Third EditionThird Edition

Dr. Wasim Al-Habil.Dr. Wasim Al-Habil.

Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining Public AdministrationDefining Public Administration

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ChapterChapter

Defining Public AdministrationDefining Public Administration

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““Public Administration (PA) can be Public Administration (PA) can be

defined from political, legal, defined from political, legal,

managerial, and occupation managerial, and occupation

perspectivesperspectives”.”.

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Key TopicsKey Topics

Public Administration & PoliticsPublic Administration & Politics Public Administration as an Public Administration as an

academic fieldacademic field Woodrow Wilson & Public Woodrow Wilson & Public

AdministrationAdministration Public Administration as a Public Administration as a

professionprofession Public Administration and CitizensPublic Administration and Citizens

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Administration Administration

The management and direction of The management and direction of the affairs of government and the affairs of government and institutions; a collective term for institutions; a collective term for policymaking officials of policymaking officials of government; the execution and government; the execution and implementation of public policy.implementation of public policy.

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Management Management

A word that refers to both to the A word that refers to both to the people responsible for running an people responsible for running an organization and to the running organization and to the running process itself; the numerous process itself; the numerous resources (employees and resources (employees and machines) to accomplish an machines) to accomplish an organizational goal.organizational goal.

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What is the Executive What is the Executive Branch?Branch?

The part of government The part of government responsible for applying and or responsible for applying and or administering the law. administering the law.

Thus a president, governor, or Thus a president, governor, or mayor and the supporting mayor and the supporting bureaucracies are the executive bureaucracies are the executive branches of their perspective branches of their perspective jurisdictions.jurisdictions.

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Who is the Professional Who is the Professional employee?employee?

A member of an occupation requiring A member of an occupation requiring specialized knowledge that can gained specialized knowledge that can gained only after intensive preparation.only after intensive preparation.

Professional occupations tend to Professional occupations tend to posses three features:posses three features:

1.1. Academic & practical knowledgeAcademic & practical knowledge

2.2. Measurement of standard successMeasurement of standard success

3.3. Control of over professional practiceControl of over professional practice

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What is Public Administration?What is Public Administration?

Whatever governments do for Whatever governments do for good or ill.good or ill.

It’s public administration’s It’s public administration’s political context that makes it political context that makes it public.public.

It is distinguished form the It is distinguished form the private or business private or business administration.administration.

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What is Public Policy?What is Public Policy?

Decision-making by government.Decision-making by government. Governments are constantly Governments are constantly

concerned about what they concerned about what they should or should not do.should or should not do.

And whatever they do or do not And whatever they do or do not is public policy.is public policy.

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What is Public Interest?What is Public Interest?

The universal label in which The universal label in which political actors wrap the policies political actors wrap the policies and programs that they and programs that they advocate.advocate.

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What are Regulations?What are Regulations?

The totality of government The totality of government controls on the social and controls on the social and economic activities of its economic activities of its citizens.citizens.

The rulemaking process of those The rulemaking process of those administrative agencies charged administrative agencies charged with the official interpretation of with the official interpretation of laws.laws.

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What is Red Tape?What is Red Tape?

The ribbon that was once used to The ribbon that was once used to bind government documents.bind government documents.

The term now stands as a The term now stands as a symbol of excessive official symbol of excessive official formality and over attention of to formality and over attention of to prescribed routines.prescribed routines.

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What are Regulations?What are Regulations?

The totality of government The totality of government controls on the social and controls on the social and economic activities of its economic activities of its citizens.citizens.

The rulemaking process of those The rulemaking process of those administrative agencies charged administrative agencies charged with the official interpretation of with the official interpretation of laws.laws.

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Public Administration: Art & Public Administration: Art & ScienceScience

PA as an academic field is the study of the art PA as an academic field is the study of the art and science of management applied to the and science of management applied to the public sector.public sector.

PA does not only concern about management.PA does not only concern about management. PA incorporates as its subject matter of the PA incorporates as its subject matter of the

political, social, cultural, and legal political, social, cultural, and legal environments that affect the running of public environments that affect the running of public institutions.institutions.

It is inherently cross-disciplinary. It is inherently cross-disciplinary. encompassing so much of other fields encompassing so much of other fields (political science, sociology, business (political science, sociology, business administration, and law).administration, and law).

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Management between Management between science and artscience and art

Many believe it savvy and Many believe it savvy and experience, do not need to experience, do not need to examine, or there is an examine, or there is an administrative science learned in administrative science learned in studying. Is management science studying. Is management science or art? or art?

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The nature of scienceThe nature of science : :

Science is "knowledge organization is Science is "knowledge organization is accessed scientific methods such as accessed scientific methods such as observation, experimentation, and observation, experimentation, and investigation. Knowing that produces the investigation. Knowing that produces the laws and theories and concepts." laws and theories and concepts."

There is the ability to predict the behavior There is the ability to predict the behavior of human beings that is governed by the of human beings that is governed by the instructions and decisions to the degree instructions and decisions to the degree we can say that people make in their we can say that people make in their administration according to the administration according to the organizations that they work.organizations that they work.

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The nature of artThe nature of art Art "is the personal capacity to the application of certain Art "is the personal capacity to the application of certain

ideas and theories in a graceful manner and smart." And ideas and theories in a graceful manner and smart." And this due to several factors such as experience and this due to several factors such as experience and experimentation and the method of work, and practice experimentation and the method of work, and practice of a profession vary from one person to another who of a profession vary from one person to another who have studied this science and theories. have studied this science and theories.

Successful application of management varies from one Successful application of management varies from one person to another, and this indicates the effect of person to another, and this indicates the effect of experience and personal experience of the Director for experience and personal experience of the Director for his ability to deliberate on the application of his ability to deliberate on the application of management science in different areas. management science in different areas.

Synthesis, science and art administration at the same Synthesis, science and art administration at the same time, and must of intermarriage between them. Can not time, and must of intermarriage between them. Can not be through examples of successful administrators did be through examples of successful administrators did not study the Department denying the existence of the not study the Department denying the existence of the science of management and the need to be taught.science of management and the need to be taught.

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Public Administration & Woodrow Public Administration & Woodrow WilsonWilson

As a field of study, PA is traditionally As a field of study, PA is traditionally traced to Woodrow Wilson’s 1887 traced to Woodrow Wilson’s 1887 article “The Study of Public article “The Study of Public Administration.”Administration.”

The discipline of PA, after developing The discipline of PA, after developing as part of political science, emerged as part of political science, emerged as an independent field in the second as an independent field in the second half of the 20half of the 20thth century. century.

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Public Administration as a Public Administration as a ProfessionProfession

PA offers significant opportunities for PA offers significant opportunities for idealism in the pursuit of public idealism in the pursuit of public service.service.

The provision of public services - The provision of public services - whether by career public servants or whether by career public servants or by contracted private sector by contracted private sector employees – remains the every employees – remains the every essence of public administration.essence of public administration.

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Public Administration as a Public Administration as a ProfessionProfession

PA offers significant opportunities for PA offers significant opportunities for idealism in the pursuit of public idealism in the pursuit of public service.service.

The provision of public services - The provision of public services - whether by career public servants or whether by career public servants or by contracted private sector by contracted private sector employees – remains the every employees – remains the every essence of public administration.essence of public administration.

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Administration's relationship Administration's relationship to other sciencesto other sciences..

EconomicsEconomics Politics Science and lawPolitics Science and law PsychologyPsychology SociologySociology StatisticsStatistics AccountingAccounting Computer ScienceComputer Science..

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The areas of managementThe areas of management

The Directorate General implement the general The Directorate General implement the general policy of the State by different government policy of the State by different government agencies, and by these devices planning, agencies, and by these devices planning, organization and direction and control to organization and direction and control to achieve the desired objectives, namely the achieve the desired objectives, namely the public administration organs and public public administration organs and public institutions, ministries and other central institutions, ministries and other central administration.administration.

That the administration executive work is That the administration executive work is different from politics, a legislative action, there different from politics, a legislative action, there is emphasis on the need to separate between is emphasis on the need to separate between the management and policy.the management and policy.

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ContinueContinue::

Business Management Business Management Known as "the process of implementing Known as "the process of implementing

projects of an economic nature, which projects of an economic nature, which works to satisfy the needs of the works to satisfy the needs of the financial and moral support in general financial and moral support in general and limited view to profit." and limited view to profit."

Business Administration means the Business Administration means the conduct of activities that address the conduct of activities that address the production of goods or services production of goods or services necessary to satisfy the needs and necessary to satisfy the needs and desires in order to make a profit from it.desires in order to make a profit from it.

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The difference between public The difference between public administration and business administration and business managementmanagement..

1.1. Work more under the legislation.Work more under the legislation.2.2. Public interest. not achieve profit Public interest. not achieve profit 3.3. Public satisfaction.Public satisfaction.4.4. Competition.Competition.5.5. Overall responsibility.Overall responsibility.6.6. Official capacity “formal”.Official capacity “formal”.7.7. Risk degree.Risk degree.8.8. SizeSize9.9. Provide citizens with all the Provide citizens with all the

information information

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BureaucracyBureaucracy

Bureaucracy in English: Bureaucracy is a Bureaucracy in English: Bureaucracy is a concept used in sociology and political concept used in sociology and political science refers to the application of the laws science refers to the application of the laws by force in organized societiesby force in organized societies

Bureaucracy in French "bureaucratic" as: Bureaucracy in French "bureaucratic" as: "power and influence exercised by heads of "power and influence exercised by heads of government and officials of government government and officials of government bodies.bodies.

Bureaucracy is the combined organizational Bureaucracy is the combined organizational structure, procedures, protocols, and set of structure, procedures, protocols, and set of regulations in place to manage activity, regulations in place to manage activity, usually in large organizations. usually in large organizations.

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BureaucracyBureaucracy

Many believed that the bureaucratic Many believed that the bureaucratic system is corrupt and undesirable or system is corrupt and undesirable or bureaucracy inherent complexities of bureaucracy inherent complexities of office and numerous papers and columns office and numerous papers and columns of reviewers, but the bureaucratic double-of reviewers, but the bureaucratic double-edged sword is the a model organization edged sword is the a model organization that should lead to completion of the that should lead to completion of the work the best, bureaucracy is not a work the best, bureaucracy is not a disease of administration unless abused disease of administration unless abused administrators and staff use the administrators and staff use the elements.elements.

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ReviewReview

The difference between public The difference between public administration and business administration and business management.management.

Administration's relationship to Administration's relationship to other sciences.other sciences.

Management science and art.Management science and art. Bureaucracy. Bureaucracy.