this photo by unknown author is licensed under cc by-sa ... · tablet 1: equivalent to dry herb...
TRANSCRIPT
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PCOS: Herbal and Dietary Optionswith Camille Freeman, RH, LDN, DCN
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
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Hi! I’m Camille.
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What is PCOS?
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What is PCOS?
Rotterdam Criteria
•Chronic oligo- or anovulation
•Polycystic ovaries based on ultrasound
•Clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism
(Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group, 2004)
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Figure 1 from Kempegowdaet al. (2020)
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Hormonal PictureElevated free testosterone/”Free Androgyn Index” (FAI)
Low Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
Lipid profile altered
Fasting glucose elevated
Luteinizing hormone high
LH:FSH ratio high
Estradiol may be high; TSH may be high
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PCOS Phenotypes Figure 1 Moore & Campell (2017)
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How does it develop?
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Figure 1 from Puttabyatappa et al. (2016)
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Consider Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Triclocarbans (TCC)
Phthalates
BPA
Nicotine
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Pathophysiology
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Pathophysiology of PCOS: A Vicious CycleFigure 2 from Dumesic et al., (2015)
* Elevated free androgens
* Elevated LH
* Insulin resistance
* Increased SNS activity
* Anovulation or oligoovulation
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Image by Alexandra Garcia -Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90648154
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Steroid formation
Image by David Richfield (User:Slashme) and Mikael Häggström. Derived from previous version by Hoffmeier and Settersr.Inexternal use, this diagram may be cited as:(2014). "Diagramof the pathways of human steroidogenesis". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (1). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.005. ISSN 20018762. -Häggström M, Richfield D (2014). "Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (1). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.005. ISSN 20024436., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4494399
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Insulin Resistance and PCOSHigh insulin stimulates release of LH
LH stimulates androgen production in the ovary
High insulin also lowers SHBG synthesis in liver
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Neuroendocrine InputPCOS may be associated with more frequent pulses of GnRH
PCOS may be associated with higher levels of GnRH
These can increase the amount of LH circulating
LH stimulates the ovaries to make more androgens
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InflammationMore adipose tissue = more androgens
More adipose tissue = more inflammatory cytokine profile
Fat can store EDC
High androgen levels and high insulin levels promote adipose accumulation
Androgens promote bigger adipose cells
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White Adipose Tissue in PCOS Figure 2 from Spinedi& Cardinali (2018)
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Other factors to consider:Increased cardiovascular risk
Autoimmune thyroid disease
Microflora in GI
Concurrent eating disorder
Concurrent anxiety/depression
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Supportive Strategies
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ThemesBlood sugar balance and metabolic support
Reproductive hormone balance
Liver support
Decrease inflammation
Nervous system/stress support
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Clinical Studies of InterestRCT 60 people with PCOS/infertility/elevated BMI.
* 1/3 took Clomid
* 1/3 used herbal capsule
* 1/3 did both
Antioxidant levels in blood increased significantly with options 2 & 3, insulin resistance improved in 2 & 3; all 3 groups had improvements in oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea & pregnancy rates.
(Ainehchi et al., 2019)
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Herbal Formula UsedMentha spicata (spearmint leaf) 250 mg
Zingiber officinale (ginger rhizome) 200 mg
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon bark) 150 mg
Citrus sinensis (orange peel) 100 mg
Took one 700 mg capsule per day for 3 months
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A second multi-herb study (Arentz et al., 2017)RCT of 122 people with PCOS/elevated BMI split into two groups.
Both had lifestyle intervention (lower calorie diet, more exercise).
2nd group also had two herbal products:
- licorice, white peony, cinnamon and st john’s wort (MediHerb; 3 tabs/d)
- Tribulus Forte (MediHerb; 3 tabs/d for 10 days starting on d 5)
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ResultsMean length of cycle in 2nd group was 42 days lower than other group (63.7 d v. 106.6 d)
55% of people in the herbal group had normal cycle length compared to 24.2% in other group (20-34 days = “normal”)
Follicular phase estrogen was higher and LH/fasting insulin were lower in herbal group.
Conception rates higher in herbal group
No differences in testosterone, SHBG, FAI, etc.
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Products UsedTablet 1: Equivalent to dry herb dose
Licorice root 2,250 mg/d (in 3 tabs)
White peony root 2,250 mg/d
Cinnamon bark 2,250 mg/d
St. John’s wort aerial parts 2,250 mg/d
Tablet 2:
Tribulus Forte 40,500 mg/d (in 3 tabs) for 10 days each cycle
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Other Herbs to ConsiderBlack cohosh
Ginger
Cinnamon
Spearmint
Licorice
White peony
Vitex
Immune/anti-inflammatory herbs
Adaptogens/nervinesThis Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
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Black CohoshKamel (2013)
RCT n=50 comparing Clomid with 20 mg Klimadynon x 10 days starting on day 2 x 3 cycles in people with PCOSBlack cohosh group had significantly lower LH, higher progesterone and lower LH: FSH ratio; both had similar pregnancy rates & thickness of endometrial lining
Shahin & Mohammed (2014)RCT n=206 comparing Clomid with Clomid + 120 mg Klimadynon/d from day 1 through menses or pregnancy test. Both got progesterone in LP in people with PCOS who were TTCBlack cohosh group had higher pregnancies per cycle, shorter cycles, higher estradiol and lower LH mid-cycle and higher progesterone in luteal phase
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Spearmint Akdojan et al. (2007)
21 “hirsute women” took 1 c herbal tea two x/day for 5 d during follicular phase.
Significant reductions in free T, increases in LH/FSH and E2, no change in total T, liver enzymes, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol
Grant (2010)
RCT n=42 people with PCOS took 2 cups/d spearmint or placebo (chamomile) x 30 days.
Free and total T decreased significantly in mint group; hirsutism decreased subjectively but not objectively
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Also: rhythm!
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
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Dietary Strategies
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Does diet work?Lifestyle changes can affect free androgen index (FAI), weight and BMI in people with PCOS. (Lim et al., 2019)
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Specific Diets
Pulse-rich diet may be helpful (Kazemi et al, 2018)
Low GI diet (Shishehgar et al, 2019)
Mediterranean Diet
Low-fat/low-carb diet (Zhang et al, 2019)
Anti-inflammatory diet/low AGEs (Garg & Merhi, 2019)
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Figure 1 from Garg & Merhi (2015)
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Supplements
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Inositol
MYO-INOSITOL D-CHIRO-INOSITOL
Images by Kupirijo at English Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7904956
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Myo-Inositol D-Chiro-Inositol
epimerase
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Comparing MI and DCI
DCI
•Androgen synthesis
•Glycogen synthesis
MI
•Glucose uptake
•FSH signaling
•Oocyte differentiation
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The Ovarian ParadoxIn most tissues, insulin resistance leads to excess MI and low epimerase activity.
In the ovaries, the opposite seems to be true. Epimerase activity is high, and there is a relative deficiency of MI.
(Heimark, McAllister & Larner, 2014; Unferet al., 2014)
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Benefits of Supplemental Inositol
Lower insulin levels (serum)
Lower glucose levels (serum)
Improved insulin resistance
Improved ovulation/fertility
Dose: 2-4 g/day myo-inositol
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Other supplements to considerProbiotics: L. acidophilus and L. casei most studied (Cozzolini et al., 2020): decreased BMI, decreased serum testosterone, improved glucose tolerance and lower systemic inflammation compared to placebo. No changes in SHBG or FAI
Melatonin: See Spinedi & Cardinali (2018)
Review micronutrient intake
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A quick word about metformin
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Galega officinalis (goat’s rue; French Lilac)
Image from Wikipedia; CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=
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Metformin mechanismsLowers serum glucose
Works via liver and gut
Increases glucose uptake and lactate production
Alters microbiome
Influences resident immune cells in liver, gut, adipose
+ More (McCreight et al., 2016)
In PCOS, improves clinical outcomes but not metabolic/endocrine outcomes (Patel & Shah, 2017)
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Metformin Mechanisms
From Yerevanian & Soukas (2019)
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SummaryConsider insulin resistance, androgen excess, ovulatory dysfunction
Androgen: spearmint, licorice, peony, probiotics, liver supportOvulatory dysfunction: Tribulus, black cohosh, biphasic formulasInsulin resistance: Cinnamon, ginger, licorice, bitters
Tailor: immune support, adaptogen/nervine support, constitutional support
If on metformin, consider B vitamin supplementation
Supplements: consider myoinositol 2-4 g/d, probiotics + micronutrients as needed
Lifestyle:
Diet: fiber, low inflammatory/processed foods
Avoid EDC
Exercise
Find daily/monthly rhythms
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Thank you for being here!Slides & References: www.camillefreeman.com/pcos