Things That Make You Go Things That Make You Go Hmmm…Hmmm…

Sex is Not

a Rat Race

Sudden Infant Death SyndromeSudden Infant Death Syndrome

• Could be related to serotonin usage: even though serotonin neurons high the receptors to detect it are low

• Disrupts the oxygen and temperature centers therefore should wake baby up if they are having difficulty.

EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS

Development of nerve nets Cephalization and nerve cords

•Cephalization – concentration of nervous tissue towards one end of the organism

•Cephalization also developed bilateral symmetry

CEPHALIZATIONCEPHALIZATION

• Control the animals’ directional movements, and complex behavior• Some internal parasites have gone the reverse direction and lost it!•Mollusks: sessile ones e.g. clams no cephalization, squids and octopus though have more complex movement.

ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central and Peripheral Systems

control the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

Slows down activities of the body

For flight or fight response

External &Internal Environment

Prepares body for stressReturns body to normal resting levels afterhaving adjusted to stress

THE BRAIN

Now close your eyes…….

• How many genes control the development of the CNS?

• What makes human brain so special?

•Is your mind separate from your body? Descartes asked in the 15th century.

NATURE VS NURTURENATURE VS NURTURE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STn3bpTTU6c

EXPERIMENTING ON THE BRAINEXPERIMENTING ON THE BRAIN

KBG EXPERIMENTS ON THE BRAIN MODERN USE OF TECHNOLOGY

DIFFERENT BRAIN DIFFERENT BRAIN DEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTS

Greatest evolutionary changes has occurred with the forebrain.

CerebrumCerebrumCerebrum divided into 4 lobes:-Frontal lobe-Parietal lobe-Occipital lobe-Temporal lobe

- Lobes are named after the skull bones that lie over them

Folds:Hills: gyriValleys: sulci

White Matter: inside Myelinated axonsGrey: Outside (cerebral cortex)

• A horizontal slice of the head of an adult man, from the Visible Human project. For this project, a cadaver was frozen and then sliced into thin sections, which were photographed at high resolution. This section shows the cerebral cortex and underlying white matter.

FRONTAL LOBEFRONTAL LOBE

B. Premotor and C. Motor Areas

• voluntary muscle movement

• Three parts:

a. Prefrontal cortex• reaches maturity in 20s• Cognition• Planning and reasoning• Personality expression• Judgement, impulse control• Memory• motivation• Most dopamine-sensitive neurons

LOBOTOMIESLOBOTOMIES

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk

• Frontal lobe is associated with diseases such as: Schizophrenia Alzheimers Parkinson’s

Motor CortexMotor Cortex

PARIETAL LOBE

• spatial sense and navigation

• Integrating sensory information from various parts of the body

• Knowledge of numbers and their relations

OCCIPITAL LOBEOCCIPITAL LOBE

• What happens when you see “stars”?

• What role does the occipital lobe have in the blind?

• Are visual prosthetics in our future?

I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas thought slpeling was ipmorantt.

LEARNING DISABILITIES

TEMPORAL LOBETEMPORAL LOBE

• Auditory processing

• Speech

• Memory (contains the hippocampus)

3 functional categories: Can you identify these areas?-Primary sensory area – receiving signals from sensory nerves-Primary motor area – connects to motor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord-Association areas – remainder of cortex

- involved with complex processes: perception, thought

LEFT VS RIGHT BRAIN? IS LEFT VS RIGHT BRAIN? IS THERE SUCH A THING?THERE SUCH A THING?

NOT REALLY!

CROSS SECTION OF THE BRAINCROSS SECTION OF THE BRAIN

• Left hemisphere control right side of body and vice versa

• Relatively symmetrical functions in 2 hemispheres

• Corpus callosum connects 2 hemispheres by functionally related points

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALESMALES AND FEMALES

• male brains 10% larger to accommodate larger muscle mass

• corpus callosum larger in females• females activate both hemispheres when dealing with

language and fine motor skills and matures 6 years earlier than boys

• males math area of the brain matures 4 years earlier than females

• Males have 6.5 times more grey “thinking” matter while females have 9.5 times white matter that connect different parts of the brain.

• frontal and temporal lobe is more organized in women and bigger.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKVwcwXc4DkAnimal planet

NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION

• Women use cerebral cortex for solving navigational problems, therefore relying on landmarks more

• Men use left hippocampus which automatically codes where you are in space

• practice does influence neural connections and functions

CerebellumCerebellum• Major role in motor

control and coordination

• Damage can lead to tremors, vertigo, loss of balance, coordination and posture

BrainstemBrainstem

• Evolutionary older structures are regulate essential automatic and integrative functions

• 3 parts:

a. medulla oblongata

b. pons

c. midbrain (with reticular formation)

Medulla OblongataMedulla Oblongata

• Joins spinal cord to cerebellum

• Controls involuntary muscle action– Breathing– Heart rate– Blood vessel

diameter

Pineal Pineal glandgland

• In humans, size of a grain of rice

• Produces melatonin

• Regulates sleep patterns

PonsPons- Relays information

between cerebellum and forebrain

HypothalamusHypothalamus

• In humans, size of an almond

• Connects nervous system to endocrine system via pituitary gland

ThalamusThalamus• Receives and relays

sensory signals to cerebral cortex

• Motor control

• Regulate sleep and wakefulness

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u82nzTzL7ToADHD

AmygdalaAmygdala

• Formation and storage of memories linked to emotional events

Do you love me or are you IN Do you love me or are you IN love with me?love with me?

• The insula and striatum become activated with love.

• Sexual desire lights up the striatum area that's activated by things that are pleasurable, like sex and food.

• Love activates an area that's involved in the process of conditioning. This is the effect of having feelings paired with reward or pleasure.

HippocampusHippocampus

• Long-term memory

• Spatial navigation

• First region in brain to suffer in Alzheimer’s patients

What did professor hippocampus say at his retirement party?

Thanks for the memories

WOW!WOW!

• The cerbral cortex of the human brain contains roughly 15–33 billion neurons, perhaps more, depending on gender and age, linked with up to 10,000 synaptic connections each.

Test Yourself!Test Yourself!

What parts of the brain are stimulated when:• You visualize an image• Listen to the sounds of the room• Silently tap your finger• Count backwards• Remember a past event• Pinch yourself• Are shown a picture of a loved one