thesis the role of religion, idea and identity in taliban alliance with...

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THESIS

THE ROLE OF RELIGION, IDEA AND IDENTITY IN TALIBAN ALLIANCE WITH

AL QAEDA IN AFGHANISTAN

BY:

MOHAMMAD AYUB MIRDAD

NIM. 071414553004

MASTER PROGRAM INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF AIRLANGGA

SURABAYA

2016

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ADLN-PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

THESIS THE ROLE OF RELIGION, IDEA, AND IDENTITY... MOHAMMAD AYUB M

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THE ROLE OF RELIGION, IDEA AND IDENTITY IN TALIBAN ALLIANCE WITH

AL QAEDA IN AFGHANISTAN

Thesis

Submitted as One of Requirements to Complete Magister Study

The Master Program in International Relations

Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

University of Airlangga

BY:

MOHAMMAD AYUB MIRDAD

NIM. 071414553004

MASTER PROGRAM INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF AIRLANGGA

SURABAYA

2016

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ACCEPTANCE PAGE

Thesis titled

The Role of Religion, Idea and Identity in Taliban Alliance with Al Qaeda in

Afghanistan

It Has Been Approved For Submission to the Commission Examiner

Surabaya, 22 December 2015

Supervisor Sub Supervisor

Vinsensio MA Dugis, MA., Ph.D Ahmad Safril, M.Hub.Int.

NIP. 19650113 199101 1 001 NIP. 198109172014041001

Dsicover,

Chairman of the Masters Program in International Relations

Department of International Relations

Faculty of Social and Political Scinces

University of Airlangga

Baiq LSW Wardhani, MA., Ph.D

NIP. 19640331 198810 2 001

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ENDORSEMENT PAGE

Thesis with the title The Role of Religion, Idea and Identity in Taliban Alliance with

Al Qaeda in Afghanistan has been defended in the presence of examiners commission

on Monday, 11 January 2016, at 9:00-11:00 WIB in room 203 of bulding A Faculty of

Social and Political Scinces University of Airlangga

Examiners Commission

Head,

M. Muttaqien, MA., Ph.D

NIP. 19730130 199903 1 001

Member Member

Baiq LSW Wardhani,MA., Ph.D I Gede Wahyu Wicaksana, M.Si., Ph.D

NIP. 196403311988102001 NIP. 19790602 200710 1 001

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DECLARATION OF THESIS ORIGINALITY

Part or all of the contents of the thesis, entitled The Role of Religion, Idea and Identity in the

Taliban Alliance with Al Qaeda in Afghanistan was never asked to obtain a degree the

academic field of study and/or another university and never published/written by individuals

other than the author unless written the citation format in the thesis.

If there is evidence that my statement is not true, and then I am willing sanctioned according

to applicable regulations at University of Airlangga.

Surabaya, ……………

Author,

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DEDICATION PAGE

I DEDICATED THIS

TO MY BABA

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MOTTO PAGE

It Always Seems Impossible Until It’s Done

N.M

A Nation of Sheep Will Beget a Government of Wolves

Edward R M

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Glossary

Al Qaeda: The original Al Qaeda, also known as AQ central previously under the leadership

of Usama Bin Ladin and now Ayman al Zawahiri.

Tliban: Insurgent, non-state actor, terrorist, transnational, violent, also known as (De

Afghanistan Islami Emarat, De Talebano Islami Ghurdzang, Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,

Islamic Movement of Taliban, Students of Islamic Knowledge Movement, Tahrike Islami‟a

Taliban, Taleban, Taliban Islamic Movement, Talibano Islami Tahrik), previously under

leadership of Mulah Omar and now Akhtar Mohammad Mansoor.

Caliphate: A form of Islamic government, often controlled by a Caliph, a leader of the entire

Muslim community.

Fatwa: The learned opinion on Islamic Law.

Jihad: Often translated to Holy War, refers to a struggle or resistance and is often claimed as

a religious duty for Muslims.

Qur’an: The sacred book of Islam.

Mujahidin – Those who participate in Jehad (Islamic Holy War) "Soldiers of Islam.

Sharia: The Islamic moral code and religious law.

Sunni: The largest of the Islamic branches, referred to as the common, original Islam, follows

Muhammed.

Shia: One of two major branches in Islam, follows Muhammeds son-in-law Ali as rightful

leader.

Tawhid: Stands for the “oneness” of God, the monotheistic base of Islam that there is only

one God.

Ummah: Refers to a collective Muslim nation or community.

Shura: A council.

Pashto: The language of the Pashtun ethnic group.

Pashtun: An ethnic group of Afghanistan.

Madrasas: Religious (Islamic) schools in Pakistan.

Burqa: A head to toe covering for women that has only a mesh cloth to see and breathe

through.

Ulama: Group of educated religious leaders with the authority to make decisions on behalf of

a community.

Jirga: Council of elders convened on an ad hoc basis to address problems. viii



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Amir al-mu’minin: The Leader of the Faithful. Title given to Mullah Omar in 1996 when he

was appointed leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

Chador: A veil that is culturally specific and variable among different Islamic countries.

Hijab: Modest clothing (for women or men) that is culturally specific and variable among

different Islamic countries.

Mahram: A family member who is a husband, father, brother, or son.

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Abbreviations

TTP: Tehrike Taliban Pakistan.

ISAF: International Security Assistance Force.

FATA: Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

ISI: Inter Services Intelligence, Pakistan.

NATO: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

IED: Improvised Explosive Device.

NWFP: North-West Frontier Province.

OEF: Operation Enduring Freedom.

TNSM: Tehreek-i-Nifaz-i-Shariat-i-Muhammadi.

IMU: Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan.

HiG: Hizb-i-Islami Gulbuddin.

ETIM: Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement.

LeT: Lashkar-e-Tayyibo.

U.S: United States.

ANA: Afghan National Army.

NCPJ: National Consultative Peace Jirga.

HPC: High Peace Council.

APRP: Afghan Peace and Reconciliation Program.

IROA: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

IEA: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

PHR: Physicians for Human Rights

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Almighty ALLAH for his compassion and kindness, that I was able to

complete this thesis entitled The Role of Religion, Idea and Identity in the Taliban Alliance

with Al Qaeda in Afghanistan. This thesis is structured to complete the study on Master

Program in International Relations Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of Airlangga

University Surabaya.

This work is certainly not born in solitude, because no matter how great a human is but he

will still need a touch of the other party. This work can be completed from the process of

quoting and edit writings and ideas of the author another, of course by promoting ethics and

academic norms. This work also not be completed without the data and information from a

number of sources. As a work that was not born in solitude, for it over all humility, the writer

should express his gratitude to all parties who contributed to the completion of this work,

among other things to:

First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my beloved parents for their

prayer, unconditional support and sacrifice all their time to me, and to my dearest wife

who always helped me during the work on this thesis and also my parents in law for

their prayer and support.

Second, I must profoundest thankful to my thesis supervisor, Prof Vinsensio MA

Dugis, MA., Ph.D for his excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with

an excellent atmosphere for doing this thesis, and I would like to thank to my guardian

lecturer Prof Baiq LSW Wardhani, MA., Ph.D, and thanks also to Prof M.

Muttaqien, MA., Ph.D and Prof I Gede Wahyu Wicaksana, M.Si., Ph.D who has

guided and taught me during my study.

Third, Thanks to the entire staff of department of International Relations University of

Airlangga.

Last but not least, thanks to all those who I cannot mention one by one in this piece.

Hopefully the work and intellectual contribution can be beneficial.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i

PREREQUISITE TITLE PAGE ----------------------------------------------------------- ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ---------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

ENDORSEMENT PAGE ------------------------------------------------------------------- iv

DECLARATION OF THESIS ORIGINALITY ----------------------------------------- v

DEDICATION PAGE ----------------------------------------------------------------------- vi

MOTTO PAGE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii

GLOSSARY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii

ABBREVIATIONS --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------- x

TABLE OF CONTENTS -------------------------------------------------------------------- xi

ABSTRACT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xii

CHAPTER I

1.1 Background ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2 Research Question -------------------------------------------------------------- 4

1.3 Literature Review --------------------------------------------------------------- 4

1.4 Research Purpose --------------------------------------------------------------- 10

1.5 Theoretical Framework -------------------------------------------------------- 10

1.5.1 Alliances Theory --------------------------------------------------------- 11

1.5.2 Constructivism Theory-------------------------------------------------- 13

1.5.3 Constructivism‟s Relevance to Terrorism --------------------------- 15

1.6 Thesis Statement ---------------------------------------------------------------- 18

1.7 Conceptualization --------------------------------------------------------------- 18

1.8 Research Methodology --------------------------------------------------------- 19

1.8.1 Research Type ----------------------------------------------------------- 19

1.8.2 Data Collection Technique --------------------------------------------- 20

1.8.3 Time Frame --------------------------------------------------------------- 20

1.9 Systematic of Writing ---------------------------------------------------------- 20

CHAPTER II xii



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History of Taliban in Afghanistan ------------------------------------------------- 22

2.1. The Taliban Regime in Afghanistan ----------------------------------------- 22

2.1.1 Religion ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27

2.1.2 Culture ------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

2.1.3 Pashtun Tribal Breakdown ------------------------------------------- 29

2.1.4 Formal and Informal Organization ---------------------------------- 31

2.1.5 Leadership -------------------------------------------------------------- 33

2.1.6 Decision Making ------------------------------------------------------- 34

2.1.7 Resources --------------------------------------------------------------- 34

2.1.8 The status of women in Afghanistan -------------------------------- 36

2.1.9 Human Rights Violations --------------------------------------------- 38

CHAPTER III

Analysis of Taliban Alliance with Al Qaeda ------------------------------------- 41

3.1 Connectivity based on Religion ---------------------------------------------- 41

3.2 Connectivity Based on Idea --------------------------------------------------- 45

3.3 Connectivity Based on Identity ----------------------------------------------- 48

3.4 Perspective of Constructivism and NeoRealist within the Taliban and

Al Qaeda Alliances ------------------------------------------------------------- 50

3.5 Strategic Analysis of Taliban Alliance and Al Qaeda --------------------- 62

CHAPTER IV

The Prediction of Alliance between Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan - 65

4.1 The Role of Pakistan within Their Alliance Continuation --------------- 66

4.2 America's presence in Afghanistan ------------------------------------------- 71

4.3 Reconciliation with the Taliban ---------------------------------------------- 75

CHAPTER V

Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81

BIBLIOGRAPHY-------------------------------------------------------------------- 84

Abstract xiii



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The purpose of this study is to analyze the alliance between Taliban and Al

Qaeda in Afghanistan, by exploring the factors of Religion, Idea and Identity. The

theory approach that use to analyze their alliance is neorealist approach and

constructivism theory. Then to collect data and information of evidence in alliance

between Taliban and Al Qaeda, history and literature review was explored one by one

according to the time frame and theoretical framework. Afterwards, refers to the

analyze of this three mentioned factors by applying the theories within the data and

evidences between Taliban and Al Qaeda found that, alliance connectivity between

these two groups is exist in Afghanistan. Furthermore, this study‟s results are relevant

to be able predicting their alliance in the future relates to their terrorism action in

Afghanistan.

Keywords: Religion, Idea, Identity, Taliban, Al Qaeda and Afghanistan.

Abstrak

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis aliansi antara Taliban dan

Al Qaeda di Afghanistan, dengan menjelajahi faktor Agama, Idea dan Identitas. Teori

Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menganalisis aliansi mereka pendekatan Neorealis

dan teori konstruktivisme. Kemudian untuk mengumpulkan data dan informasi dari

bukti dalam aliansi antara Taliban dan Al Qaeda, sejarah dan kajian literatur

dieksplorasi satu per satu sesuai dengan kerangka waktu dan kerangka teoritis. Setelah

itu, mengacu pada analisa ini ketiga faktor tersebut dengan menerapkan teori-teori

dalam data dan bukti-bukti antara Taliban dan Al Qaeda menemukan bahwa,

konektivitas aliansi antara dua kelompok ini ada di Afghanistan. Selanjutnya, hasil

penelitian ini relevan untuk dapat memprediksi aliansi mereka di masa depan

berkaitan dengan aksi terorisme mereka di Afghanistan.

Kata kunci: Agama, Ide, Identitas, Taliban, Al Qaeda dan Afghanistan.

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