thinking about psychology: the science of mind and behavior...
TRANSCRIPT
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Thinking About Psychology:
The Science of Mind and
Behavior 2e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker
Randal M. Ernst
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Cognitive Domain
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Learning Chapter
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Observational
Learning
Module 21
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Albert Bandura and
Observational
Learning
Module 21: Observational Learning
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Observational Learning
• Learning by observing others
• Also called Social-Cognitive Learning
or Social Learning Theory
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Model
• Person observed in observational
learning
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Modeling
• Process of the learner observing and
imitating a specific behavior that they
see the model doing
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Albert Bandura (1925- )
• American psychologist who has done major
studies in observational learning
• Studies the consequences a model has on
subjects
• Bobo Doll experiments
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Bobo Doll Experiments
• Children watched an adult model show
aggressive behavior toward a bobo doll
• Three experimental conditions:
– The model was praised.
– The model was punished.
– Or the model received no consequences
for the aggressive behavior.
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Bobo Doll
• Child playing in a room watches adult in
another part of the room hit, kick, and throw
an inflatable Bobo doll.
• The tirade also included the adult shouting
things like “Hit him down…kick him”
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Bobo Doll Experiments
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Stage 2
• In the next stage of the experiment the
child was brought to a room full of toys
and allowed to happily play with them.
• The child was then intentionally frustrated
by being told he couldn’t play with the
“good” toys
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How did the Child React?
Children who had observed an attack on the Bobo doll
were not only more aggressive, but also mimicked the
exact behaviors and words they had seen.
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Bobo Doll Experiments
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Vicarious Learning
• Learning by seeing the consequences of
another person’s behavior
• If you see the person receive positive
consequences/reward then you are likely
to copy their behavior
• If you see the person punished for the
behavior you are not likely to
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Modeling Requirements
• Bandura suggests four requirements for
effective modeling to occur:
– Attention – to learn, you must be aware
of the behaviors of those around you
– Retention – you must remember the
behavior you witnessed
– Ability to reproduce the behavior – have
to physically be able to do it
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• Motivation – more likely to feel
motivated to learn if we like the model (I
wanna be like Kanye) and if the model
has been rewarded
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Biological Explanation?
Mirror Neurons• Brain cells located in the front of the brain
that activate when performing certain
actions or when observing another do so
• For example, in a monkey’s brain these
neurons function the same way when they
are watching another monkey grasp an
object as they do when the monkey grasps
the object on its own.
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Observational
Learning in Everyday
Life
Module 21: Observational Learning
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Antisocial/Prosocial Behavior
• Antisocial behavior - negative,
destructive unhelpful behavior
• Prosocial behavior – positive,
constructive, helpful behavior
• Both types of behavior can be modeled
effectively.
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Observational
Learning of Violence
From the Media
Module 21: Observational Learning
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Impact of the Media
• By the time you graduate high school you
will have spent more time watching TV
than you spent in school (this doesn’t even
include computers, phones, and social
media!)
• The average US student has witnessed
about 8,000 murders and well over
100,000 acts of violence by the end of
elementary school (rarely portraying pain
or harm to the victim in a realistic way)
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APA Commission on Violence and Youth
• Higher levels of violence on TV are
associated with increased acceptance of
aggressive attitudes and behavior
• Children’s exposure to TV violence has
harmful, lifelong consequences
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Violence and the Media
• Portrayals of women as victims and
minorities in aggressive and violent roles
worsen the violence experienced by women
and ethnic minorities
• Viewing TV programming and commercials
affects our concept of reality and how we
believe others live.
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The End