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Section D

Cadmium in the Environment and Cadmium Toxicity

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Cadmium

!  Chemical form: +2 state

!  Sources - Mining - Food and water

!  Average intake 10–40 µg/day - Fertilizers - Tobacco

!  Body burden doubled in smokers

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Cadmium: Absorption and Accumulation

!  Absorbed by respiratory - 30%

!  By GI tract - 8% (higher with poor diet)

!  Accumulates in cells and tissues - 50% body burden in liver and kidney

!  Continues to concentrate in kidney until age 50–60

!  Half-life - 20–30 years in kidney - 6–10 years in liver

!  Only a fraction of absorbed Cd is excreted

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Cadmium: Targets of Toxicity

!  Lung - Smokers

!  Kidney - Role of metallothionein

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Role of Metallothionein: in Renal Cd Accumulation

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Role of Metallothionein: in Renal Cd Toxicity

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Cadmium: Targets of Toxicity

!  Lung - Smokers

!  Kidney - Role of metallothionein

!  Bone: secondary to kidney effects -  Increased urinary loss of calcium - Cd effects on vitamin D

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Cadmium Biomarkers

!  Urine Cd

!  Urine glucose

!  Proteinuria—ß2–microglobulin

!  Urine Cd–metallothionein

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Itai-Itai Disease in Toyama Prefecture

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Nriagu, 1981

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Case Study: Itai-Itai Disease

!  Itai-Itai disease (Japan) - The Kamioka zinc mine

!  Cd contamination of water and rice along Jinzu river basin - Average daily intake = 500–800 µg

!  Effects on female inhabitants of Jinzu river basin

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Bone

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Itai-Itai Disease

Age (years)

Patients Male Female

45–49 3 50–54 4 55–59 11 60–64 27 65–69 34 70–74 20 75–79 2 8 80–84 7 85–89 1 Total 2 115

Source: Nakagawa. (1990). Arch Env Health.

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