhlIeLmQnwvg aOnIoApOHt(les Proudhonistes) hlENjIgqammUnprIHc (qammUnmBaIeVLtQ 72 vEn)LmQnlEdoAmIgcAdHdWwFWndDQnkDWnLon

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LlOHccnOkIdkEWntXQoVg|oAdsdBoBQmBGnKvlInEWn.LnvqAdLlOJlgOoEdkaNlEdoAmIgcT LmQnsENlvmuUQGnyLlNgInkaN wEgqammVenAdGn 1848 oBQlDJlg(Manifeste du Parti Communiste 1848).

GjgINkaNlEdoAmIgcT gXqDkaNyLlNgInkaNwEgqammVenAdLmQn “cFncEWnLlOgIntXQsUWcFncEWn”. yLlNgInvQI “KlBWmLtQsENqFmHdWmBcFncEWn,pvEdsId (pvEdsIdoBQkBdkMn l’histoire écrite) kaNmvnmOnVdLmQnpvEdsIdkaNgIntXQsUWcFncEWn..Marx LlO Engels KvFWIvQI:”cFncEWnLlOgIntXQsUWcFncEWn”bXQLmQngInqAdwFbkaNwvgkWIwOKjFWI,LmQnkaNwvgnEgprEceI, nEggInKmDaN, sENqFmsIdkaNsmEegaQn JdesOKwIOkaNwvgLsNsvIQN “la lumière”(18è siècle) les philosophes du

“siècle de lumière”oBQLmQnkaNwvgkWIwOKjFWInEWnLmQn“gIntXQsUWcFncEWnnEWntaWNHpKyANzKdEdgIncFncEWngEmmOcBbcCQNLmQnrOeOkIWmzIQnHpKyANgInlFblIWNgIngFdkBQkUdiBdoINdIWncFncEWnLlOcFncBb”.”tFWngXIKnBdkaNgIngFdkBQkUdiBdoINdIWncFncEWnLmQngEmmOsAdsvQntFvLhQNwIhInOgInzlAdtFWntXkaNsENqFm(oCn,JiNjEg,JiNNInLlOaVpgangInzlAdaDQn|.....) uIglFblIWNgIngFdkBQkUdiBddIWncFncEWntaWNlFblIWNgEmmOsAdKagcFntXQwIhInOgInzlAdtFWntXkaNsENqFmLlOKaFIwIhInOgInzlAddEQNgIQvKpEnkaNsvQnlvmLlWvjEdtEWNgInzlAdaEnnCQNaEndMv”.“uIglFblIWNgEmmOsAdKagcFntXQwIhInOgInzlAdtFWntXkaNsENqFm LlOsIWNtEWNgEmmOsAdsvQnlvm mBLtQKsEWnoINdMvkaNgInpOtAvEdkaNcFncEWngEmmOcBb(la révolution prolétarienne)KoFQInEWnLlOgXLmQnzIQnKsEWnoINgInpOtAiUb(la voie de la réforme) .

bEnhIwDWnyInkaNoVg|gInpOtAvEd LmQnaXInIdLhQNrEy(pouvoir d’Etat) dEQNnEWncFncEWngEmmOcBb taWNgXIaXInIdgInpFgqaN,

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taWNgIeKpEncFncEWnqabNXI (Classe dominante) uUQGnsENqFm........... uUQGnbFdnAwFn “ 3 LhlQNgXIKnBd LlO 3 LhlQNpOgab”kaN“lEdoA mIgcAd” (Trois sources et trois parties constitutives du

marxisme) kaN Marx-Engels HdWqFWnqvWI,sENlvm. dvWejAdGjtXInAvAjIn,HdWeFgkDWnsUQqVnnOwIbG`Q,HdWpOtAvEdKnDWaGnLiQNGhWKpEn eadvAoeIsIdGnKvlInEWn qD:prEceIkaNKurOmEn, KsysIdgInKmDaNkaNaENgAd LlO lEdoAsENqFmnAeFm kaNxrEQN kDWnsUQeadsUNG`Q : 1-)prEceIkaNKurOmEn 1-)prEceIkaNKurOmEn 1-)prEceIkaNKurOmEn 1-)prEceIkaNKurOmEn : eadsUNkaNprEceIkaNJlgGnKvlInEWnLmQnkaN Hagel LlOkaN Fenbach gMQvgEblEdoA sEdjOvAwIg(dialectique kaN Hagel) LlOlEdoAvEdyVnAeFmkaN Fenbach. Marx et

Engels HdWeFgkDWnKyANlEdoA vEdyVnAeFm sEdjOvAwIg (Matérialisme

dialectique) Hagel KvFWIvQI : A-“yWIoVgsAQNuIQNmBgInpMQnLpN.......bEndIsIyIbEngInKmDaN, rObabsENqFm gXtaWNmBgInpMQnLpN” “gInpMQnLpNdEQNgIQvmInEWneaWnjIg “LnvqAd”(Esprit) nEWnmBgInpMQnLpN”(qvImKvFWIlOaMdkaNHagel jOtaWNHdWqFWnqvWILlOgIQeqDn).Marx KvFWIvQI:”sEdjOvAwIgkaNHagel”LmQnKaFIhFvKdBntINtBn,taWNKaFItBnlFNlVQmLlWvjOKpEn“lEdoAsEdjOvAwIgvEdyVnAeFm”,`IeqvImvQIeaWnvEdyVmBgInpMQnLpNoVgsAQNuIQNjCQN pMQnLpN.(bXQLmQnLnvqAdwIGhWpMQnLpN LmQnvEdyVwIGhWpMQnLpN). B- lEdoAvEdyVnAeFm cnOlEdoAjAdnAeFm eaWn Fenbach gEbKvFWIuIQNNIQedIe:“LnvqAdmIjIgGs ? LmQnheENsaQNLsNKyANLnvqAd ? GzzlAdLnvqAd ? qXItab :”LmQnsmaNzlAd,hlDvQIgXIKnBdLnvqAd”.dEQNnEWn

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smaNnEWnLmQnvEdyV,vEdyVjCQNKgBdgaQnjAdGj,LnvqAd. Marx LlOEngelsHdWkeIeLlOKiEdGhWKpEnoFQvHp(généraliser) gMQvgEbsEdjOvAwIgkaN Hagel LlOvEdyVnAeFmkaN Fenbach LlWvgIemIKyANeadsUN qD : “lEdoA vEdyVnAeFmsEdjOvAwIg (Matérialisme dialectique).

“oVg|lEdoAvEdyVnAeFm” oBQKyANyaNnEWnLmQn vEdyVnAeFmsEdjOvAwIg(tout matérialisme critiquant est le matérialisme dialectique M-5)

LlObXQLmQnvEdyVnAeFmLbbqXIwB hlD vEdyVnAeFmLbbgFnjEg ( et non pas

le matérialisme métaphysique ou matérialisme mécanique ).

2-) KsysIdgInKmDaNkaNaENgAd 2-) KsysIdgInKmDaNkaNaENgAd 2-) KsysIdgInKmDaNkaNaENgAd 2-) KsysIdgInKmDaNkaNaENgAd :sAQNoBQqFNqIWNkaNKsysIdgInKmDaN kaNnIeoCn(aENgAd)oBQLgWbXQtFgKpEnrOeO 200 pBgvQInEWnLmQngInaOoAbIevQI:”aEnGdwIGhWsIWNqVnqQIG`Q”. -wvg Physiocrates gaQn Adam Smith cCQNLmQn”wXQkaNKsysIdgInKmDaNoCnnAeFm” KvFWIvQImBdAnjCQNsIWNqVnqQIG`QHdWtFvuIQN:dAnKiFIpUgKkFWIGsQLlWvaagKkFWIG`QmIhlIegvQIKgFQI.mBLtQdAnjCQNsIWNkVmqXIG`Q. -sOKwIO Adam Smith mIiadzUWsImId Ricardo gXKvFWIvQImB 3 aEn“Le Minaire d’Adam Smith” 3 pEdjEewIsIWNqVnqQIG`QqD: dAn, oCnLlOgXIlENLiNNIn ( la terre, le capital,et le travail ).

-svQn Marx KvFWIvQImBLtQgXIlENLiNNInjCQNsIWNqVnqQIG`QGdWjObXQLmQn dAn ,oCn (bXQsIWNqVnqQIG`QHdW,bEndIpEdjEenEWnmEnKkFWIivQmGnvAvEonIgInkaNgInzlAdLlWvgEbqDnmIqDKgFQI (qVnqQIKgFQI) dvWetXIlI ( C+V+m ).

* C= lvmmBdAn,qFncCQNKpEnwIhInOgInzlAd,aVpOgangInzlAd,vEdyVdAb aDQn|...bEnjVKkFWIivQmGngInzlAd`FdbIddMv,hlDKpEn % kaN

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qVnqQIKdBm,sVdoIWegEbmIqDKgFQI dvWeqVnqQIKdBm LlObXQsIWNqVnqQIG`Q. *V= gXIlENLiNNInkaNzUWkIegInzlAd(gXIlENLiNNInkaNgEmmOgan)gXIlENLiNNInnCQN,GnqVnqQIG`QkaNzlAtwEnG`QnEWn,bXQwMNLtQpMQnLbbeIWepOKbFWIKgFQILgQ mIsIWNqVnqQIG`Q KwAQnKvFWIvQI:”gXIlENLiNNInKpEnsAnqWIwAKsd KmDQacFmGcWmEnLlWv mEnoFbLonqVnqQIKgFQI(V)

LlOsIWNqVnqQIG`Q m KvFWIvQI : “plus-value”

( qVnqqIKgFQI ) ( qVnqQIsvQnKgBn ) ( m =micha( wIsI KurOmEn)= plus )

cCQNcFncEWnnIeoCnKaFIKpEngEmmOsAdkaNtFnKaNLlWvvQIKkFIKpEnKjFWIwIhInOLhQNgInzlAdkaNsENqFmLlOKkFIHdWjIWNcCQNgXIlENLiNNInkaNgEmmOganLlWv (KkFIKpEnKjFWIkaN)KkFIjIQe(V)GhW,LtQKkFIKaFI(m)HvWKpEnkaNKkFILtQzUWdMv.mHdWyDgwvgxIQeGnsENqFmnIeoCnGhWKkFWIgEbdAnKpEn Rente ,GhWcFncEWnnIeoCnwIeyFNoOnIqInpEQn interest

(dagKbEWe hlD gXIHl)LlOnIeoCnaVdsIhOgEm(gXIHl).KkFIKjFWILbQNpEnm dvWegFdKgn gXIHlsOKlEQeKoFQIgEnqD profit margin.

3-) lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmkaNxrQEN 3-) lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmkaNxrQEN 3-) lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmkaNxrQEN 3-) lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmkaNxrQEN : eadsUNoAdsOdBsENqFmnAeFm LmQnkaNxrEQNKsdGnKvlInEWn.gaQnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsIdgIeKpEnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsIdnBW(le socialisme scientifique) mEnHdWyDgLbghIbdvWe 3 bQIGhQe(large épaule) kaNnEglEdoAsENqFmnAeFmLbbHxQxEn (les

socialistes utopiques) 3 qFn qD : Saint Simon, Fourrier(cCQNoENsaNnBWLmQnqFnxrEQN)LlOOwens(qFnaENgAd).wvgKwAQnHdWKhEn”bIdLz”(blessures)kaNrObabnIeoCn,qvImbXQeVdtAoEm,gIngFdkBQkUdiBd,gInoVgeIglXIbIg,qvImbXQKpEnoEmLlOaDQn|......LlWvuIgpMQnLonrObabdEQNgIQvdvWerObab“sENqFmnAeFm”oBQdBgvQI.wvgKwAQnHdWvINoAdsOdB

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aag LlOHdWoFdlaNsIWN “sENqFmnaWekDWn” KwDQaoFdlaNoAdsOdBkaNtFntFvuIQN: Saint Simon LlO Owens Colonies (cDQkaN Colonies LlOexpériences GhWKbAQNqDn). bEndIgInoFdlaNdEQNgIQvLmQnprIHc `Fd(Saint Simon LlO Owens ). KyANvQIoAdsOdBLlOgInoFdlaNkaNwvgKwAQn hIgprIHcgXtIm LtQgXHdWbEnlV(bINaEn) vAoeInAwFnaEnaImOtO “ Sans le socialisme utopique française ,le socialisme

scientifique ne vit jamais le jour” (M-7) (yWIvQIbXQmBlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmHxQxEnLhQNxrEQNKsd,lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsIdjObXQmBmDWKgBd).wvgKwAQnmIKpBdgInKvFWIdB,tXInAvAjInLlOuIgpMQnLpNGhWsENqFmnIeoCnLtQwvgKwAQnbXQiUWHdWdvWegXIlEN~Un( force matrice) aEnGdjCQNjOKiEdGhWmB gInpMQnLpNHdW. dEQNnEWn lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmkaNwvgKwAQn KpEnwMNLtQqvImHxQxEnKoFQInEWn.Marx-Engels KvFWIvQI“lEdoAsENqFmnAeFm gIemIKpEnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsIdHdW (jIgsENqFmnAeFmHxQxEn) eaWngInqFWnwFbLbbprBcIsImId kaNsaNuIQNqD:oAdsOdBKNAngEb“qVnqQIsvQnKgBn”(plus-value)LlOoEdsnOvEdyVnAeFmLhQNpOvEdsId ( conception

matérialiste de l’histoire) ((plus-value uUQGnkXW 2)) .

+ svQnoEdsnOvEdyVnAeFmLhQNpvEdsIdnEWn rOaMdGhWgIQeKaFIuUQGnbFd“ La contribution de la critique de l’économie politique kaNKarl Marx” ( uUQGntan Introduction = wIdhFvKlDWaNpOmIn saNGb )KnDWaGnheXW: “gaQnjOqAdKyAN prEceI ( avant la philosophie ) qFnKiFItaWNgIn” gAn,uUQ,nVQNhFQm. ** “wDWnyIngInzlAdsENqFm tEdsAngInqFNtFvkaNsENqFm ( la base de

la production sociale détermine l’être social ) hlDvQI la base

économique (wDWnyInKsygAd ) mOnVdsENqFm cBWkIdqvImKcDQa`EWnkaN

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sENqFm ( l’être social détermine la confidence sociale ).

** “L’infrastructure économique détermine la superstructure

politique ” hlDvQI “l’infrastructure sociale détermine la

superstructure sociale” ( JqNlIQN tEdsAn JqNbFn ). g-) wIhInOgInzlAd g-) wIhInOgInzlAd g-) wIhInOgInzlAd g-) wIhInOgInzlAd : pOgabdvWe KpFWI`IeLiNNIn (objet de

travail tFvuIQN: LhQdAn....) LlOaVbpOgangInzlAd (instrument de

travail tFvuIQN:KqDQaNmD,JiNjEg,JiNNIn,wIhInOgInzlAd ( Moyens

de travail ) k-) gXIlENgInzlAd k-) gXIlENgInzlAd k-) gXIlENgInzlAd k-) gXIlENgInzlAd ( force de travail ): pOgabdvWewIhInOgInzlAd LlO gXIlENLiNNIn ( qFn ). “ gXIlENgInzlAd tEdsAngInwFvwEngInzlAd” ( la force de travail

détermine le rappel de production ).

q-) “gInwFvwEngInzlAd q-) “gInwFvwEngInzlAd q-) “gInwFvwEngInzlAd q-) “gInwFvwEngInzlAd LmQngInwFvwEnlOhvQINqFngEbqFnGnrObabvAvEd “ le rapport de production est le rapport entre les

hommes dans le processus de production sociale”.

N N N N–gXIlENgInzlAdLlOgInwFvwEngInzlAdpOgabKpEn“LbbvAoBLbbvAoBLbbvAoBLbbvAoBgInzlAdgInzlAdgInzlAdgInzlAd kaNsENqFmkaNsENqFmkaNsENqFmkaNsENqFm” ( la force productive et le rapport de

production constituent la mode de production sociale ).

mIeVgkaNwvgKiFIHdWzIQn“Lbb 5 LbbgInzlAd”mILlWvqD:LbbvAoBgInzlAd sOhIcBbpOyFmbUiIn(mode de production communiste

primitive ) kWIoId ( esclavagiste ) sEgdBnI(féodaliste)nIeoCn(capitaliste) LlOsENqFmnAeFm(socialiste).“LbbvAoBgInzlAd” hlD“rObab” ( régime). wvgKiFIKvFWIvQI:”gXIlENgInzlAdtEdsAngInwFvwEngInzlAd”.KmDQagaQnsFNqImLnvqAd LlOgInwFvwEndIWngInzlAd HdWmBgInpMQnLpNLbbvAoBgInzlAd ( mode de production )hlD régime

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oBQtaWNmBgInpMQnLpNqDKvFWImILlWv(5 rObab).mEnpMQnLpNeaWnheEN? rOvQINgXIlENgInzlAdLlOgInwFvwEngInzlAdaEnpMQnLpNHvgvQILmQngXIlENgInzlAd,svQngInwFvwEngInzlAd LmQniEgsIKdBmgvQI.KkFWIGjbEnhIdEQNgIQvtaWNLmQnLbbsEdjOvAwIg(bXQtIetFv)KwIOmEnsFQNzFnsOoaWnKyANgEnLlOgEn LbbsEdjOvAwIg( gXIlENLlOgInwFvwEn).aEnnBWgXtaWNKkFWIGjLbbqUQpOlAoEd ( Khd LlO zFn )( cause et effet )=

KhdKpEnzFnLlOzFnKpEnKhdgXHdW.KhdzFnkaNmEnLmQn : “ Etre

détermine la conscience”“tFntFv tEdsAn sOtA”.”la matière détermine

l’esprit”(vEdyVtEdsAnLnvqAd).uUQGngXIlENgInzlAd,aEnK~ENtBN,pOtAvEdgaQnKwAQn LmQn aVbpOgangInzlAd ( mécanisme de travail =KqDQaN mD,JiNjEg, JiNNIn ). KqDQaNaVbpOgan,gXIlENgInzlAd KvlIeIWetFviadrOdEbLlWvgInwFvwEngInzlAdtaWNsadqaQNgEbmEn (vAoBgInzlAdpMQnjIgiUbbXQHptImLbbG`Q). gInpMQnLpNoINdIWnqVnnOwIb(qualité)LmQngInpMQnLpNLbb“pOtAvEd”bXQLmQnpMQnLpNLbb“vAvEdoOnI”(évolution).

gInqFWnwFb“ lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpOvEdsId”nBWLmQnzFnkaNgInqFWnqvWIkaNsaNsmEekaN Karl Marx qD : GncVmtFWnpB 1840 ( 1844 = manuscrits de Karl Marx ) yLlNgInkaNwEg communiste 1844; LlOsmEe LtQ 1850 hI 1862 (vQIdvWetFWnoCn pCWmhFvoB 1= “ Le Capital Tôme I.tEWNLtQpB 1841-42 mI Marx

LlO EngelsHdWwFbgEnKoDQaoXIaAd.jIgnEWnmItladcBvAd rOeOkaNcBvAdkaN Karl Marx ( 1818-1883 ).

(1840-1883=43pB),gInqFWnqvWI,wIrOgAdpOtAvEd,cBvAdsvQntFvkaNKwAQn HdWtAdwEnsnAdL~WngEb Engels.LtQ 1850 Marx uUQ Londres,

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Engels uUQ Manchester (sUngINaVdsIhOgEm kaNaENgAd)Marx LlOEngels HdWkMn~ENsDhIgEnKgDaboVgmDWKwDQaLlgpMQnqvImqAdqvImKhEn cCQNgEnLlOgEn,GnvMgNInqFWnqvWILlOwIrOoXIkaNwvgKwAQn.KvlIwEgzaQn gAnKbEWMbXInInLlWvpB 1870 , HdWmIpOjXIuUQ London,

KiDankaNKwAQn hIQNjIgKiDankaN Marx pOmIn 10 nIoB ( 10 nIoBdvWegIneIQN ). KgDaboVg|mDWKwAQnHdWeIQNhlAWnLlOLlgpMQnnXIgEn !gINqDnuUQKiDan Marx KwAQnHdWqFWnqvWIJaWlFmgEnjFniVQNuUQhaWN kaN Marx

(haWNKiEdvMg kaN Marx) wFm(tapis) HdWgVdhMWn,kIddvWeKgBbkaNsaNsOhIedEQNgIQvuMbyU...uUQGnhXsmVdaEneAQNGhQekaNJlgaEnnCQNkaNpOKod aENgAd ( British Museum ) KpEnsOyInoBQqFWnqvWIKpEnpOjXIkaN Karl Marx nEWn,tEQNnEQNkaN Karl Marx nEQNaIQn~ENsDnEWnGdWkIdKpEniU(zUWKhEntEQN baQnnEQN)( 1850-1883=33 pB ).sAQNdEQNgIQvmInEWn cXQsOLdNGhWKhEn“ lEdoAmIg” (le marxisme) LmQnsEneIgEm(oeuvre

génial) kaNsaN nEgprId aIjInoBQeAQNGhQekaNJlg qD Marx LlOEngels. tladcBvAd kaNKkFI |GdWaVoAdGhW sEneIgEm dEQNgIQvdvWegInKiEdvMgNInLbbeEg (le travail titanesque)KwIO KiEdvMgLtQlOmDWdDQn 10 cFQvJmN ( le travail laborieux et conciencieux ) ( vMggEbpOsAdoAwIbweIeIm LoW| ) KlnAnkMnvQI GnpvEdsIdKmDQagaQnHdWmBmAtwIbaEneAQNGhQe LtQgXbXQmB aEnGdLoWjOeAQNGhQe(grandiose) LlO“ enchanté ” (jEbaFg jEbGj) qDmAtwIb rOvQIN Marx

LlO Engels ( mBbFdtIQNhIg ) nBW KlBe. smEe Marx LlO Engels LmQnrOeOsOKwIOnIeoCnkeIetFvtImsIekDWn (phase ascendante) smEenEWnLmQnsmEegInkEdLeWNLbbKsrB ( libre concurrence ) cCQNeadsUNkaNmEnLmQnpB 1870. gInpOtA

10

vEdgEmmOcBbwMNLtQ“KpEnaInIqFd”(prospective) kaNmvnmOnVdKoFQInEWn,Marx-Engels KvFWIvQI:“gXIlENkaNrObaboCnnAeFmLmQngXIlENsIgFn”uIgcnOjOtaWNmB “gXIlENsIgFnLhQNLiNNIn” ( la force

internationale du travail).uIgcnO gInpOtAvEdcFncEWngEmmOcBb taWNrOKbBdGnbIddMv uUQGnjXInvnnCQNkaNpOKod hlD hlIepOKodwaWmgEn.bFdiMndEQNgIQvaId Marx-Engels yadmIHdWjIgbFdiMnpvEdsIdJlg qDGnsmEegInmOhIpOtAvEdxrEQN 1789. wvgsEgdBnIoEN`FdkaNEurope LmQnivQmhFvgEnKkFWIKwDQajOdEbmadgInpOtAvEdnIeoCndEQNgIQv. 1- LtQcVmpB LtQcVmpB LtQcVmpB LtQcVmpB 1896 hI hI hI hI 1924 : lEdoAmIgcT HdWgIemIKpEn“lEdoAmIgcT-KlnAn” dvWezFnNInaEneAQNGhQekaN KlnAn oBQsCboad,keIeLlOeFgrOdEbG`Q oEN 3 svQnpOgabkaNlEdoA mIgcT GnsmEelEdoAoCnnAeFmLkQNLeWNLbbKsrB gIemIKpEn“ lEdoAjEggOwEdnAeFm”cCQNLmQnrOeOsUNsVdkaNrObabnIeoCn.uUQ GnbFdnAwFn “lEdoAjEggOwEdnAeFm”.rOeOsEdtOvEdkaNlEdoAoCnnAeFmkaN KlnAn “ l’impérialisme stade

suprime du capitalisme” KlnAnHdWslVbvQI : jEggOwEdnAeFmmBqVnlEgsnOqD : a) KtFWIJimgInzlAdkDWnsUQlOdEbsUN(concentration de la production).

b) KtFWIJimoOnIqInKkFWIKpEnjXInvnnaWe ( 5-6 oOnIqInGhQeqVWmqaN`FdcBvAd KsygAdkaNJlg ) (concentration des banques).

c) KtFWIJimgInzlAd LlO oOnIqInKkFWIKpEnaEndMvgEn(concentration et interpénétration de la production et de la

banque),gIeKpEn“nIeoCngInKNAn” (capital financier).

d) nIeoCngInKNAn lvmaXInIdgIemIKpEn“ nIeoCnzUgkIdaXInId

11

rEy” (capitalisme monopoliste d’Etat).

e) LbQNpEnKsygAd,LbQNpEnKkdaAdoAwFn ( partage économique,

partage zone d’influences).

f) LbQNpEngInKmDaN,LbQNpEndAnLdnkaNJlg (partage politique,

partage territoire du monde).

KlnAnqFWnwFbgFdKgngInkeIetFvoBQbXQsmXQIsKmBkaNlEdoAoCnnAeFm (laloi du développement inégale du capitalisme) jIgnEWnslVbLlOqIdqOKnqD: g g g g- jEggOwEdJtLkNLiN~VQmnaWejOcagkXWkeIetFv,LtQeaWnJlgHdWyDgLbQNpEnLlWv (tImgXIlENtFvjANGnKmDQagaQn)jOyDgLbQNpEnG`QdvWe gIncEQNcIgXIlENG`QmEnjOKgBdsFNqImJlgoBQLppvQnoBQsVd;sEdjOoEmnBWLmQnsFNqImJlgqEWNoB I,jEggOwEdKurOmEnoBQ~VQmnaWeLlOLkNLiNgaQn(aENgAd,xrEQN,..)GnKvlInEWn,KpEnsIKhdtFWntXkaNsFNqImJlgqEWNoB I [(KsAgrOvQINjEggOwEd guerre inter-capitalistes) LmQngFdKgnkaNlEdoAjEggOwEd]. k k k k- eaWn“gFdKgn”kIWNKoAN“pOKodnCQNhlDbINpOKodsImIdgXQgInpOtAvEdgEmmOcBbHdWcnO. gInpOtAvEdgEmmOcBbjOcnOuUQbaQntaQNJsWaaQnoBQsVdkaN rObFbjEggOwEd ( le maillon le plus faible de la chaîne

impérialiste ).

wAsUdLlWvLmQn gInmOhIpOtAvEd rEdKcEe 1917 KwDQaJqQnlFWmrObab KjFWI cIrT. q-q-q-q-“lEdoAjEggOwEdnAeFmLmQn“oINzIQn”kaNgInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm”(l’impérialisme est l’autre chambre de la révolution socialiste )

`IeqvImvQI bXQLmQn perspective aBg (gInpOtAvEdgEmmOcBb). 2- oINdIWnprEceI oINdIWnprEceI oINdIWnprEceI oINdIWnprEceI KbAQN p.14 LlO p.38 kaN LlnAn. p.14 “ Le

12

matérialisme et l’império-critiques”“lEdoAvEdyVnAeFm LlOgIntXInAvAjInlEdoApOtAgIn”p.38“wEbprEceI” HdWmBgInkeIeG`Q,eFgprEceImIgcT(Marx)HdWKvFWIvQI:“texture”“pIlOmI”HdWsUnhIeHp;dEQNnEWnlEdoAvEdyVnAeFmgXtaWNsUnhIeHpqDgEn;qFNKhlDauUQLtQjAdnAeFm(KbAQNqD aItamatôme kaN Ethène)KlnAnKvFWIvQI:“pOgFdgIn atôme HdWsUnhIeHpLtQpOgFdgInG`Q kaNgInqFNtFvkaNvEdyVeENqFNsDbtXQmBuUQ dvWeiUbgInG`Q. jIgpIrOmOnUmIKpEn neutrons,électrons,protons. nBWjIgatôme mIKwAQnHdWqFWnwFb 200-300 KmEdG`QoBQnaWegvQI atôme. pOgFdgInG`QkaNgInqFNtFvkaNvEdyVKgBdkDWn gXLmQnvEdyVslIetFvHp; eENLmQnvEdyVqDKgFQI (matière) Marx aIdKkFWIGjvQI atôme LmQnKmEdsVdoIWekaNvEdyV qDgEbsmEe Grec GnKmDQagaQn.KmDQapIrOmOnUbXQLmQnKmEdsVdoIWe LlWvKkFWIGjvQI“ vEdyVHdWslIetFvHp”. 3- oINdIWnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsId oINdIWnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsId oINdIWnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsId oINdIWnlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsId. tImgFdKgnoFQvHpkaNlEdoAmIgcT LlWvgXIlENgInzlAdkeIetFvsUN mEnjCQNmIWNgInwFvwEngInzlAdKgFQILlOsIWNgInwFvwEngInzlAdoBQsadqaQNgEbmEn.GnKvlInEWnLmQngInpOtAvEdsENqFm,LmQngInpMQnrObabgInKmDaN,pMQnLpNLbbvAoBgInzlAd rOvQIN pEdjEevEdyV (facteur objectif) LlOpEdjEejAdGj(facteur subjectif).KyANvQIpEdjEevEdyVbXQoEnsVgNamgXtIm,LtQyWIpEdjEejAdGjbXQtMmwaWm bXQsImIdKiEdGhWgInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFmKgBdkDWnHdW.KvFWIKyANjAdGjvEdyVnEWnuIg`IeKyANgXIlENgInzlAdkaNsENqFmeENbXQoEnkeIetFvsUNhlDKvFWIaBgLbbnCQNvQI:“gInpEbpVNsENqFmkaNgXIlENgInzlAdnEWnbXQoEnsUNKoDQa.qDpOKodrEdKcEeKvlInEWn KpEnpOKodaVdsIhOgEm gXoB 5 kaNJlg (hlENjIg aENgAd,aOKmrAgI, xrEQN LlOaBtIlB) LlOKpEnoB 4 kaNKaBrFb. LtQvQIpEdjEejAdGj (facteur

13

subjectif)LmQnnXI~WIJlggXsImIdKiEdgInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFmsXIKrEdzFn.KlnAnvQI:“GnKmDQapEdjEevEdyVbXQwMNwXKoDQaKwDQaKiEdgInpOtAvEdgEmmOcBb,KpEnheENbXQgXIaXInIdgaQnLlWvjCQNKpEnKNDQanHk sIWNpEdGjvEdyVGhWKyANrOdEb.jOlXyWIGhWwMNwXjCQNKiEdgInpOtAvEdgEmmOcBbLmQnpvEdsIdHdWwAsUdGhWKhEnvQI KlnAnLmQnpOdAdsIWNLlOwIGcW LbbsEdjOvAwIgLoW|;tXQoAdsOdBLlOwCdtAgEmkaN KlnAn nEgprIc aIjInkaNJlggXHdWvAjIngEnuIQNGhQe LlOgXbXQLlWviadoVg|mDWnBWvQI: “ KlnAnLmQnnEgjAdGj (Lénine est subjectif)” svQn Marx-Engels LlOnEboENK.Kautsky LlO P.Klianov LmQn “objectif” (vEdyV) aIdLp{objectif

“ KpEnwIvOwIb” Lbb subjectif KpEn“ aEdtOwIb”} Karl Kautsky

LmQnzUWnXIkaNsIgFn oB II (KpEnnEgmIgcAd tXQmIKpEnzUW LgWHk lEdoAmIgcT (1909-1910) . svQn G.Plekhanov LmQnzUWnXIKaFI oAdsOdBmIgcAd zUWoXIaAdKkFWI rEdKcEe “groupe de la libération de travail”

“qnOLhQNgInpFdpaQeLiNNIn” cCQNKvFWIHdWvQIKpEnaIjIn zUWnCQNkaNKlnAn LtQkEdLeWNgEb KlnAn LtQsmEe 1900 wVWnmI...... ................21/11/92.........

14

wIg wIg wIg wIg II

lEdoA sOtIlBnAd, rObFbbXrAhIn aIdeIsAdlvmsUn,aFNgInlFWmlEdoA sOtIlBnAd, rObFbbXrAhIn aIdeIsAdlvmsUn,aFNgInlFWmlEdoA sOtIlBnAd, rObFbbXrAhIn aIdeIsAdlvmsUn,aFNgInlFWmlEdoA sOtIlBnAd, rObFbbXrAhIn aIdeIsAdlvmsUn,aFNgInlFWmlOlIe (lOlIe (lOlIe (lOlIe (Le stalinisme,système descriminante ,bureaucratique,

centralisé et dirigiste fait faillite).

lEdoAmIrcT KlnAnHdWjIgoAdsOdBmIKpEnwCdtAgEmGnpB1917.mOhIpOtAvEd KdDan tVlI kaNrEdKcEe(1917)HdWKpBdsEggOrIdG`QGhWLgQmvnmOnVdgIWvKdBnHptImKsEWnoINkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmcCQNLmQnqvImmVWNmIdprIynIkaNmvnmOnVdGhWgIWv~WImItEWNdFnnInLlWv.KsEWnoINdEQNgIQvgXKtEmHpdvWeqvImmVWNhvENnWEnLtQcXWIwOKcDQAaNcaWnaVbpOsEgheVWNeIgiaWeuIQNwEnLnvgEbbXQaIdsImIdKhEnHdW,oENGntFvLlOnagtFv, KwIOLmQnKsEWnoINoBQmOnVdkaNwvgKiFIbXQKqBebVgKbBgmIjEgKoDQa;GnnEWnnEboENoINoAdsOdBaBgdvWe tFvuIQN: uIgpFdpaQecIvnIaagjIgqvImoVgeIg,lWIhlEN,qvImmDdmFnLlOJdddMQvmIKpEnwEn|pB;hlDvQIKsEWnoINkDWnsUQsENqFmnAeFmkaNcIvnI LmQntaWN zIQn “ sOhIgan”. GnKrDWaNsOhIgan KlnAngXHdWkMnbFdnaWenCQN (4-5 Gb)“ De la coopération”(vQIdvWesOhIgan).jIgqvImKvFWIGnbFdnaWe|dEQNgIQvnEWn,bIdmIwIgpOtAbEdtFvjANHdWsIWNqvImhIeInOGhWLgQcIvnIhlIeKoFQIGdLlOjXInvnKoFQIGd,LonoBQjOnXIqvImsVgmIsUQKkFI KjFWI tImjVdpOsFNkaNnEgsIWNtEWNlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn LlO aDQn|...! eFgtFvuIQN: “pOcIqFm” s.p.jBn pIgFdvQImBzUWKsEeslO 40-50 lIWnqFn,uUQURSS mBbINKzFQIcFntIeKyAN 40% kaNjXInvnqFnGnvMgNIndEQNgIQv(KbAQNKagsInsOKwIO jBn). Gntlad 70 gvQIpBkaNgInsIWNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmtFvjANuUQGnJlg

15

(1917 -1989= 72 pB)wvgKiFIKiEdHdWheENLlOKsEeheENLdQ ? g-) zFnNInkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmtFvjANg-) zFnNInkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmtFvjANg-) zFnNInkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmtFvjANg-) zFnNInkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmtFvjAN. 1.) gInpFdpaQebEndIpOcIcId gInpFdpaQebEndIpOcIcId gInpFdpaQebEndIpOcIcId gInpFdpaQebEndIpOcIcId :wvgKiFIiEbiUWKhEnLjWNLlWvvQIgaQn 1917 JlgHdWyDgpFgqaN,qvbqVmdvWebEndIpOKodlQIKmDaNkDWnKgDab`Fd(les pays colonisateurs)GnnEWnwvgKiFIaIdnEbHdWqD:1.aENgAd;2.xrEQN;3.aBtIlB;4.Portugal;5.Hollande;

6.Espagne;7.USA:8.KurOmEn;9.rEdKcEe;10.eBQpVQn;11.Belgique........

uDnuUQtXQ~WI“wvglQIhFvKmDaNkDWn” oBQgXIlENKkEWmLkNLlOmB bFdiMn,bEndIpOKodcIdoBQaaQnnaWe,oVgeIgcCQNmBLtQqvImKpEnoEm uIgHdWKagrIcLlOaAdsIrOwIbKoFQInEWn,wMNLtQKpEn“KheDQa”GhWLgQKkFIeaWnvQI: kIdbaQnaBNtFvjAN oENoINdIWnoAdsOdBLlOvEdyV tFvuIQN:bEndIpOKodGhQe|oBQmBjXInvnwFnhlIegXtIm gXKpEnKmDaNkDWnGhWLgQKkFI KcEQn: jBn (KpEnKmDaNkDWnGhWLgQhlIepOKod); aAnKdEe (KpEnKmDaNkDWnGhW aENgAd); aAnJdKnKcEe (KpEnKmDaNkDWnGhW Hollande);aAndUjBn(GhWLgQxrEQNKsd)LlOaDQn|...GnsmEeoBQwvgjEggOwEdlQIKmDaNkDWnqVWmqaNJlg,bEndIpOKodaaQnnWaeLlObXQkDWnnXIzUWnCQN gXkDWnnXIaBgzUWnCQNtFvuIQN: Philippines LtQgaQnkDWnnXI Espagne tXQmIgXkDWnnXIUSA hlDvQIpOKodGhQe|gvQIoBQvQImB“KagrIc”tladmIgXHdWkDWnbXQhlIegXnaWe nXIaENgAdGnKmDQagaQn; KvlIsFNqImJlgqEWNoBII taWNsEmwEngEblEdoAoOhInkaNeBQpVQn;hlENjIgsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II gEbUSA gXpMQnGhlJanuUQrObabnIeoCn,cFncEWngEmmOgantaWNkDWnnXIcFncEWnnIeoCn,KyANvQIgEmmOganzUWnCQNbXQKiEdvMgGhWnIeoCnzUWnCQN;gXtaWNHpiEbjIWNnIeoCnzUWaDQn|...(pMQntFvnIeoCnLtQwEdmIiEbGcWcFncEWnnIeoCnKvFWIlvm).LtQ1917mIhIsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II(1939-1945)jXInvnpOKodoBQeIdHdWKagrIc gX

16

mBnaWeoBQsVd.LtQcVmpB 1950 mIhI 1970 mBpOmInLlWv 110 pOKodoBQuIgHdWKagrIc(mBKagsIn tIQNhIg),mIiadpB 1990 gXyDvQIrObablQIhFvKmDaNkDWn yDgsUnhIeHp 100% (hIgeENLtQ Sud Africa? rObab apartheid jXILngKcDWacIdzAvwEn) hlENjIg 1917 LlOJdesOKwIOLtQsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mI,bEndIpOcIcIdoBQKpEnKmDaNkDWnHdWmBbaQnaBNoINdIWnoAdsOdB,jAdGjLlOvEdyV.oINdIWnoAdsOdB,lEdoAmIrc-TKlnAnHdWvINqXIkvEn kaNtFnaagtladmI qD: “cFncEWngEmmOcFncEWngEmmOcFncEWngEmmOcFncEWngEmmOgan LlOpOKodoBQyDggFdkBQ taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgan LlOpOKodoBQyDggFdkBQ taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgan LlOpOKodoBQyDggFdkBQ taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgan LlOpOKodoBQyDggFdkBQ taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWI” qXIkvEndEQNgIQv aIdKvFWIrOaMdLmQnkaN “sIgFn sbEb III” 1919. gaQnnBWGn 1847 qXIkvEnkaN“sEneIbIdzUWeVdtAoEm” “mOnVdoVgqFnLmQnKpEnwBQnaWNgEn”(tous les

hommes sont frères) HdWyDgpMQnLon 1847-48 LlWvgXKaFI“cFncEWncFncEWncFncEWncFncEWngEmmOcBb taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgEmmOcBb taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgEmmOcBb taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWIgEmmOcBb taWNsEmwEngEnKkFWI” (prolétaires de tous les pays

rassemblez-vous). smEe Marx- Engels gXHdWKvFWILlWvvQI : “cFncEWnnIeoCnLmQngXIlENsIgFn uIgcnOtaWNGcWgXIlENsIgFnkaNcFncEWngEmmOcBb”lEdoA mIrc-TKlnAngXHdWKvFWIaBgvQI:“jEggOwEdLmQnpBNsaNsFWndUdKlDad,dUdKlDadkaNcFncEWngEmmOganuUQGnpOKodLlOKqDQanmIhIpOcIcIdoBQyDggFdkBQuUQhFvKmDaNkDWn.uIgkWIpBNtaWNtEdoENsaNsFWn”.“pOKoddaWewEonIsImIdgIWvHpsUQsENqFmnAeFmHdWyWIhIgvQIKkFIKjFWImBvAoBLbbgInzlAdoBQgIWv~WIgvQIkaNnIeoCnLlOHdWiEbgIncvQeKhPDajIgpOKodHpgaQndEQNgIQv”.jIgoAdsOdBoBQKvFWImInBW,bEndIpOKodoBQgIWvHptImoAdoINsENqFmnAeFm,keIegEmmOgansIgFn,keIepFdpaQecIdgXHdWmBbaQnaBNKwDQavINJqNgIngInKmDaNkaNtFnaagLlOGnnEWngXmBgIncvQeKhlDaGhWLgQpOKodoBQyDggFdkBQkUdiBd(mItyInaEnnCQNkaNqammVenAdsIgFn).bEndIpOcIcIdoBQKpEnKmDaNkDWnHdWiEbgIncvQeKhlDatFvjANqD

17

LnvGd? GnKmDQaJlggXHdWLbQNaagKpEnsaNrObFbpXrOpEg,tXQsUWcCQNgEnLlOgEnLlOcvQNKsNgEniabdIWn,kVWnkadGnsOwIbgIn“sFNqImKuEn”LlO“gIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVd” sVdknId,LtQlOrObFb,LtQlOxIQegXtaWNgIngXIlENKwDQajOKpEnsmVnLlOsIWNqvImKkEWmLkNGhWtFnnEWn,bXQmBKhdgIn|KmDaNGd|oBQjOhlVdwFWnaagjIggInwFvwEnkaNsaNrObFbdEQNgIQvHdWGn“sFNqIm`I`UQ”nBW (la guerre rangée,la guerre

partisane). yWIvQIrObFbnIeoCnsnEbsnUngXIlENnCQN sENqFmnAeFmtaWNsnEbsnUngXIlENoBQgFNgEnkIWmJld(uUQGnLtQlOpOKod gXqDpOKodtXQpOKodLmQ) jIgsOwIbgInnEWn bEndIpOKodoBQlVgkDWnKwDQapFdpaQetFnKaN jCQNHdWiEbgIncvQeKhlDatladmI. * oINdIWnoAdsOdBgInKmDaN,JqNgIndXIKnBnNIn,bFdiMnkaNgIntXQsUWJdegFN hlDvQI zIQnkbvnqammVenAdsIgFn hlDvQIzIQnwEgoBQgIWv~WIkaNpOKodnEWn; * oINdIWngIntIQNpOKod,gInoUd,.... * KsygAd,gInKNAn,gInoOhIn,aIvVd,..... * GndIWnsIWNgXIlEN,bVgqOlIganuUQGnLtQlOkFNKkdkaNgIntXQsUW(tFvuIQN:oOhIn,,) KwDQavMgNIntFvjANsOKwIO~WILlOeIvnIn(vAsIvOgan,pEneIcFn,LlOsMWvcIntIQN|.......) * GnbINgXrOnB(gXLmQncvQedIWnsMWvcInLtQlOdIWn)LlOgInKkFWIivQmJdegFNkaNsENqFmnAeFm. jIgmBbaQnaBNoBQ~EgL~WnqDdEQNgIQvmInBW,jCQNKiEdGhWrObab, rObFblQIhFvKmDaNkDWnwENoOlIeHpKpEnLtQlOpMQN|wMNLtQGnrOeOsEWn=40pB(yWIpMbGsQpvEdsIdLlOrObablQIKmDaNkDWn)KoFQInEWn.rObablQIKmDaNkDWnLbbKgFQIHdWsUnhIeHpLtQ“rObablQIKmDaNkDWnLbbG`Q” dIWn

18

rOdEb,iUboBQLtgtIQNgEnqFNmBuUQ.oINdIWniUbgInKmDaN,gIntIQNpOKodLmQnmBKagrIcLoW. LtQoINdIWn vEonOoEm,KsygAd,sENqFm,gInoOhIn gXeENkDWngEbpOKodLmQuUQ(dIWnwDWnyIn) tFvuIQN: Philippines eENqFNmByInoEboINoOhIn USA uUQ. GngInKlDagtEWNrOvIQN nINAquino LlO Marcos , Marcos prIHc LtQbXQeammabaXInIdGhW nINAquino ,jFn USA kEbHlQ Marcos aagjIg Philippines jCQNLlWv. jIgnEWnmIgXeENmBgIn rEypOhInaBghlIeKoDQa (tentative du coup d’Etat)

jFnyInoEbaIgId USAGcWeFnsUWrFbcvQe AquinojCQNhlVdwFWnpadwEejIggInkFQmkUQdvWerEypOhInLlO(coup)aDQn|oBQqIWeqDgEn.kbvngInpFdpaQecIdHdWdXIKnBnHpdvWesaNiUbgInGhQe : sEntAwIb,gInKmDaNKpEntFWntX,LlOgInoOhIn dvWeaIvVdKpEntFWntX.uUQbaQntXQsUWdvWegXIlENaIvVdnBW HdWKiEdGhWpOKodLmQaaQnKwEeLlOcVdJcmlFN tFvuIQN:wvglQIKmDaNkDWnxrEQNKsduUQ 3 pOKodaAndUjBn,uUQ Algérie,Maroc,Tunisie, jIgnEWn jEggOwEd oBQslId mBbFdiMngvQIjCQNLgWHkbEnhInBWdvWegInKmDaN,sEntAvAoB qDmabKagrIcGhW,LtQwOiEgsIvEonOoEm,KsygAdLlOaDQn|..HvWtFvuIQN:aENgAd LlO aInInAqFm“ Commonwealth”.

oQIaMQNkaNkbvngInpFdpaQecId,KvFWIlvmLlWv,gXmB 2 aEnqDoQIaMQN“cIdnAeFm” uUQGnrObaboCnnAeFm LlO oQIaMQNdIWnpBWn sENqFmnAeFm ! svQnvQI pOKwd“KpEngIN” nEWnLmQnwMNLtQoINdIWnoOhInKpEntFWntX(svQngInKmDaN,KsygAd,sENqFm taWN~EgHp hIbaQnGd baQnnCQN).qvImKvFWIkaNKwAQnoBQvQI:“eVgsmEekaNwvgKiFILmQneVgsmEekaNrObablQIhFvKmDaNkDWn”sEdjOoEmdEQNgIQvHdWgIemIKpEntFvjANLlOgXHdWpOgabsvQnkaNrObFbsENqFmnAeFmtFvjANKkFWIsUQpvEdsIdwEonIkaNmOnVdcCQNbXQmBzUWGdpOtAKsdHdW,mEnHdWgIemIKpEn“zFnsXIKrEd”aEneAQNGhQeaBg

19

aEnnCQNkaNmvnmOnVdKiFIcCQNbXQtIQNheENgEbgInmOhIpOtAvEdxrEQNKsd1789cCQNKpEnsEggOrIdG`QGhWmOnVd,jIgrObabsEgdBnIKpEnwEn|pBgIWvkDWnsUQrObabnIeoCnoBQsUNsFQNgvQI .....(aEnnBWjIgpOKodcIdKpEnkaWekWI,mIKpEnKagrIc...). 2.)kObvngEmmOgansIgFnkObvngEmmOgansIgFnkObvngEmmOgansIgFnkObvngEmmOgansIgFn kObvndEQNgIQvHdWmBmIdFnLlWvaIdKvFWIHdWvQImEnKpEniUbsB LlOmBgInKqDQanGhvtFvjANLtQcVmpB 1840 mI,HdWzIQnsIgFn I,II,LlOIII LlOpEdjVbEn....gaQn~WInBWgIntXQsUWkaNcFncEWngEmmOganLmQnwMNLtQuUQGnLtQlOpOKodLlOiUbgIntXQsUWLmQnKlEQNGsQdIWnKsygAdKpEntFWntXtFvuIQN:wvggEmmObInaENgAd(trade union)hlDvQIgInlVgiDWkDWnkaNgEmmOganKmDaN Lyon 1834 kaNxrEQN hlENjIggInmOhIpOtAvEd KdDantVlI sXIKrEdzFn,sIgFn III mI,rObabdEQNgIQvLmQnmBbaQnaBNqD(LmQnpFdpaQecIdoBQKvFWI mILlWv). gIntXQsUWkaNkbvndEQNgIQvnEWn HdWmBjVdpOsFNLlOKnDWaGnLlOgIeOwIbjOLjWNGnLtQlOrOeO;tXQsUWoEN3 dIWnHpwaWmgEnJldqD:gInKmDaN,KsygAd, aVdFmqOtA,KiEd~WIoBQsIgFntXQ3 kObvngInpOtAvEd(tXQgIngXQsIWNgEmmOgan,pOcIcFnoBQaagLiNNInGnLtQlOpvEdsId,kObvnpFdpaQecId,kObvngInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm). 1-wEgqammVenAd,wEggEmmOganHdWKtBbGhQeKkEWmLkNkDWnLlOHdWgIemIKpEngXIlENgInKmDaNnCQN oBQpOtAKsdbXQHdWuUQGnbINpOKodaVdsIhOgEmLlObEndIpOcIcIdaDQn|.... cFncEWnzUWaagLiNNInHdWmBtFvLonkaNtFnoBQLoWjANuUQ,KmDQagaQnnBWuUQpOKodwEonIaVdsIhOgEm LmQn“wvgnIeoCnKsrBnAeFm”KiEdwIrObFdbIddEQNgIQvLon(Parti Libéral)

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20

sUQsENqFmnAeFm(jBn,Vietnam,North Korea)GngIntXQsUWkaNtFnwEgPC,sENqFmnAeFm,sENqFmnAeFmpOcIoApOHtLlOwEggEmmOganaDQn|....gXHdWmBzUWLonkaNtFnKkFWIivQmGnsOwIrEybInLlOaFNgInrEykEWntIQN|;GnnEWnbINqEWNqIv,bINKvlIgXHdWjEdtEWNiadrEybInaBgdvWe.GnnBWaEnKdEQnKpEnwAKsdaIdLmQnuUQGnbEndIpOKod KaBrFbK~Da(pays nordiques) cCQNwEgSocio-démocrate (sENqFmnAeFmpOcIoApOHt) HdWgXIaXInIdKpEnKvlIeIvnIn(Suède,....).

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,Mao LlOkaNwEgaDQn|gXLmQnHdWiEbgInwAmLlOjXI~IQeuIQNgvIWNkvINaag oFQvJlg...cCQNbXQmBzUWGdpOtAKsdHdW).KyANyWIvQIrObFbjEggOwEd,pOtAgInjO“JqsOnILbbmAd” (campagne de silence) hlDvQI“pEWnKrDWaNkDWnKwDQaiVQeqFn,KiEdGhWqFnuIWn” (créer l’épouvantail) KcEQn“mIQnKhlEg”(Rideau de fer) “mIQnHmWGzQ”(Rideau de bambous). LtQaAdoAwFnkaNmIgcT-KlnAngXlFNKlAgLlOgvWINkvINKkFWIsUQbEndIpOcIcFnoBQaagLiNNInLlOpOcIcIdoBQyDggFdkBQkUdiBdLlOgXKpEnqvImhvENaEneAQNGhQeGhWLgQwvgdEQNgIQvoBQKvFWImI. LtQ 1848 lEdoAqammVenAdzBsId(Spectre communiste)(Manifeste du Parti Communiste 1848)

mIdMvnBWKpEnaIvVdkaNgIntXQsUWpOjXIvEnkaNmOhIcFnoBQdV EQn. KyANvQI“rObFbsENqFmnAeFmtFvjAN”uUQGnJlg LlOJdesOKwIOuQUKaBrFbtIKvEnaag HdWyDgprIHclFNLlWvgXtIm,LtQrObFbLnvqAd,oAd

21

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Engels LlOsmEe KlnAn) rObFbLnvqAd Marx-Lénine oBQKpEnKagwFbLlOqFbyvWnLmQnHdWcnOgEboVg|oAdsOdBaDQn|....jCQNmBsAdLlO aAdoAwFnKqDQanGhvuIQNgvWINkvIN,qvImKvFWIkaNnEgsIWNtEWNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsId gEbvQI:“oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn LmQnsVdoBQmBgXIlENLiNKwIOvQImEnLmQnqvImjAN” (Le Marxisme et Léninisme est haut

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Aquino,Bénazir Bhutto; uUQGnlEd Tri-Baltique kaNJcvMd KgFQI, nINaaNcIn cUgB(kaNmMnmWI),nIN Munro(kaN Nicaragua).

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22

wvgKiFIKaFIjXInvntFvKlgdEQNgIQv HpoMbGsQaIoAd. bFdnAwFnkaNEngels“la situation de la classe laborieuse en Engleterre” #1845

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23

(KqDQaNpaWNgEnwEe,LsNsvIQN,sFWNKsDWa, aVbpOganpaWNgEn.. ...). - KwDQapFgpEgiEgsIzFnpJedoINdIWnKsygAd,sENqFmkaNtFn,zUWaagLiNNIngXeENmB “aFNgIngEmmObInkaNtFn”KwDQatXQlaNgEbcFncEWnnIeoCnGngIntXQsUWKwDQapEbpVNrObabKiEdvMgNIn,KNAnKdDanLlOqvImtaWNgInpOjXIvEnkaNtFn.iUbwIboBQHdWeFgkDWnmInBWHdWKiEdGhW ;KvFWIoMbgEbhlENgXKhEnHdWvQIwvgKiFIHdWzIQnkIWmrOeOGhQewXsFmqvnGndIWngIntXQsUWKwQDAapEbpVNLlOpFvLpNcBvAdgInKpEnuUQoINdIWnvEdyVLlOjAdGjGhWLgQpOcIcFnzUWaagLiNNInGnkabKkdoFQvJlg.yWIoMbGsQsmEeMarx-

Engels iUbwIbdEQNgIQvgXeENbXQLmQn” svEnuUQlVQmwAwFbKoDQa”(Paradis sur

terre)sOKwIOzUWaagLiNNInKoDQaKwIOvQI“qvImsVgkaNmOnVd” mEnmBlEgsnOsXIqEnqD Marx-Engels KvFWI.KyANvQIHdWmByInOgInKmDaN,KsygAd, sENqFm vEonOoEmdBkDWngXtImyWIwvgKiFIsFmoMbcFncEWnnIeoCn(mOhIKsdyBoBQiEQNmBLlWv) gInhIQNHggEnrOvQINzFnpJeddIWnvEdyV,rIeHdW,qvImiEQNmBLmQnkIWmHggEnaagoVg|mDW (gXqDpOKoddaWewEonILlOpOKodaVdsIhOgEmGhQe).zFnNInoBQrObabqammVenAdsIgFn,gEmmOgansIgFnoBQeIdmIHdWnBWgXbXQsImIdtEdLegaagHdWjIgzFnsOoaWnkaN“gXILwNKwEdLhQNgInpOtAvEdkaNJlg”qDrObFbsENqFmnAeFmLhQNJlgcCQN URSS KpEnKsFIqXWI(qDwvgKiFIHdWiUWgEnLlWv). 3.) gInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm. gInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm. gInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm. gInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm. 1- pOcIcFnHdWKpEnKjFWIGngInKlDagKaFI“aVdFmqOtALlOrObabgInKmDaNJdemBsOtA”.gaQnpB 1917 JlgkaNwvgKiFInBWLmQn“JlgkaNjEggOwEd,nIeoCn”JtGdGhQe,KkEWmLkNgvQILmQnHdW“wUd”hlIegvQI;pOcIcFnLmQnuUQ“naggInKmDaN”gInKmDaNLmQnzUWmBaXInId,LmQnwEggInKmDaN KpEnzUWKiEdLonLlOGnnImtFn LtQgXbXQLmQnKwDQazFn

24

pJedtFn qDwEggInKmDaNKvFWIKlDWae|dag(démocratie)KnDWaLoWnEWngXLmQnKwDQawvggXIaXInIdnEWnKaN (LtQKaFIzFnpJedkaNpOcIcFnmIaIWN). gInmOhIpOtAvEdKdDantVlIrEdKcEe LmQnHccnOkaNpOcIcFnoBQKpEnKjFWI KlDagKaFIaVdFmqOtA LlO rObabG`Q kaNwEg mIgc-TKlnAn(wEgkaNKlnAn).“gInpOtAvEdLmQnwIrOgAdkaNmOhIcFn”nEWnLmQnsEdjOoEmoBQsUNsFQN LlO aEmmOtO tFvuIQN: GnKvlIuCdaXInIdgInpFgqaN 1917 sOmIcAgkaN wEgJcvMd mBwMNLtQ 350 000 qFnKoFQInEWn,jOcnOrObabKjFWI cIrT LmQnKpEnHpbXQHdWyWIvQIeENbXQpOgabsvQnKaFIjANKaFIjENLoW ? (GnpOmInpOcIKgDab 160-170 lIWnqFn); hlDvQIGnKvlIsFNqImgINKmDaNLlOgInLcgLcN,iVgiInjIg jEggOwEd 14

Jt GnpB 1918-1920 hlDvQIGnsmEesFNqIm gEbwAtVwUm 1941-1945.

GnsaNsFNqImdEQNgIQv,sEdtUrbVgKkFWImIKgDabiad Moscou KaNLlWvLtQsVdoIWegXpFgpEgiEgsIaXInIdgInpFgqaNLlOrObaboBQpOcIcFnKlDagKaFIKaNdvWeqvImtDQnJtdB.KwAQnKlBeKvFWIvQIHccnOkaNpOcIcFndEQNgIQvnEWnLmQn “Miracle”(sAQNmOhEdsOjEn) cCQNsOLdNGhWKhEnvQI“gXIlENmOhIcFnLmQnmOhIsInLoW”.yWIKkFIKjFWItDQntFvvQIKpEnsAdzFnpJedkaNKkFIKjFWILoW.uUQGnrObabpFdpaQecIdoBQmBwEgkaNcFncEWngEmmOgannXIwInEWn, KmDQacnOHdWsEdtrUgEbmBqvImiEQNmB,KkEWmLkN,mBbFdiMnLlO“pOgabaIvVdiadLkWv” (armés jusqu’aux dents).yWIvQIpOcIcFnKkFWIivQmKpEnjXInvnhlvNhlIeLlWv,gXbXQsImIdmBsAQNmOhEdsOjEnHdW(miracle)tFvuIQN:gInpOtAvEdkaN 3 pOKodaAndUjBn,jBn,KgFIhlBK~Da,Cuba LlOaDQn|.... 2- uUQGnrObFbsENqFmnAeFmpOcIcFnHdWiEbgInsCgsI,aFbiFmLlOKkFWIivQmGnvMgNIngInKmDaNuIQNgvWINkvIN LlOKpEnpOjXI bXQKqBemBjEg

25

KoDQaGnpvEdsIdkaNmvnmOnVd. gInsCgsIaFbiFmgInKmDaNuUQnBW LmQngInKzBeLzQlEdoAmIgcT-KlnAn (bXQLmQnaEnaDQn). lEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn LoW hlDvQIbAdKbDan(déviationnisme) hlDvQIaEnaDQn|LtQwOnVQNsFWNKsDWa Marx-Lénine

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pB kaNbEndIpOKodsENqFmnAeFm KaBrFbtIKvEnaag,hlENjIgKhdgIn1989 LlWvsOmIcAgwEgMarx-Lénine oBQgXIaXInIdnEWn,aagHpsmEgiEbKlDagtEWNGhWpOcIcFnKlDagKaFIHdWLtQwMN 9-10% kaNzUWLon;jOaOoAbIeLnvGd?(KhdgInhlEN1990KiFIKaNgXIbXQHdW),wvgKiFIbXQKvFWItDQmaBg (aIduUQtantXQHp)wEgoBQgXIaXInIdsOgEdgEWn,pIbpImgInKmDaNoBQLtgtIQNtFnqDLnvGd?tFvuIQN:“nEgJoddIWnaVdFmqOtA” (détenus

politiques d’opinions, de convictions religieuses, nationalistes ....); “ hôpitaux du psychiatric ” .

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26

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27

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roubles,yWILmQnuUQ France 70-80 Francs ( dDAQngEntEWNhlIeKoFWI) .uUQJiNiMn Polytechnique kaN France, lUgsAdzUWnCQNiMnjFb = 1 lIWnN.Francs, =$US300,000.svQnuUQGnsENqFmnAeFmLmQnbXQHdWKsEeheEN(sOKwIOnEgiMn).nEgprId,aIjIn,nIeqUsAdsanLlOGhWgInLnOnXIJdebXQKhEnLgQKNAnqXI,bXQpAdlEbLlOjANGj.jXInvnnEgiMnpMbGsQpOcIgangAnjXInvnaEdtrIsUNyWIoMbGsQJlg.KwAQnKvFWIvQInEgprId,aIjInkaNURSS No1 kaNjXInvnJlg,bXQmBpOKodGd|uUQGnJlgjOmBcvQeHdWqFbyvWn, gvIWNkvINqDuUQrObFbsENqFmnAeFm KwDQaeFg“wansvEn” kaNpOcIcFnkDWnsUQrOdEbsUNHdW.zUWmBwansvEn,mBqvImmVWNmIdprIynI,sImIdpBnkDWnsUQeadsUNkaNqvImiUWLlOvAoeIsIdkaNmOnVdHdW.“gInsCgsI,vEonOoEmLmQnmUnmXrOdFgkaNmvnmOnVd,LtQLmQnsAdzUgkIdkaNcFncEWnpFgqaNGnKvlIgaQnnEWnHdWgIemIKpEnkaNpOcIcFnJdeoFQvHpGnrObFbsENqFmnAeFm cCQNbXQmBzUWGdpOtAKsdHdW. k- gInsIoIrOnOsVg k- gInsIoIrOnOsVg k- gInsIoIrOnOsVg k- gInsIoIrOnOsVg. pOcIcFnoVgqFn,GnKvlIKjEbKpEn,LmQnHdWiEbgInpAQnpFvJdebXQHdWKsEeqQI(qQIpAQnpFvbFvrObEdkaNLwd,JiN`X,uI,gInbXrAgIn,gIngAn,aVbpOganiEbGcWLlOaDQn|...).rObFbJiN`X,gIngvdgIqFb,dIWnweIdLlOpAQnpFvLmQnoFQvKyAN.gInpaWNgEnLmQLlOKdEgyDgKaFIGjGsQ

28

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zUWKyFWI, la juvénalogie KdEg)keIetFvHpdB.vAoeIsIdgInLwd,aVbpOgan KqDQaNmD,HdWmB gInqFWnwFbG`QLlOkeIetFvdB tFvuIQN: gInzQItEd~vQetI kaN Dr. Féolonov yDvQImBcDQ sMNoFQvJlghlDvQIgInpAQnpFvdiabète GnkEWnoFdlaN kaNgInLwdKmDaN Kiev LlO aDQn|..... q- KiDan,sOyInoBQwEgwIaIsEe,sObMNaIhIn,gInkFnsFQN,wlENq- KiDan,sOyInoBQwEgwIaIsEe,sObMNaIhIn,gInkFnsFQN,wlENq- KiDan,sOyInoBQwEgwIaIsEe,sObMNaIhIn,gInkFnsFQN,wlENq- KiDan,sOyInoBQwEgwIaIsEe,sObMNaIhIn,gInkFnsFQN,wlENNInNInNInNIn.. * bEnhIKiDanuUQ,sOyInoBQwEgwIaIsEeLmQnbEnhIdvQnLlOpEdjVbEnkaNJlg,qvImheVWNeIgkIdKkBneENmIgmIegIQegaNuUQ.sOKwIOuUQsENqFmnAeFmLmQnLgWHkHdWdBwXsFmqvn(tFvuIQNmBLzngInpOjXIpBLtQlOsmEe). qQIKiDan (jIWN,KcFQI) yDvQIyDgsVd tFvuIQN: 3 Roubles/KdDan,LtQuUQ rObFboCnnAeFmHghlIekEWnrIqIdEQNgIQv10 -50% hlDhlIegvQInEWnkaN KNAnKdDan. * qQIHffWI,wlENNInlvmoENrObFbiaWnuUQGnKiDan(chauffage

central) qQInXWIpOpI, qQIkFnsFQNHpmI yDvQIyDgsVd. * qQIsObMNaIhIn,gIngAnuUQ,GcWsae,KqDQaNqabqFvJdesOKwIOLmQnkaNKdEgnaWe (iadgInnVQNyD,iXQIiMn....)LmQnyDg. oVg|rIqIbXrAgIndEQNgIQvnBWoENyDgoENrIqIpFggOtAdB(bXQkDWnlFNKpEn10 pBtXQgEn) mEnHdWpOgabsvQnKkFWIuIQNhlvNhlIeGngInKiEdGhWcBvAdgInKpEnuUQpFggOtALlOiEbpOgEn. N- dIWngAlI gIeOgEm N- dIWngAlI gIeOgEm N- dIWngAlI gIeOgEm N- dIWngAlI gIeOgEm uUQGngInKkQNkEn(Olympique URSS+RDA

KkFWIgEn eIdHdWhlMnhlIegvQIKwAQn).

29

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quotidiens)bEneIgIdsKmBwIb,qvImKpEn s/h gEn,gInnEbyD,bXQjXILngcCQNgEnLlOgEn,qvImKaDWaKfDWacCQNgEnLlOgEnqVnsFmbEdkaNlEdoAmIgcT-KlnAn LmQnHdWcvQNKsNgEnpOtAbEdJdemBsOtAjIgoVgsOmIcAgkaNsENqFm.oVgqFnLlOoVggInjEdtEWNweIeImhlBgoBQsVdgIntXInAsFQNkIQvjIgbaQnaDQn|LlOwIgsvQnaDQn|.weIeImLgWHkjVdaaQn,kXWkIdtFgbFgzaQNuUQwIeGnkaNtFn(lIWNsFWNKsDWaKpDWanuUQGnKiDantFn=laver le linge sale à

la maison) sAdzFnpJedaEncaboEmkaNLtQlObVgqFnjObXQHdWiEbqvImKpEnivQNKpEnGeuIWnyDgLtOtaWNjIgbVgqFnaDQn,gInjEdtEWNaDQnKwIOvQItFvKaNuUQGngInjEdtEWNnBWLlWvKwIOoVgqFnLmQntaWNivQmuUQGngInjEdtEWNGdnCQNkaNsENqFm.gInjEdtEWNjOpFgpaWNtFvKoFQIoBQKpEnmI.gInsIWNzFnNIn,qVnNImqvImdB,qvImgIWv~WI,pOdAdsIWN,gInKpEnLbbuIQNdBHdWiEbgInLbQNpEnpOtAbEduUQoFQvsENqFmLlOLbbmBsOtA;mEnHdWgIeKpEnvAnEeLlOpOKwnBkaNsENqFm.sAQNdEQNgIQvmIkIWNKoANnBWsOLdNGhWKhEnvQI: ”pOcIcFnmBsOtALlOqvImsImId KpEnKjFWItFnKaN,KpEnKjFWIsENqFmuIQNLoWjAN’.

30

5- rObabsENqFmnAeFmHdWKiEdGhWgInwEonIpOKodcIdbIWnKmDaNgIWv~WIHv.sAQNoBQKvFWImILtQ 1-4 sOLdNGhWKhEnvQIpOcIcFnuUQGnrObFbsENqFmnAeFm LmQngXIlENKdBnuUQGnKsEWnoINLhQNgInpFdpaQetFnKaNjIgsENqFmLlOoEmmOcIduIQNcAWnKcBN.KyANvQIaIeVkaNsENqFmnAeFmhIgsEWn(70gvQIpB)LtQpOcIcFngXHdWiEbgInpEbpVN,pFvLpNcBvAddIWnvEdyV,jAdGjLlOvEonOoEmdBgvQI pOcIcFnwIgsvQnaDQn|kaNJlg. g- g- g- g- LtQlOpOKodoBQgIWvKkFWIsUQsENqFmnAeFm LmQnjIgsOwIbgInKsygAdtXQsENqFmtXQI LtQgIWvHv. - sOKwIOkFNKkd (LtQpOKodrEdKcEe) KdBntImKsEWnoINsENqFmnAeFm(1917) KpEnpOKodaVdsIhOgEm rOdEb 5 kaNJlg (4 kaNEurope) wvgKiFI bXQnEbsFNqImgINKmDaN 1918 kaNsFNqImpaWNgEnpAtVwUm 1941-1945 . gInKsEehIe 70% kaNcEwsFmbEdLhQNcIdqFntIe 20 lIWn wMNLtQ 70 pBKoFQInEWn gXgIemIKpEnmOhIaXInIdoB 2(aIdKvFWI gXIlENsFNqIm) kaNJlg,hlENjIg USA tlad 45 pBhlENjIgsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mIKpEnaOwAmOhIaXInId waWmgEb USAjOgWIlFNJod Irak HdWqDLnvnBWbX? aEnnEWnLmQnKpEnHpbXQHdWLoW. wvgKiFIeFgtFvuIQNaBgqD: GnpB 1962 KhdgIn“vAgAdgIn Missile” Kennedy

gXbXQsImIdjOpIb Cuba (Fidel Castro) KyANvQImB gXIlENK~Da Cuba

gXtIm,eaWnvQImB URSS ~UnhlEN, hlDsFNqIm“KgFIhlB”(1950-1953)

gXIlENnI|cIdJde USA KpEnhFvJpQ, sOhIpOcIcIdKhEndBgXbXQsImIdjOlFNJod“KgFIhlB K~Da”HdW eaWnvQImB URSS,RPC LlOsENqFmnAeFmaDQn|~UnhlEN. dEQNnEWngXIlENjEggOwEd,pOtAgIniVgiInoVgpOKodtaWNqXInCNKyANoQIoB kaN URSS LlO USA KlDWae|. nEWnsaQNLsNKyANaAdoAwFnLlO

31

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(gXIpEQnmVdnXWIpIrOmOnU) LmQnnXI~WIkaNJlgcCQN GzgXiEbiUW, tladiad gaNoEbrFdyEN (Tanks) cCQNmBaAdoAwIbLlOgXIlENLiNmILtQsmEesFN qImJlgqEWNoB II wVWn. - bEndIpOKodaDQn|jIggInKpEnhFvKmDaN kDWn,lWIhlENHdWsIWNvArOgEm LlOLbbuIQNGhWJlg GngInpFdpaQetFn,tFvuIQNaAndUjBn(lIv, vMdnIm,kKmn),Cuba....pOKodHdWiEb KagrIc LlOHdWmByInOdBuUQGn KvoBgIntIQNpOKod tFvuIQN jBn tEWNLtQKpEn“KkFWI~Fm” GhWhlIe| jEggOwEd mIKpEnmOhIaXInIdnCQNHdW(cCQNGzgXpOtAKsdbXQHdW)(“gâteaux chinois”). UN GnsmEe 1943-1944 mBpOcIcFntIeeaWnhAvKkFWI 2-3 lIWnqFn mIiad 1989 gXHdWsFQNKkFWIkIetIQNpOKod1.5 lIWnJtn LtQlOpOKodoBQHpnXIsENqFmnAeFm LmQn HdWpEbpVNLlOwEonIiabdIWn: gInKmDaN,KsygAd,sENqFm,vEonOoEm(qDoBQHdWgIQvmIkIWNKoAN). k- k- k- k- rObFbbXrAhInaIdeIsAd,ivmsUnLlObFQNgInlFWmlOlIeqMNkIWNgEbzFnNInaEneAQNGhQe,KpEnpvEdgInLlOyDvQIKpEn“zFnsXIKrEd”kaNmvnmOnVdnEWn,aEnkIdtFgbFgzaQNLlOqIWNqIgXLmQnmOhIsInLoW|.“mvnmOnVdLmQnsEdpOKsBdLlOsUNsFQNgvQIsAQNGd|”.weIdoXIlIemOnVdKgDabjOtIeuUQLlWvLwdvINuIGsQ,jOKiEdGhW“weIdLlOqFntIe

32

waWmgEnbX?” hlDvQIjOGcWqvImweIeImLlOKvlIiEgsIsVgkOwIbKwDQaiEgsIHvWsAQNoBQsUNsFQNdEQNgIQv.tEggOvAoeIoBQyDgtaWNLmQniEgsImOnVd LtQtaWNkWIweIdGhWjFnHdW.“dagHmW”sENqFmnAeFmgXIlENgMmjOKbEQNbIn,jOsvesFdNFdNImLlOsFQNgAQnhamhvn HpoFQvJlg,LtQ“LmNmFd”wOHpKjIOGjgINkaNmEn;jOKdEddagHmWKwDQaoXIlIe“mFdLmN”oBQKvFWImInEWnLmQn “lEdoAsOtIlBnAd,rObFbbXrAhInaIdeIsAd,ivmsUn,bFQNgIn”oBQLxNcaWn,oBQgFddEnLlOoXIlIe“dagHmWsFdGs”tladmIdagHmWsFdGs LmQn lEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn,aVdFmqOtAsENqFmnAeFm.eaWngXIlENsEdjOoEmmEnLkNLiNLlOpOcIcFnKpEnGjmEn,sVdoIWemEngXxCgxFntFvHdWjIg“lEdoA sOtIlBnAd” qDuUQGnsIhIwIbJcvMd(KlBWmLtQ 1984) LlOuUQKaBrFbtI KvEnaag 1989 .gInpOgabsvQnkaNlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn LgQ3 kbvngInpOtAvEdkaNJlgLmQnsVdjOeAQNGhQeLlOpvEdsId,LtQKpEn~WIKsEedIeoBQsVdoBQ“weId”,“LmNmFd”,gFd~vQN,oXIlIewlENaOnVwIbkaNmEntladmI;yWIbXQdEQNnEWnrEsmBaEniVQNKiDaNKhlDaNKhlDWamkaNmEnjOsvIQNLjWNHpoFQvJlgdDQnnBWaBg!!!KhdgInoBQmBqvImÌedIWnoAdsOdB gXqDwCdtAgEm kaNpB 1989 sOLdNGhWKhEnsaNdIWnkaN~CQNbEnhI : 1* “lEdoAsOtIlBnAd,rObFbbXrAhInaIdeIsAd,ivmsUn,bFQNgIn”KyANjOhlXQLhlm, jOÙnGcWoVg|bFdiMnkaNgIngFdkBQkFQmKhENkaNpvEdsIdkaNwvgzKdEdgInjamJhd (despote) hlDwvgzKdEdsAd hlDwvg (démagogue)....hlDjOÙnGcW“lEdoAsEdjOvAwIg” KkFWIHpGnoINoBQbXQdB,cCQNKnDWaLoWnEWn,mBuUQ saNaEnGcWgXIlENiVnLiNLlOgIntFvO(violence et mensonge) gXbXQsImIdgabgUWKaFIwvgmEnaagjIggInlFNJodjIgpvEdsIdLlOpOcIcFnHdW.eaWnvQImEnGcWsaNvAoBgIndEQNgIQv

33

jFnsVdknIdjCQNsImIduUQHdWiad 70 gvQIpB,LtQLnvGdgXtImqvImKvFWIkaN Marx-Engels LmQnyDgtaWN“wvgKkFIsImIdtvFOqFngVQmnCQNHdWLtQjOHptvFOpOcIcFncIdnCQN LmQnKiEdbXQHdWKpEnKdEdkId”.KhdgInpOtAvEddEQNgIQvHdWwAsUdtDQmaBgKoDQanCQNsEdjOoEmoBQmIjIgoIdLoWmOndVsOoEmkaNqFn qDvQI :“gInGcWgXIlENiVnLiN LlOgIntvFOevFO mBLtQnXIHpKyANsAQNsVdoIWe qD : aOnIoApOHt, qvImaEbaIe, gInoXIlIe,gInKpFQIvIQN( vide ) dIWnKsygAd,jAdGj LlOvEonOoEm”. 2* eaWngXIlENLiNoBQKpEnoIdLoWkaNlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn gXbXQmBaVbpOsEgGd|jOoXIlIemEnHdW. qvImKvFWIdEQNgIQvLmQnkaNnEgsIWNtEWNlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn KaNqD Marx-Engels-Lénine “lEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn” .La théorie Marxiste-léniniste est toute puissante parce qu’elle est

juste. hDvQI Karl Kautsky (KvlIlIveENLmQnnEg marxist uUQ)KvFWIvQI“La vérité est au-dessus de tout”. (sEdjOoEmLmQnsUNgvQIsAQNGd|)Lénine “Notre force réside dans la vérité” (gXIlENkaNwvgKiFILmQnuUQGnqvImjAN).“ gFNlXWpvEdsIdjObXQmBvEnhEngEbhlENHdW”.“LsNsvIQNtaWNcnOqvImmDdmFnaFnoOgIn” . KhdgIn1989 jOsIWNcaQNoINaMQNG`QtXQJlg: - - - -1- sOKwIOwvgoBQmBweIdtIWnlEdoAqammVenAdLtQgXIKnBd (Ceux

qui sont obtenus de la maladie anti-communiste innée).wvgyDvQI“zBsIdqammVenAd”;lEdoAqammVenAd LmQn“Lz” (plaie du capitalisme);

“ Le rideau de fer”“rideau de bambous”“le communisme”LmQn“empire du mal”(jEggOwFbLhQNqvImcFQvcWI); rObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlgjOsUnslIeGnoIWesEtvEdoB 20 (Henry Kissinger)...jOgOtDlDlFWntDQm`DWtDQmKjEe KwDQabAdKbDan ,GsQiIWepIWesB LlOeFvOKeBWe lEdoAsENqFmnAeFm

34

tDQm........ ----2- wvg“ sOtIlBnAd” jOKwBWmoOvBqvImKqDQanGhvKwDQajOiEgsI“svEn”oBQKkFIKsEeHpnEWngEbmI qD “qvImweIeImgXQrEypOhInkDWnuUQsOhIwIbJcvMdGn pB 1991 LlWv LlOwvgKkFIjOaagLiNpEbpVNsmEgwEgwvguUQoFQvJlg,jOGsQiIWepIWesBtXQ“lEdoApOtAgInsIgFn”,GsQiIWepIWesB“nEgpOtAiUb”(les réformateurs) GnLtQlOpOKodKwIOwvgKkFIKaNgXhvEQnHhvuUQGngOJtwvgKkFIuUQLlWvvQI: “KmDQalFmtIKvEnaagHdWpEdKkEQekBWKheDQaHp`FdLlWvuUQLhQNaDQn lFmdEQNgIQvgXjOpEdKkEQeqDgEnJdebXQmBGzjOsOgEdgEWnHdW qD Karl Kautsky KvFWIvQI : “Il serait absurbe de

s’imaginer qu’une partie de la société se développe dans la

direction opposée” (mEnKpEn~WIHiWKhdzFnoBQjOqAdvQIKvlIwIgsvQnnCQNkaNsENqFmhIgKdBnHpoINoAdnCQNLlWv aBgwIgsvQnnCQNjOKdBnHptImoAdoBQgFNgEnkIWm) LlO aDQn|... -3- tXQpOcIcFnoBQxIgqvImhvENtXQ“rObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlg”jOmBqvImlEWNKlGjuUQbXQnaWe, KwIOKhEniUbwIbqDLmQnlEdoAmIgc-TKlnAnlFWmlOlIe,LtQbXQKhEnvQIaEnnEWnLmQngInlFWmlOlIeLlOwFbcItIsBnAn jOtaWNGcWKvlIjXInvnnQCANjCQNjOKhEnHdWvQI (séparer les mauvaises et

bonnes herbes).

-4- sOKwIOpOtAiUboBQKyANyaN,gXIlENoBQsaQNGspadGskIvsOaIdkaNsENqFmqMNkIWNgEn gEbGccnOoBQeAQNGhQeoBQKhEnvQItFnHdWKpEnzUWoBQlAKlBWmzEdKkEQesAQNoBQLxNcaWngFd~vQNqvImgIWv~WIkaNsENqFmmIdFnnInLlWvnEWn. tFnKaNoBQmBqvImiEbzAdcabsVdknId KwDQasImIdsOgEdgEWngInoXIlIekaNsaNgXIlEN -1-LlO-2- oBQKvFWImILlWv ;sIWNLlOtabsnaNqvImhvENdBoBQmBkaNgXIlEN-3- GhWgIeKpEngXIlENpOtAiUboBQLkNLiN.

35

1-)) gInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWngInKmDaNgInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWngInKmDaNgInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWngInKmDaNgInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWngInKmDaN...aVdFmqOtA,jVdpOsFN,wIhInO, “jVdKlBWm” LlO“jVdsVdoIWe”kaNwEg Marx-Lénine oBQgXIaXInIdLmQngInKzBeLzQaVdFmqOtAJlgOoEd gInKmDaNlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAnkaNwEgGhWoFQvKyANLlOGhWgIeKpEnwCdtAgEmtFvjAN. “oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn jOgIeKpEngXIlENcnOKlBd,yWIvQImEnhIggIeKpEnkaN mOhIcFn”. jIgoEdsnOdEQNgIQvnBW jCQNKhEnvQI “gInKmDaNcCQNLmQngInlvmeadkaNKsygAd (la politique est le concentré de l’économie) jCQNmBbFdbIdnXI~WIkaNoVg|vMgNInLlOgInKqDQanGhvkaNsENqFmsENqFmnAeFm;“LlOgXbXQmBLhQNGdoBQlFmkaN lEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn bXQHpKyAN”. KmDQaKpEnLnvnEWn,wvgKiFIjOaOoAbIeKhdzFnpvEdsIdkaNrObFbsENqFmnAeFmKaBrFbtIKvEnaag GncVmoIWepB 1990 qDuIQNGd? - LmQngInlFWmlOlIedIWngInKmDaNoBQtIQvpBWngEbbXQHdWkaNgVQmgXIaXInId, lvbeCdaXInId (usurpateurs de pouvoir) sOtIlBnAd oBQLxNcaWn,pAdbENoIdLoWsFggOpFgsvm~WIgIgoBQjFbNImkaNgInJqsnIkaNoINgInoBQmBmIJdetlad.KmDQaKaFIwvgKkFImIoFdsabjIgpOcIcFntFvjAN mBwMNLtQ 2-10% oBQKkFIHdWsMN. GnnBWwvgKiFItaWNKvFWIaBgtDQm(eENKpEnwMNLtQKoDQaoXIaAdKoFQInEWn):eaWnvQIpOcIcFnkIdmUnKcDWapOcIoApOHtmIdFnLlWv,pOcIcFneImGdgXiEgsIKdBm,mBLnvqAdtIetFv,uIWnLlOeENbXQoEnKhEnLjWNoVgoQIaMQNkaNLnvqAd.yWIvQIhlIeKNDQanHkdBkDWntDQm,wvg“sOtIlBnAd” KkFIjOmBdAnuUQbX? - aEnsUNsVdkaNrObabgInKmDaNkaNpOcIoApOHt,LmQnsAd smEgLlOKlDagKaFIgInnXIkaNtFnLbbKwAQnvQI smEgGj,Lbb“KsrB”.wCdtAgEmLlOoAdsOdBdEQNgIQvmBmI LtQsaNwEngvQIpBgaQnnBW (smEeKgrEg, JrLmN)

36

LtQgXmBgInrOKmBd,lvbsAdgEntladmI;aEnsFggOpFgoBQsVd gX aIdLmQnsAQNoBQ“wvgsOtIlBnAd”KiEdtlad 70 gvQIpBzIQnmInBW. nEbLtQlOrOeO (1-3-5 pB)Gd,oVg|aFNgInjEdtEWNwEg,rEy,kaNmOhIcFn(gEmmObIn, cIv~VQm,LmQeAN LlOaDQn|....)LlOkaNLtQlOkEWngXHdWpOtAbEdgInKlDag,smEgiEbKlDagtEWNkaNtFn,HdWGcWoVggXIlEN,wIhInO,cEwsFmbEd,JqsnI uIQNgOtDlDlFWn,pOtAbEdgIngOtMmKpEngInGhQe“KpBdbEWnLkQNkEnsIWNzFnNIn”,sIWNqvImhvENG`QGngInKlDagtEWNoBQjOmIKyAN LtQsVdoIWegXqD....cnO. “For four decades Poles have lived

from crisis to crisis and from one broken promise to another in

circle of hope and dissentement” (HdW4oFdsOvEdLlWvpOcIcFnJpJleHdWmBcBvAduUQjIgvAgAdgInHphIvAgAdgInG`QLlOjIgqXI`EWnsEneIG`QtImvFNJqjanpAdkaNqvImmVWNhvEN LlOqvImaFghEg). LtQlOKoDQaLtQlObEWnHdWmBpOcIcFn(zUWmBsAd)KkFWIivQm 98-100% LlOzUWiEbKlDagtEWNgXHdWqOLnn 98-100% HccnOgXHdW 98-100% kaNqId`IeLlOaDQn|. KmDQawvgKiFIKbAQNoIN“dIWnpOgFdgIn,bXQKbAQNoIdLoW”,“KbAQNiUbnagLlOKbAQNiUbGn”gXLmQnLnvnEWnLoWKwIOvQIgaQnjOpaQnbEd(KvlIpaQn)vMgNInoVg|kLnNgInLmQnuVdsNEg“gvdlIWNKaFIpOcIcFnHpsOyInoBQpaQnbEd.zUWKjEbKpEnmBzUWKaFIhBbbEdHpGhWpaQn.zUWbXQKkFWIivQmgIn“paQnbEd”dvWeKhdzFnsvQntFvgXyDgyDvQI“KpEnpOtAgInwIeGn”“bXQKaFIvMgNInsvQnlvm”“~EgLtQzFnpJedsvQntFv”LlOaDQn| LtQ !!oINdIWn oIdLoWKnDWaGnLoWKpEnLnvGd ;LmQn“ gInbFQNtFv” jIg“baQngXIaXInId cItIcBvAd”, “bXQLmQnpOcIoApOHt” qD KnDWaGnLoWkaNmEn qD: KlDagKaFIzUWnXILbbsmEgGj,tDQntFv,LbbKsrB KwIOvQIqD : (1) zUWoBQjOaagsmEgiEbKlDagtEWNLmQnHdWyDg “bFQNtFv” jIggInjEdtEWN

37

uUQLlWv zUWaDQn|HdWyDgpEdKkEQeaagdvWeoVgiUbsB... (2) GnbEncBoBQkMnaagnEWn,zUWoBQjOGhWtFg LmQnKaFIcDQHvWsVdoIWetFvuIQN: jOKaFI 45 qFnKpEnzUWLon ;bEncBlvmuUQGnbEncBGhWmB 48 qFn,zUWjOkBdaagnEWnLmQn 3 qFn; 3 qFndEQNgIQv LmQnmBcDQuUQsVdoIWe qDKlg 46-

47-48. GnKvlIkMnbEdgXHdWLnOnXIGhWzUWmBsAdkBd 3 cDQsVdoIWeaag. nEWnLmQnvAoBKiEdtFvjAN, LlOGnbINbaQnzUWoBQbXQKcDQaKwAQngXjOgvdgItFvLlOKbAQNbEdkaNzUWpaQnaBgcXWI LtQcXWIwEdKvFWIvQIpaQnbEdLbb “pAdlEb”.wvgKiFIjOnAeIm “LbbvAoBxrEQN” LnvnBWdvWepJedLnvGd?pOcIoApOHtrObFbKgFQIqD rObabnIeoCn(yDgbX?).pOcIoApOHtmBkabKkdbX ?pOcIoApOHtpOcIcFnbX ?hlDvQI pOcIoApOHtoBQLoWjAN ? mOnVdoBQiEgcId,iEgqvImgIWv~WI,qvImKpEnoEm,eVdtAoEm bXQsImIdiEbKaFI “LbbvAoBKiEd” kaNpOcIoApOHt qDdEQNgIQvmIaBgLlWv, KmDQaJagIdLmQnkaNKkFILlWvKkFIgXjOsOLdNaagqDoBQHdWKvFWImIGnjVd~CQN. - rObFbgInKmDaNcCQNLmQnrObFb “wEgdMv” nXIwIsENqFmdvWegInGcWsaNKlWgFnwDWnyIn qD : GcW “gXIlENiVnLiNLlOgIntvFO“gXIlENiVnLiNLlOgIntvFO“gXIlENiVnLiNLlOgIntvFO“gXIlENiVnLiNLlOgIntvFO” bXQsImIdjOnXImIGhWpOcIcFnHdWjEgKoDQacCQNqvImsVg,qvImjOKrBn......wvgKiFIlaNKbAQNpvEdsIdkaNmvnmOnVd(bXQKvFWI 70 gvQI pBkaNgInpFgqaNkaNgVQmsOtIlBnAd) qDwvgxrEQNKvFWI: “Qui joue avec la glaive mourra

avec la glaive”(zUWGdhlAWngEbdIb taWNtIeeaWndIb). aEnnEWnLmQnsENlvmvAvEonIgIn kaNmvnmOnVdoBQKqBepOtAbEdzIQnmI. GnsmEegInmOhIpOtAvEdxrEQN(1789) gXmBqXIKvFWI: “Le pur trouve toujours le plus

pur qui le pure” “zUWbXrAsVd taWNmBzUWbXrAsVdgaQn KiEdGhWKkFIbXrAsVdtDQm”.Robespierre gvdlIWN`UQ,sVdoIWegXLmQnyDg`UQgvdlIWNqDn(eaWngIn

38

GcWgXIlENiVnLiN .GnpvEdsIdkaNeVgpEdjVbEn wvgKiFIaIdeFgbINKhdgIn tFvuIQN: Hitler ,sVdoIWegXyDgoXIlIeqDtFnKaNKiEdGsQKkFI.Béria (cEWnjXIkaN Staline gXyDgpEdKkEQe LbbqDKkFIKiEdGsQ UQ...). pFgqaNqFntaWNGhWKkFIwXGj,nEWnjCQNLmQnmOnVdsOoEm,sBvAHl. yWIGcWLtQqvIm “iVnLiN,tvFO” LmQnGnJtkaNbEnhI LmQnbXQmBKhdzFn,bXQKpEnoEm,qFnbXQsnEbsnUnuUQLlWv.uIgGhWqFnwXGj,snEbsnUntFWntXLmQntaWNtabsnaNqvImtaWNgIn,qvImmVWNmIdprIynI,sAdzFnpJedkaNKkFIKjFWIdIWnvEdyVLlOjAdGj,taWNmBKhdLlOmBzFn,taWNnEbyDqvImKpEnmOnVdkaNKkFIKjFWI,sAd,KagwIb, KsrBwIb,pOcIoApOHtkaNKkFIKjFWILlOaDQn|....eaWnvQIbXQmBsAQNtIQN|dEQNgIQvmIkIWNKoANnBWwvgKkFIjCQNGcWLtQqvImiVnLiN LlOgIntvFO tladmI..... gInoFdsabkaN “rObFbwEgdMv” Gntlad 70 pBzIQnmI(bXQKvFWIsAQNoBQqIWeqDgEbGn pvEdsIdzIQnmI) HdWwAsUdLjWNLlWvvQI: “oAdsOdBLlOLnvqAd” dEQNgIQv LlOwFWnsmEe LlOqvnjEdKkFWIGnhXwAwAdoOwEn pvEdsIdmOnVdLlWv. tAdhaWenXILnvqAddEQNgIQv dvWeKhdzFnGdgXtImLmQnxDngEbeVgsmEeLlOoQIaMQNG`QkaNJlg cCQNvAoeIsIdLlOqvImtDQntFvkaNpOcIcFn qFNjOpOtAKsdLlOhEnhlENjIgsAQNsFggOpFgdEQNgIQv. - rObabsEgdBnI qammVenAd,rIcvFNgFmgInKmDaNrObabsEgdBnI qammVenAd,rIcvFNgFmgInKmDaNrObabsEgdBnI qammVenAd,rIcvFNgFmgInKmDaNrObabsEgdBnI qammVenAd,rIcvFNgFmgInKmDaN. vAoeIsIdkaNJlgHdWslVbvQI “zUWnXIzUWnCQNjOmBzFnNInsUNsVdHdWGnrOeOKvlIpFgqaN wMNLtQ 5 hI 7 pBKoFQInEWn” . gIeKvlIdEQNgIQvpOsAdoAwIbkaNvMgNInLmQn hlVdnaWelFNLlWv(bXQKvFWIKyANmEnsImIdsIWNsAQNhIeInOtXQpOcIcFn,pOKodcId). uUQGnnBWwvgKiFIKvFWILtQbEnhI “N” tFvuIQN: Napoléon cCQNLmQnlDJlguUQLlWvtladmI(KcEQnsIWN

39

Code Civil hlDKwAQnKqBeKvFWIvQI Code Napoléon, gInsIWNtEWNhlMnHc(Institution de la médaille...);hlDvQIGnsvQntFvkaNlIvgXmBaEnwAKsd “Homme à armoires de mémoires qui peut commander le

sommeil....” (qvImcFNjXIdB vQImBtUWGsQHvW sImIdbEncIgInnankaNtFnKaN...). GnKbDWaNtFWnsImIdtabsnaNkaNpOcIcFnLlOsIoIrOnOrEykaNxrEQNHdW. LtQsVdoIWewOsIWNqvImhIeInOGhWLgQpOKodxrEQN(eaWnsFNqIm). mIiadoVgmDWnBW dEQNpOcIcFnxrEQNgXeENKvFWIgEnuUQvQI:qFnxrEQNeENtIeeaWnrOKbBdkaN Napoléon uUQ(KwIObINKvlIpOcIcFnyDg lUgLtgsmEesFNqIm Napoléon). gIeKvlI 5-7 pB LlWvtaWNpMQnzUWG`Q jCQNKiEdGhWbIdgIWvKdBnkaNsENqFm LlOpOKodcIdoEngIn qXIKvFWIkaN M.Gorbachev oBQvQIjOdXIrFNtXIL~QNsUNsVdwMNLtQ 2 smEe(KvlIlIvkDWnG`Q)LmQngIWv~WILoW(yWIoMbGsQ Staline,Brezhnev...).

uUQGn USA zUWdXIrFNtXIL~QNpOoInIoAbXdB sUNgvQIKwAQnLmQn Roosevelt

(3 smEe) gXyDvQIKpEnwAKsduUQLlWv,nagnEWngXmBLtQ 2 smEe.. gInmOhIpOtAvEdxrEQN(1789) JqQnlFWmrObabsEgdBnIeaWnbINKhdzFnqD: “KjFWIcBvAdGcWsAdKovOdI” KwDQapFgqaNmOnVd (droit divine)

uUQK~DaqFn;zUgkIdaXInId KcEQn jIgKcEQnwXQtXQGsQKcEQnlUg,hlInLlOtXQ|Hp....gXQqvImoVgeIglXIbIgsUQpOcIcFnjFnaFdlFnoFnbXQHdW rObabdEQNgIQv jCQNyDgpvEdsIdyAWmGsQgOtQIkBWKheDQa LlWvmOnVdKlDagKaFIrObab“sIoIrOnOrEy”cCQNLmQniUbsUNsVdkaNrObFbgInpFgqaNJdezUWnXIsUNsVd kaNpOKod zEdpMQngEnkDWngXIaXInId jIggInyDgKlDagtEWNjIgpOcIcFn,KpEntFvLonoBQdBKdEQnkaNLtQlOeVgsmEe.LtQlOqFnLmQnHdWqEdKlDagKaFIzUWdBKdEQn,sUNsFQNkaNlVWnqFn kDWnpFgqaNbIWnKmDaN, nXIqvImgIWv~WIsUNsVdmIGhWpOKodcId,pOcIcFnLtQlOeVgsmEe.eVgsmEenBWdDQn

40

eVgsmEegaQnKlDWae|LlOlVWntXQ|Hp wOeAQNsUNsFQNgvQIlVWnzIQnmILlOlVWnpEdjVbEn, sIWNoVggIlOJagIdLlOqvImaIdsImId GhWzUWoBQKqBenXIwIpOKodcId bIWnKmDaN. “gInzUgkIdaXInId” jOLmQnsmEeGdgXtIm LmQnnXIHpsUQ qvImuVdsNEg cEgcWI,aOnIoApOHt,qvImvVWnvIeLlO KpFQIvIQN(vide).

wvgsEgdBnI(KjFWIcBvAd) KyANvQIjOmBuUQGnJlgnBW LtQKnDWaLoWLmQnrObabnIeoCn, wvgKkFIuUQGtWrEyoEmmOnUn,GtWgFd`Ie,bXQpFgqaN (Ilsrègnent mais ne gouvernent pas) (KpEnKjFWILtQwEdbXQHdWbEncI,pFgqaN). wvgKkFIbXQlOKmBd,uMbuXQIgFd`IeoBQpOcIcFn iEbiaNKaFILlWvaEnnEWnyDvQI sEgsBkaNKiFIkaNKkFIKjFWI. KkFIKjFWIKiEd~WIoBQpOmVgkaNcId, KpEnsEneIlEgLgQpOKodcIdLlOpOcIcFn; KiEd~WIoBQwAoBgInoUdoBQsUNsVdtXQwIeGn LlOtIQNpOKod(cCQNLmQnaFNgInbXrAhIn,nAtAbEneEd...iEbiaNKaFILlWv) tFvuIQN: LtQNtEWNKagaEgqOrIcoUdLlOiEboUd,KcEnrEyoEmmOnUn,iEbiaNLlOLtQNtEWNKaFIrEybIn...... wvgsEgdBnIqammVenAd,rIcvFNgFmgInKmDaN,sAQNoBQsFggOpFgoBQsVdnEWnLmQnKkFI“zUgkIdaXInIdjFniadmDWKkFItIezUgkIdaXInIdjFniadmDWKkFItIezUgkIdaXInIdjFniadmDWKkFItIezUgkIdaXInIdjFniadmDWKkFItIe”.KkFIHpKiEdaEnoBQJlgmOnVdoIQnpOnIm,yAWmKkFWIgOtQIkBWKheDQaLlWv.KkFIKqBeJqsnIgEnvQI:“zUWnXIkaNKkFIKpEnzUWnXIpOcIcIdkaNJlg,KpEnwXQ kaNbEndIpOcIcFn”(Le

guide des peuples,le père des peuples smEe Staline). KkFIKqBeKvFWIaEn oBQgFNgEnkIWmgEbqvImjAN LtQ wOyDaEnnEWn KpEnsAQNmOhEsjEn,KpEnvArOgEm KpEnsAQN oBQgInbUcI tFvuIQN: “yWIbXQmBzUWnXI”“bXQmBwEgnXIwI.....” pOcIcFngXjObXQKpEnpOcIcFn, jOuUQbXQHdW ? tFvjANLmQnLnv Gd ? tEWNLtQbXQmB wvgKkFI,bXQmBwEgnXIwIpOcIcFngXmBcBvAdmIjEgwEnpBLlWv.bFdbIdkaNzUWnXI,kaNwEggXmBuUQsaNdIWn:dIWnoBQKiEdGhWpOcIcFn,

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pOKodcIdjKrBn sBvAHl. gFNgEnkIWm yWIbXQdBjOwIGhWpOcIcFn,pOKodcIdhIeInO tFvuIQN: Hitler ,Tojo, Mussolini gXQqvImwAnIdGhW pOcIcFntFnKaN LlO pOcIcIdaDQnLnvGd ? (Hitler KiEdGhWpOcIcFnKurOmEntIe GnsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II 9-10 lIWnqFn,sFNqImJlgqEWNoB IIqFntIepOmIn50 lIWnqFn.....“wvgsEgdBnIqammVenAd,rIcvFNgFmgInKmDaN”KkFIjXIgEdqvImiUW,qvImsImId,hFvqAdpOdAdsIWN,qvImhvEN,qvImiMgiaWNtaWNgIn kaNpOKodcId,pOcIcFn uUQGnkabKkdkaNKjdtOnInAeFmkaNKkFI. wvgKkFIuUQK~DaoVgsAQNuIQN; KpEnKkFIbXQmBzUWGd(LnvqAd kaNKjFWIcBvAdGnsmEegaQn). tFvjANnEWn LmQnqDJlgmOnVdiEbiUWLlWv: “K`DaqFneENmBqFn,K`DafWIeENmBfWI”. LnvqAdoBQqEbLqbdEQNgIQvnEWnLmQnxDngEb lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmsEdjOvAwIguIQNcAWnKcBN !!!(sAQNoBQKvFWImI,cCQNyWIKiFIKaFItFvuIQNkaNgInpOtAvEdvEonOoEmjBnmIKvFWIeAQNKpEn~WIKeIOKeBWeoBQsVd !!) 2-)) gInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWnKsygAdgInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWnKsygAdgInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWnKsygAdgInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWnKsygAd. wvg “pOtAiUbJcvMdKaN” GhWqvImsENKgdLlOgXKpEnqvImjANkaN sOhIwIbJcvMd cCQNpOcIcFnLlOJlgKaNgXiEbiUWLnvnEWnmIiadtFWncVmpB 1970 LlOtFWn 1980 sOwIbKsygAd,sENqFmJcvMdHdWmBgInuVdnAWNuUQbaQnKgFQILlOcVdJcmlFNKlDWae| (stagnation et

régression). jIgnEWnjCQNLmQnnCQNKhdzFnkaNbEndIKhdzFnoBQjOtaWNpOtAiUbsOhIwIbJcvMdJdeHv....Gz|gXiUWLlWvvQIsOhIwIbJcvMdoB 1 kaNJlg LmQngvWINGhQeHwsIn,aVdFmiEQNmBHpdvWecEweIganoEmmOcIdnI|pOgIn, pOcIcFn hlIe,dV EQn,wAlOaIdhIn.... LlOmBhlIeKNDQanHkaDQn|nXI~WI,KoFQIoMmgEbJlg...LtQcBvAdgInKpEnuUQpOjXIvEn LmQnoVgeIg,heVWNKheBN tladmI. gMQvgEbzFnNInoBQKvFWImILlWv

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nEWn,wvgKiFIKvFWIuUQnBW LmQnkXWkEdLeWNgEn. qvImoVgqvImiEQNLmQnbXQKvFWILtQoINdIWnqvImtaWNgInoINdIWniIQNgIecDQ| mEnLmQngInwFvwEnsENqFm,mBlEgsnOsFmoMb,cEQNcIgEnrOvIQNgVQmqFn LlO rOvIQNKiFIgEbJlg. pOgFdgXqDvQIuUQ “rObFbnIeoCn” “jIgqvImiEQNmBaEnlFWnKhlDa,qvImoVgeIgjOKdEQnkDWn” (De la richesse ,jaillit la pauvreté)

LlOuUQGn “sENqFmnAeFm” “De la misère jaillit l’égalité” (ou l’égalité

de la misère) (jIgqvImoVgeIg,wFWnKdEQnkDWnqvImsKmBwIb hlDsvEddBwIbkaN qvImeIglXIbIg). - jIgsAQNpOjXIvEnNIQedIeKcEQngIngAndDQm,sUQnVQNyD,KqDQaNGcWHmWsaekaNqabqFv, qvImtaWNgInkaNKdEgLlOLmQeANLlOaDQn|....tlad70 gvQIpBkaN “rObFbsENqFmnAeFmtFvjAN” LmQn 70 gvQIpBLhQNgIn “tXQhIN”(faire la queue)... KpEngInKsEegMd,heVWNeIg sIglOqantrFgaEntlIeGhWLgQLmQeANLlOsENqFm (tragic comedy) mEnHpgFNgEnkIWm`Fd gEboBQmIkaNgIn “JqsnI” “gFdKgnwDWnyInkaNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmLmQngIntabsnaNqvImiMgiaWNtaWNgIn kaNpOcIcFnoINdIWnvEdyVLlOjAdGj nEbmDWnEbKwBWmoOvBkDWnKlDWae|” .“KiEdtImqvImsImIdtabsnaNtImLiNNIn”, “KiEdhlIeHdWgAnhlIeKiEdnaWeHdWgAnnaWe.bXQKiEdbXQHdWgAn”. GntFvjANLoW|“zUWbXQKiEdLmQnHdWgAnhlIegvQI KwIOmBKvlIHptXQhIN”LlOKgBdvAgAdgInoINdIWnqVnsFmbEdLlOsENqFmaBgdvWe,tFvuIQN:mBKvlIHptXQhINmBKvlIHpqFbqAdKwDQaKaFIvEdyVoBQkIdLqnHpjXInIQedvWerIqILwN,KiEdGhWsENqFmvEonOoEmKpAOKpDWanLlOpEQnpvQn.... wvgKiFIaIdKaFIbFdkaN Tad Szulc oBQkMngMQvgEb Poland ( pO Kod Pologne= JpJle) dvWebINqXIKvFWIqD: “The Polish water table

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is dropping dangerously because of unregulated deprestationthroughout the country” “After 40 years of the soviet enforcedmarxism-leninism,the steadily deterioration quality of live inPoland is grim daily drama” “However in the end you lose yourwill to live” “Feminism in women think simply in terms ofsurvival” “Our tragedy is that we are a socialist state with socialjustice” “Stress,pollution,diet and industry related degenerativedeceases are blamed for the alarming drop in life expectancy in

Poland”. “JtOnXWIkaNJpJlehlVdlFNuIQN~WIaEntlIeKwIObXQmBsAQNoBQsImIdqvbqVmgInvVWnvIe oFQvpOKodHdW” “hlENjIg 40 pBLhQNgInbENqEbdIWn mIgcAd-KlnBlAdkaNJcvMd gIncVdJcmLhQNqVnnOwIbkaNcBvAd nEbmDWnEbLkNLiNkDWnuUQpOKodJpJle LmQngInvAnIdtOgEmaEnmDdmFnpOjXIvEn” . “wvgKiFIiUWLlWvvQIsVdoIWetaWNKsEeqvImhvENoBQuIgmBcBvAduUQ” “lEdoAsEdtrBnAeFm hlDvQIgInpFdpaQeLmQeANbXQmBuUQpOKodJpJle” “sEdtrBJpJlemBLtQqAdGnqXIvQIjOuUQladLnvGd ?” “lOqanKsFWIJsgkaNwvgKkFI LmQnsAQNoBQwvgKkFIKpEnpOKodsENqFmnAeFm(rEysENqFmnAeFm)KtEmdvWeqvIm eVdtAoEmdIWnsENqFm” “qvImKqEQNtCN,aI gIdKpAOKpDWan,aIhInLlOweId,cVdJcmoBQKgBdjIg aVdsIhOgEm HdWyDgtXInAoBQKiEdGhWgIntFglAQNuIQN~WIuIWn~WIgFvkaNaIeVkaNqFn”. LnQnanLlWv sAQNoBQ Tad Szulc KvFWInBWaIdLmQnKbAQNLtQdIWnGddIWnnCQNkaNbEnhI,LtQqvImjANgXmBLoWqDLnvnEWn(pOgFdgIn).KiFItaWNKbAQNoENgInzlAdLlOgInLjguIe uUQGnoCnnAeFmLlOKbAQNLtQgInzlAd(hlIeKhlDa,dB ....) LtQwEdbXQKbAQNgInLjguIe (bXQmBKNAncDW).uUQGnsENqFmnAeFmwEdKbAQNLtQgInLjguIe,bXQKbAQNgInzlAd(zlAdbXQmBqVnnOwIb, yWIhlIegXbXQmBzUWtaWNgIn,kIdoENqVnnOwIb,bXQjFbNIm,bXQyDggEb“qvImmEg, gEbrFdnAeFm”, aEQNaXuUQGnsIN....) “ zlAdoENKhlDaLlOoEN

44

kIdKkBn” LlOaEnkIdKkBnLoW|nEWn bXQmBLoW...... -aEnLpgplIdoBQsVdkaNsOhIwIbJcvMd(GnKmDQagaQn)LmQngInLgWHkdIWn gOsBgEm-lMWNsEd...gIeKpEn “weIdcXIKiDWa” LgWbXQtFgLlOnEbmDWnEbKqEQNtCN mEngFNgEnkIWmgEbKNDQanHkoBQmBuIQNlFWnKhlDa(KpFWIÌe,LiNNIn,cEweIganoEmmOcId,wIhInOgInzlAd,vAoeIsId, KoEgJnJlcB....LtQuUQGnnBWaEnaaQngaQnKwAQn,KwAQnKqBeaBNGsQaIgId~Iv ?!!!).yWIwvgKiFIKbAQNpvEdsIdkaNrEdKcEe(KmDQagaQn)wvgKiFIKhEnvQILtQsmEe (1820-40)rEdKcEe,aAnKdEe,aOKmrAgI, KaBrFb,aIgcENtBn,.....HdWKaFIKkFWI Blé HpsUQtlId aENgAdLlWv(ÌeqvImvQIkIeKkFWIaagtIQNpOKod dIWnrIqItBtlId. LtQnEWnmIiad 1914 (sFNqImJlgqEWNoB I )rEdKcEegXmBgInkIeKkFWI Blé aagtIQNpOKod(1914-18) sFNqImJlgqEWN oB I . LtQ 1918-20 sFNqImgINKmDaN “pOtAvEdlEdoAqammVenAdLhQNsFNqIm”(Le communisme de guerre) rOdFmKaFIsObMNaIhInlVgiDWkDWnkaNcIvnI tIWn “rObabG`Q”#1922.....“.nOJebIeKsygAdLzngInG`Q” La nouvelle économie politique=NEP JdeKaFIgInrOdFm “KgEbKgn” “Réquisition remplace par l’impôt en matière”

pMQnLon dvWe “wIsBdvWeKkFWI” LlO qvImvQIKsEewIsBKpEnKkFWItImgFdÌeLlWv sAQNoBQKhlDa LlWvLtQcIvnIjOkIe hlDKaFIHpLlgpMQn aDQn|....NEP HdWKiEdGhWsOwIbaCduIguVdtAlFN LlO LgWHksObMN HdWiadpB 1924 (pB KlnAn KsEecBvAd). LtQ 1924-28 : URSS kIeKkFWI Blé aagnagpOKodLtQlOpB = 5 lIWngvQIJtn. KlBWmLtQ (1928-

38) cVmpBbIWnKpEnkaNivmÙQ “Collectivisation de l’agriculture

,Coopération” (tIQNgEn,bXQaOoAbIeuUQbaQnnBW). GnpOmIn 10 pB LzngIn Collectivisation de l’agriculture yDvQIKpEnHccnOGhQe ?!!(pO

45

cIcFn,cIvnIsvQnGhQeGhWivm`UQ Fd).tEWNLtQ 1928 mIiadoVg| mDWqDsOhIwIbJcvMdtaWNHdWcDWKkFWI Blé mILtQtIQNpOKod (USA,

Canada) LtQlOpBbXQtXQIgvQI (20-30 lIWnJtn GncVmpBmXQ|mInBW) KpEn~WIaEbaIe LoW| ?!! * uUQGngOsAgEmJcvMdnBW mBaEnnQCANaBgoBQKpEn~WIsFnGjoBQsVd LmQn “oAdsOdB HpgFNgEnkIWmgEnwCdtAgEm” LlOgXLmQnnCQNGnbEndIKhdzFnoBQwIGhWgOsAgEmlFWmlOlIeqD: “nOJebIepeEd LmQnnOJebIeLhQNrEysENqFmnAeFm” “KmDQapOcIcFnHdWKpEnKjFWIcItIgEmkaNtFnKaNLlWv, gInzlAd,cFmGcW jOyDgbEncI ,pOtAbEddvWegInmBsOtAtDQntFv...” KagsIntIQN|kaNJcvMdHdWGhWkXWmUnheXWvQI: “tEWNLtQgInKgEbgMQv,kFnsFQN,kDWnsIN,pVNLtQNmIKpEnaIhIn sXIKrEdiUbLlWv” gIntFgKiEQeKsEehIe #20-40 LlOmBbINdIWn iad 50% :yWIoMbGsQsmEtwIbLlOgInKwBWmoOvBkDWnLtQlOpB sOKwIOsObMN mB 1-2-3....% tXQpBKoFQInEWn !!! KwBWmkDWnkIWm 1-2-3.. ...% kaNLtQlOpB, LtQvQIgInlFNoCnKkFWI GnkLnNdEQNgIQvjCQNHdWmBgInKwBWmoOvBdEQNgIQvnEWnhlIewMNGd ? qDsVwIsAdxrEQN “ Jeter l’argent par la fenêtre” (KaFIKNAnvIQnyAWmoINpaQNuMWm) (LmQnLlWvmEntaWNlFWmlOlIe uIQNbXQtaWNsFNsEeheENaBg...) * lFNoCnGsQgOsAgEmLtQlOpBLmQnhlvNhlIe zFnHdWwOnaWeLlOgIntFgKiEQeKsEehIeLbbGhQeJtqDLnvnEWn,gXeENbXQLlWvKoDQa,wOHdWcDWKkFWItIQNpOKod 20-30 lIWnJtn tXQpB,LlWvwOKaFImIkIedvWerIqIKgDWagUnaBg (rIqIcDWKkFWILwNLlWv,LtQrIqIkFnsFQNjIgoINnagmIpOKod LlOrIqIkFnsFQNLjguIeuUQwIeGndAngvWINkvINqD sOhIwIbJcvMd mEnjOmOhIsInqDLnvGd ? KaFIqXILoQN,KaFIvEdyVdAbmBqQI

46

(kIeLgWv, KcDWaKwBNdAb,KhlEg....)kIeKwDQacDWKkFWILbboBQjOcDWwIhInOgInzlAdaDQn|oBQmBqVnpJedgvQI....KiEdLnvGdmEnjObXQlFWmlOlIe !!!kLnNgInnCQNoBQgAnhlIegvQIzlAdKkFWI ( l’agriculture qui vit au-

dessus de ses moyens) taWNlFWmHpGnsVdoIWe. * KwAQnKqBeKaFImItyIn sFmoMbqvImgIWv~WI dIWnKsygAddvWe %tFvuIQN:% kaN pOcIganKiEdgOsAgEmeAQNnaWelFNKoFQIGdyWIoMbGsQkLnNaVdsIhOgEm,bXrAgInLlO aDQn|. sXIlEbKsygAdkaNpOKodnEWnLmQnkeIetFv. dMvnBW uUQGnJlgKwAQnKqBeKaFIbIN tFvKlgdEQNnBW: 4%-

6%-10%-14% KpEnpOKod oBQnXI~WI,wvgKiFIaIdKaFItFvKlgHpgvdgI rOdEbkaNJcvMdKcEQn(KbAQNtIm KagsInoBQgMQvkaWN) hlDvQI %kaNrIeHdW kaNgOsAgEmKkFWIGneadzlAdwEnsENqFm, %dEQNgIQvnaWegX`IeKyANgInaVdsIhOgEm keIetFv LlOgIWv~WIgvQI. ....KbAQNbEndItFvKlgoBQKvFWImInEWn,LmQnuIgiUWrOdEbkeIetFvkaNURSS Gn 70 gvQIpBmIGndIWnnBW aIdtFvKlgnEWneENsUNuUQ !!? * tImkXWmUntIQN|vQILtQcVmoIWepB 1970 hItFWncVmpB 1980,KsygAdkaN URSS HdWuVdsNEgLlOyaehlEN,rOdEbkeIetFvLmQnuUQGn 1-2%

GnhlIepBmI(KsygAdlvmLlO aVdsIhOgEm) .tFvKlgnEWnmEncBWbagsaNaEnGhQeqD : tlad 70 pBzIQnmI URSS LlOsENqFmnAeFmaDQn| gVQm SEU (sOwIcvQeKhlDacCQNgEnLlOgEndIWnKsygAd) HdWwEonIKsygAdkaNtFnGnKNDQanHk sEntAwIb,KagrIc(`IeKyANbXQkDWngEbtlIdtIKvEntFgsIgFnKvFWIlvm),KsygAdHptIm “LzngIn”. jIgnEWnjENhvOkeIetFvtaWNsmXQIsKmB(qDoBQoAdsOdBLlOgInJqsnIkaNoINgIn);bXQmBvAgAdgIn(crise) KwIO “ le plan....c’est un développement proportionné et

47

conscient” (LzngIn LmQngInwEonIsFmsvQn(dVQndMQN)LlOtDQntFv). g g g g.)gInuVdsNEgcEgcWIdEQNgIQvLmQnmIjIgsIKhdtFWntXaEnGdLoW ?hlDvQI oAdsOdBkaN gInwEonILbbmBLzngIn `IeKyANrObabsENqFmnAeFm(lEdoA mIgcT-KlnAnLoW) nEWn prIHc(oINdIWn oAdsOdBnImmOoEm théorie abstraite. yWIKpEnLnvnEWn gX IeKyAN oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn LmQnlFWmlOlIe,KwIOvQI KsygAdLzngIn LmQnwDWnyInkaNKsygAd sENqFmnAeFmKpEnwDWnyIn(nQCANGnbEndIwDWnyIn) lFWm,JqNpOgabgXtaWNlFWmHp qDgEn....nEWnLmQntEggOvAoeIoBQNIQedIe (c’est une simple

logique)hlDvQI “oAdsOdBeENyDg” LtQ wCdtAgEmbXQtImoAdsOdB,jOtaWNcagiUbLbbkaNgInvINLznGhWsadqaQN .....KvFWIqDLnvnEWngXeENKkFWIGjuIguUQ LlOhFdhFvKkFWIoBQ kaNnEggInKmDaN,nEgprId aIjInkaNsENqFmnAeFm KiEdbXQyDgtImoAdsOdBkaNtFn,LlWvGzjOKpEnzUWKiEdyDg??? zUWjOKcDQatImoAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn gXLmQneIgLlWv,KmDQaKpEnLnvnEWn ? (planification rigide).

kkkk.) KsEWnoINaag sOKwIOwvg “pOtAiUb” KvFWIlvmLmQn “jOsFmoFbLzngIn LlO tlId” dvWegIn “hEnKpEngEmmOsAdKagcFnnBW lvmmBnIeoCntIQNpOKodLlOlvm`UQ kaNgEmmOgan (gEmmOgancDWKaFIJiNjEgJiNNIn..)KwAQnvQIGncVmpBtXQ~WI (5-10 pBbXQiUW) aIdwIgsvQnKsygAdKagcFnjOgAnaEdtI 20-30 % kaNlvmeadzlAtwEn. KvFWILnvnBWgX IeKyANrEyjOgXI #60-70 %;KagcFn 20-30% jCQNjOKiEdGhW “LzngInLlOtlId cvQecUcCQNgEnLlOgEn.aEnnCQNoBQbagKiFIqvnqFWnqvWIqDnLmQn “gInsFmoFbLzngInLlOtlId” HdWKqBepOtAbEdmILlWvuUQGnrObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlg;LtQgXLgWbEnhIheENbXQtFg tFvuIQN: uUgFdsvIvB(Yougoslavie),LtQgaQnyDgpEdKkEQeaagjIg “rObFb”gXdvWebEnhIdEQN

48

gIQvnBW;dMvnBW sOhIwEn (Fédération) gXyDgLtgoOlIe hlDvQIHongrie (gXnXI~WIÙQ gMQvgEbKrDWaNnBW) hlDvQI Roumanie....gXlFWmoOlIe`Fd mIiad Nicolae Ceausescu LlO Elena Ceausescu

aBgcXWI. uUQGnnBW hlDvQIeaWn “KsygAdLbbtlId” LmQnrEyKiEdbXQHdWjCQNprIHc...jXItaWN mabGhWKagcFnKiEdjCQNjOmBHc (KsygAdtlId)KsEWnoINdEQNgIQvnBWaId LmQnaInIqFdKpEnzUWcBWkId KwIOvQImEnsEbsFnoENdIWnoAdsOdB LlO oENdIWnwCdtAgEm. q. q. q. q.) KsEWnoINkaN s.p.jBn GnpEdjVbEn : oINdIWnaVdFmqOtA jBneENKdBntIm LnvoIN Marx-Lénine-Mao cCQNhFvqAdLmQn “LbbsOtIlBnAd” LtQ UnGcWLnvqAdkaN KlnAn gMQvqD :NEP. LtQpB 1978 mIHdWmBgInÙnGcWoAdsOdB dEQNgIQv,KhEnKsygAddBkDWn, gOsBgEm iad 1985 yDvQIKyANeadsUNsVd. mIiaddMvnBW (1991-92) gInKpBd “KkdKsygAdwAKsd”HdWnXIqvImgIWv~WIaEneAQNGhQemIGhWpOKodcIdKcEQn: jEQNhvOgIWvkDWnkaNKsygAddB(KpEnwAKsd)= 30%(tImoEmmOdI jENhvOgIWvaIdLmQn(2-4-6-8-10...15% yDvQIdBhlIeLlWv...).jENhvO 4-6-9% yWIvQIqAdGnrOeOeIvnIn 10-20-30 pBgXyDvQIdBKdEQnLlWv.pEdjVbEnJlgsBvAHl(aVdsIhOgEmkeIetFvsUN) KsygAduUQ #2-3% tFvuIQNUSA (hlIepBmILlWv1,.....2%)jENhvOkaNjBnnBWaIdLmQnGnrOeOtFWnkaNgInwEonIaIdkDWnsUNqDLnvnBW KwIOjIgbXQmBmImB LbbGhQeJld jCQNKiEdGhWjENhvOiad # 30%. yWIvQIzIQnzQILlOgIWv~WIHdWqDLnvnBWyDvQI “LbbkaNjBn” HcWHdW !!! yWIsEdjOoEmKpEnqDLnvnEWn,mEncBWbagdEQNnBW:(gFdKgnqDLnvnEWn;pOtAbEdGnrOeOeIvnIn). 1. bXQpOtAiUbdIWngInKmDaN ÌevQI “iEgsIrObFbsOtIlBnAd” “rObFbbXrAhInKgDWagUn, aIdeIsAd,ivmsUn,bFQNgIn” wMNLtQpOtAiUbdIWn

49

KsygAdKoFQInEWn, iUbLbbdEQNgIQvgXmBcBvAdcBvIjIg “LbbdEQNgIQv”mEnmBzFntXQ(tImoEdsnOkaN jBn) wvgpOtAiUb=bXQjXIKpEnHppBWnfWIpBWnLzQndAn KaFI NEP mI`UnGcWdvWehFvqAdpOdAdsIWNjXInvnnCQNgXLgWHktFg`FdqD KtBNcIvpAN KvFWI: “taWNpOtAiUbdIWnKsygAduIQNKyANyaN,gWIsMQNwEe....” jIgnBWKwBWmoOvB “KsygAdtlId” “taWNKpBdgvWINHpoFQvoVg|LhQNKkdKsygAdwAKsd”...oVg|qvImiMgiaWNkaNmOhIcFn,pEneIcFn,nEgsCgsI...qD “KhdgIn oMn-aEn-K`Bn” “GhWpOtAiUbdIWngInKmDaNLmQnpOtAgIn,bXQsadqaQNgEbsOwIbkaNjBn.oVg|qXIKvFWIkaNtIKvEntFg,kaNwvgpOtAiUb LlOzUWiEghampOcIoApOHt,qvImKpEnoEmoBQKvFWIvQI: jBnlOKmBdsAdoAmOnVd,gFd`Ie.....KpEnwMNLtQqvImKvFWIGnoOKlcIeKoFQInEWn.... 2. KvFWIoINdIWnwDWnyIneIvnIn ( loi tendancielles kaNlEdoAmIgcT-KlnAn)(gFdKgnoQIaMQNlvm...) LmQnpOtAKsdsEdjOoEmkaNlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn nEWnKaN. “JqNlIQN tEdsAnJqNbFn” “KsygAdtEdsAngInKmDaN,gInKmDaNLmQnlvmeadKsygAd” . “pOtAiUbKsygAdLlOgInKmDaNtaWNHpnXIgEnLmQnsEdjOvAwIg(mBKagrIcoMbyInkaNgInKmDaNLlOkaNKsygAd,LtQsVdoIWetaWNHptImoAddMv).yWIoMbGsQsEdjOoEmdEQNgIQv, jBnLmQnHptImgFdKgnwAKsd,bXQHptImlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn. 3. . . . yWIjBnsXIKrEdzFn,lEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn eENyDgtaWN(LtQyWIjOuDntImoEdsnOsaNkXW qD: LmQnpOtAKsdcCQNgEnLlOgEn 1.LlO 2.) gInpOtAiUbdIWngInKmDaN LlO KsygAdjCQNyDgtaWNwMNLtQpOtAiUbKsygAdLbbjBnnBWgXHdWLlWv,LtQwOpOtAiUbdIWngInKmDaNHpwaWmeAQNsIWNqvImsadqaQNrOvIQN “KsygAd-gInKmDaN” LlOJqNlIQN-JqNbFn tIm

50

oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn.dEQNnEWnaOnIqFd kaNwvgpOtAiUbeAQNsvIQNsHhv.. N. N. N. N.) HdWmBLnvqAdnCQNoBQKgBdkDWn,aIdLmQnoIdLoWkaN “nIeoCnnaWe”. tXQ qvImheVWNeIgsEbsFnkaN “gInsIWNsENqFmnAeFmtFvjAN”LnvqAdbXQ EWnoMQN(instabilité, précarité....) HdWJpJlkDWnvQI: “wvgKiFImB “nAeFm” hlIeJwdLlWv, wvgKiFIsImIduUQLlOsIWNpOKodcIdJdepOtAKsd “nAeFm”(Nous avons trop de.... “ismes”,nous pouvons vivre et

construire le pays sans les “ismes”) GnpvEdsIdkaNmvnmOnVdwvgKiFItaWNuUQGn... “nAeFm”tFvuIQN: mOnVd zIQnmI 5 rObab LtQlOrObab gXLmQn “nAeFm”(ismes). wvgKiFItaWN uUQ hlDvQIGnrObabqammVenAd JbiIn(Commun “isme” primitive hlDvQIuUQGn rObabkWIoId “EsclavagISME,hlDvQIuUQGn FéodalISME hlDvQIuUQGn CapitalISME;

uUQGn Capitalisme hlDuUQGn Socialisme KmDQamEngIemIKpEnrObFbnCQNLlWv lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmpvEdsId wAsUdvQI “uUQGn kFNKkd aVdFmqOtA(idiologie) bXQmBaEnrOvIQNgIN hlD lEdoAsENqFmnAeFm, hlD nIeoCnnAeFm.oVg|oQIaMQNoBQhIQNKhBnjIgbaQnnCQNLmQnHpKwBWmoOvBGhWaBgbaQnnCQN(ou Capitalisme ou Socialisme).

KmDQaKvFWILnvnEWn LmQnKvFWIdIWnaVdFmqOtA,KvFWIdvWeoAdsOdB nImmOoEm( théories abstraites ). oVg|gFdKgnLmQnmBlEgsnOoQIaMQN(lois

tendancielles),lois tendancielles aEnnBWLmQnuUQGn “In der Idiale

Durchsnitt” “dans la Moyenne idéale” (loi kaN lois). KkFWIGjgFdKgnoQIaMQNLmQnvQItaWNaBNGsQgIntXQsUW,gIndEbmadcCQNgEnLlOgEnjOHvhlDcWI LmQnsOwIbgIntFvjANcBWkIdbIdsVdoIWe(la moyenne idéale )

aEnnCQNjOtaWNyDgdEbmad dvWehlIeiUbgIn. wvgKiFIKvFWIdIWnnBW LmQntaWNKbAQN:

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1- dIWnoQIaMQN wvg dogmatistes(qXIwBtIetFv)LlOmBlEgsnOiaWniFnjOtaWNdEbsUnaVdFmqOtA oBQgFNgEnkIWmtFn dvWeoVgaEdtILlOoVgiUbLbbKwIO “mBmEnLlWvbXQmBKiFI” “mBKiFItaWNbXQmBmEn” jCQNgXQqvImKsEehIebXQnaWeGhWLgQpvEdsId, wvgnBWKqBeweIgan sOwIbgInvQI(LtQcVmpB1950) “lEdoAqammVenAdjOcnOGnkabKkdoFQvJlgGnpB 1980" (pvEdsIdHdWpOtAKsdLlWvqvImKhEnoINqXIwBtIetFvLlOiaWniFndEQNgIQv). 2- “wvgnIeoCnnaWe”mBLnvqAdheXWyae,KsEegXIlENGj,mBLnvqAd“JmoOnI”( Cuisser, aller pourvu qu’on soit tranquille)=(paQeHptImKrDWaNqOLnmvQIwvgKiFImBqvIm sNFb). “gInuUQivQmgEnJdesEntA” (Co-existence pacifique) LmQngFdKgnoBQjOtaWNKpEnHpbXQwMNLtQdIWnrObab,gInKsygAd,gInKmDaN,gInoOhIn,vEonOoEm, sENqFm; mEnlvmoEN oINdIWnaVdFmqOtA aBgdvWe. aEnGdjOcnOLlOcBWnXILoWLmQnpOsAdoAzFntFvjAN mEncBWkId LlOgXbXQpBWngEbqvImmEg,gInbENqEbkaNwEg,kaNzUWGdzUWnCQN.aEnnEWnLmQnwIvOvAsEe,bXQkDWnnXIgEbqvImmEgkaNGz`Fd. taWNKvFWIqD Hagel vQItaWNKcDQa`EWnGnKhdzFn,qvImiUW LlOsAdoAkaNtFn(Raison et Droit de l’homme).

oQIaMQNoBsaNnBWLmQn “HxQxEn” LmQn “qvImmEg”lWI|(qDHdWaOoAbIeGnKoAN) mEnKpBd caQNoINGhWoQIaMQN 1 hlD oQIaMQN 3 qD: mBwvgpOtAiUbhlIeqFnKvFWIvQI: “jOtaWNpOtAiUb GhWKyANyaN” qvImKvFWI “KyANyaN” nBWmBqvIm`IesaNaEn(KvFWIlvm) (1) “KyANyaN”uUQGn oEdsnOmIgcT-KlnAn,sIWNsENqFmmOnVsoEmLlOpOcIoApOHt (2)hEnKsygAdGhW“KpEnKsygAdtlId`Fd” “hEnKpEngEmmOsAdKagcFn” gMQvgEbwIhInOgInzlAd aEntFWntX kaNsENqFm`Fd.KmDQaKpEnLnvnEWngXLmQnhEnHphI“lEdoAoCnnAeFm`Fd”(KwIOvQI tImoAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn LlWv “KsygAd

52

tlId” LmQnKsygAdoCnnAeFmGndIWntlIdLoW|. qvImKvFWIbXQtaWNgIn..... “nAeFm” LmQnmEnsEbsFn qDoBQHdWgIQvmILlWv.wvgKiFIjOhEngFNlXWpvEdsIdGhWqDnhlENHdWbX ?KpEnaEnjOtaWNvQIbXQHdW !? wvgKiFIjOtaWNmIvAwIgvAjIngEnaBgbXoINdIWnoAdsOdB KwIOvEnnOqOdBoBQgIWv~WILtQlOsmEeLlOJdesOKwIO oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn HdWvAKqIOLjWNLlWvgMQvgEbqvImbXQeVdtAoEm kaNrObaboCnnAeFm (LtQ lOsmEe 1800 mI:St. Simon-Proudhon-Fourier -Owens LlO aDQn|..... “rObaboCnnAeFm svEnkaNzUWiEQNmBcCQNmBjXIwvgnaWe-nIiFgkaNzUWoVgeIgKpEnjXInvnmOhIsIn”. gInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWn “KsygAdkaNrObabsENqFmnAeFmtFvjANkaNJlg” hlDvQI “KsygAdLzngIn” qDmEnHdWsOLdNaagGnbEnhItIQN|oBQKvFWImInEWn,LmQngInlFWmlOlIe kaN “lEdoAqXIwBtIetFv”.aBgdIWnnCQN,gXKhEnvQIKsEWnoINgIWvkDWnsENqFmnAeFmnEWn LmQnKtEmHpdvWeaVpsEgheVWNeIgiaWeLpdwEnpOgInLoW|. qvImhvENdB,KjtnIaEnsUNsFQN bXQsImIdcaQeheENKiFIHdW.jOtaWNHdWyadyanbFdiMnqFWnqvWItDQmoINdIWnoAdsOdB LlOoINdIWntFvjAN,jCQNjOcvQeKjtnI,qvImhvENdB LlOjOgabgUWKaFIaVdFmqOtA LlOoAdsOdB oBQKpEnwDWnyIn uUQLlWvnEWnqD K.Kautsky vQI:“ La théorie de Marx n’est pas le dernier mot de la science”(oAdsOdBkaN mIgcT bXQLmQnqvImKvFWIaEnsVdoIWekaNvAoeIsId). 3- gInlFWmlOlIeoINdIWnpOtAbEd“lEdoAsIgFngEmmOcBb”rOvIQNbEndIKzFQI uUQGnsOhIwIbJcvMd.(jOKvFWIkXW s.LlO c.) s.)HccnOoINdIWnpOtAbEd “sAdtFglFNdvWetFnKaN”rOvIQNbEndIcFnKzFQIwIeGnsOhIwIbJcvMd (droit à l’auto-détermination des

peuples à se disperser d’eux-mêmes).

53

zUWGdHdWaIQnpvEdsIdkaNJlgGnKvlIgaQnnEWn gXKhEnvQIJlgtBrIqI “jEggOwFbrEdKcEe” dvWeqXIsEboBQbXQKpEn~WIsEnrOKsBnwXnaWe tFvuIQN:“Aux confins de l’empire russe,c’est l’isolement,la misère,l’arrièration.l’obscurité,les ténèbres”. “l’empire russe est semi-barbare et semi-asiatique”, “l’empire russe est la bastion de la

réaction europienne de tous temps” “uUQGnkabLq LjiFWv kaNjEggOwEdrEdKcEenEWn LmQnqvImJdddMQv,qvImoVgoXrOmIn,qvImlWIhlEN,qvImmDdmFv “. “jEggOwFbrEdKcEe LmQnKqAQNpQIKyDQan,KqAQNaIcB”, “jEggOwFbrEdKcEe LmQnbaQngXIKnBdkaNpOgFdgInuUQGn KaBrFb GnoVg|smEe”.nEWnLmQnsOwIvOgIntFvjANgaQngInpOtAvEd 1917. bEndIcFnKzFQI pOmIn 130 cFnKzFQI LmQnlWIhlEN,oVgeIgbXQiUW~ENsD 90 gvQIsvQniaWekDWnKmDa. mIdMvnBW yDvQIbEndIKzFQILlOrOvIQNbEndIKzFQIgEbqFnrEdKcEemBsAdsKmBwIbcCQNgEnLlOgEn,LtQgaQn KwAQnvQI “rEdKcEeGhQe”{ les

grands russes hlDvQI “Russes blancs” rEdKcEekIv},LmQnzUWmBaOwAsAd,zUWkFQmKhENKtENKtEgbEndIKzFQI....LtQlOKzFQIHdWmBgInwEonIKpEnuIQNdBLlOHdWKiEdGhWcBvAdgInKpEnuUQdIWnvEdyVLlOjAdGj HdWkeEbGgWKkFWIgEn.rOdEbgInsCgsIHdWkeIetFvLtQlOrEy svQnnaWeHdWmBrObFbmOhIvAoeIlEekaNtFn LlOmBnEgprIdaIjInKpEnqFnbEndIKzFQIpOgabsvQnsKmB KkFWIGngInwEonIsOwIbLlOrEykaNKzFQItFn.bEnhIKzFQIuUQGnJlggXmBbEnhIheVWNeIghlIegaQnoBQjOtaWNHdWaagLiNLgWHkLtQGnsOhIwIbJcvMd,hlIesAbpBzIQnmIgXqDvQIsNFbdBLlOKpEnLbbuIQNHhWLgWWHkbEnhIcFncIdsvQnnaWeuUQGnJlg. c. c. c. c.) qvImsKmBwIbrOvIQNcIe-eAN qvImsKmBwIbrOvIQNcIe-eAN qvImsKmBwIbrOvIQNcIe-eAN qvImsKmBwIbrOvIQNcIe-eAN..rObFbsENqFmnAeFmLmQnHdWKaFIGjGsQKpEnwAKsd GngInLgWHkbEnhIrOvIQNKwd. zUWeANLmQnmBsAdKoFQIoMmKwdcIe LlOKkFWIivQmuIQNgvWINkvINoINdIWngInKmDaN, Ksy

54

gAd,sENqFmLlOaDQn|...rEysENqFmnAeFmHdWKaFIGjGsQsIWNKNDQanHkKwDQapFdpaQeLmQeANuIQNiabdIWn eFgtFvuIQN: gInlFblIWNbEnhI“JsKwnB” KpEnoINgInaagjIgiBdqaNpOKwnBkaNmOnVdmIKpEnwEn|pBnEWngXyDvQIKpEnHccnO aEneAQNGhQeaEnnCQNkaNKhdzFnLlOqvImKpEnoEmoBQwvgKiFIeFgKaFI;“ oINaOvOgId” zUWoXIaAdkaNJlg qDnIN Valentina

Tereshkova gXLmQnsEneIlEgaEnnCQN kaNqvImgIWv~WIkaNzUWeANoBQHdWiEbgInpFdpaQe. e.e.e.e.) dIWngAlIgIeOgEmdIWngAlIgIeOgEmdIWngAlIgIeOgEmdIWngAlIgIeOgEm:sENqFmnAeFmLmQnKaFIGjGsQqFn,GnqFnKwAQngXsFQNKsBmgAlIgIeOgEm.wvgKiFIKbAQNKhdgIn “Olympique” (JalAmpAg) kaNJlgLtQlOsmEegXKhEnvQI URSS LlO RDA (JcvMdLlOKurOmEn eIdLeQNHdWhlMnpOKwdtIQN|hlIegvQI baQnaDQn| aEnnEWnmEngXKpEn~WIavdaIWN LlOoOnFNGjoBQsVd.....). hlENjIg “JqNgInpOtAiUb”kaNJcvMdHdWiEbgInKzBeLzQaagoFQvJlg(1984) ,bEnhIcFnKzFQImAdNMbtradmIHdWJpJlkDWndvWeqvImKqEQNiaWnoBQsVd tFvuIQN: rOvIQNcFnKzFQI aIgKmnB LlO aIsIdGbcIn(Arméniens et Azerbaijiens). bEnhIdEQNgIQvuUQGnkFNKkdnBW,LmQnmBmILtQdFnnInLlWv;LtQqIvsmEe Lénine HdWsFQNqnOnCQNnXIwIdvWe Felix

Dzerzinski HpLgWHk. KlnAnKvFWIvQI: “Dzerzinski mBLnvqAd russe

LoW|”(rEdKcEe)cCQN`IeKyAN bXQoXILlOpOtAbEdtImjAdtOsId-sENqFmkaNbEndIKzFQIcFnsvQnnaWe,tXQmIgXLmQnKhdgInkaN 3 rEyuUQLyboOKl bIntAg(Trois Baltiques)qD:rEy LadsOJtnB (Estonie), lBtUaInB(Lithuanie),LldJtnB(Lettonie) cCQNKkFWIGnsIhIwIbJcvMdGnsmEe sFNqImJlgqEWNoB II.bEndIKhdgIndEQNgIQvHdWsaQNLsNGhWKhEnvQI:

55

“Une goutte fait déborder la vase” LlWv “nXWIKmEdnCQNwIGhWGhllFWnLgWv”.KhdgIntXQmIgXqDgInLtgoOlIekaNsOhIwIbJcvMd .dvWeKhdGd? - wvgKiFIKvFWIvQI gInLgWHkbEnhIcFnKzFQIuUQGnsENqFmnAeFmLmQndB,HdWKiEdGhWcFnKzFQI jIgsOwIb “KpEnKpFWI`IegInKmDaN”(object de la

politique)gIemIKpEn “sujet politique”“KpEnKjFWIgInKmDaN”. “gInhIQNHggEn”rOvIQNbEndIKzFQILlOgEbJcvMd (rEdKcEe)HdWheEbKkFWIGgWgEnGniabdIWn;LtQGnwDWnyIneIvnIn “gInsKmBwIbrOvIQNbEndIcFnKzFQI”, “sAdkaNbEndIKzFQIGngIntEdsAnJcgcItItFnKaN”qDnOJebIeLlO lEdoAsIgFngEmmOcBbKvFWInEWn,eENbXQoEnHdWiEbgInLgWHkuIQNyDgtaWN;sOhIwIbjCQNLtgqDpEdjVbEn. - bEnhIcFnKzFQIuUQGnJlgnBW,eENLgWbXQtFgLlOgXeENKpEnbEnhIiBbdvQnuUQ. - bFdiMnkaNgInLgWHkbEndIcFnKzFQILlO “rEy”uUQwIeGnpOKodnCQN oBQqvnqFWnqvWI, wvgKiFIaIdeFgKaFIbINpOKod : * USA : (sOhIrEyaOKmrAgI)nCQNGnbEnhIoBQLgWbXQHdWdBLmQnbEnhI“jXILngKcDWacIdLlOzAvwEn”cCQNJlggXtXInAtladmI tFvuIQN: gIndEbsUnwvg “~ENLdN”(Peaux-rouges)dvWeaIvVdoIdKqmBLlOdvWe“qvImsBvAHl”;bEnhI“zAvdXI”gXeENLgWbXQtFguUQ.qvImoVgeIg,lWIhlEN,weIdJrqI LmQnKwDQanivQmcBvAdkaNqFnzAvdXItladmI. svQngInLgWHk “rEy”oBQuUQwIeGnpOKodyDvQILgWHkdB tFvuIQN: tEWNLtQmDWsIWNtEWN sOhIrEyaOKmrAgImI bXQmBrEyGdjOuIgLegaag,mBLtQrEytIQN|sKnBKpEnsOmIcAgkaNsOhIrEyaOKmrAgI tFvuIQN: rEyiIvIe (Hawaii),Porto-Rico gXsmEgKkFWI

56

LtQpIgFdvQIbXQHdWiEbgInLgWHk.KhdzFnKpEnLnvGd ? 1- gaQnaDQn`FdwvgKiFItaWNiEbiUWvQI USA KpEnsEneIlEgGhWLgQ “rObabnIeoCnkeIetFvGnrOdEbsUNsVd”.hlENjIgsFNqImJlgqEWNoB IImI,USA HdWnXI~WIGndIWn “dXIrFN cBvAd”LbbaOKmrAgEn “Pax

Americana”;HdWcvQNKsNgEbURSS LlOsENqFmnAeFmaDQn|tladmI.uUQGngIn “dXIrFNcBvAdLbbaOKmrAgEnnBW”KwAQnHdWKqBeeFgeaWNvQI : “KpEnpOKodoBQiEghamLlOKqFIrFbbUcIKagrIc,aAdsIrOwIb,pOcIoApOHt”.mBnEgkMnoBQKvFWIvQI: “The freedom of choice is the essence of

America”(aAdsIrOwIbGngInKlDag LmQnoIdLoWkaNaOKmrAgI). 2- GnKmDQaKvFWIKyAN lEgsnOkaNcIvaOKmrAgEn LlWv James Bruce

KvFWIvQI: “In descripting the general character of Americans,Bruce

saw them as....... Full of faith in the right judgement of the

people”(nAsEeoFQvHpkaNcIvaOKmrAgEnLmQn....KtEmpMQmdvWegInKcDQa`EWntXQgIntEdsAnoBQyDgtaWNkaNpOcIcFn). 3- rOvIQNgInivmsUnLlOpOcIoApOGt hlDKvFWIaBguIQNnCQNLmQncentralisation et décentralisation (gInLbQNkabKkdqvImiEbzAdcab,sAd...). “The Federal Government ought to decide about defence,

foreign policy and import-export. But what affects us on our levelshould be in our hands without anybody putting his nose in our

business”.(rEybIngIN/ sOhIwEn)jOtaWNtEdsAn gMQvgEbgInpaWNgEncId,gInKmDaNtIQNpOKod,LlO gInqWIkIaag-kIKkFWI,gMQvgEb sAQNoBQwFvwEnKyANKiFIuUQGnrOdEbKiFI jOtaWNHdWuUQGngXImDwvgKiFI,JdepIsjIgbXQmBbVgqFnzUWGd jOLeQdENKkFWImIGngAdjOgInkaNwvgKiFI. *uUQpOKod Canada: cFncIdGhQeoBQuUQnBW,KvFWIlvmgXmBsaNqD:“cFn

57

cIdaENgAd LlO xrEQNKsd”.saNcIdGhQedEQNgIQvgXmBgInkEdLeWNgEnmIGnpvEdsId(rOvIQNpOKod Angleterre & France).KmDQagIemIKpEnpOKoddMvgEn (Canada) gXeENmBqvImkEdLeWNuUQ KpEntFWnLmQndIWn vEonOoEm,wIsI.Canada gXLmQnqIWeqDgEngEb USA (vEonOoEm, nAsEe,GjqX...)LtQvQIsNFbgaQn USA .LmQnLNQnCQN (variants nCQN)oBQtIQNjIg variant

kaN USA.uUQGnnBWrEybInsOhIwEn(gIN) LlO LkvN(gouvernement

de province=12 provinces)gInjEdtEWNKkdpFgqaN qDgEbkaN USA

(KpEnrEy=sOhIrEy),Canada (provinces).gInLbQNqvImiEbzAdcab,sAdrOvIQNrEybIngINLlOLkvNgXqIWeqDgEn. *uUQ Suisse: pOKodnCQNoBQpOgabdvWe3 cIdGhQe(KurOmEn,xrEQN,Italiens) Suisse KpEngINLlOmBtFvLonkaN 3 cIdGhQeuUQGnpOKoddMv LlOGcWwIsI 3 wIgKpEnoINgIn; 3 pOKodgXiEbpOgEnsAdzFnpJedLlO Suisse gXHdWiEbzFnqDgEn. jIg 3 pOKodoBQjKrBndEQNgIQvmInBW,KhEnvQIgInLgWHkcFncId, KzFQIcFnmB sOKyEerOwIbdB,pOKodHdWwEonIKpEnuIQNdB(nXI~WIGnJlgdIWnqvImjKrBn,sBvAHl).wvgKiFIaIdKhEnbINKhdzFnqD: (1) gInKqFIrFbnEbyDgEn sLdNaagGnsaNdIWn: -KqFIrFbtXQsAdkaNKkFIKjFWI:qvImKpEnKagrIc(qFnlOrEy)sAdKsrBwIb, sAdpOcIoApOHt,sAdKpEnKjFWI....sAdKlDagKaFI... -KqFIrFbLlOKcDQa`EWntXQgEn.... “full of faith in the right

judgement of the people”.sAQNoBQpOcIcFnKlDagKaFILmQnyDgtaWN (aEnnBWgXqD Hagel KvFWI:Raison et Droit de l’homme).

(2) gInivmsUnLlOpOcIoApOHt hlDvQIbEnhI Centralisation

LlO Décentralisation ( LbQNaXInIdrOvIQN gINLlOoaWNyAQn)

58

HdWiEbgInLgWHkuIQNKÌOsFm,HdWzIQnwCdtAgEmtFvjAN,gIemIKpEniBdqaNpOKwnB,KpEngInqAdLlOgOoXIkaNqFn kaNgInjEdtEWNrEytFvjANLlWv.sAQNdEQNgIQvnEWnLmQnmB rEyoEmmOnUn,mBgFdÌeqXWIpOgEnqEgLnQLlOgXHdW KiEdGhWbXrAbUnKlDWae|Hp(rEyoEmmOnUnLlOgFdÌe). kXW(kXW(kXW(kXW(1) HdWcBWbagvQI GngInpFgqaNqFntaWNmBKNDQanHkcCQNKpEnmItyIn,jVdpOsFN LlO wIhInOsFmgEbvQI “aXInIdgInpFgqaNpOcIcFn,mIjIgpOcIcFn,pOcIcFnKlDagKaFILlOKwDQapOcIcFn(gouvernement du peuple,issu du peuple,par le peuple et pour le

peuple).

kXW(kXW(kXW(kXW(2) rEytaWNqVWmqaNsENqFmdvWegFdÌe,dvWerEyoEmmOnUn.gFdÌeLmQniEbpOgEn LlOpFgpaWNsAdkaNqFn. iEbpOgEnsAdkaNqFn gX IeKyANKqFIrFbnEbyDqvImKpEnmOnVd kaNKkFIKjFWI. aEnmEnlFWmlOlIegX IeKyANmEnbXQHptImoBQKvFWImIoINKoANnBW,KpEntFWn: 1) wvgKiFIKvFWIvQI: “rObFbbXrAhIn aIdeIsAd,ivmsUn,bFQNgIn,KgDWagUn...... KpEntFWnKhdkaNgInlFWmlOlIe. g g g g)gInivmsUnLlOpOcIoApOHt hlDvQIgInivmsUnLlOgInLegsAdGhWoaWNyAQn(centralisation et décentralisation).lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt(centralisme démocratique)LmQnhlEggInsUNsVd kaNgInjEdtEWNwEgLbbG`QkaN KlnAn(Parti de type nouveau).hlEggIndEQNgIQvHdWiEbgInjEdtEWNpOtAbEdGnoVg|kFNKkdvMgNInGnKmDQawEgqammVenAdHdWgXIaXInIdLlWv. hlEggInnBWHdWiEbgInpOtAbEdGnaFNgInkaNrEy(bXrAhIn,tVlIgIn LlOnAtAbEneEd),aFNgInjEdtEWNmOhIcFn(LmQeAN,cIv`VQm,gEmmObIn).zIQnwCdtAgEmtFvjANmI 70 gvQIpBLlWv,

59

wvgKiFIsImIdvAKqIOoENdIWn oAdsOdBLlOwCdtAgEm kaNhlEggIndEQNgIQvnBWHdWhlIeoBQsVd. LtQsVdoIWewCdtAgEmcBWbagvQI “mEnbXQLmQnhlEggInivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”,mEnLmQn “ivmsUnLbbaIdeIsAd” mEnLmQn gInbFQNgInjIgkEWnKoAN,jIgsUngIN jCQNKiEdGhWmEnoXIGhWpOcIcId, rEysvQnnaWebXQwXGj;sKnBLegaagLlOgXHdWLegaagGnbEWnsVdoIWe (sOhIwIbLtgslIe !!!).yWIvQIwvgKiFIKqFIrFbgEnyDhlEggInpOcI oApOHtuIQNKyANyaNLoW,pIsjIggInbBbbENqEbLlWv,bEndIKzFQI,rEy naWegXwXaFgwXGj. LnQnanLlWv,gXjObXQmBbEnhIoBQbXQdBKgBdkDWn. kkkk) sAdtFglFNdvWetFnKaNkaNbEndIpOcIcId(droit d’auto-

détermination des peuples ou droit des peuples de se disperser eux-

mêmes).uUQGnsAddEQNgIQvnBW,mBqvIm`IevQIoVg|cFncId(cFnKzFQI)mBsAdjOKkFWIivQm hlDjOLegaagsOhIwIbdvWetFnKaNHdW tFvuIQN:Finlande LegaagjIg sOhIwIbJcvMdGnKmDQagaQn....KlnAnHdWKqBeKvFWIvQI KkFWIivQmGncIdGhQe,GnpOKodGhQe LmQmmBzFnpJedhlIegvQIKpEnpOKodnaWe(KvFWIiabdIWn:gInKmDaN,KsygAd,gInoOhIn....)LtQyWI cIdnaWe,rEynaWe uIgLegaag LmQnbXQsadqaQNgEbqvImmEgLlOsAdzFnpJed kaNKkFIKjFWILlWv,dEQNnEWn ~WIoBQkaNsOmIcAgwEg(GncIdnaWe hlDcIdGhQe gXtaWNsCgsI aFbiFm“lEdoAsIgFngEmmIcBbGhWKyANyaN” jCQNjOKiEdGhWgInKkFWIivQmLlOLegaagnEWn LmQnKiEddvWeqvImtDQntFvLoW|,iEbpOgEnqvImsKmBwIb,sAdzFnpJedoBQKpEnoEm LtQlOKzFQI,LtQlOcFncIdLlOLtQlOrEyLoW|......gInLtgslIekaNsOhIwIbgX IeKyANqvImxDntXQhlEggIndEQNgIQv.gInxDnnBWLmQngInivQmKkFWIKpEnsOhIwIbLmQndvWegInGcWgXIlENbENqEbKaFI qD 3 rEykaN

60

oOKl Baltique GnsmEesFNqImJlgqEWNoB II (1939).

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61

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62

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63

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tFvuIQN: Tito LhQNuUJgdslIvB,dvWemB“LnvqAdcId”LlObXQHptIm“LbbsbEbkaN sOtIlAn”gXyDgyDvQIKpEnlEdoALgW LlOyDgbENqEbaagjIgrObFbsENqFmnAeFm. Albanie GnsmEe Khrushchev (1955-64)

gXHdWwaWmgEnpOovWN pOnIm “lEdoALgWkaN Khrushchev”. Hongrie

GnpB 1956 gXyDggaNoEbLdNJcvMdpIbpIm.1968 gXLmQn KhdgIn“rOdU~IvLhQNprIg” (Hiver de Prague) ;Gn 1980 gXLmQnKhdgInuUQPologne cCQNKpFWI`Ie gXLmQnKwDQapIbpIm“gEmmObIn KagOwIb”(Syndicat Solidarité). bINKhdgInoBQeFgmInEWn sOLdNGhWKhEnsaN

64

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rFdgXHpuIQNsObIeJld....... (2) “rObFbwEgdMvoBQGcWLtQqvImiVnLiNLlOgIntFvOeFvO bXQsImIdnXIqvImsVgmIGhWpOcIcFnHdW”. “oVg|gIngFdkBQkFQmKhENdIWniIQNgIe,jAdGj LlOvEonOoEm bXQsImIdhEngFNlXWpvEdsIdgEbhlENqDnHdW”. “LsNsvIQNcnOqvImmDdmFnuUQsKmB”.pvEdsIdkaNmvnmOnVdHdWwAsUdGhWKhEnvQI KyANjOzIQnqvImheVWNeIg,KsEeslOoVgsAQNuIQN,bEndIsEdjOoEmdEQNgIQv LmQntaWNcnOGnbEWnsVdoIWe KyANKvlIdEQNgIQvnEWnjOdFnnInpInGdgXtIm(KbAQNGnpvEdsIdkaNmOnVd) tFvuIQN: GnsmEeJbiIn oVg|gIniVgiInkaNoINnagtXQbEndIpOcIcIdaaQnnaWe gXtaWNyDgtByaeqDn`Fd KcEQnKcEQnKcEQnKcEQn:gIniVgiInkaNmFNJgn,kaN aIrEb,kaNJrLmN,kaNwvgxrEQNLlOaDQn|.....mIGnsmEewvgKiFI aIdeFgKaFItFvuIQN kaN Napoléon,kaN rObabfIdcAd(KurOmEn,eBQpVQn,aBtIlB,kaNjEggOwFb aENgAdGnKmDQagaQn.....,kaN aOKmrAgItXQaAndUjBn,JcvMduUQGn Afghanistan,Iraq tXQ Kuwait

LlO aDQn|aBg.“rObFbsOtIlBnAd” tXQbEndIpOKodKaBrFbtIKvEnaag jOHp~BwFWnjIgsEdjOoEmdEQNgIQv LmQnKpEnHpbXQHdW !! KyANvQIjOGcWqvImiVnLiNLlOgIntFvOeFvO(Violence et Mensonge) KpEnrObFbqFb

65

yvWn,GcWoVgqvImgIWv~WIdIWnKoEgnAg,oVgbFdiMnkaNoVg|rObFbgFdkBQkFQmKhENqFntladmIgXtIm,GcWoVg|vAoBgIn,oVg|KlWhlMQm gXbXQsImIdpFgpAd sAQNoBQxDngEboIdLoWkaNmOnVdsOoEmHdW. wvgKkFILmQnoXrOeFdtXQlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn KwIO Karl Marx KaNHdWKvFWIvQI: “tFvO qFngVQmnCQNHdWGnlOeOnCQNKoFQInEWn,svQnvQIjOtFvOcFncEWn,cId,LlOhlIecIdnEWn LmQn KpEnHpbXQHdW”.LlO Engels KvFWIvQI:“zUWGdbXQsEdcDQtXQtFnKaNgXbXQsImIdjOsEdcDQtXQwEg,tXQcId, tXQcFncEWnHdW”.(Qui

n’est pas sincère envers soi-même n’est jamais sincère au Parti,auPays,au Peuple).

.......sEdjOoEmoBQeFgkDWnuUQKoANnEWnmEnLmQnoIdLoWmOnVdsOoEm,mEnLmQnqvImhvENdBkaNmOnVdoBQsaQNGs,kaNmOnVdKvFWIlvmcCQNprIynIuIgKhEn “qvImdB” cnO “qvImcFQv” (Le “bien”-Le “mal”), “sAnoEm”cnO “aOoEm”(Le “Vice” et la “Vertu”), “qvImKpEnoEm” cnO “qvImbXQKpEnoEm”(la justice et l’injustice),“qvImgIWv~WI” cnO“aEnlWIhlEN”(le progrès et la décadence).. oBQuIgmBqvImsVg,qvImjKrBniVQNKiDAaNKhlDaNKhlDWam,qvImsImOqBiEgLwNcCQNgEnLlOgEn rOvIQNmOnVddvWegEn.KkFIKjFWIbXQmEggIn GcWgXIlENiVnLiN,pIbpIm,gFdkBQkFQmKhEN,tFvOeFvO,hlaglvNLlO aDQn|.zUWGdKiEdLnvnEWn,KkFIKjFWIgXyD vQI “bXQKpEnoEm”,jamJhd (despote).....bXQHdWiEbgInKqFIrFbnEbyD,nAeFmcFmcabjIgpOcIcFntladmI GnKvlIGd “dIb” hIgtFgaagjIgmDwvgKkFIKjFWILlWv cItIgEmkaNKkFIKjFWIgXLmQn “dIb”nEWnKaNtEdsAn. “Qui joue

avec la glaive, mourra avec la glaive”(zUWhlAWndvWedIb taWNtIedvWedIb)tFvuIQN: Hitler LlObEndIrEymFntrBgOcvNwIeGnkaNJcvMdsmEe sOtIlAn(Krouglov,Béria) GnnBWtaWNKvFWIvQI `FdoVgrEymFntrBgOcvNwIeGn cCQNLmQnKkFIKaNpEdKkEQegEnKaN(LlOdvWevAoB “nEgKlN”

66

LbbdMv). uUQGnbEndIzUWhvENdB,saQNGsnEWn,wvgKiFIaIdjEd aIjIn,nEgpOdAdsIsnIoEN`FdKkFWInXIKwIOqFnwAKsddEQNgIQvnBW,KkFIKjFWIgXIHdWoIdLoWmOnVdsOoEm kaNmOnVd(qvImmEg, qvImprIynIkaNqFn)oBQHdWsEQNsanGhW “sIWNLtQqvImdB sIWNbVn” KwDQajOHdWkDWnsvEn, pIsjIgqvImcFQv,qvImmFnoAn jOHdWtFg“nIiFg”. svQngIn`UnGcWsIsnInEWnLmQnKrDWaNtIQNhIg qDwvgKiFIiUWnXIgEn uUQKaBrFbsmEegaQn “gInfDWnfU”(Renaissance) GnsEtvEd 14-15 sIsnI KucUgXHdWpIbpImqFnoXIpQIKyDQan( “Brûler aux Bouchers”=KzFIbFngaNfDn).gIntXQsUWrOvIQN“wvghvENdB” LlO “`QUmIn” mBmItladgIn. mBqvImKhEnoBQvQI “saNwEnhWIiaWe pB (2500) zIQnmI,mOnVdbXQHdWmBqvImgIWv~WIoINdIWnqvImslIdLlOqVnsFmbEd ”. gIngFdkBQkFmKhENgEnmBmItlad, aEndMvmBLtQiUbdIb,qFmdIb,LlOknIdkaNdIb kWIfEnlEnLoNgEnKoFQInEWn.Marx HdWslVbvQI: “rObabnIeoCn”HdWKiEdGhWgInKsEehIenEWnsUNoBQsVd ( Capital ) LtQyWIwvgKiFImIsFmoMbGsQ “rObFb sOtIlBnAd” LmQnaEnGdsUNLoW ?? mIiadoIWe sEtvEdoB 20 nBW mBbEnhInCQNoBQKgBdkDWn KwIOmEnLmQnoQIaMQNG`Q kaNmvnmOnVd KwDQasIWNqvImiEgGhWLgQmOnVdHpLlgpMQnKaFI,LmQnHiWmOnVdsOoEm. oQIaMQNnBWLmQnKvFWIKyANgInpOhIncBvAdkaNqFnoBQmBqvImzAdwId~Eg(nEgJod) (dvWeKhdzFnLnvGdgXtIm) gFd`IekaNhlIepOKoduUQGnJlgHdWiEbKaFIoEsnOdEQNgIQvLlWv,LtQgXeENmBpOKodGhQe|gXbXQiEbKaFIqDgEnKcEQn: USA, RP de chine

67

wIgoB wIgoB wIgoB wIgoB III KhdzFnwIenagKhdzFnwIenagKhdzFnwIenagKhdzFnwIenag : Adam Michnik,the polish philosopher says: “Communist

regime can not really reform itself from within .It has to be pressed

and pushed...”(nEgprEceI JpJle mAdcnAgKvFWIvQI: “rObabqammVenAdbXQsImIdpOtAiUbtFnKaNoBQLoWjANjIgoINGnHdW.mEntaWNyDgbBbLlOcVgeUW.....”svQnlEdoAmIgcT-KlnAnnEWn, wOLmQngFNgEnkIWmgEbqvImKhEn dEQNgIQv.“pEdjEewIeGn LmQntEdsAn,svQnoINnagmBLtQjOaXInve hlDsgEdgEWnHdWKoFQInEWn, bXQsImIdpMQnLonpEdjEeoINGnHdW. gInpOtAvEdmEnrOKbBdkDWn GnKmDQakXWkEdLeWNwIeGn sVgNam”. sOwIbgInwIeGnsVgNam`IeKyAN “pEdjEewIvOwIb”( facteur objectif ) qFbyvWnLlWv,mEnjCQNKgBd sOwIvOgInpOtAvEd ( situation révolutionnaire ),yWIvQI “aEdtOmIwIb”( facteur subjectif ) hIgsImIdnXIwIHdW,gInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFmjOsXIKrEd. - KkFWIGjbEnhI “pEdjEeoINGn”, “oINnag” nBW taWNKkFWIGjLbbsEdjOvAwIg, bXQKkFWIGjLbb Métaphysique,Lbb Mécanique (LbbaOwAoEm,LbbgFnjEg). KkFWIGjLbb Métaphysique hlD Mécanique

nEWnLmQnLbbtIetFv,LkNgOdIWN hlDvQI “yWIJtjANtEdsAn,JtaDQnbXQtEdsAn”(opposer ces deux notions); hlDvQI “mBJtjANLlWv JtaDQnbXQmBaBg”. - aBgdIWnsaNaBgdIWnsaNaBgdIWnsaNaBgdIWnsaN : jOtaWNKkFWIGjpvEdsIdnCQNLbbnagtFvLoW|.“yWIqAdvQIpvEdsId jOHptImqvImmEgkaNqFn(kaNzUWgXIaXInId),jObXQmBpvEdsIdKlBe;pvEdsIdLmQnKtEmHpdvWesAQNbENKaBn (Hasard)”.

- dIWnoBsImdIWnoBsImdIWnoBsImdIWnoBsIm : KkFWIGjLbbsEdjOvAwIg,taWNKkFWIGjtImgFdKgnoIN aMQN ( Loi tendancielle ) taWNKhEndBLnvnEWn. LtQbINqEWNqIvmEnwOmB gXrOnBwAKsd oBQxDngEbgFdKgnnEWn. “ L’exception fait la règle”

68

(mBsAQNoBQ zAdhlEggIn,jCQNKiEdGhWhlEggIn KpEnhlEggIn). qvImKvFWIkaN Michnik yDguUQbaQnGd ? (aIdLmQn Hasard hlDvQIException) qD: gInsIWNtEWNrEysENqFmnAeFmuUQKaBrFbtIKvEnaag KvFWIlvmLlWv LmQndvWegaNoEbLdN LlOgIncvQeKhlDakaN URSS KpEntFWntX sFmoFbgEbkbvnpFdpaQecId(LnvJim) tIWngIniVgiInLlOqvbqVmkaN wvgfIdcAd KurOmEn. mEnbXQLmQnsOwIvOgInwIeGnsVgNamheEN`Fd hlDKvFWItDQmaBgqD: sOhIwIbJcvMdcvQeKhlDa Babrak

Karmal uUQ Afghanistan,hlD UN cvQeKhlDa Phen Sovan uUQgXIwUcIGnKmDQagaQn. LtQvQI bIdrObFbsENqFmnAeFmuUQKaBrFbtIKvEnaagLtgslIe,mEnwObXQLmQn “wIenagbBb,cVgeUW...LtQuIQNGdKlBe”.wOLmQnsOwIvOgInmEnsVgNam HpKyANkEWntaWNmBgInpMQnLpNG`Q. LnQnanLlWv,gInsFQNzFnsOoaWncCQNgEnLlOgEnkaNpEdjEeGnLlOnag LmQmmBuUQLbbpFggOtA JdebXQmBbVgqFnjOpOtAKsdHdW. - gIn`UnGcW “gFdKgnkaNsEdjOvAwIg” KkFWIGngXrOnBGdnCQNsXIKrEdzFn,LtQhIggInGcWvAoBdEQNgIQvKgBnHp,gIemIKpEngInrOKmBdtXQoIdLoW kaNlEdoAsEdjOvAwIgnEWnKaN,gIemIKpEnlEdoAjAdnAeFm(idéalisme),gIemIKpEnlEdoA KjdtOnInAeFm(volontarisme) (KaFIvAoBgInHppMQnLonGhWoIdLoW `IeKyANGcWgXIlENiVnLiNkaNwIenagKwDQasIWNtEWNrObabG`Q). LnQnanLlWvuUQGnoEmmOcId,sENqFm LlOjAdtOnIgIn “kabKkdrOvIQNaEnnCQNLlOaEnaDQnnEWn” mEnjOLjWN(KhEnNIQe)pInGd tFvuIQN: rOvIQNaEndB,aEncFQv, rOvIQNaEnyDg,aEnzAd,rOvIQNvAoBgIniVnLiNLlOsEntA,rOvIQNaIvVdpaWNgEntFv(armes

défensives) LlO aIvVdbVg(armes offensives) LlO aDQn|........ lEdoA vEdyVnAeFmsEdjOvAwIg HdWuEWNuDndvWegFdKgn “gInpMQnLpN

69

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transformation de la quantité à la qualité et vice-versa) yWIKiFIGcWvAoBgInnCQN(GcWgXIlENwIeGn)HdWiEbzFn,LlWvKiFIGcWHptDQmKlDWae|......mEngXpMQnLpNHphIG`Q(aEndBgIeKpEnaEncFQv= sOKwIO wvgsOtIlBnAd;sOKwIOpOcIcFnLlWv yDvQIKpEnaEncFQv oBQwvgyDgkFQmKhEN gIemIKpEnaEndBGnKvlI mEnmBgInpMQnLpNqDuUQKaBrFbtIKvEnaagdMvnBW. g.)eaWngIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsVdknId g.)eaWngIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsVdknId g.)eaWngIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsVdknId g.)eaWngIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsVdknId: gaQnsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mBLtQ USA mBaIvVdpIrOmOnUHdWJpJlaagmItXQJlgGnpB 1945 hlENjIgyAWmGsQ Nagasaki LlO Hiroshima

(nIgIsOgBLlO iBJrcBmI). hlENjIg sFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mI,JcvMdLlOgVQmsENqFmnAeFmkVWnkMWvKwDQaoXIlIegInzUgkId LlOgXIlENaIvVdoEnsmEeoBQK~DagvQItFn KwDQaqvImqFNuUQ. gvQI 45 pBzIQnmInBW,JlgwvgKiFIqFNuUQ GnKNDQanHkgOgMmgInoOhInknIdGhQe (guerre froide)

(sFNqImKuEn). tFvKlgsVdoIWe kaNrIejIQedIWnoOhIn # 1100 tDW -1200 tDW /pB . GntFvKlgdEQNgIQv saNaOwAmOhIaXInIdaIdgvmKaFIgvQI ½ LlOLtQlOpOKodnEWn,gInGcWjIQeaIdKoFQIoMmgEnKwDQaiEgsIqvImgXWIKgAQNgEn(équilibre de forces)(mBKagsInsOKwIOtIQNhIg).gInGcWjIQeaEnmOhIsInkaNJlgLlOkaNsaNaOwAmOhIaXInIddEQNgIQv, mEnbXQwMNLtQsFQNzFnsOoaWn~EgnvQNtXQgInwEonIJlgHpsUQqvImsBvAHlKoFQInEWn;mEneENKiEdGhW sOKyEerOwIb,sEntAwIb yDgLtOtaWNKpEnpOjXI. JlgHdWdXIrFNcBvAduUQdvWeqvImuIWngFv, dvWeqvImrOLvNsFNsEe bXQKcDQa`EWncCQNgEnLlOgEn(Climat de méfiance et de suspicion).

GncvQNKvlI 45 pBzIQnmInBW,gXLmQncvQNKvlIoBQsFNqImwIgsvQn, wIgwDWn,gInoOKlIOvAvIdcCQNgEnLlOgEn rOvIQNpOKodtIQN| hlIeoBQsVd

70

GnpvEdsId. JlgHdW mBqvImKbBgbInGjoBQHdWKhEnvQI “rObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlg” HdWmBgIn “pOtAiUbtFnKaN” LlO saNaOwAmOhIaXInId bXQpOgId“sFNqImpIrOmOnUHiWmOnVdsOoEm”.tXQgIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsVdknIdnBW,oENsaNrObFbsENqFmkaNJlgHdWmBoEdsnO LlOqvImKhEntIQNgEndEQNnBW: ((((1) oINxIQetIKvEntFg nXI~WIJde oINxIQetIKvEntFg nXI~WIJde oINxIQetIKvEntFg nXI~WIJde oINxIQetIKvEntFg nXI~WIJde USA vQI : - gVQm vIgJcvB (Pacte de Varsovie) mBgXIlENgInoOhInLlOaIvVdeVdJopOgan K~DaxIQetIKvEntFguUQKlDWae|. GnpBNFbpOmInLtQlOpB LmQniaWNkXGhWKwBWmNFbpOmInoOhInKlDWae| LlOKrDWaNdEQNgIQvLmQndFNdENLlOsUWfEngEn~EguUQGnsOwI (Congress) LlOGnKvlIKlDagtEWNpOoInIoAbXdBqFnG`Q.bEnhIdEQNgIQv gXLmQnpOgabsvQnGhQehlvNKkFWIGngInjOHdWaEnHccnO hlDKsEeHc kaNzUWoBQsmEg (KagsIngMQvgEbNFbpOmIngInoOhIn oBQKwBWmLtQlOpBnEWnmBrOaMdtIQNhIg).wvgKiFIKbAQNNFbpOmInkaNJlg, kaN USA,LlOpOKodaDQn|oBQwFvwEnKyANbEnhInBW gXLmQnKwBWmkDWnuIQNbXQuVduEWNLoW. - USA HdWvQItFnHdWLbghIb~EgJwdGngIniEgsIqvImgXWIKgAQNdIWneVdoOsId gInoOhIndEQNgIQvLlWv,LtQlOsmEegaNpOcVmOTAN (gVQmpaWNgEnaEdlENtAgK~Da) sKnBGhWwIqBkaNsEneInIJt KwBWmoOvBNFbpOmInivmLlONFbpOmInkaNLtQlOpOKodkDWntDQmKlDWae|(mBKagsIn...).tXQgEbeBQpVQn USA gXiMgiaWNGhWeBQpVQnKwBWmoOvBNFbpOmInpaWNgEncIdGhWK`IOsFmgEbbFdbIdoINKsygAdkaNeBQpVQn tXQJlg,aIcBLlOtXQ gXIlENkaN USA oBQsENgEduUQ UQKgIOkaNeBQpVQn (Okinawa).

(2) oINxIQesENqFmnAeFm nXIJde oINxIQesENqFmnAeFm nXIJde oINxIQesENqFmnAeFm nXIJde oINxIQesENqFmnAeFm nXIJde URSS :

hlENjIgsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mI vQIxIQetFneENaaQnnaWegvQI

71

“xIQetIKvEntFg” oINdIWneVosIdgInoOhInHdWaagLiNpOgabaIvVdsVdknId jCQNHdWmIKyANqvImgXWIKgAQNgEnGngINpB 1970. - GncVmpB 1970 nBWKaN,xIQeJcvMdKvFWIvQI : “gIntXQsUWgEnuIQNiabdIWnLlO kMWvkIdkaNsaNrObFbsENqFmJlg” nBW xIQetFnmBLtQqD : 1.aAdoAwFndIWngInKmDAaNkaNJcvMdLlOkaNxIQesENqFmnAeFmLmQn dDQn USA LlO xIQetIKvEntFgkIdkEWn. “rObFbsENqFmnAeFmLmQngXIlEN cBWkIdGhWLgQgInkeIetFn kaNmvnmOnVd”. 2. oINdIWngInoOhIn oENsaNxIQemBqvImgXWIKgAQNgEn (gINcVmpB1970).

3. xIQetIKvEntFg qAdvQIjOcnO “sENqFmnAeFm” GnsaNKnDWaGnqD “sIWNKsygAd LlO dXIKnBnsFNqImjAdtOsId” LcgLcNoINdIWnvEonOoEmqDoBQKkFIKiEdmILlWvGn iENgIrB (Hongrie 1953) LlO KcEgJg ( 1958 )

LtQvQIGndIWnsIWNsIKsygAdnBW xIQeJcvMdvQI KsygAdkaNsENqFmnAeFmmBqvImsImIdcnOHdW dvWebEndIKhdzFndEQNnBW : * mIiaddMvnBW pOrAmInzlAtwEnaVdsIhOgEmkaNtFnHdWgIWvkDWnKlDWae| oINdIWnpOrAmIn LlOHdWnXI~WIGnpOmIn 10 gvQIcnAdsAnqWI( oBnCQNkaNJlg ). * KsygAdkaNsENqFmnAeFm HptImLzngIn,bXQmBvAgAdgIn LlOjENhvOgIWvkDWnuIQN~EgL~Wn LlOqaQe|heEbGgWhIkaNUSA(KvFWIsOKwIOkaNJcvMd) svQnkaN USA gIWvbXQsmXQIsKmB LlOgIWvdvWejENhvOtXQI# 2%....

* smEdtOwIbkaNNInsENqFmkaNJcvMd LlOsENqFmnAeFm heEbGgWKkFWIhI USA (gIWvkDWnKpEnpOjXI)HdWpOmIn 80% kaN USA LlWv(kaNJcvMd).

72

* tlIdkaNsENqFmnAeFmgVQm SEU LlOrOvIQNsENqFmnAeFmgEbJlgoB3 HdWKpBdgvWINbXQuVduEWN LlOtlIddEQNgIQvLmQn`EWnoMQNbXQyDgzFnsOoaWnjIgvAgAdgInKsygAdkaNJlg tFvuIQN: vAgAdgInwlENNInGnpB1973 . * KsygAdkaNsENqFmnAeFm pIsjIgwEEevIQNNInmIdFnLlWv.....LlOaDQn|. GndIWnsFNqImjAdtOsId,LnvqAdvEonOoEm oINsOhIwIbJcvMd xIQetFnHdW KlBWm “pOtAiUbgInsCgsI” knIdGhQe LlOwDWnyInLnGsQsIWNqFnGhW “LkNLgQNLlO sMWvcIn” iEbpOgEnqvImbXrAsVdtXQaVdFmqOtAqammVenAd; LlO oINxIQe “tIKvEntFg” JdeLmQn USA

nXI~WI gXHdWmB “JqNgInsENqFmtIWnqammVenAdLbbcBvOvAoeI” (anti-

communiste biologique).

4- uUQGnbEneIgIdkaNsFNqImKuEnoBQdVKdDadnEWn,xIQeJcvMdKvFWIvQIxIQeUSA mBLznbENqEbGhWxIQetFntaWNcvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdKwDQajOoXIlIesENqFmnAeFm GngIn sIWNsIKsygAd, bXQGhWxIQesENqFmnAeFmeXqXHdW,taWNsVmGsQLtQgInoOhIn, bXQsIWNsIKsygAdHdWLlOaDQn|gXjOlFdnaWeyaelFNqDgEn. zIQn 45 pBmInBW,HdWKhEnvQIoENJcvMdLlOUSAgXHdWhlVdnaWeyaehlENlFNcEgGcW yWIoMbGsQgInwEonIkaNeBQpVQn,Europe tIKvEntFg LlObaQnaDQn|..... + USA (KrDWaNyaehlENmBKagsIntIQNhIg) LtQgaQnKpEnaOwAmOhIaXInIdkIdkEWn (nXI~WIxIQetIKvEntFg LtQsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II mI).eaWngIncvQNKsNpOgabaIvVdsFNqImGnhlIe|LhQNGnJlgtFvuIQN: sFNqImKgFIhlB,sFNqImGn Indochine #1954-1975 pOmIn

73

20-21 pB HdWKiEdGhWaAdoAwFn,yInObFdbId LlOqvImKkEWmLkNyaelFNKlDWae|. mIiadrOeOnCQNGncVmpB 1980 sOhIrEyaOKmrAgIHdWsIoOeIvQI “kId(3x150) (NFbpOmInkIddVn=150 tDW $US)

gIndVngInqWI=150tDW $US LlOKpEn~BWsAn=150tDW$US tFvuIQN:1988

(KpEn~BW 180 tDW$US) LtQgaQncVmpB 50-60 USA mBqENsOsFmpOmIn 40-

50 tDW $US.“....a very fundamental difference has occured in the

US’s position from being the chief creditor nation to now being the

principal debtor nation” (eaWn LtgtIQNoBQKpEnwDWnyInoBQsVdnEWnLmQnyInOkaN USA jIgpOKodoBQmBrOdEb~CQNkaNJlggIemIpEdjVbEnKpEnpOKodoBQ KpEn~BWtFWntXkaNJlg ?). USA HdWgIeKpEntlIdGhWLgQeBQpVQn,Europe tIKvEntFg LlObEndIpOKodaIcB. + URSS : KsygAdkaNsENqFmnAeFmLmQnwENoOlIe,cBvAdgInKpEnuUQpOjXIvEnkaN pOcIcFnkIdLqn LlOtaWNHdWlMnLyvcDWKqDQaNKpEnpOjXI,tAd~BWsAnGhWtIQNpOKod,cagoCnkaNtIQNpOKodmIwEonItFnKaN.taWNHdWpOtAiUbiabdIWn(gInKmDaN LlO KsygAd)jCQNjOmBoINaag .... kkkk.) eaWngIncvQeKhlDaGngInpOtAbEd~WIoBQsIgFngEmmOcBbtXQJlg~Eg~vQNJwd. JcvMdKaNgXKqBepOgIdvQI: “sOhIwIbJcvMdHdWKpEnGjgINLlOgXILwNKwEdLhQNgInpOtAvEdkaNJlg”. “gXIlENsENqFmnAeFmLmQnwlENcBWkIdGhWLgQgInkeIe kaNmvnmOnVd”.jIgnEWnjCQNKhEnvQI~WIoBQcvQegXIlENpOtAvEdJlgKwDQapFdpaQetFnKaNnEWn LmQnwEnoOLlOqvImiEbzAdcabkaNtFntladmI. KvFWIlvmtEWNLtQpB 1917 mI LlOmAtwIbhlENjIg 1945 mInBW rObFbsENqFmJlgHdWLbQNaagKpEnsaNrObFbpXrO

74

pEg LlOcvQNKsNgEniabdIWn. uUQGnKhdgInGhQekaNJlgtaWNmBiaQNiaekaNsaNrObFbnBW KkFWIcvQe; LlOtFWntXgXLmQnxIQenCQNKkFWIkIWNnCQN;LlOxIQeoBsaNtaWNKkFWIivQmnXIaBgxIQe, cCQNKpEnxIQepXrOpEggEn. gIncvQeKhlDakaNJcvMdnEWnLmQncvQeiabdIWn:gInKmDaN,KsygAd,gInoOhIn,aVdFmqOtA,bVgqOlIganLlOaDQn|....LlOgIncvQeKhlDadEQNgIQv yWIqAdKpEnjXInvnKNAngXLmQnmOhIsInLoW| LlOsDbtXQcvQeKhlDatladmI. gIncvQenEWn tFWntXgXLmQncvQeKhlDa 3 kbvngInpOtAvEdJlg qD: rObabsENqFmnAeFmJlg,kbvngEmmOganLlOqammVenAdsIgFnLlOkbvnpFdpaQecIdkaNbEndIpOcIcIduUQoFQvJlg tFvuIQN:bINtFvKlgoBQoINgInJcvMdKzBevQIcvQe Cuba pOKoddMv LtQlOpBLmQn 4-4.5 tDW Roubles;cvQe Afghanistan(iad88- 89) =60 tDWRoubles ,paWNgEncIeLdn Mongolia & JcvMd oBQtAdgEbR.P.Chine =

200 tDW Roubles.

(1) uUQGnvMgNIngInKmDaN,gIntIQNpOKod,vMgNInaVdFmgIn.LmQnLtQsUWgEnuIQN dVKdDad,lMntAd 24 cFQvJmNtXQ 24 cFQvJmNwFvwEnKyANoVg|KhdgIn,oVg|mVmJlg. wvgKiFIiUWLlWv kIQvsInuUQGnJlgnBWLmQnrObFbjEggOwEd(lEdoAjEggOwEdnAeFmLhQNgInyLlNkIQv) zUgkIdKyAN70-75% kaNpOrAmInkaNsDQsInmvncFncCQNKwAQnvQI: “Impérialisme de

l’information”. sOhIwIbJcvMdtaWNHdWoVWmKomOhIsInGsQbEndIbEnhIdEQNgIQv KwIOdIWnnCQNgXLmQnKwDQaLzQuIQNgvWIN aVdFmgIngInKmDaNLlOJlgOoEdkaNtFn LlOaBgdIWnsaNgXtaWNHdWtXQsUWKcAQN~WIgEbjEggOwEdJlg. sOhIwIbJcvMdoENpEbpVNtFnKaNoENcvQeKhlDaKwDQanmAdoFQvJlg LlOoENcvQeKhlDagInjEdtEWNsIgFn KwDQadXIKnBnvMgNIndEQNgIQv, tFvuIQN: aFNgInsEntAwIbJlg;gEmmObInJlg;cIv~VQmpOcI

75

oApOHt;sOhIwEnnEgsCgsIsIgFn;aFNgInbXQivQmgVQm;bEndIaFNgIngInKmDaNwUmBwIgLlOwIgwDWn LlOaDQn|;sOmIqFmmAdtOwIbLhQNcIdgEbsOhIwIbJcvMd;LtQlOaFNgInjEdtEWNmOhIcFn(gEmmObIn, LmQeAN,cIv~VQm...) KsygAd,vEonOoEm,sENqFm....taWNHdWcvQeKhlDaaFNgInoBQgMQvkaWN kaNJlgaBgdvWe. wvgKiFIbXQnEbgIncvQeKhlDaoINdIWnwEg,gInjEdtEWNLlOgXQsIWN bVgqOlIgan(rObFbJiNiMnoAdsOdBmIgcT-KlnAn kaNJcvMdoBQiEbKaFIqFnjIgoFQvJlg mIiMnuUQ URSS).

LtQlOmDW KmDaNhlvN Moscou,Leningrad,Kiev,Klakhov LlOKmDaNaDQn|,LmQntaWNmBgInpOcVmsIgFnoBQwFvwEnKyANLtQlOvMgNInoBQgMQvkaWN. GnJagIdvEnlOlCgGhQe|kaNJcvMd,sENqFmnAeFm LlOsXIqEnkaNJlg,zUWLonLtQlOmVmJlgLmQnHpKtFWIJimgEnuUQKmDaNtIQN|kaNsOhIwIbJcvMd KwDQasKlBmslaN LlOpOcVmgEn.... LlOzUWLonkaN URSS LlOrEytIQN| gXHdWLegHppOcVm uMWmuImbEndIpOKodtIQN| uUQGnJlgoBQmBgInwFvwEngEbJcvMd. KmDQawvgKiFIKsDadLsNtIzIQnvMgNInoBQKvFWImInBW wvgKiFIaIdKhEnvQIKpEngInoVWmKoKoFQIGdLiNNIn,KvlI,wIhInO,KNAn,sOtApEneI oBQsMWvcInKkFWIGsQmEn,gInpOsFmpOsInLzngIn.....LmQnmOhIsInLoW|LlOmBsOtA mBgInjEdtEWNLoW|..... (2) gIncvQeKhlDadIWngXQsIWNKsygAd.sOhIwIbJcvMdtaWNHdWLbghIb 3 kbvn pOtAvEdJlgtladmILtQ 1917 LtQgXtaWNiEbiUWvQIJcvMdKpEnpOKodoB 5 kaNJlg LlO oB 4 kaN Europe dIWnwEonIaVdsIhOgEm(`IeKyANoVgeIggvQIbEndIjEggOwEdaDQn|). - JcvMdKaN gXtaWNHdWKiEd~WIoBQsIgFnsENqFmnAeFm tXQwIeGnkaNtFn cCQNKvFWIlvmLlWv bEndIrEytIQN|(15) LmQnoVgeIglWIhlENjFnKiEd

76

GhWbEndIrEyKhlFQInEWngXeENheEbmIGgWtFndIWnwEonIKpEn~WIcFmKcBeoBQsVd LlOgXLmQnbIdgIWvgOJddkaNpvEdsIdkaNJlg; yWIwvgKiFIsFmoMbgEbbEndIpOKodkaNJlgoB III. - tXQgInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm:bEndIpOKodjIg 3 oOvBbgIWvkDWnsENqFmnAeFmhlENjIg pFdpaQetFnKaNaagjIgLag fIcAdLlOaagjIgKpEnKmDaNkDWnKpEnKvlIeIvnInnEWn rObFbjEggOwEdnEWnLmQnHdWyDgoXIlIeKgDabgMWN LlOKpEnpOKodoVgeIglWIhlENoBQsVdkaNJlg KcEQn:JcvMd KaNyDgoXIlIe 20 lIWnqFnLlOcEwsFmbEdkaNcIdKsEehIeKgDab 70% ;Poland :qFntIe 6 lIWnqFn LlO dAndanyDgKzFIzIn;RDA: yDvQIwDWnyInKsygAd, aVdsIhOgEmyDgoXIlIegMWN(KvFWILtQsFNqImJlgqEWNoB II KoFQInEWn).R.P.de Chine(s.p.jBn) LtQgaQnpFdpaQe ( 1949 ) KwAQnvQI “KkFWI~FmjBn” (gâteaux chinois) HdWyDgLbQNpEnGhWKgDabvQIoVg| jEggOwEdoENtIKvEntFgLlOaag tFvuIQN: USA,xrEQN,aENgAd,Portugal(mIgIv=Macao) ,rEdKcEe,eBQpVQn.LtQlOpBLlOpBLhWNLlWN(wEEeoEmmOcId) mB pOcIcFn lFWmhIetIeHpeaWngInaCduIg,weIdJlqI,kIdoBQuUQaIsEe,nVQNhFQmjFnnEbbXQyvWn,sOwIbkIelUgKwDQagabgUWKaFIoENwXQLmQLlO KdEgKpEnwIbpOjXIvEn...... sOKwIOvMdnImGnpB1943 gXmBqFntIeaCd KkFWI pOmIn 2.5 lIWnqFn eaWnwEeoEmmOcId LlOKsAgsFNqIm LlO bEndIpOKodaDQn|gXqIWeqDgEn.rObFbgInsCgsI KvFWIlvmLlWvLmQngDg ~ENsD 90-95% kaNpOcIgan.KvFWILnvnBWKwDQaGhWKhEnjVdKlBWmkaN gInsIWNsIlEdoAsENqFmnAeFm uUQGnbEndIpOKodKlFQInBWLlOgInLbghIboBQ~Eg~IoBQsVduUQLlWvLlOgXLbghIbKpEnpFggOtAtladmI (bXQvQI GniUbnCQN gXiUbnCQN) kaNsOhIwIbJcvMd LlOgInLbghIbdEQNgIQvwOgvWINaagHptImgInkeIetFvkaNsENqFmnA

77

eFm tFvuIQN:1921-Mongolie, 1945 cvQeuUQKaBrFbtIKvEnaag;1949-

1955 ( Chine LlO KgFIhlBK~Da);1956(Cuba) ; 1975 (3 pOKodGnaAndUjBn) + Nicaragua.......

gInhEnKpEnaVdsIhOgEmkaNbEndIpOKodKhlFQInEWn tFWntXnEWnLmQnsOhIwIbJcvMd cvQeKhlDaiabdIWneaWnvQIdaWewEonIeENyDgsFNqImoXIlIe(KaBrFbtIKvEnaag). pOKod oBQaVdsIhOgEmLlWv aIdLmQnKcEgJgLlORDA(KwIOyDgoXIlIegMWN). wvgKiFIKvFWIvQIbXQsImIdhEnKpEnaVdsIhOgEmdvWetFnKaNHdWnEWn KwIObXQKyAN “ Seuil de décollage”

(mItyIn kaNsOhIpOcIcIdKoFQIgEb 1400 $US/qFn=rIeiEbLhQNcId). jIgnEWnjCQNmBsOhIwIbJcvMdzUWdMvjOcvQe LlOtaWNcvQejCQNHpHdW(hEnKpEnaVdsIhOgEm).sIhIwIbJcvMdHdWgIeKpEntlIdtFWntXGhWGnsaNdIWn : 1. tabsnaNdIWnKoEgnAg,KoEgJnJlcB,wIhInOgInzlAdtFWntX,JiNjEgJiNNIn,KqDQaNpOgab,wlENNIn(nXWImEnLgRd,yIQnhBn,vEdyVdAb,vEdyVsXIKrEdiUb,vEdyVKqAQNsXIKrEdiUb,gIngXQsIWN,bVgqOlIganLlOaDQn|......le “know how”(qvImsMWvcIn). 2. jXInIQezlAtwEnjIgbEndIpOKodKwDQanmAd(tlIdtFWntX),pFggOtAKwIOdIWnnCQNrObFbsENqFmnAeFmyDgpAdlaWmtladmI,qVnnOwIbkaNzlAtwEnbXQsImIdjOLkQNkEn gEbtlIdJlgHdW. 3. rIqIoBQLlgpMQngEnLmQn “rIqImAdtOwIb” ,rIqIKgDWagUn. 4. oCnoBQcvQeKhlDanEWnLmQneIvnInhlDmBdagKbEWenaWe hlDbXQmBdagKbEWe hlD KpEngIncvQeKhlDalWI (tFvuIQN: yWIsOsINbXQHdW gXLmQnlFblIWN~BWsAn). 5. gIncXIrOsOsIN~BWsAnnXIgEnLmQneIgKwIOpOKodoBQgIWvkDWn

78

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coopération) LtQwDWnyInnEWnLmQnsOsINqD KsygAdtlIdoEmmOdILmQnbXQHdW. KpEnsAQNoBQiUWgEndBLlWvvQI gIncvQeKhlDakaNsOhIwIbJcvMd KvFWIlvmLlOKvFWIJdesOKwIOtXQbEnhIpOKodsENqFmnAeFmnBWLmQnLnGsQtFWntX LmQndIWnaVdFmqOtAgInKmDaNsIWN GhW s/h KkEWmLkNHvoBQsVd KoFQIoBQKiEdHdW,svQnpOsAdoAzFnoINdIWnKsygAdnEWn eENjOtaWNqFWnqvWIgEntDQmKwIOuUQGnJtkaNKsygAdsENqFmnAeFmnBWLmQnzlAdKwDQagInsnaNqvImtaWNgIn,KpEnKpFWI`IeeVdoOsId bXQLmQnzlAd “sAnqWI” qDwvgKiFIiUWnXIgEn.gInlFNoCnGsQnEWnLmQnaVdsIhOgEm:wEgKpEnLnvoINeVdoOsIdLlOaVdsIhOgEmknIdGhQe kVdqFWncEweIganoEmmOcId,bXQLhQ....cCQNiab`UnvMnoCn KvFWIlvmLmQncEgcWILlOKgEbgUWgXLmQneIvnIn pOsAdoAzFnKsygAdtXQI. gInzlAdwIhInOgInzlAdKpEntFWntXKwDQapOgabGhWoFQvkLnNKsygAdsENqFmKpEnaVdsIhOgEmkaNtFvrObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlgKwDQagIWvHpsUQqvImKpEnKagrIc(tXQrObFb jEggOwEd) KpEnKjFWIgIn, KwDQawEonIKsygAdsENqFmdvWejENhvOnEbmDWnEbHvGhWoEnLlOdDQnrObFbjEggOwEd,KiEdGhWsVdgIWv “zlAtwIbkaNNInsENqFm dDQnkaNnIeoCnnEWn” sOhIwIbJcvMdoVWmKowlENvENcIqDLnvqAdLlOKaFIqvImsImIdaEnnEWnmIjIgGsgXKpEn~WIaEdsOjEnqDgEn KwIOdIWnnCQN,yWIwvgKiFIsFmoMbGsQoCnnAeFmgaQnjOgIWvkDWnhIoCnnAeFm,taWNmBgInsOsFmKbDWaNtFWn ( accumulation

primitive ). bEndIpOKodoBQgIWvkDWnsENqFmnAeFmKvFWIlvmLmQndvWewEonI. dIWnsaNgInhEnKpEnaVdsIhOgEmkaNoCnnAeFmtaWNzIQnrOeOeIv

79

sFmqvnKwDQasOsFmmEnJdezIQngInkeIeaVdsIhOgEmKbFIKpEnwDWnyIn KcEQn: aENgAdtaWNlFNoCnGsQkeIeaVdsIhOgEmKbFI 4/5 tXQmI 5/6 LlObEndIpOKodaDQn| gXKiEdqIWeqDgEn. svQnsOhIwIbJcvMd(sENqFmnAeFmKvFWIlvm)LmQnsVmGsQaVdsIhOgEm~EgbIddMv(lFNoCnhlIeJwdLlOiab`UnvMnwOcWI). * wvgKiFIeFgtFvuIQNbINaEnmIKvFWI KcEQn: JcvMdcvQe R.P.Chine

hEnKpEnaVdsIhOgEmGncVmpB 1950 cCQNmIiadpEdjVbEngXeENLmQnwDWnyInkaNaVdsIhOgEm~EgkaNjBnuUQ KwIO GnpB1989 KvlI M. Gorbachev

mIuMWmuImjBn gXeENHdWKvFWIKyANKrDWaNKqDQaNpOgab,aIHlQkaN bEndIwIhInOgInzlAdtFWntXoBQJcvMdcvQeKhlDaGncVmpB 1950 uUQ(bXQnEbKrDWaNG`QaDQn|....)jBnHdWKlBWmpOtAiUbKsygAdLtQpB 1978 mI, mIiaddMvnBWgXmBaEnG`QuUQGnwDWnyInKsygAd,aVdsIhOgEmkaNjBncCQNLmQnJlgoCnnAeFmmIlFNoCnLlOivQmmDgEbjBnuUQGnbEndI “KkdKsygAdwAKsdkaNjBn”; hlD: * JcvMdcvQeKhlDa s.s.vMdnIm,wvgKiFIKhEnvQILmQnaVdsIhOgEm~Eg,GhQe LoW| (yWIoMbGsQ VN KaN)KcEQn: JiNNInHffWInXWItFgHoa Binh=1 lIWn KW;JiNNIn HffWIqvImiaWn=1 lIWn KW;JiNNInsBmEN Biên Con 1 lIWnJtntXQpB,kFv Thanh Long, GnKbDWaNtFWnLmQngInivQmmDLlOcvQeKhlDajIg R.P.Chine sVdoIWemIivQmmDgEbJcvMd qAdKpEnmUnqQIhlIetDW($ US/Roubles)nagjIgcvQeKhlDagInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFmoBQKpEn~WIoBQGjgINLlWvnEboENgVQmsOmIcAgcvQeKhlDacCQN gEnLlOgEn(SEU)LlObEndIpOKodsENqFmnAeFmaDQn|sOhIwIbJcvMd gXeENmBsIeGewFvwEngEbkbvnpFdpaQecId LlObEndIpOKodcIdnAeFm aBgdvWe. - tXQkbvnpFdpaQecId : jOLmQnmBoQIaMQNsENqFmnAeFm,gIWv~WI hlD

80

cIdnAeFmgXtIm,sOhIwIbJcvMdLlOsENqFmnAeFmaDQn|taWNHdWcvQeKhlDaGnLtQlOdIWnoBQkbvndEQNgIQvtaWNgIn.nagjIgcvQeKhlDaoINdIWngInoOhInLlWv, gXHdWcvQeKhlDaGnvMgNInKsygAdaBgdvWe KcEQnsObMNaIhIn,KqDQaNnVQNhFQm,GcWsaepOjXIvEnLlOsXIiaN,KNAn, wlENNIn(KcDWaHf)LlOaDQn|....kbvnpFdpaQedEQNgIQvwOmBuUQKgDabuUQoVg|oOvBboBQhIQNHgjIgsOhIwIbJcvMd;jIgnEWngInlXIlMNkFnsFQNtaWNzIQnLvdvFNpAdlaWmkaNjEggOwEd,wvgKiFIKhEnHdWJldjOtaWNHdWoVWmKodIWnKsygAdGsQjCQNiEbpOgEngIncvQeKhlDa“mAtwIb”dEQNgIQv. - tXQbEndIpOcIcId “cIdnAeFm” (les pays nationalistes) bEndIpOKodcIdnAeFm`IeKyANuIgHdWKagrIctXQrObFbjEggOwEd(tFvuIQN :wFWnaagjIgKpEnKmDaNkDWnLbbG`QLlOaDQn|).bEndIpOKodKhFQlInBWLtQgaQnLmQnkDWnnXIrObFbjEggOwEd,nIeoCn100%. jAdtOsId-sENqFmgXnanuUQGnrObFbdEQNgIQv.jAdtOsId-sENqFmgXnanuUQGnrObFbdEQNgIQv,jAdtOsId-sENqFmLlOgInJqsnIkaNrObFbjEggOwEdLmQndIWnnCQNKiEdGhWpOKodKhlFQInBWuIWnqammVenAd(épouvantails communistes)

dIWnsaNLmQnyWIwFvwEngEbrObabqammVenAdLlWvjOtaWNyDgRéprisailles kaNrObFbjEggOwEd.jIgqvImKpEnjANdEQNgIQv,gaQnpOKodcIdnAeFmnCQN|jOwFvwEnKsygAd,qWIkIegEbsOhIwIbJcvMd,sENqFmnAeFm taWNmBKNDQanHklvQN~WI ( les promises,les préalables ) dEQNtXQHpnBW : * taWNiEbpOgEnvQI:“rEybIngIWv~WI”nBWjObXQyDgJqQnlFWm(iVgiIn,LcgLcNjIgwIenag)hlDjIggInKiEdrEypOhIn,KwIOKhdgInkaNJlgHdWwAsUdGhWKhEnLlWvqvImKvFWIkaNzUWkMndEQNgIQv;sENqFmnAeFm“jOtaWNiEbpOgEnLlOmBgIniEbzAdcabtXQbEnhIdEQNgIQv....”

81

* yWImBgInpAdlaWmaDQn|aBg nagjIgsAQNoBQtFglFNgEbsENqFmnAeFmLlWvjOtaWNHdWcvQeKhlDa LlOKbAQNLeNtDQm.(Faites les conséquences

nécessaires)(oVg|KqIOiIWeoBQaIdsImIdtAdtImmI). * KvFWIsOKwIOdIWnKsygAdgXtaWNmBzFnpJedhlIeoBQsVd LlOsEneIgXtaWNLmQneIvnIn(KwIOsvQnGhQeLmQnwIhInOgInzlAdtFWntX,vEdyVdAboBQKpEneVosIdLlOwlENNIn,KhlEggWI,yIQnhBn,JlhOLlOaDQn|.....).rIqI “mAtwIb” taWNLmQnrIqIkaNJlg (tlId); KNDQanHkkaNoCn(bXQmBdagKbEWe hlDvQI dagKbEWenaWe),gIncXIrOsOsINgEnsvQnGhQeLmQndvWeiUb “sAnqWILlOsAnqWI” ( Clearing). rIqItaWNpFggOtALbbeIvnIn.....gInpOgabaIHhlQ,KqDQaNpOgabLlOgInbXrAgInhlENjIggInkIe “services après vente”sOdvgsObIe LlOtaWNHdWpOgabsvQnGngInsIWNbVgqOlIganaBgdvWe.KvFWIlvmLlWv,oVg|KNDQanHktaWNdBgvQIpOKodoCnnAeFm. * gIncvQeKhlDaLlOivQmmDgEbpOKodcIdnAeFmdEQNgIQveENmBlEgsnO “qDgkCm” (spectaculaire) aBgdvWe tFvuIQN: Khrushchev LlONasser (Egypt) sIWNHffWInXWItFg knIdeEg=1 lIWn KW(Barrage

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( aAnKdEe) LtQgaQngXLmQnJiNNInJlhO(KhlEggWI)KpEnwDWnyInaVdsIhOgEm oBQGhQe~EgL~WnGhW aAnKdEe.tXQmIgXLmQnivQmGnkFNKkdvAoeIsIdoEnsmEe=GcWwlENNInpIrOmOnUKwDQasEntAwIb, qFWnqvWI LlOGcWaOvOgId,LlOkLnNgInaDQn|........wvgKiFIeFgsaNpOKodaagmIKvFWIKwDQaGhWKhEnvQIaOnVwIbJcvMdtaWNHdWrOdFmLiNkaNtFnKwDQaGhW

82

bEndIpOcIcIddEQNgIQvKhEnqvImKkEWmLkNLlObFdbIdkaNtFntladmI. (3) gIncvQeKhlDaoINdIWnoOhIn : wvgKiFIHdWgIQvLlWvuUQkIWNKoANvQIuUQGnbEneIgIdkaN “sFNqImKuEn” USA LlO URSS cvQNKsNpOgabaIvVduIQNknIdGhQe cCQNbXQKqBemBmIjEgKoDQaGnpvEdsIdkaNmvnmOnVd(LtQ 1945 mI),HdWKiEdGhWaAdoAwFnLlOqvImKkEWmLkNkaNwvgKkFIhlVdlFNKpEnkEWn|mI yWIpMboMbGs QeBQpVQn ,KaBrFbtIKvEntFg LlOpOKodaDQn| oBQgInGcWjIQeoINoOhInnaWegvQI.aIvVdoBQ JcvMdzlAd LmQnKwDQatFnKaN,KwDQaiEgsI “sEntAwIb”LlO“pFgpaWN HccnO,LlOzFnsXIKrEdkaNtFnoBQeIdmIHdW”KpEntFWntXLlOnagjIgnEWngXLmQnKwDQaKiEd~WIoBQ“sIgFngEmmOcBb”tXQoVg|gInpOtAvEdLlOgIntXQsUWKwDQapFdpaQetFnKaNkaNbEndIpOcIcFnGnoFQvJlg.wvgKiFIiEbiUWnXIgEnvQIuUQGnkFNKkdvMgNInpaWNgEncIdLmQntaWNjIQedvWerIqILwNLlOKpEnbEnhIpAdlEbLlOvAoeIsIdgInoOhIn(aIvVd,eVdoOsId)taWNdDQnxIQegFNgEnkIWmuUQKlDWae| tFvuIQN: * GnpB 1962 JcvMdHdWGcWjrvdeANeFnsadLnmkaN USA oBQzIQnKkdnXWIdAnLdn kaNJcvMd U-2 dvWeqvImsUN 20 Km .

* “bFmKnBtrFN” (Bombes Neutrons) cCQNKpEnaIvVdaEntOlIekaNJlgGncVmgINpB 1980 KwIO USA mBLzngInjOsIWNrOKbBddEQNgIQv.mBKagsInJcvMdHdWmB “Bombe Neutron”LlWv GnpOmInpB 1983-84.

* GnKvlI “rOdU~IvoBQ Prague 1968"gVQm Varsovie HdWKqDQanoEbKkFWI KcEgJg pOmIn 1 lIWnqFn(oOhIn+waWmaIvVdtMmwaWm) GnrOeOKvlILtQ 24-48 cFQvJmNKoFQInEWn. wvgKiFIsFmoMbGsQ gInKqDQanoEbkaNUSAcvQevMdnIm hVQnHcNaQnKkFWIoINKlg 9 kaN lIv

83

(bEWnlFb lXIKcAn pB 1971) “ Lam Seun pB 71" KdDan 1-2/1971 mBjXInvnwFn pOmIn 45,000 qFn waWmdvWerFdyEN,rFdKgIO LlOaDQn|tMmwaWm,taWNGcWKvlI 4-7 vEn jCQNsXIKrEd. gInKqDQanGhvoEbvaQNHv mBqvIm`IeLnvGdtXQeVdoOsIdgInoOhIn wvgKiFIbXQKvFWIuUQnBW. * GnpOmInpB 1968 uUQGnsFNqImaAndUjBn USA HdWGcWeFnsUWrFboBQoEnsmEeoBQsVd qD B 52,F 105 LlO F 111 ;GnyEnLyvpOtAvEdgXHdWKvFWIvQIxIQeJcvMdeENmBeFnsUWrFbpAdlEbaBghlIecnAdoBQdDQngIesOyInOwIb kaN eFn USA oBQgIQvuUQkIWNKoAN ( qvImHv,gIneANcEdKjn,rOeOKgBn Hg LlOaDQn|.....)dEQNnBW. * KagsInkaNtIKvEntFgHdWKvFWIvQI GnjXInvngIncvQeKhlDaoINdIWngInoOhInkaNJcvMdnBWLmQnKgBn 28% kaNgIncvQeKhlDaoEN`Fd cCQNLmQnaEdtIaEnsUNgvQIKwAQnuUQGnJlg. * tXQrObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlg : gIniEgsIsEntAwIbJlgHdWGn 45pBzIQnmInBWsaQNLsNGhWKhEn“qvImgXWIKgAQNgEn”oINdIWnoOhInrOvIQNsaNrObFbsENqFmJlg.KwDQauIgHdWmIKcAQNqvImgXWIKgAQNgEndEQNgIQv,JcvMdjOtaWNaagLiNsVdknId jCQNjOKpEnHpHdW dvWevQI jVdKlBWmkaNrObFbtFnLmQnaaQnnaWegvQIjEggOwEd KwIO gVQm “Pacte de Varsovie” KvFWIlvmLmQnyDg Hitler KzFIzIn`Fd;pOKod KcEQn Chine( jBn ) Vietnam,

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84

lOpOKodaBgdvWe,(aIdLmQnaIvVdoEmmOdI).rObFbJiNjEg,JiNNIn,aIvVd,KqDQaNpOgab,aIHhQlwaWmdvWevEdyVdAbLlOeVdoOsIdaDQn|aBgdvWe(wlENNIn....). - tFvuIQNtFvuIQNtFvuIQNtFvuIQN:R.P.de Chine mBiadjrvdkIWmoOvBb,aIvVdpIrOmOnULlOaDQn|(sAQNdEQNgIQvbXQsImIdKpEnHpHdWyWIkIdgIncvQeKhlDakaNsOhIwIbJcvMd). - tFvuIQNtFvuIQNtFvuIQNtFvuIQN: aIvVdoEmmOdI(pDn AK) pDngFnmDsOKwIOoOhInnEWnLtQlOpOKodgXmBJiNNInkaNtFn,zlAddvWejVdwAKsdkaNLtQlOpOKod,qVnnOwIbkaNpDnaIdtIQNgEnKlEgnaWe. svQnlUgpDn A/C nEWnmIGcW ivQmgEnHdW(pDnzlAdjIgpOKodGdgXGcWlUgpDn(eANlUg) HdW). - GnKvlIKhdgIn 1989 uUQoFQvrObFbsENqFmnAeFm KaBrFbtIKvEnaagzUWnXIkaNbINpOKod KcEQn RDA (Erich Honecker);Roumanie

(Ceaucescu) gXLmQnzlAdaIvVdKyDQan gEbrObFbzKdEdgInkaNJlgKcEQn: Pinochet oBQ Chilé.

- LtQlOpOKodgXmBrObFbJiNNInKqDQaNGcW,sObMNaIhIn,KqDQaNnVQNhFQm,GcWsae kaNtFnJdesOKwIO LlOaDQn|. - gInqFWnqvWIvAoeIsIdgInoOhIn,aIvVd,gInpOsInNInLlOJqNgInGngInsIWNbVgqOlIgan,gInxCgsUWrFbivQmgEnLmQnKpEnvMgNInpOKwnBLlOjOtaWNHdWGcWjIQe LbbmOhIsInKcEQndMvgEn KwDQaGhWuUQGn“sOwIbtMmwaWm”.KmDQawvgKiFIvIdwIbzIQn|HpgXKhEnHdWoCnaEnmOhIsInoBQJcvMdjOtaWNpOgabGhWLgQrObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlg(KwIOzUWaDQnLmQnaaQnnaWegvQItFnGnoVg|dIWn)KpEngInoOhIn,KsEeslOaEneAQNGhQeKwDQacItIgEmlvmkaNaVdFmqOtAaEndMvgEn.LtQlOpOKoduUQGnrObFbsENqFmnAeFmJlgLmQnL~Wn~IGnvMgNIndEQNgIQvLlO

85

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# 22 tDW $ US (KNAn Rouble qAdKpEnKNAn $US tIm Rouble-US) uUQGnlIv,kKmn LtQlOpOKodzUWlO 2 tDW$US , vMdnIm #18 tDW $US

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95

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96

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99

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100

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101

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102

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103

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sIeKhdwIeGnoBQwIGhW “lEdoAsOtIlBnAd”lFWmlOlIe.sIeKhdwIeGnoBQwIGhW “lEdoAsOtIlBnAd”lFWmlOlIe.sIeKhdwIeGnoBQwIGhW “lEdoAsOtIlBnAd”lFWmlOlIe.sIeKhdwIeGnoBQwIGhW “lEdoAsOtIlBnAd”lFWmlOlIe.prEceIlEdoAvEdyVnAeFmsEdjOvAwIgHdWwAsUdvQI“sIeKhdwIeGnLmQntEdsAn”,svQn“sIeKhdwIenagnEWnmBLtQsFmoFbKoFQInEWn”.yWIKpEnqDLnvnEWn,wvgKiFIgXbXQmBheENaDQnHgoBQjOHpcaghIsIeKhdkaNgInlFWmlOlIekaN “rObFb sOtIlBnAd,rObFbbXrAhIn aIdeIsAd,ivmsUn,bFQNgInLlOKgDWagUn” nagjIgsIeKhdGntFvkaNmEnKaNKoFQInEWn.wvgKiFIiEbiUWLlWvvQItFWngXIKnBd,vAvEdoOnIgIn LlOHccnOkaN lEdoAmIgcT-KlnAn LmQnzIQngIntXQsUWaEndVKdDad,kMWvkId,eIvnIn oENoINdIWnoAdsOdB qDnImmOoEm LlOoINdIWnwCdtAgEmgEbgOLsLnvqAdsENqFm,prEceIgInKmDaNLlOaDQn| oBQgFNgEnkIWm,pXrOpEg hDl qMNkIWNgEbmEn. rObFbLnvqAd mIgcT-KlnAn LmQnrObFbnCQNoBQ “KagwFbLlOqFbyvWn”(l’unité, l’intégrité) oBQKpEneadsUNsVd LlOcnOKlBdkaNLnvqAd prEceIgInKmDaN,sENqFm LlOaDQn|mIiadpEdjVbEn.LtQvQIoAdsOdBdEQNgIQveENbXQoEnLmQnaEnsFmbUnLoWoEN`FdoVgwIgsvQnqD K.Kautsky KvFWIvQI:“La théorie de Marx n’est pas le dernier mot de la science”(oAdsOdBkaN mIgcT bXQLmQnqXIKhEnsVdoIWeLhQN vAoeIsId).hlDvQInEgsIWNtEWNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsIdKaNgXHdWKvFWIvQI: “ Le Marxisme-Léninisme

est un guide pour l’action”(lEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn LmQnKkEmoAdGhWLgQwCdtAgEm) hlDvQI “Aussi les vérités abstraites de la théorie n’y

jouent-elles pas le rôle de thèses directives,d’instruments servant à

l’analyse des données concrètes (dEQNnBW bEndIsEdjOoEmkaNoAdsOdBwMNLtQKiEdwIrObFdbIdKpEnvAoeInAwFncBWnXIKpEnKqDQaNmDGcWLhQNgInvAKqIObEndIkXWmUntFvjANKoFQInEWn). dEQNnEWn,GnKmDQaoAdsOdByDgtaWNdIWnwDWn

104

yIn,LtQwEdeENbXQsFmbUnLbb,bXQbXrAbUnLlOoENsImIdkeIetFvHdWGnLtQaFNpOgabkaNmEn,mEnwOsIWNsaQNvQINGnsaNdIWnqD: 1.) tXQwvgoBQbXrAsVdsEdcDQtXQoAdsOdBdEQNgIQvnBW,tXQ~WIsOwIbgInoBQK~ENtBNLlOpMQnLpNKlDWae|nBWjOKkFWIGjLlOÙnGcWGhWKÌOgXKpEnbEnhIGhQeLlOheVWNeIgLoW|LlWvKwIOqDiUWgEnLlWvrOvIQNoAdsOdBLlOtFvjANnBW KwAQnvQImEnhIQNHggEnqD“fWIgEbdAnnBW” “De la théorie à la pratique

il faut savoir un pont convenable”(jIgoAdsOdBmIhIwCdtAgEmtaWNiUWcagGhWHdWkFvkIWmoBQKÌOsFm).wvgKiFIaIdKaFItFvuIQNkaNgInvAvEdkaNbEndInEgmIgcAdoBQeAQNGhQemIsFmoMb(dvWeKjdtOnIhlDbXQ)KcEQn:K.Kautsky zUWnXIsUNsVdkaNkbvngInqammVenAdsIgFn smEesIgFn II(hlENjIgMarx LlOEngels LlWv.G.Plikhanov, aIjInkaN KlnAn,zUWnXImIgcAdzUWoXIaAdkaNrEdKcEe;LlOwvgKiFIgXKpBdkFvsOwIngEnvQIbXQmBnEgqammVenAdLlOqFngIWv~WIuUQGnJlgnBWoBQKhEnvQI Kautsky LlOPlikhanov KpEn bUrVdoBQbXQmBqvImiUWHdWLlOcItIgEmkaNbVgqFnoENsaNdEQNgIQvoINdIWngInKmDaNwvgKiFIgXiUWnXIgEnLlWv.sOKwIOwvgsOtIlBnAdKdKiFIjOjEdvINKkFIGsQGs ? LnQnanLlWvjObXQuUQGnyEnLyvkaNzUW oBQKhlDWamGs,bXrAsVd,jFNiEgwEgdBtXQlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAn LlWv .KhdzFnnEWn LmQnLnvGd ?LmQnKvlImEntEdsAnsVdoIWeqDqXIJbiInxrEQNvQI(proverbe): “Rien ne résiste à l’épreuve du temps”(bXQmBheENjOsImIdtIWnqDngEbgInoFdsabkaN KvlI).KkFWIGjbEnhIdEQNgIQvnBWbXQwMNLtQoINdIWnvEdyV,sAQNkaN LtQLmQndIWnprEceI,gInKmDaN,LnvqAd,,qVnsFmbEdLlOaDQn|(kFNKkdjAdtOnIgInnImmOoEmKpEntFWntX).lEdoAsENqFmnAeFmLmQngaWnsmaNqvImtaWNgInkaNqFnLbbcaboEmoINdIWnpOrAmInLlOqVnnOwIbnEbmDWnEbsUNkDWnKlDWae| KwIOmOnVdKiFI

105

“l’homme ne peut vivre que du pain et de l’eau” “bXQsImIdqFNtFvHdWdvWeKkFWIjBQLlOnXWIwMNKoFQInEWn”. 70 gvQIpBzIQnmI hlDvQIjOKvFWItDQmaBgjEgpBjCQNjObXQGhWLmQKiDanlXIbIgheVWNeIgKpEnpOjXIvEnGngInHptXQhIN, lMnLyv (faire la queue) KwDQajOHdWvEdyVcFmGcWaEnNIQedIeoBQjXIKpEnoBQsVdsOKwIOgIndXIrFN cBvAdpOjXIvEnkaNKkFIKjFWI LlOqabqFv“vivre avant la philosophie”(mBcBvAduUQ gaQnprEceI) hlDvQI “le ventre

creux n’a point d’oreilles”(oaWNJgn hUfENheENbXQHdW).slVbLlWv pOcIcFnaFdoFnbXQHdWLlWv,KyANoINgInjOJqsnIqvImdBqvImjFbNImkaNrObabG`QiadKoANfWIgXtIm,nEWnLmQn: * KhdzFnsENlvmoBnCQNkaNgInlFWmlOlIeoBQKvFWImILlOgInoXrOeFdkaNwvg sOtIlBnAdtXQaVdFmqOtAoBQsUNsFQN. 2.) GnpvEdsIdgInKmDaNkaNmvnmOnVdHdWcBWGhWwvgKiFIKhEnvQIGnLtQlOsmEegXqDgEn,GnKmDQazUWnXIpBcIsImIdLlOKpEnoBQhvNLhnkaNpOcIcFnHdWmXrOnOgEmHp,eENKhlDaHvWLtQqVnNImqvImdB,LlOoAdsOdBkaNKkFIwvgsveJagIdoVgiUbsBHdWJpJlkDWnpOgIdtFvKpEnsIvFgzUWsDboadoBQjFNiEgwEgdBtXQwvgKwAQnLlOoAdsOdBLnvqAdkaNwvgKwAQn,pAdbENoIdLoWoBQKhEnLtQzFnpJedaEnqEbLqbkaNtFn,uUQgaWNhFQmkaNqEntIlObEdoBQsvesFdNFdNImnEWnKwDQaKiEdGhWtFnKaNmByInObFdbIdtXQmOhIcFn.nagjIggIngOoXIdEQNgIQvLlWv,wvgKkFIeENKaFILnvqAd,oAdsOdBkaNKkFIKjFWImIKpEnhlDpMboMbGhWoAdsOdBkaN“aIjIn”kaNwvgKkFIaBgdvWe tFvuIQN uUQGnvFNsIsnIgXmBpIgFdgInqDdEQNgIQv.uUQGnvFNgInKmDaNLiNhlIegvQInBWKcEQn:Staline lIvgXvQIlIvKpEnzUWjFNiEgwEgdBLlOzUWsDboadwIrOgAdkaNoIQnKlnAn,iFvJgKfEN (Hua Guofeng)

lIvgXvQIlIvKpEnzUWsDboaddvWeqvImKhEndBkaN Mao KaNLlOzUWaDQn|

106

tXQmIgXvQIpOtAbEdtImLnvqAdkaNKmFIKctVN......qvImjANKpEnLnvnEWnbXhlDbXQ,LtQsVdoIWegXLmQnGcWtIlObEddEQNgIQvKwDQapEdKkEQe“qUQLkQNkEn”hlDvQIsEdtrUgInKmDaNkaNtFnKoFQInEWn.KvFWIoINdIWnoAdsOdBLlWvgInlFWmlOlIemEnLmQngInsFmoFbcCQNgEnLlOgEnkaNgInkeIeoAdsOdBoBQhEngEbwIgtFvjAN “Fournie sur ses lauriers”(HdWiEbHccnOLlWvKzBtFv),gInpOtAbEdLbbgFnjEg,qXIwBtIetFv(dogmatique)LlOgInbAdKbDantXQoAdsOdB(déviation)KwDQazFnpJedkaNgVQmzKdEdgIn,zKdEdnaWe|KoFQInEWnbXQLmQn KwDQazFnpJedkaNaVdFmqOtALtQuIQNGd. * nEWnLmQnsIeKhdsENlvmoB II kaNgInlFWmlOlIe..... * sIeKhdsENlvmoB III LmQngInGcWmIdtIgIn,vAoBgIn,KlWhlMQmiaWeLpdwEnpOgInKwDQapMQnLonGhWoIdLoWkaNbEnhI;GcWgFdKgnkaNlEdoAvEdyVnAeFmsEdjOvAwIgJdebXQqXInCNKyANbEnhIwIvO vAsEekaNmEn.uUQGnbEnhImIdtIgIn vAoBgInnEWnmB 4 bEnhIoBQKpEnwDWnyInqD: GcWgXIlENiVnLiN,tvFO,gInpAdlEb LlO“GcWgInjEdtEWN”KwDQa pOtAbEdKjdjXInFN iEbJodoEn LlOgFdKgnkaNwvgKkFI,LtQoVg|KlWhlMQmdEQNgIQv,gXbXQsImIdpAdbENoIdLoWkaNwvgKkFIHdWuIQNtladgIn................3/1/93.........

* sIeKhdoB IV LmQn“oAdsOdBmEngFNgEnkIWmgEnwCdtAgEm”LlO“oAdsOdBbXQwMNLtQbXQgIeKpEnkaNmOhIcFn,LtQmOhIcFnwOqIeoAdsOdB cXWI”: “oAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn KmDQamEngIeKpEnkaNmOhIcFnLlOKpEngXIlENoBQcnOKlBd. sAQNdEQNgIQvHdWwAsUdGhWKhEnLlWvGnsmEepB 1917 ,sFNqImJlgqEWNoB II,LlOGnrOeOfDWnfUKsygAdLhQNcIdwIehlENsFNqIm.

107

70 pBzIQnmI(LlO 45) bXQsImIdKiEdGhWKcDQamcCmoAdsOdBHdW,GnsOwIbgInoBQ“wEg”kaNtFngXIaXInId,zUgkIdaXInId,jOKaFIKvlIjEgsEdtOvEdtDQmjCQNjOKiEdHdW?~WIoBQgInKmDaNLmQntaWNLgWHkkXWkEdLeWN,qvImtaWNgInGhWtFg,tabqvImmVWNhvENkaNpOcIcFnoEngInbXQLmQnjOsIWNqvImHxQxEnLbbgIlOnInqDKwAQn vQI “Un offre l’application

aux calendres grecques”. pOcIcFnbXQKcDQamcCmLlObXQwMNLtQbXQsnEbsnUn, LtQwOGnKvlIdMv(pB1989) wOJqQnlFWm`Fd “hXpOsIdoBQsIWNmILlWv GnrOeO70 gvQIpB(45).KpEnheENjCQNKpEnLnvnEWn ? mBKhdzFndMvKoFQIoBQjOaOoAbIeHdWqD:“oAdsOdBLlOtFvjANbXQHpnXIgEn.oAdsOdBgFNgEnkIWmgEbwCdtAgEm”KoFQInEWn KwIOqDKwAQnKvFWIvQI: “gXIlENLiNkaNoAdsOdB mIgcT-KlnAn LmQnqvImKpEnKagwFb rOvIQNoAdsOdBLlOtFvjAN”(L’unité de la théorie et de la pratique fait la force invincible du

marxisme-léninisme).

KmDQaqvImKpEnKagwFbyDgtEdLeggXLmQngInlFWmlOlIekaNoAdsOdBnEWnKaNsBQKhdzFnsENlvmdEQNgIQvoBQHdWeFgkDWnmInEWnmEnsOLdNaagGnKhdzFnlOaMddEQNtXQHpnBW : (I) “lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”HdWgIemIKpEn “lEdoAivmsUnaIdeIsAd” “Le centralisme démocratique” et “le centralisme

bureaucratique”.

bEndI “nEgJcvMdvAoeI”(Soviétologues) kaNtIKvEntFgKvFWIlvmLlO kaN USA KvFWIsOKwIOHdWqFWnqvWIKyANgXIlENLiNkaNlEdoAmIgcT-KlnAn LlOkaNgInjEdtEWNqammVenAd(wEgqammVenAd)HdWslVbvQI: “gXIlENLiNoBQcnOKlBddEQNgIQvLmQnuUQGn“lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”.uIgcnOwvgmEnjOtaWNmIWNGhWHdWhlEggIndEQNgIQvdvWegInLcgcCmoINdIWnvEonOoEmLlOsFNqImjAdtOsIdKpEntFWntX.LnQnanLlWv,

108

gInLcgcCm,gInsUWfEn,gIncvQNKsNcCQNgEnLlOgEnrOvIQNsaNrObabmEngXsFQNzFngOoFbGsQgEnKpEnpFggOtA;LtQvQIxIQeGdjOcnOGnLtQlOgIlOKosO,KhdgIngXrOnBsOKwIO~WILlOeIvnIn,cFQvqIvLlOgIlOnInnEWn LmQnqvImjANkaNrObabnEWntEdsAnqD K.Kautsky: “La verité

est au-dessus de tout”(sEdjOoEmLmQnuUQK~DasAQNGd|).zFnslVbkaN “nEgJcvMdvAoeI”dEQNgIQvmInEWnLmQnqvImjAN100%KwIOvQI“lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”nEWnLmQnhlEggInLmQnvAoeIsIdsUNsVdmIiaddMvnBW;mEnLmQnlEdoAvEdyVnAeFmsEdjOvAwIgoBQHdWiEbgInbXrAbUnkDWnKpEnaEnrOaMdGnKnDWaGnaEnKpEnwDWnyIn “hlEggIn”dEQNgIQv. (Le centralisme

démocratique est une élaboration et concrétisation du matérialisme

dialectique).lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHtLmQnvAoeIsIdaEnnCQNLlOgXtaWN KkFWIGjmEnLbbvAoeIsId.“Il faut le comprendre en science”

LlObXQLmQnjOKkFWIGj LbbtFv~ENsDqDbINnEgqFWnqvWIKvFWImIGnpB 1990

vQI:uUQGn“lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”nEWn, JtivmsUn(centralisme)

LmQn qXInIm(le nom) yWIoMbGsQqXIsEbqVnnIm(adjectif)LmQnqXInImnEWncBWkId,svQnqVnnImmIpOgabGhWqXInImKoFQInEWn(démocratique

=pOcIoApOHt nEWnLmQnqXIqVnnIm).Le mot est déterminant ,tandis

que l’adjectif ne peut qualifier le nom(attribut de l’épithète).

KmDQaLpEn LnvnEWn “lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”LmQnKpEn “gInivmsUn”KpEnjVd~Eg,jVdGhQe,jVdcDWkId:svQn“pOcIoApOHt”nEWnmBbFdbIdtXQIgvQI,naWegvQIJt“ivmsUn”.hlDvQImBqXIKvFWIvQI“pOcIoApOHt”mBlEgsnOcFncEWngEmmOgan(tImoAdsOdBkaNmIgcT-KlnAn),LmQnKaFIcFncEWngEmmOganKpEnzUWmBaOwAsAd,sUNgvQIpOcIcFnoFQvHpnEWnLmQnyaehlENyWIpMboMb GsQgInmOhIpOtAvEdxrEQN(1789)JdeqXIKvFWI:“Liberté,

Egalité,Fraternité”(aAdsIrOwIb,sKmBwIb,wOlIdanwIb)oBQpOgId

109

qvImsKmBwIbkaNpOcIcFnJdeoFQvHp(kaN`FdoVgqFn,bXQmBGzuUQK~DaGz). oAdsOdBmIgcT-KlnAn bXQHdWmBqvIm`IeqDKvFWImInEWn,LnQnanLlWv,“GjgINkaNoAdsOdBdEQNgIQvLmQncFncEWnLlOgIntXQsUWcFncEWn”.KvFWIKyANpOcIoApOHtnEWntaWNmBlEgsnOcFncEWn,bXQmBpOcIoApOHtoBQuUQnagcFncEWnLlOuUQK`DacFncEWnHdW.qXIsEbpOcIoApOHtnEWnmBmItEWNLtQsmEeKgrEgJbiIn pOmIn 2000 pBLlWv, “pOcIoApOHt”LmQngFNkIWm gEbaXInIdkaNbVg qFn( la démocratie est le pouvoir du peuple par opposition à

l’autocratie,pouvoir personnel).(démocratie:demo:peuple; cratie:pouvoir ;autocratie:auto:soi-même,individu;cratie:pouvoir).

GnsmEenEWnzUWmBsAdKlDagtEWNLlOsmEgKlDagtEWNLmQn“pOcIcFnaAdsrO”(citoyens libres),svQnwvgkWIoIdbXQmBsAdKlDagtEWNLlOsmEgKlDagtEWN.dEQNnEWnLmQnmBlEgsnOcFncEWnjOLjWN.mIGnrObabnIeoCngXLmQnyDpOcIoApOHtLbbnIeoCn,jVdwAKsduUQGnnBW,pOcIcFnsvQnhlvNhlIebXQwMNLtQbXQHdWKkFWIivQmGncBvAdgInKmDaNdvWemBsOtA,tDQntFvuIQNqEgLnQKoFQInEWn,eENbXQmBqvImsImIdaBgcXWIjOHpsmEgKwDQaKpEnzUWLon......tFvuIQN:uUQUSA,gInKlDagtEWNpOoInIoAbXdB (1992) Georges Perrot taWNHdWKsEeKNAnsvQntFvpOmIn 60-70 lIWn$US KwDQagInJqsnI(LtQprIHc).nEWngXLmQnmBlEgsnOcFncEWn(nIeoCn)jOLjWN.gInoBQKvFWIvQI“pOcIoApOHtmBlEgsnOcFncEWngEmmOgan”nEWnJdeaBNtImoEdsnOkaNlEdoAmIgcTT-KlnAnLlWv uUQGnsENqFmoCnnAeFm cFncEWntFWntXnEWnLmQncFncEWnnIeoCnLlOcFncEWngEmmOcBboBQuUQwDWnsVdkaNsENqFmdEQNgIQv(yInO,qvImoVgeIglXIbIg.).nagjIgsaNcFncEWnKpEnwDWnyInLlWvnagnEWnLmQncFncEWnrOvIQNgINKcEQn:cIvnI,cIQNhEdyOgEmLlOaDQn|...yInOkaNKkFIKjFWILmQndBgvQIcFncEWngEmmOganKwIOKkFIKjFWImBwIhInOgInzlAd svQnGdsvQnnCQNKwDQadXIrFNcBvAd(tIQNcIvgEmmOcBbKwIOmBLtQgXIlENLiNNIn

110

KoFQInEWn).lVQmcFncEWngEmmOganlFNLmQnwvgoCntXQI“Le lumpeu-

prolétariat”(bas-fond de la société)kaNsENqFmnIeoCnKcEQn:wvgkBWlEg,qIdtOgan,LmQjIWN,aEntOwInLlOaDQn|...yWIvQIcFncEWngEmmOganHdWmBsAdpOcIoApOHtgvWINkvINKoFQIGdgXLmQn`FdoVgcFncEWnaDQn|gXtaWNHdWHpnXI(KwIOJttXQIHdW,JtsUNgXtaWNHdWgvQI).mEnLmQngInsDbtXQLlOKsBmkeIeqXIkvEnkaNmOhIpOtAvEdxrEQN kDWnKpEnlIWn|KoFQI qD KlnAnvQI:pOcIoApOHtkaNcFncEWngEmmOganLmQndDQnpOcIoApOHtkaNnIeoCnlIWn| KoFQI”. A.) “lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt” “lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt” “lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt” “lEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt” oENLmQnhlEggInoENLmQnvAoeIsIdsUNsVdaEnnCQN. lEdoAdEQNgIQvnBWLmQnhlEggInkaN “wEgLbbG`Q”kaN KlnAn(Parti du nouveau type de Lénine) keIeLlObXrAbUnkDWnsUNsVdhlEggInsIWNtEWNwEgkaNMarx-Engels.GnKmDQagInpOtAvEdsENqFmnAeFm sXIKrEdzFnGnsOhIwIbJcvMdGn1917,hlEggInivmsUnpOcIoApOHtdEQNgIQvHdWiEbgInpOtAbEdLlOKpBdgvWINaagbXQsOKwIOLtQwIeGnwEgqammVenAdKoFQInEWneENLmQnyDgpOtAbEdKpEnrObFbgvWINkvIN,oFQvKyANuUQGnoVg|gInjEdtEWNkaNwEg,rEy,gInpFgqaN,aFNgInmOhIcFn,oOhInLlOaDQn| aBgdvWe. qXIsEb “pOcIoApOHt”hlDvQI “hlEggInpOcIoApOHt”hlDvQI “rObabpOcIoApOHt” HdWgXIKnBdKoDQaoXIaAduUQGnsmEe Grèce JbiIn#2000 pBcCQNLmQnnEgprEceI,nEgqFWnqvWI,nEggInKmDaNsENqFmsIdGnKvlInEWnqFWnwFb.KwDQajOGhWsENqFmmBsAnoEm,mBsOKyEerOwIb,KpEnoEm,tabsnaNqvImmVWNmIdprIynIkaNpOcIcFn,bXQkDWnnXIbVgqFn,bXQkDWnnXICaprice hlDvQI Humeur kaNjamzKdEdsCg(despote) (caprice=qvIm

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pOcIoApOHtoIdLoWkaNmEnLoWnEWnLmQnsAdGngInKlDagKaFIzUWLonkaNtFn,zUWnXIkaNtFndvWeqvImtDQntFvdvWeKsrBwIbKwDQapFgqaNbIWnKmDaNtINtFn.pOcIoApOHtLmQnaXInIdgInpFgqaNpOcIcFnKwDQapOcIcFn,mIjIgpOcIcFn(La démocratie est le pouvoir du peuple,

par le peuple et pour le peuple).[`IeKyANgFNgEnkIWmgEbaXInId kaNbVgqFn(l’autocratie)].bEnhI“pOcIoApOHt”cCQNoIdLoWLmQnqIWeqDLnvnEWn,LtQwOKpEnbEnhIsEbsFn,heVWNeIg,oBQwIGhWKsEeKjEWMsX,nXWImCg,nXWIlIeKpEnhlIesEdtOvEdmILlOgXbXQLlWvbXQoFQvmIiaddMvnBW.KpEnheENjCQNKpEnLnvnEWn?KwIObEnhInBWLmQn“KkFWIoB”kaNbEnhIgInKmDaNcCQNLmQnvAoeIsIdsUNsVdLlOsENlvmoVg|vAoeIsIdsENqFmLlOoEmmOcId.“pOcIoApOHt”LmQn “aIvVdpOKsBd”LtQwOmBsaNqFm(The two

edged weapons)HcWHdWoENwvgpOcIoApOHtoBQLoWjANLlOoBQxDn(démagogie=hlDvQIhlaglvN)jIgnEWn,jCQNKhEnvQItladmIiaddMvnBW,jCQNKpEnbEnhIsEbsFn,bAdKbDan,pAdbEN,hlaglvN,jXIgEdiEdLgn,sveGcWLlOaDQn|.....KwDQaiEgsIzFnpJedKpEnoEmhlDbXQkaNgVQmgXIaXInId.....pOcIoApOHt.......taWNzIQnrObabgInKlDagtEWN;gInKlDagtEWNqEbLqb, gvWINkvINoFQvKyANKoFQIGdgXLmQngInpOcIoApOHtqEbLqb,gvWINkvINoFQvKyANKoFQInEWn.pvEdsIdkaNpOcIoApOHtLmQnpvEdsIdLhQNgIntXQsUWoBQKpBdgvWINpOcIoApOHtnEWnKaNtFvuIQN:rObabKgrEg,JrLmNLmQnpOcIoApOHtuUQGncFncEWnKjFWIoIdLlObXQmBzUW“eAN”KkFWIivQm;smEenIeoCngXLmQnpOcIoApOHtgvWINkvINgvQILlOhlIebaQnhlIepO

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qFvLlOsAdaDQn|.....sAQNoEN`FdoBQgIQvmInEWn(KvFWIJdesENKkb)LmQnJqNpOgabkaN“pOcIoApOHt”oBQqFbyvWn....(KnDWaGn).svQniUbgInKlDagtEWNaIdkEdkvNKkFWIsaNiUbgInGhQeqD:KlDagtEWNJdegFNLlOKlDagtEWNzUWLonkaNtFnKiEd~WIoBQ(KwDQatFglFN hlDKwDQaKlDagtEWNbVgqFn,aFNgInLlOaDQn|). - iUbgInKlDagtEWNJdegFNiUbgInKlDagtEWNJdegFNiUbgInKlDagtEWNJdegFNiUbgInKlDagtEWNJdegFN: GnsmEeKgrEg LlOJrLmNJbiIn KwAQngXGcWiUbgIndEQNgIQvKwDQaKlDagKaFIzUWnXIsUNsVd(LeReferendum=GhWpOcIcFnoFQvHpKlDagJdegFN,lFNqOLnnsMNJdegFN)hlDvQIiUb(Plébiscisme=KlDagKaFInIeoOhInsUNsVd).iUbgIndEQNgIQvGdWyDgpOtAbEdGnrObabpOoInIoAbXdB KcEQn uUQ USA ,France LlOaDQn|...... - iUbgInzIQnzUWLonkaNtFn.KcEQnvQIzUWLonpOcIcFnLhQNcIdKlDagnIeFgrObFbrEybIn LlOaDQn|. gInpOcIoApOHt(la démocratie) hlDvQI“rObabpOcIoApOHt”GnpvEdsIdkaNmOnVd mIiaddMvnBW,LmQnHdWwIQeLwW 3 rOeOqD:rOeOsmEeKgrEgLlOJrLmNJbiIn (2000-2500 pB)(smEekWIoId);mIiadrOeOsEgdBnIkaN Europe LmQngInpFgqaNLbbbVgqFn (autocratie);

iadsmEe 1789 gInmOhIpOtAvEd France ,KpEnrOeO II kaNpOcIoApOHtcCQNwvgKiFIKvFWIvQI:“pOcIoApOHtoCnnAeFm”mIiadoVg|mDWmBW(uUQbEndIpOKodoCnnAeFm);rOeO III LmQnLtQ 1917 mIiaddMvnBW(“pOcIoApOHtsENqFmnAeFm”). nagjIgKnDWaGnLlOiUbgInpOcIoApOHt,oBQKvFWImIGnkIWNKoANnEWnuUQGniUbLbbkaN“rObabpOcIoApOHt”kaNsENqFmnAeFmnBWeENmBrObFbgInKmDaNsaNwEgLlOrObFbhlIewEg. ............... 10/1/93 ..................

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* rObFbgInKmDaNsaNwEgKcEQn:uUQaENgAdmBsaNwEgGhQeoBQKpEnwDWnyInoBQLbQNpEnaXInIdsUNsVdgEntladmIqDwEg The Labour Party LlOThe

Conservative Party(wEgLiNNInLlO aOnVrEgnAeFm);nagjIgnEWngXmBwEgnaWeaDQn|aBghlIewEg( LtQbXQKqBegXIaXInId).uUQUSA LmQn The

Democrat Party LlO The Republican Party (wEg pOcIoApEd LlOwEg sIoIrOnOrEy) wEgnaWeaDQn|oBQbXQmBbFdbIdqvbqVmlvmqDsaNwEgdEQNgIQv(The double Party System).

* rObFbgInKmDaNoBQmBhlIewEgqDuUQ France KpEntFWn “Le système

multipartiste”; “Le pluripartisme”.

uUQGnrObabnIeoCnrObFbwEgdMvLmQnbXQmB KwIOyDvQILmQn “zKdEdgIn” (Le système du parti unique hlDvQI le monopartisme hlDvQIl’unipartisme).svQnuUQGnbEndIpOKodsENqFmnAeFmLmQn“pOtAbEdrObFbwEgdMv”cCQNLmQnwEgqammVenAdqvbqVmoEN`FdcBvAdgInKmDaNsvQnwEgnaWeaDQn|nEWnwMNKpEnLtQqEntIlObEduUQwIeGtWgInnXIwIkaNwEgqammVenAdKoFQInEWn.“rObFbwEgdMvdEQNgIQv”uUQGnrObFbsENqFmnAeFmnEWngXbXQLmQnKgBdmIjIgoIdLoWkaNlEdoA mIgcT-KlnAnheEN`FdmEnLmQnwCdtAgEmpvEdsIdoBQLnQnanKoFQInEWn tFvuIQN: GnsmEeeCdaXInIdGn rEdKcEe1917

gXLmQnrObFbhlIewEgcCQN KlnAn HdWkMnvQI wEgpOKwd A,B,C,D...(mBKagsIntIQNhIg).tXQmIhlIewEgHdWyDgpEdKkEQMaagjIgwCdtAgEmeaWnHpsnEbsnUn“wvgkvI”tFvuIQN:wEgLmnKcBvAg,wEgsENqFmnAeFmpOtAvEd....tXQmIhlENjIg KlnAn mXrOnOgEm(1924)sOtIlAn kDWngXIaXInIdbXQwMNLtQbEndIwEgtIQN|tladsvQnbVgqFnoBQgVQmzKdEdgInsFQNqFnHpqIdtOgEm, pIbpImLlOpEdKkEQMaagjIgvFNaXInId(yDgkWItIe,KnrOKodLlOaDQn|...)tFvuIQNnCQNoBQKdEQnoBQsVdgXLmQngInsFQNqFnHpqIdtOgEm Trotski

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(trFsOgB)uUQ Mexico LlOaBghlIe|lIWnqFngXyDgcItIgEmaEndMvqDTrotski.KmDQaJcvMdHdWpOtAbEdrObFbwEgdMv,pOKodtIQN|oBQHptImKsEWnoINkaNJcvMdgXHdWiEbzFnsOoaWnqDgEn(qDoBQHdWKvFWImILlWv).pvEd,iUbgInLlOKnDWaGnpOcIoApOHtoBQHdWgIQvmIkIWNKoANJdesENKkbnBWLmQnqvImaIdsImId(possibilité)eENbXQoEnLmQn(réalité)tFvjANKoDQa;uIgpOtAbEdpOcIoApOHtGhWKpEnjANhlDvQIsAdKsrBwIbpOcIoApOHtgvWINkvINnEWnjOtaWNmBKNDQanHkoBQLnQnanKpEntFWnLmQnKNDQanHkoINdIWngInKmDaN,yInOKsygAd-sENqFm,rOdEbsCgsIvEonOoEmLlOaDQn|.wvgKiFIKvFWImInEWnLmQnsAdsKmBwIbkaNpOcIcFntXQ~WIgFd`Ie(sAdKsrBwIbpOcIoApOHt KvFWIlvm)KoFQInEWn;LtQgXbXQLmQnqDoBQ: * mBnEgpOwEnaENgAdKvFWIvQI: “Democracy is among other

things,the possibility to say “no” to the boss, unless he is sure ofbeing able to eat when the boss’s favour has been withdrawn.....” The democracy presupposed: a) The right of the people to elect a government of theirchoice. b) Freedom of individual=thought and action, religious beliefs. c) Freedom of the press. d) Democratic ideals will not work in conditions of povertyand extreme social unrest. e) Democratic ideals presupposed a fair distribution of wealth,equality of opportunity in education,full employment,insuranceagainst illness and unemployment .......

pOcIoApOHt nagjIgsAQNaDQn|LlWv,eENLmQnqvImsImIdKvFWItXQnIevQI “bXQ”,LtQvQI qFnzUWnCQNbXQsImIdKvFWIvQI “bXQ”tXQnIetFnHdW,yWIhIgvQIzUWnEWnbXQLnQoBQjOmBaEnlMWNcBbGnKmDQaqVnNImqvImdBoBQnIepOgabGhWyDgyanHp.....pOcIoApOHttaWNmBKNDQanHklvQN~WIqD:

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a) sAdkaNpOcIcFnoBQKlDagKaFIrEybIntImqvImmEgkaNtFn. b) KsrBwIbkaNbVgqFn=gInnCgqAdLlOgIngOoXI;qvImKcDQayDdIWnsIsnI. c) KsrBwIboINdIWnwAmjXI~IQe.. d) aVdFmqOtApOcIoApOHtLmQnbXQsImIdKqDQanGhvHdWGnKNDQanHkqvImoVgeIgLlOqvImvVWnvIesVdknIdkaNsENqFm. e) aVdFmgInpOcIoApOHtiMgiaWNlvQN~WIgMQvgEbgInLjguIesmXQIsKmBdIWnqvImiEQNmB,qvImsKmBwIbGnJagIdoBQjOHdWiEbgInsCgsI;taWNmBvMgKiEdNInoXI`FdoVg|qFn;qvImpadwEedIWngInweIdJlqILlOgInvIQNNIn......... qvImnEgpOwEnaENgAdKvFWImInEWn: - aEnyDgLmQnpOcIoApOHtbXQwMNLtQpOgIdoINdIWngFdÌeKoFQInEWnjOwMNwX,taWNmBKNDQanHkaDQn|KwDQapOtAbEdmEnjCQNKpEnjANHdW(ÌeqvImvQImEnmBlEgsnOoMbyInKlDWae| LlOgInoBQmBgFdÌeqXWIpOgEnLmQnHccnOKpEngIWv|mIkaNmvnmOnVdoBQgIWv~WIoBQoVWmKogXIlENvENcI sOtApEneIKoFQIGdlVWntXQlVWnjCQNHdWmIKcEQnnEWn). - aEnzAdLmQnaEnzAdLmQnaEnzAdLmQnaEnzAdLmQn : kXW d) LlO e) yWIjOvINKNDQanHkqDLnvnEWnaagLmQnpOcIoApOHtnEWnjOmBLtQuUQGn “aInIjEgHxQxEn”KoFQInEWn (Le

royaume de l’utopie) “sAdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHt”oENLmQnhlEggInoENLmQnvAoeIsIdsUNsVdaEnnCQNlEdoAdEQNgIQvbXQHdWgXInFdvQIjOtaWNmBrObFbwEgdMvhlDhlIewEgqDoBQHdWKvFWIGnkIWNKoAN.rObFbwEgdMvLmQnzlAtwEnkaNpvEdsIdoBQLnQnan.lEdoAdEQNgIQvLmQnKsBmkeIepOcIoApOHtsUQeadsUNcCQNgIemIKpEnhlEggInsUNsVdkaNwEgLbbHgLbbG`Q;mBLtQpOtAbEdhlEggIndEQNgIQvHdWKoFQInEWnjCQNKiEdGhWwEgnEWnKpEngaWngXIlENnCQNoBQ

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KkEWmLkNLlOcnOKlBd;mEnoENKpEnhPEggInoBQsUNsFQNoENKpEnrObMbvAnEe “KhlEg”pOtAbEddvWeqvImtDQntFv(Une discipline de “fer” et

“conscience”).eaWnmEnLmQnrObMbvAnEeKhlEgLtQwaWmgEnnEWnwOLtQlOqFnmBsOtApOtAbEddvWeqvImtDQntFvmEnjCQNbEnlVgXIlENLiNsENlvmoBQeAQNGhQecnOKlBd,qDnEgJcvMdvAoeIHdWslVbLlWv.KnDWaGnkaNlEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHtmBnaWeLtQwOtaWNKkFWIGjmEnLbbvAoeIsId,bXQLmQnjOKkFWIGjLbbtImJt~ENsDhlDvQILbbvAKqIOtImHveOgandEQNtXQHpnBW: 1.oVg|qFntaWNKqDQanGhvuUQGngInjEdtEWN(KbDWaNtFWngXLmQnKqDQanGhvuUQGnwEg) 2.sMNsvQnnaWetaWNpOtAbEdtImsMNsvQnhlIe. 3.kEWnlVQmtaWNpOtAbEdtImkEWnKoAN. 4.oFQvoENyAQn,Kkd,LqvWntaWNpOtAbEdtImsUngIN.KnDWaGndEQNgIQvKyANvQImBnaWeLtQmEnwOLmQngInslVbsENKkbwCdtAgEmLlOoAdsOdBkaNpvEdsIdmvnmOnVdGnrOeOeIvnInLlObXrAbUnkDWnsUNsVdeadkaNrObabpOcIoApOHt(mIiaddMvnBW). wvgKiFIaIdeFgKaFIbINKnDWaGnLlOGhWqXIaOoAbIedEQNtXQHpnBW: 1)oVg|qFntaWNKqDQanGhvuUQGngInjEdtEWNoVg|qFntaWNKqDQanGhvuUQGngInjEdtEWNoVg|qFntaWNKqDQanGhvuUQGngInjEdtEWNoVg|qFntaWNKqDQanGhvuUQGngInjEdtEWN. wIsIxrEQNvQI: “Un homme isolé, si intelligent soit-il, n’est rien

en face d’une organisation”(mOnVdzUWnCQNoBQuUQJdddMQv,KyANjOmBqvImslIdwMNGdgXtIm,LmQnbXQmBheENuDnuUQtXQ~WIgInjEdtEWNnCQN).nEgsIWNtEWNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsIdgXHdWmBhlIeqvImKvFWIgMQvgEbqvImsXIqEnkaNgInjEdtEWN tFvuIQN: “Les ouvriers sont rien sans organisation,

avec organisation les ouvriers sont tout”(bXQmBgInjEdtEWNgEmmOgan

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LmQnbXQmBheEN`Fd,mBgInjEdtEWNgEmmOganmB`FdoVg|aEn). “Donnez-

moi une organisation de révolutionnaires,je soulèverai la Russie”

( KaFIaFNgInjEdtEWNpOtAvEdGhWKiFI,KiFIjOeXpOKodrEdKcEekDWnKoAN).“l’organisation multiplie notre force”(gInjEdtEWNKwBWmoOvBqUngXIlENkaNwvgKiFI).oVg|sIsnIgXqDgEn,KwDQajOKzBeLzQsIsnIkaNtFn,taWNHdWjEdtEWNvEdkaNtFnkDWn.aFNgIn Mafia (JjnKyDQan)oBQgXQqvImvVWnvIeGhWJlgiaddMvnBW gXLmQnmBgInjEdtEWNgvWINkvIN LlO KkEWmLkNoBQsVdjCQNbXQyDgoXIlIeKoDQa.sAQNdEQNgIQvmIkIWNKoANbINuIQNoBQsOLdNGhWKhEnsEdjOoEmoBQHdWoFdsabmILlWvkaNmvnmOnVd.pOcIoApOHtoBQbXQmBgInjEdtEWNhlDvQIpOcIcFnmBsAdKsrBwIbpOcIoApOHtoINdIWngFd`IeLtQbXQKkFWIivQmuUQGngInjEdtEWNGdnCQN,gXIlENkaNqvImmVWNmIdprIynIkaNKkFInEWn,yWIjOpMboMbzUWuUQGngInjEdtEWNgInKmDaNGdnCQN,jOHdWiEbgInpOtAbEdnaWegvQIeaWnvQIpOcIcFnbXQKkFWIivQmuUQGngInjEdtEWNgInKmDaNGdnCQN(LtQgXbXQ IeKyAN`FdoVg|qFnjOtaWNKkFWIivQmGnwEggInKmDaN`Fd,sAQNnEWngXLmQnHxQxEnqDgEn)KpEnjXInvnhlvNhlIe(KbAQNjXInvnsOmIcAgwEgtIQN|sFmoMbGsQwFnlOKmDaN)jCQNKiEdGhWsAdKsrBwIbpOcIoApOHtoINdIWngFd`IebXQHdWiEbgInpOtAbEduIQNKyANyaN,yDgjXIgEd,hlaglvN,bAdKbDan,tvFOevFO,yDgcDWjIWNLlOaDQn|qDwvgKiFIHdWKhEnmIuUQGnLtQlOpOKoduUQGnJlgnBW.dEQNnEWnjCQNKhEnvQIhlEggInmBnaWeLlONIQedIe LtQwOLmQnvAoeIsId,sEdjOoEmaEnnCQNoBQmBcBvAdcBvI..... 2) lEdoAlvmsUnpOcIoApOHt,mEnLmQnoIdLoWkaNbEnhIdMvLtQwOmBsaNdIWn(ivmsUnLlOpOcIoApOHt),mEnLmQnjAdtOnIgIniUpoEm(rationnalisation abstraite)aEnnCQN kaNmOnVd(pensée abstraite).

ivmsUnLlOpOcIoApOHttaWNHpqMNqUQgEn,waWmgEn,KpEn KagwFbgEn

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maule la minorité”(bXQjXIKpEnjOtaWNgIngFNjEgsOKwIO GnKmDQahIgLmQnsvQnhlIepIbsvQnnaWe).nEWnLmQnjAdGjKnDWaGnbINuIQNgMQvgEbrEyLlOaIdeIsAdkaNnEgsIWNtEWNlEdoAsENqFmnAeFmvAoeIsId.LtQvQIgInKkFWIGjLlOgInpOtAbEduUQGn “rObFbsOtIlBnAd”KpEnHpLnvGdnEWnLmQngFNgEnkIWmoEN`FdgEboBQKvFWImInEWn. lEdoAivmsUnaIdeIsAd sOLdNaagqDLnvGd ? gXIlENLiNoBQsVdnEWnLmQnlEdoAivmsUnpOcIoApOHtoBQHdWKvFWImILlWv;KmDQamEngIemIKpEnlEdoAivmsUnaIdeIsAdgXIlENwIeGnkaNmEngXLmQnwENoOlIeHpGntFvmEnKaNJld(GneIvnIn). (1)oVg|bEnhIoBQwFvwEnKyANJcgcItIgEmkaNpOKodcIdbIWnKmDaN,sIgFn (GhQe,naWe,aEntOlIeLmQnkDWnnXIbVgqFnbINqFn) tFvuIQN:kDWngEbKlkIoAgInGhQezUWdMvKoFQInEWn KcEQnGnsmEe Staline gXLmQn

128

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129

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peuple) cCQNKvFWIvQI: “La libération de la classe ouvrière est l’oeuvre

des ouvriers eux-mêmes”(gInpFdpaQecFncEWngEmmOganLmQnwIrOgAdkaNgEmmOgan KaN). GnqXIkvEnoBQwvgKkFIJqsnI (Slogan)

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des peuples”;oVg qvImKvFWIoBQwvgKkFIKvFWIaag gXLmQnvQIqXIKvFWIkaNKlnAn (jOLmQn hlDbXQgXbXQiUW);KpEnzUWsDboad KlnAn hlDvQI zUWsDboadKmFIKctVN(uUQjBn) LlO KmFI KkFIgXeFgeXvQI “KpEnzUWnXI”(hlIezUWnXIoBQsUN)“Jurare in verba magistri”(jurer par les paroles du maître).

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130

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kWIyAWm`Fd,jFniad KlnAn KaN,sOtIlAn gXjXIgEdgInKqDQanGhvGnKvlI KwAQnKjEbGgWjOmXrOnOgEm (1926) ; “lettres aux Congrès” (~ENsDxIgKyANgaNpOcVmGhQekaNwEg) cCQNLmQn“mXrOdFggInKmDaN kaNKlnAn” (Testament politique),Staline gXbXQKaFIzIQngaNpOcVmhlvNKlBe.bEndI~ENsDnBW HdWtXInAgOJt Staline, Boukhanin,Pitiakov LlOaDQn|.... yWIaBNtImpOKwnBkaNqammVenAd LlWv,Staline bXQsImIdKpEnzUWnXIsUNsVdHdW... *Boukhanin cCQNLmQnStaline pIbpIm,kWItIenEWngXHdWkMnLlOGhWKmEeLlOlUgKlFQIKaFIbFdqXIKhEnkaNlIvHvWdvWeKnDWaGnheXWqD:“gFNjEgpIbpImkaNqammVenAdKqDQanGhvuIQNcEdKjnoBQsVdtXQsEdtrULlOkaWeiUWsCgvQIgFNjEgnEWn~BbKtENkaWeqDgaWnhBnoBQbXQsImIdhlBgaagjIggInbBbmVQnoOlIekaNmEnHdW”. sAQNoBQKvFWImILbbsENKkbnBW LmQnKpEngInsIWNKNDQanHklvQN~WI(prémisses,les préalables politiques)oINdIWngInKmDaNKwDQaGhWgInnXIKqDQanGhvJdebXQmBzUWGd,aFNgInGdjOmIkEdkvINHdW.jIgnEWn,gInnXIsUNsVd hlDvQI “jVnaWenCQN”kaNaFNgansUNsVdjO“ivmsUn”LlO “bFQNgIn”oVgsAQNuIQN GnnEWnsaNaEnsXIqEngvQI`UQqD: 1- bFQNgInoINdIWnLnvoINgInKmDaN. 2- bFQNgInoINdIWngInjEdtEWN. saNaEndEQNgIQvnEWnLmQnmBdfEgkIdkaNKlkIoAgInGhQezUWdMv.

131

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132

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KvFWIvQI:“sVdoIWecBvAdpOjXIvEnHdWgIemIKpEnsAQNvAnItgEm(tragédie)

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133

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limitée(par peur de la polarisation des masses populaires)kXWkEdLeWNwDWnyInkaNlEdoAoCnnAeFmLmQnoQIaMQNKpBdgvWINgInzlAdJdebXQmBkabKkdgEbqvImjXIKpEnkaNgIncFmGcWmBkabKkdjXIgEd(KnCQaNjIgvQIqvImoVgeIgkDWnKlDWae|kaNmOhIcFn).jIgnEWnjCQNKgBd“vAgAdgInLhQNgInzlAdlFWnKhlDa”(La crise de surproduction). oXIlIegXIlENgInzlAdkaNsENqFmLlOKiEdGhWsENqFmoCnnAeFmHpKyANbaQnlFWmlOlIe(Hp

134

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consciente(LzngInLmQngInKqFIrFbgInsFmsvQnLlOqvImmEgLlOmBsOtA).GngInpOtAbEdKsygAdLzngInnBW,sOhIwIbJcvMdHdWKlBWmpOtAbEdmIaIdKvFWIHdWvQILzmgIn GOELRO (pOgabHffWIoFQvsOhIwIbJcvMd)KpEnLzngInKoDQaoXIaAdoINdIWnKsygAd.tXQmIgXLmQnLzngIn 3-5-7 (zEnpMQngEbmIaBNtImsOwIbgIntFvjAN).L’économie nationale est régie par un plan unique qui a “force de

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kaN KlmEn LlO pIgvVd. hFvkXWgXsOLdNGhWKhEnKnDWaGnJld.smEe 1924 iad 1928

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remettre aux calendres grecques,mais porterait préjudices à la cure et aux efforts de la reconstruction nationale eux-même)........6/8/1994.........

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181

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182

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183

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184

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185

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186

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LmQnbEnhIGhQenCQNkaNJlg,GnjXInvnhlIe|bEnhIGhQekaNJlg.... sAQNoBQKvFWImIkIWNKoANnBW(gInhIQNHgaagjIggEn...)LmQngFdKgnwIvOvAsEepvEdsId kaNpOKoddaWewEonIgEbpOKodaVdsIhOgEmkeIetFn,sppl gXnanuUQGngFdKgnnEWn (LmQnbX ? bEndIwnOoIQn !!!)KwIO spplgXnanuUQGnjXInvn 3-4 pOKodoBQdaWewEonI, oVgeIgoBQsVdkaNJlg LmQnbX ? pOKodoBQtAd~BW LgWHkbXQHdW.....KiEdLnvGdjOmBoCnianHpsIWNgOsBgEmpQIHmW(KwIObXQmBoCn,KwIOtAd~BWKkFI).oENbXQsImIdsIWNgOsBgEmLlOoENbXQsImIdsIWNaVdsIhOgEmLlOsIWNsIKsygAdKvFWIlvm.GnsOwIbgInLnvnEWn,gInGdjCQNjOvQIKaFIgOsBgEm-pQIHmWHpsIWNaVdsIhOgEm....zUWkMnaOnVeIdLtWmiUb sppl dEQNnBW:(oMbGsQqFnzUWnCQN)“mOnVdzUWnCQNpOgabdvWehFvvIQN,hFvbXQmBmEnsmaN(zUWnXI), oaWNJgn(ventre

creux),pOcIcFnoVgeIgtAd~BWsAn,tFnJttAdLtQweIdJlqIcXIKiDWa(lacorruption généralisée)hU~vg(sourd),zUWdBKvFWIgXbXQHdWeAn;KmFImFv (KhEngFNjEgKpEndagbFv);mDbXQHdWgXIwvNmOHlheEN(bXQmBwIhInO,rFd....)pOgIdvQIjOcvQNKsNgEbKvlI(la course contre la montre);svQnvQIpIgnEWn(la bouche) KvFWILbbJahEN,oOnFNtFv,vQIjOsIWNsvEnLbbNIQedIe..bXQwMNLtQbXQtIQNheENgEbKobnAeIeKgrEg(légende grecque)KrDWaNSisyphus,King of Ephyra(KbAQNqDncDQLlOgInkMn),eaWnoXIbIb,KovOdIlFNJodGhWgDQNhBnkDWnHpjamwU,kDWnHdWjOiadLlWvwOtFglFNmIbaQnKgFQI(wEgpOcVmLlWvpOcVmtXQ....)LtQeENjOKiEdGhWgaWnhBn,gaWnhBn~EgnEWntFglFNKhvoENhBnLlOoENgOJtqFnaBgdvWe (Khv = ~BWsAn...)

187

Je me permets de représenter la RDPL en un homme tel: “Unhomme dont la tête est vide(la direction clairvoyante),le ventrecreux(la population affamée et surendettée),le corps atteint detoutes maladies chroniques,(la corruption généralisée) ,les oreillessourdes aux hommes paroles,les yeux aveugles voient tout à traversd’un prison déformé,les mains démunis(pas au volant,pas demoyens...) défie tout dans une course contre la montre,la bouchegrandie ,la gueule arrogante promet devant son peuple et le mondemonts et merveilles....est non seulement comme Sisyphus,puissance légendaire grecque qui fait monter la grosse pierre dupied d’une montagne au sommet, retombe toujours à la mêmeplace(réunions sur réunions,réunions sans fin....)mais finiront partomber aux précipices (abîmes) et pierre et Sisyphus moderne(“dettes” et “direction clairvoyante”)...

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...........6/8/94..........

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204

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abstraite,mais la politique est concrète). “La politique est le pointde départ,la base,le critère et l’aboutissement de toute théorie”

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206

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220

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221

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304

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305

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306

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307

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308

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309

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310

* gXQsIWNoINdIWnaVdFmqOtA (idiologie)

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311

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312

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314

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315

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316

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317

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- uUQGnsmEepFgqaNkaNxrEQN,qFnxrEQNKaNKhEnvQImBnaWeoBQsVd(KpEnsMWvcIn) tFvuIQN: uUQ gaNiaWekaNoOhInlIv aIdmBxrEQN 1-2 qFnKoFQInEWn.uUQLkvNiadbXQiad 10 qabqFvaBgcXWIhlD vQIuUQkEWnrEybIn,nOqanhlvNqDgEn KhEnmBnaWeoBQsVd.xrEQN,KvFWIlvm,uUQlIvLmQniUWgEn`Fd(eaWnjXInvnnaWe)jIgpOcIcFnlIv. - smEeaOKmrAgIpFgqaN(#1955-75),nagjIgsOyInoUdaOKmrAgILlWv,uUQGn aFNgIn uUKcd(USAID)nIHiQdMv,oBQqVWmqaNgIncvQeKhlDakaNaOKmrAgInEWn,mBjXInvnbXQiad 300 qFnKiEdGhWoFQvrIcaInIjEglIv(1974-1975 ? nagnEWngXmBsMWvcIngInoOhInaBgjXInvnnCQN)...........10/11/94...........

- smEehlEN 2/12/1975 mInBW,sMWvcInvMdnImmIpOjXIuUQnXIaFNgInkaNlIv,LmQnyDgKpBdKzBe`Fd,bXQqDsmEetXQtIWnoBQlBWcaQnpAdbENsVdqvImsImId.“KpBdKzBe”uUQoBQnBWuIg`IeKyANvQIzUWGdgXiUW,bXQvQIpOcIcFnlIvgXqDtIQNpOKodoBQmBgInwFvwEngEblIv......LnQnanLlWv“gInpAdlEb”,gInGcWKlWhlMQmtIQN|KwDQapAdbENtFntFvKkFI sIWNiUbwIbNImoBQKtEmHpdvWe“lEgsnOKagrIc,KpEnKjFWItFnKaN”GhWbEndIgFNjEgLlO“zUWnXI”kaNlIveENLmQnoIdLoWoBQbXQpMQnLpNkaNwvgKkFIuUQtladmI..sMWvcInvMd

325

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svQnkaN Hgsan LmQn Fantoche KoFQInEWn. tXQmIuUQbEndI g/c (kLnNgIn)LlOaFNgInjEdtEWNmOhIcFnkEWnsUngIN,gXmBsMWvcInpOjXIbXQtXQIgvQI 5-10 qFnkaNLtQlOkLnNgIndEQNgIQv.nagnEWnLlWv uUQGnaFNgIn,sXInEgNIn,bXrAsEdvAsIhIgAd kaNLtQlOkEWn(sUngIN,LkvN......)gXmBsMWvcIn pOjXIKcEQndMvgEn. uUQkEWnLkvN,KmDaN.....gXHdWmB~WIsMWvcInuUQKcEQndMvgEnGnLtQlObaQn,qDgEngEbuUQkEWnsUngIN.uUQkEWntILsNLlObINbIWngXmBuUQiadkEWnbIWnaBgdvWe....KsEWnsIekaNrObFbsMWvcInvMdnImgXbXQtIQNheENgEb“KNFI”kaNaFNgInjEdtEWNkaNwEg,rEy,mOhIcFn kaNlIv;vQILtQmB “tFWnHmW”gXmB“KNFI”uUQnXIJldKvlILsNsvIQNaagmI;vQI LtQmB “gInhIeGj” gXmBJacBLcn Jld;sMWvcInvMdnImhlIeqDaIgIdoBQqFnKiFIhIeGj....!? e) nagjIg a,b,c,d,oBQKvFWImILlWv,eENmBaBgqDbEndIgInjEdtEWNgEmmOgankaN vMdnIm oBQmIpOtAbEd~WIoBQuUQlIv KcEQn:gEmmOgankFnsFQN,sIWNsI,sIWNLlOpFgpEgiEgsIKsEWnoINqFmmOnIqFmkFnsFQN,LtQK~DatladGtW(Klg 42,217,6,7,8,9,18,...), smEe“gUWcId”gXqDpFdpaQeLlWv;

326

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327

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328

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sINkaNlIvLmQntEWNuUQsIeLdn vMdnIm-jBn(dFNLvN); hlENjIg2/12/1975 LmQnzIQnoQIKiDa dInEN KpEntFWntX.KqDQaNkaNdEQNgIQvmBjXInvnKoFQIGd,iadlIvLoWmBKoFQIGd,LlOtFgKiEQeKsEehIemBKoFQIGd(waWmdvWeKhdzFn)gXbXQmBzUWGdjO sImIdqIdqOKnHdW ? wvgKiFIiUWHdWLtQpOgFdgInoINbvg,KpEntFWnKwDQanmAd“sENqFmnAeFm”LmQnbXQwXGj,rO

329

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vMdnIm JdezIQnKsEWnoIN 42 (JtjIN)KwIOHpwIgK~DakaNlIvtaWN HpzIQnvMdnIm`Fd.wvgjBnsIWNKsEWnoINuUQwIgK~DaHdW “gEgrFdlIvHvW”LlWvGhWHpsFQNGhW “vMdnImqDn” KwIOrFdjBncvQelIvlvWnLlWvLtQrFdGhQm(bXQLmQnrFdKgFQIKpQKw,bXQmBKqDQaN aIHhQl,gOLj LlOaDQn|..qDoBQlIviEbmInBW..). rFdkaNjBncvQeKhlDaGnKvlInEWnlvmmB: rFduIepaN(rFdpFdpaQe),rFdtMbvad(gOJddkEWn),rFdpEggAN(commandore

kaNjBn)....GnsvQnGhQe,hlENjIgsOyIpOnI spplIv LlWv,GncVmpB(1979-80-81-82..)bEndIpOKodsENqFmnAeFmKaBrFbtIKvEnaag LlOsOhIwIbJcvMdKgFQI kEdkaWNGhW lIv-vMdnIm jFnjOgIeKpEn “bEnhIgInKmDaN”eaWnvQI“KqDQaNkaNcvQeKhlDaspplIv”bXQmIiadjVdpOsFNqFbyvWnLlOoEnKvlI,KsEehIeGhWJqNgIntIQN|(bXQoEnKvlILlOKqDQaNkaNgXKsEehIeKlBe....) . - LtQlOpB,uUQsINkaNvMdnIm,mBKqDQaNtFgKiEQeKsEehIeLlOKqDQaNKsEeqVnnOwIb,KcDQamqVnnOwIb,taWNHdWkIeKlhlDvMdnImpMQnKqDQaNkaNvMdnIm(KsEehIeuUQgOJtsINLlOGnKvlIkFnsAQNkaNLlOmabrFdGhWlIv). - gMQvgEbKrDWaNkaNcvQeKhlDaGhWlIv zIQnvMdnIm,kEWnlVQm,oaWNyAQn,nEgvAcIgInkEdkaWNoBQsVd;rIeNInkEWnsUngINLtQgXKiEdhU~vggAnfInuUQlWI|..... b) dIWngInqWIdIWngInqWIdIWngInqWIdIWngInqWI: pOgFdgInoBQKpEnoIdLoWKdEQnoBQsVdnEWnLmQnuIgzUg

330

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sBLdNkaN sVvEnnOwUmI(“KNAnqENHk”),taWNHdW sFmoMbaEdtrILlgpMQn rOvIQN KNAn “gBbpFdpaQe” LlOKNAn dFN(vMdnIm)....vMdnImgXcag “KaFIpMbKaFIlEdlIvsKmB”.tImgFdKgn,hlEggIn,wCdtAgEm LlOpOKwnBkaNJlg(sBvAHl pEdjVbEn)LmQnaBNGsQ “gFdKgntlId” gFdKgngInsnaNLlOqvImtaWNgIn(Offre et demande) gXeENbXQmBaEnGdjOeVdtAoEmgvQInBWaBg !! LtQlIvLlOvMdKiEdnXIgEnnBW,LmQnnagK~DajIgnBW,KwIO“mEnbXQsImOqBLbbwAKsd”taWNKaFI“aEnsImOqBwAKsdmIKiEdnXIgEn”qDKvFWI:“aEdtrILlgpMQnLbbgInqWI”(LtQtFvjANgXbXQKpEnLnvnEWn). “Taux non commercial” et “Taux commercial”.

KwDQaGhWzUWnXIKkFWIGjoIdLoWkaNmEn,jOHdWaOoAbIeKlEgnaWe(svQnKrDWaNrOaMd sKnBGhWvAcIgIndEdLpNGhWKÌOsFmgEbsAQNoBQKpEnmILlWv). * “Taux non commercial”(aEdtrILlgpMQnbXQLmQngInqWI)LmQnaEdtrIoINgIn,cCQNsaNxIQetFglFNgEnGcWsXIlEbrEyganoBQpOjXI

331

~WIoBQuUQtIQNpOKod(lIv LlO vMd) tFvuIQN: GhWsXInEgNIntIQN~WIhlD sOyInoUdkaNLtQlOpOKodpOjXIuUQpOKodaDQn. vAoBqAdHlQ LmQnKaFIjXInvnsAnqWIoBQiEbGcWcBvAdgInKpEnuUQkaNwnEgNInmIsFmoMbgEn tFvuIQN:100 cnAd.

- jXInvnrIqIkaNlIv (100 cnAd) = A - jXInvnrIqIkaNvMdnIm(100 cnAd) = B A/B= K K:LmQnaEdtrILlgpMQnnBW LmQnkIdtFvrOvIQNKNAn dFWN LlOKNAngBbkaNlIv. yWIvQI K = 1/200 (tFvuIQN)`IeqvIm KNAn vMdnIm d

nCQN=200 gBbkaN lIv d/K=1/200 -----> K=200 A.

* jOHdWpMbKsEepMbgEnuUQbaQnGd ?_uUQsaNbaQn : g) g) g) g) “rIqIoINgIn”LlOrIqItFvjANzAddMQNgEnhlIe.pOKodGdoBQgInzAddMQNnEWnhlIegvQI LmQnHdWpMb.rIqIzAddMQNnaWe LmQnbXQKsEepMb,KvFWIsOKwIOlIvLlOvMdLlWv,gInzAddMQNrIqI aIdLmQnvMdsUNgvQI,dEQNnEWnvMdHdWpMblIv,tFvuIQN:yWIrIqIoINgInLlOrIqItFvjANoaWNtlId vMdnImzAddMQNgEn 100%.taWNjIQeKNAn 2 d LonoBQjOLmQn 1d KwDQaHdWsAnqWIjXInvnKoFQIgEn.yWIrIqIuUQlIvzAddMQNgEn 50% taWNKaFIKNAngBb 1,5 Lon 1 gBb jCQNHdWkaNjXInvnKoFQIoMmgEn.jIgnEWnjCQNKhEnvQIwnEgNInlIvuUQsOyInoUdlIvpOjXI iIJnWetaWNjIQe 2d (LonoBQjOjIQe 1,5 d =gEbwnEgNInvMdnIm pOjXIuUQlIvGcW 1,5 gBbKoFQInEWn) `IeqvImvQIKsEepMb 0,5d ....

k) k) k) k) KvFWIKyANjXInvnwnEgNInoBQpOjXIuUQLtQlOpOKod.uIgGhWsKmBwIbtaWNmBwnEgNInKoFQIoMmgEn(JdebXQKvFWIKyANkXW g) LlWv).yWIKaFITaux non commercial LlOgXeaWnrIqIzAddMQNgEn,zUWmBwnEgNInpOjXI

332

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333

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334

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or not to be”that is the question (Shakespeare) .

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335

..........13/11/1994...........

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337

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338

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339

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352

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353

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psychologie de guerre). “uUQbaQnGdgXmBKNFIkaNnEgsDbsadLnmkaNsEdtrU,mBKNFIkaN CIA ,kaNsEdtrU”, “oVg|gInprIHc,oVgjVdlae,jVdaFgwOvFN LmQnsEdtrUKpEnzUWgXQkDWn`Fd”.GnnEWnnEboENuUQGngInnXIsUNsVd(LlOKpEntFWntX) tFvuIQN:smEesOtIlAn,KmFIKctVN LlOuUQGnsENqFmnAeFmaDQn|...“zUWGduUQyInOGdgXtIm,gXqDHdWuUQGnqvImsNFb,GnqvImKcDQa

354

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355

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4) gInGcWKlWgFntIQN|: KyANvQIwvgKkFIjOGcWiUbgIn,vAoBgIn,mIdtOgIn,KlWhlQMmiaWeLpdwEnpOgIngXtImLtQsVdoIWegXLmQnuUQGnsaNKlWgFnaEntFWntXLlOwDWnyInqD: - GcWgXIlENiVnLiN KwDQapIbpIm(violence)

- GcWgIntFvOeFvO;(Mensonge)

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baton et de la carotte) wIsIxrEQN;(Stock und Zuckarrot Politik=wIsIKerOmEn); “Politics of stick and carrot”?(aIdLmQn)wIsIaENgAd..GnLtQwIsIsXIqEngXHdWmBqvImKvFWIqDgEnLnvnEWn? LtQuUQGnKlWgFnkaNwvgsOtIlBnAdnEWnsaNaEnLmQnbXQqFbyvWnKwDQajOtaWNKwBWmtDQmaEnnCQNaBgqD:“Déhumanisation,abruptissement et abétissement de la

personnalité humaine” (KiEdGhWqFnHiWmOnVdsOoEm,KiEdGhWqFnJNQNIQv,KiEdGhWqFngIeKpEnsEd).gInGcWgXIlENiVnLiNLlOGcWgIntFvOeFvO.LtQlOaEnnEWnLmQndvWehlIeiUbsBKpEnrObFbqFbcVdLlOoENpOsInsFmoFbKkFWILgQnKkFWILgnuIQNmB “sAlpO”aBgdvWe. gInGcWqvImiVnLiN

356

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357

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a) gInGcWgaNoEbLlOtXIrvd...pIbpImkbvnlVgiDWkDWn kaNpOcIcFn iENgIrB Gn 1956 ,kaNpOcIcFn KcEgJgsOJlvIgB Gn 1968,

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358

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359

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362

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* gInqIdtOgEm kaNKjFWI aIrAeO sVwInVvFNaIrAeO sVwInVvFNaIrAeO sVwInVvFNaIrAeO sVwInVvFN uUQGjgINoBQtEWNkaNsUngINGnoIWepB 1967 (KdDan 12/1967).

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363

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364

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396

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397

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398

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399

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400

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401

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402

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405

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409

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eaWngXIlENgInoOhIn,pOmIn 200 000 qFnLlOgIncvQeKhlDakaNsOhIwIbJcvMdpOmIn 3 lIWnJdlItXQmDW,vMdnImjCQNsImIdqVWmqaN,qabNXIsOyInOgInuUQgXIwUKjEeHdW{wXKiEdGhWrObabiVQnwOnFmKpEn(KiEQNsXIrAn-iVnKcEnKiEQNsXIrAn-iVnKcEnKiEQNsXIrAn-iVnKcEnKiEQNsXIrAn-iVnKcEn)uUQHdWdvWeqvImsImIdoBQsVd KwIOmBgXIlENtFvjANtIWnuEnwvgKkFIqDnKpEnLtQlOmDW KcEQn:gXIlENkKmnLdN,gXIlEN sBhInV,LlOgXIlENcancIn cCQNmBgXIlENgInoOhIn (bINkIQvkaNtIKvEntFg)vQI: 40-20-15 000 qFn tImlOdEb,dvWegXIlENoBQGhQehlvNLlOgInGcWjIQehlIeqDKvFWImInEWn gXbXQsImIdKaFIcnOHdW jCQNHdWLgQeIvKvlImIjFniad 1988 (gaNoOhInvMdnImyanqDnKoDQaoXIaAd),LlOsOwIbgInyDgLgWHkGn 1993 dvWegInKlDagtEWNoFQvHp KsrBhlIewEg,wIeGtWgInqVWmqaNLlOgvdgIkaNaFNgInsOhIpOcIcId(GcWjIQe1-2 tDWJdlI oOhInkaN ONU #26 000 qFn....).dMvnBWwvgKiFIaIdKvFWIHdWuIQNcEdKjnLlO yDgtaWNoBQsVdvQI: “sOwIbgInuUQgXIwUKjEenEWntIQvpBWnqDnbXQHdWKpEnKdEdkId” `IeqvImvQI vMdnIm “jOpOtAbEdLzngInsOhIwEnaAndUjBn” LlOvQI “qvImsImOqBLbbwAKsdnEWn”LmQnwFWnsmEeLlOgXbXQsImIdpOtAbEdHdWaBgLlWv ?!? KjdtOnIaEnmDdmFndEQNgIQvkaN vMdnIm HdWKzBeLbaaguIQNjOLjWN LlOyDghINsMNJlggIQvpOnImLlOtIWnqDnsVdkBd tladiadmDWnBW,waWmgEbgIniVgiInKkFWIgXIwUKjEeJdekXWaIWNvQI:“cvQepOcIcFngXIwUcIaagjIggIndEbsUnKcDWacId(génocide) kaNrObab pFnpFd-aMNsOrB-kMvsFmwan”.kXWaIWNdEQNgIQv,KpEnwMNLtQ“sIgbEN~WI”LtQKnDWaLoWwOLmQngInkeIe

410

aInIKkdLlOgInqvbqVm gXIwUKjEe tladHpdEQNtFvuIQNtXQHpnBW: - GnsmEe “KpEnsUvEnKpEnsUvEnKpEnsUvEnKpEnsUvEn”KpEnKlkIoAgInGhQekaNwEgpOcIcFnpOtAvEdgXIwUcI; rFdsmEe rFdsmEe rFdsmEe rFdsmEe KpEn rEymFntrB g/c gIntIQNpOKodkaNgXIwUcI;eaWnhINsMNJlgJjmtBgInqVWmqaNgXIwUKjEejIggXIlENkaNvMdnIm,LlOeaWngInqabNXIkaNvMdnImtXQ gXIwUKjEe,eaWnLnvqAdiEgcId kaNgVQmKpEnsUvEn ,gInLgWHksOwIbgIngXwUcI LgWbXQtFgeaWnvQI “gXIlENtXQtIWn”wnFmKpEn KhEnvQI “gVQmKiENsXIrAn-KpEnsUvEngVQmKiENsXIrAn-KpEnsUvEngVQmKiENsXIrAn-KpEnsUvEngVQmKiENsXIrAn-KpEnsUvEn” KpEnwMNLtQhVQnkaNvMdnImKoFQInEWn(LlOgXtImhINsMNoFQv|HpkaNJlg). KpEnsKpEnsKpEnsKpEnsUvEn LlOvEn LlOvEn LlOvEn LlOrFdsmEe rFdsmEe rFdsmEe rFdsmEe HdWHpKjrOjIgEbvMdnImuUQoBQ iIJnWe “uIgGhW vMdnImyangXIlENoOhInaagjIggXIwUcILlOaXInveqvImsOdvgGhWxIQe gXIwUcI oBQgMQvkaWNLgWHkbEnhIgXIwUcInXIgEn...mIiadgXIwUcI KpEnsUvEnLlOrFdsmEe LlOwEgwvg pOmIn 4 qFn zUWoBQsXIqEn|| HdWyDgvMdnImLlOHmWmDkaNvMdnIm (KiENsXIrAn-iVnKcEnKiENsXIrAn-iVnKcEnKiENsXIrAn-iVnKcEnKiENsXIrAn-iVnKcEn)jEbgVm LlOsFQNHptAdqVguUQvMdnIm,dvWekXWaIWN,oBQwvgKkFIKqBeaIWNaagmIKlDWae|vQI gVQmKpEnsUvEn jOKiEdrEypOhIn “JqQnlFWmrObab”....GgWcVmpB 1983-84-85 ?

wvgKiFIlaNwAjIrOnInXIgEndUvQI: “KpEnsUvEn”KpEnoENKlkIoAgInGhQekaNwEg,KpEnoENnIeFg....svQn rFdsmEe gXLmQn rEymFntrB g/c gIntIQNpOKod...`IeqvImvQIaXInIdqVWmqaN,qvbqVmoENwEg (KlkIoAgInGhQe),oENrEy(nIeFgrEymFntrB)jOKiEdrEypOhInnEWnLmQnJqQnlFWmzUWGd;GzjOGhQegvQInEWnGnrEyqammVenAd ? tFvjANnEWn,LmQnwvgdEQNgIQvmBLnvqAdiEgcId,iEgKagrIc,aAdsIrOwIb LlOtIWngEbgInbFQNgInkaNvMdnImKoFQInEWn ?(aEnnEWnKkFIyDvQIKpEnsEdtrUkaNwvgKkFIoBQiIWeLiNsVdknId) - GntFWnpB 1990,sOwIbgInuUQgXIwUcIgXgIWvKdBnHptImKsEWnoINoBQ

411

yDgtaWNLlWv KwIOgXIlENoOhInkaNvMdnIm KlBWmyanLtQ 1988

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412

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frontière).

4 KhdgInGhQeoBQmBlEgsnOsENlvmoIdLoWkaNbEnhI,LmQngIntXQsUWrOvIQNLnvqAdiEgcIdkaNpOcIcFngXIwUKjEeLlOlEdoAkeIeaInIKkdkaNvMdnIm... gInwFvwEnrOvIQNsOhIrEyaOKmrAgILlOvMdnImLmQn “bIhlad”vEdLogaVnnOwUmkaNvMdnImtXQJlgaEnnCQNcCQN“KuEnwXsFmqvn”(Thermomètre ou Baromètre).LgWHksIewFvwEndEQNgIQvnBW,jOmBKNDQanHkwDWnyInLlOgXsOdvgdDQn) GhWgInwFvwEnrOvIQN vMdnImLlOJlg.LtQgaQnnEWnsIewFmwEndEQNgIQv LmQnkDWnnXIvMdnImoBQjOLgWHk 3bEnhItFWntX(tImKNDQanHkkaNsOhIrEyaOKmrAgI): 1- gInLgWHk “bEnhIgXIwUcI”; 2- bEnhILgWHk “zUWyDgsUnhIekaNaOKmrAgI”GnpINsFNqImvMdnIm; 3- gInpOtAbEd “pOcIoApOHt”LlO “gInKqFIrFbsAdoAmOnVd”kaNvMdnIm. bEnhIoB nCQN,yDvQILgWHktFgGnkEWnwDWnyInLlWv.bEnhIoBsaN,HdWyDgLgWHkKpEnuIQNdBLlOgXIlENsDbtXQpOtAbEdtXQHp...svQnbEnhIoBsIm,eENLmQnbEnhIqFNqIWNtladmI...eaWngInpOtAbEdsaNbEnhImB“qvIm

413

gIWv~WI”vMdnImjCQN qaQe|yDgLgQdCNKkFWIGnKvoBsIgFn KoDQalOKlEglOnaWemIiadoVg|mDWnBW tFvuIQN: gInKpBdgvWINgInqWI,gInivQmmDgEbsIgFnnEbmDWnEbhlIekDWn;gInlFNoCnkaNtIQNpOKodKkFWImIvMdnImHdWKwBWmoOvB...KcEQn:Gn KdDan 11/1994 pOcIqFmKaBrFbHdWpOcVmgEnoBQ pIrB(xrEQN)tFglFNjOcvQe vMdnIm 20 tDW JdlI...LlOaDQn|...sOmIqFmaIcMn (ASEAN) jOiEb KaFIvMdnImKkFWIKpEnsOmIcAgkaNsOmIqFmdEQNgIQv GntFWnpB 1995 ...svQnvQIgInwFvwEnLbbpFggOtArOvIQN aOKmrAgILlOvMdnIm (sIWNsIegInoUd)eENbXQHdWiEbgIntFglFNjIgoINsOhIrEyaOKmrAgIKoDQa(eaWnbINKhdzFnoBQKvFWImIkaNkIWNKoANnBW)LlOKrDWaNvMdnImkX sAdoAwAKsdgInqWIjIgsOhIrEyaOKmrAgI gXeENuUQGnsOwIbqDKgFQI(bXQKhEnmBjIgxIQeaOKmrAgI).KyANyWIvQIoQIoBLlOoEdsnOkaNvMdnImuUQGnKvoBsIgFneENJahEN(qDgEnjBnuUQgXtImGnKrDWaNsAdoAmOnVdLlOpOcIoApOHt),LtQGntFvjANgXLmQnyaelFNKoDQalOgIWvKlDWaeHp...wvgKiFI jOeFgbINpOgFdgIndEQNnBW: * KaFIgaNoOhInKkFWI gXIwUcI GntFWn1979 dvWegInJahEN,qVeJmW,“qDtFnKaNjOKiEdfWI,KiEdHfHdWzUWdMv”.“sOwIbgXIwUKjEetIQvpBWnqDnbXQHdW”LtQsVdoIWegXgFWmhFvaagmI...qDcItIgEmkaNjamzKdEdgInoFQv|HpuUQGnJlg,Gn 1980...

* GnKvlIgInpOtAiUbfFdKdDaduUQsOhIwIbJcvMd(KgFQI)LlOKaBrFbtIKvEnaag,iMgiaWNGhWpOtAiUb,oENgInKmDaNLlOKsygAd.vMdnImLkNkXQLlOgXLkNkXQmIiadpEdjVbEn:“bXQeampOtAiUbdIWngInKmDaN,svQngInKsygAdnEWn LmQnpOtAiUb dvWeqXIkvEn “pMQnLpNG`pMQnLpNG`pMQnLpNG`pMQnLpNG`Q” (bXQGcWqXIvQIpOtAiUb),LtQ “gInpMQnLpNG`Q”LmQntFWntX LmQndIWnKsygAdKoFQInEWn(LtQgXbXQLmQniabdIWnkaNKsygAd,mBLtQKpBdpOtUgInqWI LlO

414

aOnVeIdGhWtIQNpOKodmIlFNoCn;svQnvQIgInKpEnKagcFnnEWn LmQnmBnaWe,bXQqDuUQjBn (privatisation par opposition à localisation)

mIiaddMvnBW(11/ 1994) uUQGnwAoBKpBdgAlIgaNoEbvMdnImKoDQaoB 3KdDan 11/1994 oBQiIJnWe Ll gFg LvN pOoInpOKodvMdnImKvFWIvQIvMdnIm pOtAbEd “gInpMQnLpNiab dIWn”(Doi Muoi Tuan Diu”...

.......3/12/1994..........

LnQnanLlWv “pMQnLpNG`QiabdIWn”nEWn,sAQNsXIqEngvQIKwAQn`FdgXLmQnuUQGnsaNkFNKkdtFWntX KcEQn:KsygAd LlO gInKmDaN.KyANvQIqvImKvFWInBW LmQnGhWKkFWIgEbsOwIbgIn LlO qvImiMgiaWNtaWNgInkaNpOcIcFnvMdnImLlOoQIaMQNkaNJlg(kaNrObFbsOtIlBnAd oBQeENqFNqIWNuUQ).KpEngInhlaglvNGntFvjANgXtImgXLmQngInlFNqaWeaBggIWvnCQNoBQjOLjWN.gInnXIkaNvMdnImgMmwaWmLlWvbXoBQtaWNKpBdgvWINpOcIoApOHt,KqFIrFbnEbyDsAdoAmOnVd (KwIObEndIbEnhIdEQNgIQveENKpEnaVbpOsEgkEdkaWNkaNvMdnIm KpEntFWntXGhWLgQgInKpBdpOtUsUQJlgwIenagkaNvMdnIm).“pMQnLpNiabdIWn”taWNHpKyAN “pMQnLpNdIWngInKmDaN,pMQnLpNdIWngInKmDaNLmQnpOcIoApOHt,sAdoAmOnVd,LmQngInKlDagtEWNLbbKsrBLlOhlIewEg,LmQngInLegaXInIdkaNwEgaagjIgrEy LlOaDQn|”.nEWnLmQnpOtAbEd “sAdtFglFNdvWetFnKaNkaNpOKodcId,kaNpOcIcId”;nEWnLmQneVdtA “rObabzKdEdgIn”,LlOpOtAbEdrObabpOcIoApOHtoBQLoWjAN.... * GnKvlI nIeFg vX vEn gMd HpuMWmuIm aFdstrIlBLlOxrEQNKsd#1993-94 vMdnIm tFglFNvQIjOGhWaFNgInsAdoAmOnVdkaNaFdstrIlBmIuMWmuImLlOgvdgIqVgkaNvMdnIm LlOGhWqXIpIgtXQxrEQNvQI“yWNaFNgInsAdoAmOnVdkaNxrEQNuIgHpuMWmuImLlOgvdgIqVg kaN

415

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vQI: “aOKmrAgIsImIdGcWyInoEbKiDa gXIrIn kaNvMdnImHdW”“mBHf

416

jCQNmBqvEn”,qXIKvFWIdEQNgIQvqaQe|gIemIKpEn iUbiaeGnpB 1994 vQI“aOKmrAgI sImIdGcWoQIKiDadEQNgIQvHdW”.sAQNdEQNgIQvmInBW sOLdNGhWKhEn (1) oQIoBkaNvMdnImaaQnkXQ,KwDQaeIdLeQNgIncvQeKhlDajIgaOKmrAgI (GngInKpBdpOtUkaNtFnKaN); (2) KwDQanXIrIeHdWmIGhWvMdnIm,KwIOgInKcFQIyInoEbuUQ fBlAbpAn smEegaQnLmQngvQI 200

lIWnJdlItXQpB;oIN fBlAbpAn taWNgInGhWKcFQIGnqQI 1-2 tDW/pB (mBhINsMNaagmI).oENHdWqQIKcFQIKpEnLtQlOpB,LlOoENjOsIWNvMgKiEdNInoXIGhWcIvvMdnImaBg...(3) LtQbEnhItFWntXuUQoBQnBW LmQnvMdnImkId“LnvhlEN”, LlO “KsFIqXWI”qDLtQgaQn LmQnsOhIwIbJcvMdKpEnKsFIqXWI,tIWnuEngEngEb spjBn(sFNqImsIeLdn 1979).tXQgInnIbkUQkaNjBn,lEdoAkeIeaInIKkdcIdGhQetImqvImKvFWIkaNvMdnIm(LtQgaQn),GnbEnhI`UQKgIO pIrILcn LlO sOprEdtB sIeLdnuUQaIQvtFNLgN,sIeLdnrOvIQN vMd-jBn,bEnhI cFncIdjBntIQNdIWvuUQvMdnIm (GncVmpB 1979).sAQNdEQNgIQvnEWn gXLmQngInyae,gInhFdtFvkaN vMdnImGnKvoBsIgFn(GntFvjAN). * GnmXQmInBW,wvgKiFIHdWeAnvQI vMdnImjOsIWNJiNhlAWngInwOnEn(Casino) LlOHdWKcEnkXWtFglFNgEbbXrAsEdeEgGhQeaOKmrAgIgMQvgEbdIWniUbKNFI KcEQn: GM, Paramount LlOaDQn|,nEWnLmQnKpEnKrDWaNLpgplId LlOzAdgEbpOKwnB,nAsEekaNwEgsOtIlBnAdLoW| cCQNwvgKkFIHdW “hvNhIWmoVg|sDQsInmvncFnKkFWImIKbDQaKmFIpOcIcFn” KcEQn:~ENsDwAm,vIrOsIn,pCWm, vAoeV,,JiNiUbKNFI LlOaDQn|....kaN “tIKvEntFg”. oEN`FdpOgFdgInbINuIQNoBQeFgkDWnmInBWsOLdNGhWKhEnvQI KyANjOJahENuUQyvWmfWI,LtQtFvjANnEWnjOtaWNyaelFN LtQlOgIWv,LtQlOkFN

417

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421

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nEWn,gInwFvwEnrOvIQN vMdnIm-gXIwUKjEe (JpnpFd) GncVmpB 1977-78

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425

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426

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429

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430

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