NATURAL DISASTERS - HOW DO WE ENGINEER?

Michael Schomas

Education • Masters - Operations Management -

GPA 4.0/4.0 Illinois Institute of Technology May 2010

• B.S. Electrical Engineering 3.93 / 4.00 Illinois Institute of Technology May 2003

• B.A. Physics/Mathematics 3.25 / 4.00 North Central College June 1994

Project Domain • Project & Resource Management • Electronic Components & Optics • Manufacturing/Process Optimization &

Various Test Measurement & Equipment • Risk Management Highlights • Over three years in the water treatment

and point-of-use water filtration industry • Over five years in the telecom

components industry • Over three years in the military /

government contract industry • Over 15 years as project lead, project

manager, or engineering manager • Over 8 years in SPC and 6-Sigma

principles including Certification in 6-Sigma Green Belt from University of Michigan.

Personal • Kids (2) • Music (Bass & Guitar), and Vocals

Certification • Project Management Certified • Six Sigma Green Belt Certified • Statistical Process Control & Capability • Measurement System Analysis • Variance Components Analysis • Internal Auditing to ISO 9000 • Radar Concepts For Technical Personnel • RF & Filter Design Fundamentals • Introduction To Systems Engineering • Printed Wiring Board Design Guidelines • 1998 IEEE/UFFC Symposium • Cross-Functional Team Training & Problem

Solving Technical Profile • Assigned as the key technical individual for

technology transfers and facility relocations - 4 Years

• Assumed a lead role in a consulting organization for quality improvement and cost reduction projects in the appliance industry - 1 Year

• Identifying necessary testing through creation of FMEA and test plan documents - 8 Years

• Lead in the transition of electro-optical, automated test equipment from development, to manufacturing. - 3.5 Years

• Established reduced cycle time for assembly and testing - 8 Years

✓ Manufacturing Optimization ✓ Design & Business Process

Automation ✓ 6-Sigma Green Belt ✓ Project Management ✓ Performance Metrics &

Improvement ✓ Staff Motivation, Retention &

Development

✓ Vision / Mission Development ✓ Strategic Planning & Organizational

Structure ✓ Profit Loss Leadership & Partner

Building ✓ Budgeting (Capital & Operating) ✓ Cross-Domain Efficiency

Maximization ✓ Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis

Michael C Schomas

Education • Masters - Operations Management -

GPA 4.0/4.0 Illinois Institute of Technology May 2010

• B.S. Electrical Engineering 3.93 / 4.00 Illinois Institute of Technology May 2003

• B.A. Physics/Mathematics 3.25 / 4.00 North Central College June 1994

Project Domain • Project & Resource Management • Electronic Components & Optics • Manufacturing/Process Optimization &

Various Test Measurement & Equipment • Risk Management Highlights • Over three years in the water treatment

and point-of-use water filtration industry • Over five years in the telecom

components industry • Over three years in the military /

government contract industry • Over 15 years as project lead, project

manager, or engineering manager • Over 8 years in SPC and 6-Sigma

principles including Certification in 6-Sigma Green Belt from University of Michigan.

Personal • Kids (2) • Music (Bass & Guitar), and Vocals

Certification • Project Management Certified • Six Sigma Green Belt Certified • Statistical Process Control & Capability • Measurement System Analysis • Variance Components Analysis • Internal Auditing to ISO 9000 • Radar Concepts For Technical Personnel • RF & Filter Design Fundamentals • Introduction To Systems Engineering • Printed Wiring Board Design Guidelines • 1998 IEEE/UFFC Symposium • Cross-Functional Team Training & Problem

Solving Technical Profile • Assigned as the key technical individual for

technology transfers and facility relocations - 4 Years

• Assumed a lead role in a consulting organization for quality improvement and cost reduction projects in the appliance industry - 1 Year

• Identifying necessary testing through creation of FMEA and test plan documents - 8 Years

• Lead in the transition of electro-optical, automated test equipment from development, to manufacturing. - 3.5 Years

• Established reduced cycle time for assembly and testing - 8 Years

✓ Manufacturing Optimization ✓ Design & Business Process

Automation ✓ 6-Sigma Green Belt ✓ Project Management ✓ Performance Metrics &

Improvement ✓ Staff Motivation, Retention &

Development

✓ Vision / Mission Development ✓ Strategic Planning & Organizational

Structure ✓ Profit Loss Leadership & Partner

Building ✓ Budgeting (Capital & Operating) ✓ Cross-Domain Efficiency

Maximization ✓ Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis

Michael C Schomas

Today

AGENDA

Statistical Concepts

Plate Tectonics

Waveforms

Design Concepts & Methods

STATISTICAL CONCEPTS: PROBABILITY DENSITY

Why is this important?

Terms:• Mean• Median• Average• Standard Deviation

STATISTICAL CONCEPTS: PROBABILITY DENSITYX-Year Event

What is the 100 year Flood?• “The term "100-year flood" is used in an attempt to simplify the

definition of a flood that statistically has a 1-percent chance of occurring in any given year. Likewise, the term "100-year storm" is used to define a rainfall event that statistically has this same 1-percent chance of occurring.” - USGS

STATISTICAL CONCEPTS: ENGINEERING CONCEPTSEngineers can design to a 100% probability that any bridge, building, house, stadium, etc. that is designed can survive anything that mother nature throws at us.

Then why don’t we?

• Answer: It’s just too stinkin’ expensive

So we use statistics to tell us the likelihood of an event happening in 100 years, 200 years, 300 years, etc.

STATISTICAL CONCEPTS: ENGINEERING CONCEPTSWhere we get our data from is even more interesting….

Sources:

• Government Agencies: USGS, NASA, FEMA, EPA

• Independent Research: Do the digging ourselves, conduct our own studies and computer simulations, or purchase independent testing labs like UL, NSF, various colleges, etc.

• Look to history: Archeological evidence like extinction events, major signs of volcanic, meteor, or flood events as well as evidence of global temperature swings like “The Little Ice Age”

PLATE TECTONICSIt was this archeological evidence that proved the theory that the earth is dynamic - always moving.

These plates move very consistently at about 1 Inch per year - Same as your fingernails!

PLATE TECTONICS

Plates tend to interact in three ways:

Plate Interfaces:

• Expansion

• Compression

• Shear

PLATE TECTONICS

Expansion: Iceland

Icelanders use this to basically get free heat!

PLATE TECTONICS

Compression: India

Caused the major earthquake of December 26th, 2004

PLATE TECTONICS

Shear: San Andreas Fault Line, California

Causes many earthquakes on a geological timeframe

PLATE TECTONICS: RING OF FIRE“The Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity … around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. Roughly 90% of all earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire, and the ring is dotted with 75% of all active volcanoes on Earth. … A string of 452 volcanoes stretches from the southern tip of South America, up along the coast of North America, across the Bering Strait, down through Japan, and into New Zealand.” - National Geographic

PLATE TECTONICS: WAVEFORMSThese plate boundaries cause different types of earthquakes, and structures need to be designed differently in different parts of the world to accommodate.

Wave Types:

• Thickness Shear (Transverse):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YLjIvJXhpghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzAGK8nH_MM

• Expansion/Contraction (Longitudinal):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06yuojKQGWw

• Comparison of each:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwHxCj6nXoI&ebc=ANyPxKqih_eNizFpDMS-U4W-t4y01MTP69wZ_gWUhmio3JNelAlP15Kio-pt-p6dEi_M5_0JJbJSgJbdbnRZkMwuutdfRkh4AQ

PLATE TECTONICS: WAVEFORMSPredicting earthquakes isn’t possible, so we look at different ways to detect them today

Here is an example of a different method of detection:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17GNzXmEYjA

The animation shows how waves of energy from the Tohoku-Oki earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011, pierced through into Earth's upper atmosphere in the vicinity of Japan, disturbing the density of

electrons in the ionosphere. These disturbances were monitored by tracking GPS signals between satellites and ground receivers.

METHODS OF DESIGN

There are different methods of design to make a building more “resistant”:

• Isolators (Rollers):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z30rcg3buuw

• Shock Absorbers (Oil Dampers):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xp2pGxFzrzI

• Building material selection:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0cz-oDfUg0&ebc=ANyPxKq1FbEAyfIpuCDHOyUIh9AvGDEl6TL6Mgek-FJTCbyoASnG0ycjEFLgm1FZvYkpUMcdZ7lNSht9DpaQmjigNE8nXNroJw

METHODS OF DESIGNPictures and images:

Damper in Oregon - Floor by Floor Damper Manufacturing

METHODS OF DESIGNPictures and images:

Rubber Isolators

METHODS OF DESIGN

Other Technologies (each have strengths and weaknesses):

• Air Cushions - Turned on when an earthquake is “sensed”

• Mass Dampers - A huge suspended mass in the top of the building in a fluid to offset the vibrations.

• Concentric plastic Rings - Placed in the ground several feet away from the building to absorb the waves before they hit the building.

• Exotic Materials - Nickel Titanium, or Nitinol, can act more like a spring instead of steel and concrete.

• Mummy Wrapping - Carbon fiber material to wrap around existing concrete, and then filled with epoxy.

METHODS OF DESIGN

But what about homes? - Made of wood

• Fiber reinforced wraps

• Cross Bracing of trusses, joists - Metal plates connected between the major junctions

• Building Standards:• California: http://www.seismic.ca.gov/pub/CSSC_2005-01_HOG.pdf• FEMA: http://conservationtech.com/FEMA-WEB/FEMA-subweb-EQ/02-02-

EARTHQUAKE/1-BUILDINGS/C~-Structures-Intro.htm• White paper: http://taylordevices.com/Tech-Paper-archives/literature-pdf/38-

DampedSway.pdf• Article (New York Times): http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/31/weekinreview/the-

world-one-defense-against-quakes-build-homes-of-wood.html

METHODS OF DESIGNGeneral Design Rules: Ultimately you are designing for things that will shake side-to-side

• Structure should be as light as possible

• Cross Bracing should be used: Ex: John Hancock building in Chicago

• Flexible material and / or flexible joints

• Lower the center of mass: Ex Pyramid is an ideal design.• Wider at the bottom

• Isolate the vibration: Flexible mounting to foundation

• Make floors as light as possible, and will not collapse: Ex: Dampers on each floor

• Your roof should be as light as possible

METHODS OF DESIGN

Protection of Secondary Events:

• Having a building survive is one issue, but more people die from the bookcases that fall, and the fires that ensue vs. building collapses.

• Tie-Downs on furniture are required in some municipalities

• Building Control Systems: Automatically shut off gas and electricity when an earthquake is detected.

QUESTIONS???

Don’t be afraid to ask….