thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
TRANSCRIPT
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FLOUTING THE MAXIM IN CONVERSATION AT ELLEN
DEGENERES SHOW AND THE TONIGHT SHOW STARRING JIMMY
FALLON
THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiners
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
Literature Degree at English Literature Department
by
MARYATUL KIPYA
NIM. AI 150311
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2019
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MOTTO
(٧٠وقولوا قولا سديداا)يا أيها الذين آمنوا اتقوا الل
The Meaning:
“O you who have believed, fear Allah and speaks words of
appropriate justice.” (Q.S. Al-Ahzab:70)1
1The Noble Qur’an. (2016). Qur’an.com (Also Known as The Noble Qur’an, Al Quran,
Holy Quran, Koran). Retrieved from https://www.quran.com Accessed on April, 12th 2019 at
22.31 pm.
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DEDICATION
بسم الله الر حمن الر حيم
In the name of Allah the most gracious merciful and prophet Muhammad
Sollallahualaihi Wasallam
I dedicate this thesis to my father and my wonderful mother who
sacrifice and pray as always for me in getting a bachelor degree
And
My great Grandmother, Hasnah
My brother, Sumardi, Bukhari, Amin Puja Kusuma
My sister, Putri Pardianti
I am lucky having you all as a blessed daughter, grand daughter and
sister for supporting, caring, loving each other
For my everlasting friend, Niatur Rahmah, All of the students English
literature 2015 especially in the class A, the members of KKN posko
22, my junior in english literature department whom I cannot mention
one by one
I Wholeheartedly would like to say my deepest gratitude for your
praying, supporting, caring, suggestion and advice.
The last, for all people who helped me in this thesis
I would like to thank you so much
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Firstly, the writer wants to thank and pray to Allah SWT, the Lord of
Universe and other creatures. All the mercies and blessings which have given
from the starting point until the end of my study now. Then, Sholawat and Salam
always be given to our Prophet Muhammad SAW, as the perfect example who has
guided us to the truth religion, namely Islam. Hopefully, we can get his syafa’at
later at The Last Day.
Secondly, I would like to thank to all people who have helped me in
writing this thesis. My sincere gratitude goes to:
1. The Rector of State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi,
Dr. H. Hadri Hasan, MA. The Vise of Rector, Dr. H. Suaidi, MA, Ph.D.,
Dr. H. Hidayat, M.Pd., and Dr. H. Fadilla, M.P.d., who allowed me to
study in the university.
2. The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd.I., The
Vice Dean, Dr. Alfian, M.Ed., Dr. H,M Fadhil, M.Ag., and Dr. Raudhoh,
M.Pd.I.
3. The Head of English Literature Department, Ulfatmi Azlan, S.S., MA and
the sexretary Dian Mukhlisa. MA who have given great supervised.
4. My beloved supervisors, Dr. Diana Rozelin, S.S., M.Hum and Muhammad
Beni Saputra, MA who have genuinly guided me during the process of
completing this thesis
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ABSTRACT
Maryatul Kipya, 2019 : Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen
DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy
Fallon. The student of English Literature
Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty,
University of Islamic Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin
Jambi.
Supervisor : Dr. Diana Rozelin, S.S., M.Hum.
Supervisor II : Muhammad BeniSaputra, S.Hum., MA
This research analyzes flouting the maxim in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres
Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, in these talk shows flouting
the maxim appears, it causes the speaker and hearer being misunderstanding and
not cooperative in the conversation. The aims of this research are to find out the
type of flouting the maxim, to know the strategies of flouting the maxim used and
to know politeness principle in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight
Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. the writer uses the maxim theory by H. Paul Grice
(1973) that discusses about types of Flouting the maxim, rhetorical strategies
theory by Peter Grundy (1995) that discusses the strategy to flout the maxim, and
Politeness Principle Theory by Geoffrey Leech (1983) that discusses the usage
and violation of Politeness Principle in the conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and
The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon. This research uses the qualitative as the
kind of this research, for collecting the data the writer uses the technique of
documentation and constant comparative to analyze the data. The result of this
research shows the data based on the formulation of problem. They are: (1), there
are four types of flouting the maxim; flouting quantity, flouting quality, flouting
relation and flouting manner which have flouted in the conversation at Ellen
DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. (2), there are six
strategy of flouting the maxim used; tautology, overstatement, understatement,
metaphor, rhetorical question, irony. (3), there are seven politeness principle
found; tact maxim, modesty maxim, the agreement maxim, the sympathy maxim,
the consideration maxim, the generosity maxim, and the praise maxim.
Keywords: flouting the maxim, rhetorical strategy, politeness principle,
conversation.
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ABSTRAK
MaryatulKipya, 2019 : Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen
DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab and
Humaniora, Universitas Islami Negeri Sulthan
Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Pembimbing I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, S.S., M.Hum.
Pembimbing II : Muhammad BeniSaputra, S.Hum., MA
Penelitian ini menganalisis pelanggaran maksim didalam percakapan pada acara
talk show Ellen DeGeneres Show dan The Tonight Show bersama Jimmy Fallon,
dalam talk show ini pelanggaran maksim muncul dan menyebabkan penutur dan
pendengar menjadi salah paham dan tidak kooperatif didalam percakapan. Tujuan
dalam percakapan ini adalah untuk menemukan tipe-tipe pelanggaran maksim,
untuk mengetahui strategi pelanggaran apa saja yang digunakan dalam melanggar
aturan maksim dan untuk mengetahui prinsip kesopanan didalam percakapan pada
talk show Ellen DeGeneres Show dan The Tonight Show bersama Jimmy Fallon.
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan teori maksim dari H. Paul Grice
(1973) yang mendiskusikan tentang tipe-tipe pelanggaran maksim, teori strategi
komuniksi dari Peter Grundy (1995) yang mendiskusikan strategi untuk
melanggar maksim, dan teori prinsip kesopanan dari Geoffrey Leech (1983) yang
mendiskusikan penggunaan dan pelanggaran prinsip kesopanan. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode kualitatif, teknik dokumentasi dalam mengumpulkan data
dan perbandingan dalam menganalisis data.Hasil dari penelitian ini, penulis
menemukan data berdasarkan rumusan masalah. Terdiri dari: (1), ada empat tipe
flouting the maxim; pelanggaran maksim kuantiti, pelanggaran maksim kualiti,
pelanggaran maksim relasi dan pelanggaran maksim pelaksanaanyang telah
dilanggar didalam percakapan pada talk show Ellen DeGeneres Show dan The
Tonight Show bersama Jimmy Fallon. (2), ada enam strategi untuk melanggar
maxim yang digunakan; tautologi, pernyataan berlebihan, meremehkan, metapora,
retorikal pertanyaan dan ironi. (3), ada tujuh prinsip kesopanan yang ditemukan;
maksim kearifan, maksim kerendahan hati, maksim kesepakatan, maksim simpati,
maksim pertimbangan, maksim kedermawanan, dan maksim pujian.
Kata kunci: Pelaggaran Maksim, Srategi Komunikasi, Prinsip Kesopanan,
Percakapan.
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ABREVIATION
CP : Cooperative Principle
PP : Politenes Principle
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TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER .............................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL ...................................................................................................... ii
LETTER OF RATIFICATION ....................................................................... iii
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT .............................................................. iv
MOTTO ............................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION .................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ x
ABREVIATION ................................................................................................ xi
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Research ........................................................ 1
1.2. Formulation of the Problem ........................................................ 4
1.3. Limitation of the Problem............................................................ 4
1.4. Purpose of the Research .............................................................. 5
1.5. Significance of the Research ...................................................... 5
CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1. Pragmatics ................................................................................... 7
2.2. Cooperative Principle .................................................................. 8
2.3. Grice Maxim’s Conversation....................................................... 8
2.4. Non-Observance Maxim .............................................................. 10
2.5. Flouting the Maxim ..................................................................... 11
2.6. The Strategies of Flouting the Maxim ......................................... 14
2.7. The Politeness Principle .............................................................. 17
2.8. Review of Related Literature ....................................................... 21
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Design of Research ...................................................................... 23
3.2. Source of Data ............................................................................ 25
3.3. Technique of Data Collection ..................................................... 26
3.4. Technique of Data Analysis ........................................................ 27
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CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Finding ........................................................................................ 29
4.2. Analysis ...................................................................................... 30
4.2.1 Type of Flouting the Maxim............................................... 30
4.2.2 The Strategies of Flouting the Maxim ................................ 38
4.2.3 Politeness Principle ............................................................ 46
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion .................................................................................. 56
5.2. Suggestion ................................................................................... 57
REFERENCES
APPENDICE
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Problem
Language is the tool of human to communicate and convey the purpose in
their daily routine with societies it also included the daily conversation,
conversation is constructed with spoken rather than written language. Speech is
usually spontaneous and, by its nature, temporarybecause it has gone as soon as it
has been spoken”.2 In conversation itself has the speaker and the hearer who need
to cooperate along conversation which through the conversation both speaker and
hearer can express and exchange their ideas.
Communication by making conversation can be understood well as Grice
stated, “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at
which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in
which you are engaged”.3 It means to make the communication successful they
should contribute to creating the communication make sense in order to avoid the
misunderstanding and impoliteness.The awareness during conversation
occasionally is not considered by speaker or hearer inasmuch as they too enjoy,
thus they have been just aware if there is something wrong in their talk during the
conversation. People do not only do the communication in daily life, but
communication can be created by the program in the television which served so
many programs involving the situation such as talk show. The improvement of
television currently is so high in producing every program that is made by station
television which television program shapes an entertainment program such as talk
show in entertaining people who watch, talk show itself become a famous show
where the host and guest are gathering together in discussing so many topics
which offering by the host and it differentiates talk show with other programs in
2Pridham, F. (2001). The Language of Conversation. London and New York:
Routledge.p.2 3Grice, P. (1989). Studies in the Ways of Words. Mainland: Harvard University Press.p.26
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television program, unique and it is also combining such a comedy in talk show,
there are so many television programs who put the sense of comedy and other
feelings of that program.
The talk show is divided as a TV genre where it can bring joy to the
viewers by serving the various unique in its. As a TV genre, however, the talk
show is neither exclusive to nineties nor to commercial television. In the USA the
genre is as old the medium of television itself, and today, talk shows comprise no
small percentage of available programme on commercial as well as non-
commercial TV stations. “Talk shows are cheap to produce and popular among
viewers, and the ability of this genre to attract viewers is no new phenomenon
either”.4 Thus, cheap because talk shows use the same set which supported by
audience and the crew that involved in the studio, so the talk show is a program
that develops from the nineties till now that still get the extra attention by the
viewer, also gives the profit to television company as we know talk show blooms
becoming the program that waited by viewers due to show the relationship
between TV studios, the host and the interview indirectly which the viewer would
be close to the program that served.
In America, talk shows become the program which rapidly appears in
television program every week, it proves how talk show so popular with the good
rating, one of some popular talk shows that exist in American talk show is the
Ellen DeGeneres Show and the Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon, the author
chooses two of booming Talk shows in America. First, The Ellen DeGeneres
Show is an American television comedy talk show hosted by comedian or actress
Ellen DeGeneres. In 2003, Ellen DeGeneres became a big hit with daytime
viewers with her self-titled talk show, Ellen. Since its inception, the show has won
a slew of Daytime Emmy and People’s Choise Awards.5
Second, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" made its debut from
Studio 6B in Rockefeller Center on Feb. 17, 2014. Emmy Award- and Grammy
4Bruun, H. The Aesthetics of the Television Talk Show. p.243 4Ellen DeGeneres Biography. (2019) Retrieved from www.Biography.com on March 3,
2019.
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Award-winning comedian Jimmy Fallon brings a high-tempo energy to the storied
NBC franchise with his welcoming interview style, love of audience participation,
spot-on impersonations and innovative sketches. For almost 60 years, "The
Tonight Show" has been an American television institution home to big-name
celebrity guests and top musical and comedic talent.6
Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are
the examples of the informal conversation that served in that program where the
writer can find maxim which focuses on flouting maxim in pragmatic areas which
in making conversation itself has the rule to make the conversation running
well.For successful communication whether speaker and hearer should obey the
cooperative principle and cooperative speaker sometimes can break the maxim in
doing conversation as a definition of the maxim in Collin dictionary: a maxim is a
rule for good or sensible behavior, especially one in the form of saying.7 It means
that in doing conversation whether speaker and hearer ought to make the
conversation clear and make sense to fulfill good communication. The maxims
can be broken by speaker and hearer also without any maxim that broken during
the conversation due to not following the cooperative principle intentionally or
unintentionally makes the conversation will be flat and less of politeness,
furthermore in conversation flouting the maxim happened, where Flouting the
maxims is defined as when speakers do not seem to follow the maxims but expect
the listener to generate the implications, not taking the words at the face value.8
Flouting the maxim happens in conversation in the talk show that is flouted
in Ellen DeGeneres Show as follow:
Ellen : So the last time we saw each other it was at the white house. We
both receiving the medal of freedom. And that was quite a day,
wasn’t it?
6The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. (2018). Retrieved from:
http://www.nbc.com/c\the-tonight-show on December 3, 2018.
7Collins Dictionary. (2018) Retrieved from
http://Collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maxim on October 9, 2018..
8 Yuvike, W. &. (2009). The Non Observance Of The Conversational Maxim An Analysis
Of The Dialogues In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. Jurnal Lingua Cultura, 3, P.116-1
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Bill Gates : That was an amazing group,
Ellen : yeah. Really, really fun. So you are here with your daughter who
are 21. Right?And you were 21 when you became a billionaire. Is
that right?
Bill Gates : Almost, yep.
From the conversation above which uttered by Ellen to Bill Gates, Ellen
has flouted the maxim of quantity by saying “So you are here with your
daughter who are 21. Right? And you were 21 when you became a
billionaire. Is that right? Ellen gives too much information to Bill which
contains other meaning in her utterance that has been uttered by Ellen.Thus, in
this research, the writer would like to analyze flouting maxim that happened in the
talk shows not also in daily life thereby selecting two talk shows because the
writer find misunderstanding interpretation while watching the talk show that
contains flouting the maxim during the conversation. Therefore, the writer gets the
conversation at The Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon to be analyzed in this Talk Show by doing research entitled”
Flouting the Maxim in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The
Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon”.
1.2 Formulation of the Problem
Furthermore, Base on the background of the problem above, the writer
formulates the formulation of the problem as follow:
1. What are the types of flouting the maxim found in conversation at Ellen
DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon?
2. What are the strategies of flouting the maxim used in conversation at
Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon?
3. What are the politeness principles related at Ellen DeGeneres Show and
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon?
1.3 Limitation of the Problem
The writer limits the problem in this research to avoid the broadness in
analyzing data. Consequently, the writer chooses two of the popular Talk Show
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in America especially “Ellen DeGeneres Show and Tonight Show starring
Jimmy Fallon” would be analyzed. The writer focuses on the non-observance of
the conversational maxim which has four categories: flouting the maxim,
violating the maxim, infringing the maxim, opting out the maxim. From those
categories, the writer limits the data just one category of Flouting the maxim to
be analyzed. Hence, thewriter will take the data from the dialogues, because in
getting the video does not include the script of conversation, so it takes from the
subtitle which the writer accessed from www.gainsubtitle.com then applied in
Ellen DeGeneres Show and Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon that will be
seen as Grice’s view. Here, the writer takes three episodes at Ellen DeGeneres
Talk Show First is with Taylor Swift, Second is with Debra Messing Recruits,
and last is with Sandra Bullock. The three episodes at The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy Fallon first is with Donald Trump, second is with Trevor Noah
Turns Donald Trump, last is with Shawn Mendes.
1.4 Purpose of the Research
Based on the problems are mentioned above, the aims of this research
are:
1. To find out flouting the maxims in conversation at The Ellen
DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.
2. To know the strategies of flouting the maxim in conversation at
Ellen DeGeneres Show and Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.
3. To knowpoliteness principlesat Ellen DeGeneres Show and The
Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.
1.5 The Significance of the Research.
The significance of this Research is divided into two kinds. Where the
first is practically significant Those significant closely relate which human’s
daily, which human understand to caught what another interpreting in
communication whether spoken or written, by writing this research, the writer
hopes that the writer can improve writing ability and understand more about
maxim that is available in our daily conversation which is unconsciously used in
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the daily activity. Also, give additional knowledge and information to those who
are interesting in this research especially give the contribution as to the English
Literature Department.
The second is theoretically significant. This significant provides the theory
of H. Paul Grice about maxim theory and theory of Geoffrey Leech about
Politeness principle that can be useful and it can be reference for helping the next
researcher who wants to analyze the same subject but a different point of view
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is one of the branches of Linguistics which focuses on
utterance meaning between speaker and hearer in doing conversation depends on
context, Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context
that are grammatical or encoded in the structure of a language.9 We have known
pragmatics is the study of utterance meaning which every utterance is unique
that speaker and hearer convey in getting the meaning.
Pragmatics deals with inference that listeners and readers make, or that-
when speaking or writing- they invite others to make. These inferences are often
conscious, so pragmatics tends to be easier to understand than semantics,
because the latter is about abstract potential meanings that are often best
described by means of notations drawn from logic and set theory.10It means that
pragmatics is the way speaker and hearer interprets to get the meaning and it
shows that there is a relationship between speaker and hearer with context while
taking the inference that is relevant in their utterance.
According to George Yule, pragmatics is the study about contextual
meaning.11 It can be defined that from what their saying both speaker and hearer
should convey the meaning from their conversation based on the additional
context that influences the content what they want to say.
9Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York, United States America: Cambrigdge
University Press.p9. 9Griffiths, P. (2006). An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press.p.xi. 10Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.p.3.
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2.2 Cooperative Principle
Speaker and hearer are involving in conversation to convey something
that they want to deliver to reach their purpose and to reach the purpose in the
conversation itself they should obey the rule of doing the conversion.
Conversation can be said successful if both obey the rule of conversation as long
as the conversation running well, but here in doing conversation people often
find the conversation trick, confuse. Even irrelevant with content what is talking
about with the speaker or hearer.
According to George Yule, in most circumstances, the assumption of
cooperation is so pervasive that it can be stated as a cooperative principle of
conversation and elaborated in four sub-principles, called maxim.12 It means that
every situation while doing conversation the cooperation should be applied due
to the influence in doing conversation is too much.
Interlocutors would exchange the idea what is in their mind in order to
make the inference easier to be understood and sometimes theidea that comes in
their mind will be unconscious said with contrast meaning to state what they
assume in getting the inference, as H. Paul Grice stated, Make your
conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by
the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are
engaged.13 The contribution that speaker and hearer should do here is they can
cooperate as it is required when they are conversing.
2.3 Grice Maxim’s of conversation
Maxim is a statement which should be truthful in conducting the
conversation. In short, maxim can be understood as the rule of conversation that
should be obeyed during the conversations. It is necessary to make the
successful communication in order to make the content of the communication
itself makes sense in taking the inference, Maxim itself can lead the good
conversation and avoid the misunderstanding. According to H. Paul Grice
12Ibid, p.37
13Grice, P. Op.cit.,p.26
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proposed that: There are certain default assumptions about how conversation
works. He stated these in the form of a general cooperative principle and several
specific sub-principles which he labeled “maxim”.14
Below the four maxims as follow:
1. Maxim of Quality
Grice’s formulation of the maxim Quality is composed of the following
two sub-maxims:
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
It means that in conversation speaker should be responsible the truth what
we have to say to other by giving enough evidence before giving the statement
2. Maxim of Quantity
Grice’s formulation of the maxim of Quantity has two parts:
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current
purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
In this maxim speaker is asked to give enough information not to over
or less when giving the information because it can be useless by widespread the
information that is not required during the conversation
3. Maxim of Relation
The maxim of relation is sometimes called the Maxim of Relevance, because it
is composed of only the following two-word dictum:
Be Relevant.
This maxim conveys that the rule in conversation which speaker should
give a relevance topic in conversing not to give that irrelevant that make a bit
difficult to catch what have been conversing during the conversation.
1. Maxim of Manner
14Kroeger, P. R. (2018). Analyzing Meaning: An Introduction to Semantics and
Pragmatics (Textbooks in Language Sciences 5). Berlin: Language Science Press.p.142
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The last of Grice’s maxim is also, ironically, the least straightforward. This
maxim, the maxim of manner, states:
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
Be orderly.
This maxim deals if speaker should not be obscure, brief and be order in
conveying the conversation to avoid the flouting the maxim of manner while
conversing.
2.4 Non-Observance Maxim
People do not always follow the maxim while conversing, sometimes
people intentionally do not apply the maxim in every conversation. As Grice
clarifies people may fail to observe a maxim because, for example they are
incapable of speaking clearly or because they deliberately choose to lie.15 Thus
non-observance maxim became the way to violate the maxim, there are five
ways to failing observe the maxim:
1. Flouting Maxim
Grice explains the flouting the maxim is a situation which a speaker
blatantly fails to observe a maxim, where speaker here wants hearer to look
for other meaning in its utterance.
2. Violating a Maxim
Grice explains violation very specifically as ostentatious non
observance of a maxim, if a speaker violates a Maxim she or he will be liable
to mislead, violating maxim happens when a speaker wants to tell something
true and honest for conveying flam or something that interlocutor hides it.
15Thomas, J. (2013). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. (M. S.
Geoffrey Leech, Ed.) London and New York: Routledge.p.64
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3. Infringing a Maxim
Thomas explains that infringing maxim could occur because the
speaker has an imperfect command of the language (a young, child, or a
foreign learner), the speaker’s performance is impaired in some way,
infringing maxim happens because speaker gives incapable of speaking.
4. Opting out a Maxim
Thomas explains a speaker opts out of observing a maxim by indicating
unwillingness to cooperate in the way the maxim requires. Opting out a
maxim frequently occurs in public life, when the speaker cannot, perhaps for
the legal or ethical reasons, reply in the way normally expected.
5. Suspending a Maxim
According to Thomas suspensions of the maxims may be culture-
specific or specific to particular events. Suspending maxim happens when
some words or inappropriate sentence or in other word “taboo”.
2.5 Flouting the maxim
As Grice’s theory about conversation, we have to obey the four maxims
to make our communication being successful but sometimes people do not
always follow the rule and they flout the maxim. Flouting the maxim is type of
non-observance maxim that occurred in conversation which meant in a
pragmatic and discourse a resource book for student,” when speaker appears not
to follow the maxim but expect hearer to appreciate the meaning implied, as in
the case of dress shop assistant, the romantic date and the chilly room, we say
that they are ‘flouting’ the maxims.16
Flouting maxim is also ignoring the rule in cooperative principle either
conscious or unconscious to flout the conversation while conversing. A flout
16Cutting, J. (2002). Pragmatics and Discourse:A Resource Book for Students. London
and New York: Routledge.p.51 16Thomas, J. (2013). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. (M. S.
Geoffrey Leech, Ed.) London and New York: Routledge.p.65
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occurs when a speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim at the level of what is
said, with the deliberate intention of generating an implicature.17
Flouting the maxim is one of the non-observance who only can make the
speaker create a deliberate choice without depends on maxims that always obey,
thus in cooperative principle may be broken by the participant of conversation.
Therefore, there are four types flouting the maxims as follow:
1. Flouting Quantity
The speaker flouts the maxim due to give too little and too much
information to the hearer. Thus either speaker or hearer cannot do that to avoid
the broader information that can be useless in conversation.
Example:
A: How are we getting there?
B: Well, we’re getting there in Dave’s car.18
In this dialogue, B blatantly gives less information than A needs, thereby
generating the implicature that A will not be traveling with them. It could be
analyzed as the flouting maxim of Quantity.
2. Flouting Quality
The speaker may flout the maxim due to in lack adequate of evidence. It
happens during the conversation when speaker cannot give appropriate evidence
or enough evidence about something that she/he is trying to deliver to
interlocutor. Therefore, speaker may flout this flouting quality.
Example:
The speaker was Lady Lucinda Lambton and she was talking about
John Patten, who at the time was Secretary of State for Education.
“I lived in the same house as that man for three years and he’s the
man I hate most in all the world. In all my greasy past, he is the
biggest grease spot”.19
18 Ibid, p.69 19 Ibid, p.68
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It is patiently false that John Patten is a grease spot. Lucinda Lambton does
not appear to be trying to make us believe that John Patten is a grease spot. So, in
this instance the speaker is unable simultaneously to observe the maxim of
Quality. From the example above, it shows us how flouting quality is flouted by
observing the evidence during the conversation itself.
3. Flouting Relation
Flouting relation occurs when speaker gives irrelevant topic in
conversation so that is why the interlocutor cannot get appropriate inference in
doing conversation.
Example:
I finished working on my face. I grabbed my bag and a coat. I told my
mother I was going out… She asked me where I was going. I repeated
myself. ‘Out’.20
In this example, the speaker, Olivia, makes a response that is truthful,
clear, and which does answer her mother’s question. What it does not do is
address her mother’s goal in asking the question: her mother can see that Olivia is
going out, what she want to know is where she is going. It shows how flouting
goes when both speaker and hearer cannot give relevant topic that makes quite
difficult to get an inference inthe conversation.
4. Flouting Manner
Those who flout the maxim of manner, appearing to be obscure, are often
trying to exclude a third party. Flouting manner happens when speaker conveys
the information unclear, ambiguity to be understood, and give prolix statement
along conversation.
Example:
A: where are you off to?
20Ibid, p.70
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B: I was thinking of going out to get some of that funny white stuff for
somebody.
A: ok, but don’t be long-dinner’s nearly ready.21
B speaks in an ambiguous way, saying ‘that funny white stuff’ and
‘somebody’, because he is avoiding saying ‘ice-cream’ and ‘Michele’, so that his
little daughter does not become excited and ask for the ice-cream before her
meal. Sometimes writers play with words to heighten the ambiguity, in order to
make the point. From the explanation given to the example above that flouting
manner happened obviously to exclude the third party where A plays the obscure
word to B who cannot understand because the ambiguous way to exclude the
third party that played by A in that conversation.
2.6 The Strategies of Flouting the Maxim
Someone who flouts the maxim definitely having a way to flout, Inflouting
the maxim there are some strategies that can be used by the participant of
communication in many various ways. Grice in Levinson’s book states that the
use of flouting maxim causes many of the traditional ‘figures of speech’ and
figures of speech as the effect of flouting the maxim.22 Grundy states that
rhetorical strategies have been considered flouting the Gricean maxims,23 so here
rhetorical strategies are the strategies that are used by the participant in flouting
the maxim.
According to Grundy, rhetorical strategies include tautology,
overstatement, understatement, metaphor, rhetorical question and irony.24
Therefore in this research, rhetorical strategies are used as the strategies for
flouting the maxim. Some strategies are expressed as follow:
21Cutting, J. Op.cit., p. 39
22Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York, United States America: Cambridge
University Press.p.109.
23Grundy, P. (2000). Doing Pragmatics (2nd Edition ed.). New York, United States of
America: Oxford University Press Inc.p.76
24 Ibid, p.76-77
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1. Tautology
According to Grundy, tautology as an expression used frequently to express a
complex meaning in easier way.25
As a conventionalized tautology turned idiom, therefore in the conversation
tautology appears in the frequency of usage, the meaning of an expression
becomes more idiomatic.
An example of tautology is ‘boys will be boys.’ in this example ‘boys’ is used
frequently used to express if a male person, child, adult will behave as a boy
behave similarly.
2. Overstatement
According to Leech, overstatement can be considered as Hyperbole and it
refers to a case where the speaker’s description is stronger than actual state of
affairs.It is kind of figures of speech. As the term ‘hyper’ means over or above,
speaker can flout the maxim by exaggerating his/her statement as in hyperbole.
An example of overstatement is ‘I could eat a horse, I am starving to death,
and I am dying of hunger Instead of saying I am hungry, some speakers choose to
flout the maxim by exaggerating the fact, exaggerating here is a form of
overstatement.26
3. Understatement
Understatement can be said as litotes, understatement is different from
overstatement. According to Levinson, understatement describes something
weaker than the actual state of affairs.27 Besides, understatement is used in
criticism. It criticizes someone by showing negative expression.
Another example of criticism is ‘this is not a man who would have been
natural member of liberal democrats’ it can be seen this is not a man giving a
negative expression.
25 Ibid, p.127
26Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pramatics. New York, United States of America:
Lonman Inc.p.145. 26Ibid 27Levinson, S. C, Op.cit., p.148
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4. Metaphor
Another way to flout the maxim is using metaphor. According to interaction
theory, metaphor happens when ‘metaphorical’ expression is embedded ‘literal’
expression.28 In short, metaphorical expression can change the meaning to the
literal expression by describing a person or object in literary way referring to
something that have similar characteristic to the object that is trying to describe.
An example of metaphor by saying ‘my house is a refrigerator in January,
refrigerator here is metaphorical expression that can the meaning of house. It
emphasizes that house is not merely a place, it gives another meaning that house is
a very cold place which same characteristic to refrigerator.
5. Rhetorical question
Rhetorical question is a rhetorical strategy in which question is used to
make a statement, not to get an answer. According to Meriam Webster, Rhetorical
question is not a question about the art about the art of speaking effectively; it is
aquestion that is asked for effect, rather than from a desire to know the answer.29
6. Irony
According to Leech irony is a seemingly friendly way of being way offensive
(mock-politeness).30 In addition, cutting states that by using irony, a speaker
expresses a positive sentiment but implies a negative one.31 It can be understood
that irony expresses something friendly but it will give another meaning being
offensive expression.
An example of irony is if a student comes down to breakfast one morning
and says “if only you knew how much I love being woken up at 4 pm by a fire
alarm’, she is being ironic and expecting her friend to know that she means the
opposite.
28 Merriam Webster Dictionary. (2018) Retrieved from http:// www.Meriam-Webster.com
on November 15, 2018
29 Leech, G. N. Op.cit.,p.144. 30 Cutting, J. Op.cit., p. 38
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2.7 The politeness Principle
Politeness concerns a relationship between self and other, in conversation
self itself identified with the speaker while other identified with hearer, beside that
the speaker also shows politeness to the third party who may be present or not in
conversation, so politeness here still has the correlation with cooperative principle
because it happens in conversation. The Politeness principle (PP) is introduced by
Geoffrey Leech; Leech has proposed an independent pragmatic principle, to
function alongside the co-operative principle, which he calls the politeness
principle.
Leech proposes for the generation of implicatures via the politeness
principle is similar to that proposed by Grice for the co-operative principle.32 Each
principle is accompanied by a set of more specific maxims.
1. The Tact maxim
The tact maxim is oriented towards the hearer and has positive and
negative sub-maxims:
Minimize cost to the hearer.
Maximize benefit to the hearer.
impositives, that is, utterances which have the function of getting the
hearer to do something (the term impositive includes commands, requests,
beseechments, etc.). We can roughly order impositives in terms of the cost to the
hearer, greatest cost first:
Lend me your wife, Wash the dishes, Pass the salt, Say Ah, Have
another sandwich, Have a nice weekend.
Form the tact maxim explanation above, briefly we can understand that
speaker should hold on the principle to always ease his own profits and maximize
the benefits of other in conversation.
32Cruse, D. A. (2000). Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and
Pragmatic. (E. V. Keith Brown, Ed.) United Stats: Oxford University Press Inc.p.363.
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2. The modesty maxim
The modesty maxim is the natural partner of the previous one, being
oriented towards the speaker, with the relevant 'values' reversed:
Minimize praise of self.
Maximize dispraise of self.
Praising oneself is inherently impolite, so negative politeness here is a
matter of toning down self-congratulation:
A: You did brilliantly!
B: Yes, didn't I?33
From the explanation above that modesty maxim which is center in our
selves, the participants are expected to be humble by reducing praise for
themselves.
3. The agreement maxim
The final two maxims do not form a pair. This is not, as Leech claims,
because they do not involve bipolar scales (at least one of them does), but because
they are inherently relational in a way that the others are not. That is to say,
agreement is a relation between the opinions of the speaker and those of the
hearer. This maxim is simply:
Minimize disagreement with the hearer.
Maximize agreement with the hearer.
The sub-maxims are not clearly distinct. A typical strategy is to begin with
partial agreement before expressing disagreement:
A: She should be sacked immediately. We can't tolerate unpunctuality.
B: I disagree.34
From the example above, we can see that B’s statement does not follow
the agreement from A’s statement which true opposites with the rule of the
agreement maxim.
33Ibid, p.365 34Ibid, p.366
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4. The sympathy maxim
Sympathy is again a matter of a relation between speaker and hearer, andcannot,
therefore, be differentially speaker-or hearer-oriented:
Maximize sympathy (expression of positive feelings) towards the
hearer.
Minimize antipathy (expression of negative feelings) towards the
hearer.
As Leech points out, this maxim renders congratulations and
commiserationsor condolences inherently polite acts. However, once again, it
seems we canspeak of implicatures of politeness only if a discrepancy can be
intuitedbetween what the speaker says and what he or she feels.
5. The Consideration maxim
Leech presents the consideration maxim as a separate principle (the
PollyannaPrinciple), with, in my opinion, very little justification, as it works just
like theother maxims:
Minimize the hearer's discomfort/displeasure.
Maximize the hearer's comfort/pleasure.
Negative politeness under this maxim involves the softening, by variousdevices,
of references to painful, distressing, embarrassing or shocking events,facts, or
things, etc. For instance, if someone's husband has recently died, it ismore polite
to say / was sorry to hear about your husband than / was sorry to hear about your
husband's death, as the latter highlights the distressing event to a greater degree.
In short, the consideration maxim here is to consider speaker’s feeling, do not
make his or her feeling more displeased in an unpleased atmosphere.
6. The Generosity maxim
The generosity maxim is a sister to the tact maxim, and is oriented towards
Costs and benefits to the speaker:
Minimize benefit to self.
Maximize cost to self.
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This maxim works in a way parallel to that of the tact maxim, except that
theeffects are reversed. So, for instance, offers to do something which
involvesbenefit to her hearer, but cost to the speaker must be made as directly as
possible for politeness.
a. Let me wash the dishes.
b. I was wondering if I could possibly wash the dishes.35
Both A and B above are the example which statement from the participant
if A and B minimize benefit and maximize cost to self by offering to do
something in purpose to respect other
7. The Praise maxim
The maxims of praise and modesty form another natural duo, concerned, in
this case, with the expression of positive or negative opinions about speaker or
hearer. The maxim of praise is oriented towards the hearer, and goes as follows:
Minimize dispraise of the hearer.
Maximize praise of the hearer.
As usual, negative politeness is the more crucial, hence the first sub-
maxim isthe more likely to be brought into play. The effect is to tone down any
criticism or not favourable comment:
A: Do you like my new dress?
B: *No.
Well, yes, but it's not my favourite.36
The effect of the second sub-maxim is to exaggerate praise:
Thank you somuch for inviting us. We had an absolutely wonderful
time!
From those explanations, in these talk shows it can be happened during
the conversation between speaker and hearer and definitely happened in side of
politeness as Leech propose in Politeness Principle, so it is why cooperative
principle go in same way through the conversation that shows politeness principle.
35Ibid, p.365 36Ibid, p.364
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2.6 Review of Related Literature
In this research, there are few of previous researchers who do the same
research about flouting the maxim but have difference focus in talk show and
object.
Firstly, Faridah. 2016. Flouting Conversational Maxim Used By Main
Characters in LIE To ME Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters
Department Faculty of Humanities, the researcher used the theory of flouting the
maxim by Grice and used descriptive qualitative method.37 The result of the
research that there are 30 flouting maxims of data, they are 9 maxim of quantity, 7
maxims of quality, 9 maxims of relevance and 5 maxims of manner.
Secondly, Yanthi Monica Saragi. 2016. Flouting Maxim in Conversational
Implicature in The Ellen DeGeneres Show Talk Show. Thesis of English Literature
student, Faculty of Language and Arts, The researcher used the theory of flouting
the maxim by Grice and used descriptive qualitative method. The result of
research shows that in the forms of description of the embodiment and objective
of the flouting of cooperative principle Ellen DeGeneres Show. There are two
types of implicatures found; they are generalized conversational implicature and
particularized conversational implicature. The results show that every type of
maxim is violated by the participant. There are only two maxims which are
flouted in generalized conversational implicature those are maxim quantity and
quality and there are only two maxim which are flouted in particularized
conversational maxim those are maxim relevance and maxim manner and there
are four functions of flouting the maxim those are changing the subject, giving
information, explaining and entertaining.38
Thirdly, Robiatul Adawiyah. 2016. Flouting the Maxim Used By the Main
Characters in “FOCUS” Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters
37Faridah. (2016). Flouting Conversational Maxim Used By Main Characters in LIE To Me
Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters Department Faculty of Humanities. Maulana
Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. 38Saragi, Yanthi Monica. (2016). Flouting Maxim in Conversational Implicature in The
Ellen DeGeneres Show. English Literature, Faculty of Language and Arts. The State University of
Surabaya.
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Department Faculty of Humanities, the researcher used the theory of flouting the
maxim by Grice and used descriptive method. The research shows that there are
four type of flouting the maxim done by the main character of “FOCUS” movie
namely flouting maxim of quality, quantity, relevance and manner.39
From review of literature above, it is clearly that this research has
difference and similarity. these thesis use the same theory from H. Paul Grice with
writer uses in this research, but these thesis highly focus on generate implicature
that become the result of the research while the writer here also uses the same
theory in analysis what are the types, besides also analyze the strategiesby Peter
Grundy theory and how flouting the maxim not only employ in cooperative
principle but also in side of politeness principle by Geofrey Leech theory in the
talk show by using two talk shows as the object of the research.
39Adawiyah, R. (2016). Flouting Maxim Used By Main Characters in “FOCUS” Movie.
English Language and Letters Department Faculty of Humanities. Maulana Malik Ibrahim State
Islamic University of Malang.
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CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Design of Research
Method is the way how we accomplish the problem to get the answer from
the problem. In this case, method itself is used to help the writer to support the
theory as appropriate as possible to the object that would be analyzed. In writing
this thesis, the writer uses qualitative research and descriptive method that is fit
with the aim of this research in analyzing the problem. Qualitative research is
concerned with the systematic collection, ordering, description and interpretation
of textual data generated from talk, observation or documentation.40 It means that
qualitative research is study that involves the aspect of pragmatics which in doing
this research is conducting the systematic way to analyze the data, the writer in
favor about qualitative research explanation above, to get the data that is
generated from talk same as the object of that writer chose.
According to Taylor at all The phrase qualitative methodology refers in the
broadest sense to research that produces descriptive data—people’s own written
or spoken words and observable behavior.41 The writer conduct the research based
on pragmatics side where it can be viewed by observing how speaker and hearer
interacts in communicating to get the goal in the communication, hence the writer
assumes that this method is suitable for helping to conduct this research relating
flouting the maxim that would be analyzed because it really relates with the
interaction we might find in behavior of person in conducting the communication
as the writer chooses object of this research is talk show, the writer want to
analyze what is going on that flouting maxim happened influencing the behavior
of each person in talk show.
40Simon C Kitto, J. C. Quality in qualitative research. Criteria for authors and assessors
in the submission and assessment of qualitative research article for the Medical Journal
Australia,p.188- 243.
40Steven J. Taylor, R. B. (2016).introduction to Qualitative Research Method A
Guidebook and Resource (4th Edition ed.). New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.p.7.
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According to Walliman Qualitative research is practised in
many disciplines, so a range of data collection method has
been devised to cater for the varied requirements of the
different subjects, such as: qualitative interviewing, focus
groups, participant, discourse and conversation analysis
and analysis of texts and documents.42
Creswell states Qualitative Research Begins with assumptions, a world view, the
possible use of theoretical lens, and the study of research problems inquiring into
the meaning individuals or group ascribe to a social or human problem.43 Based
on this statement it describes if data obviously are taken from the social
phenomenon which the writer finds how the language generates the meaning
Based on this statement it describes if data obviously are taken from the social
phenomenon which the writer finds how the language generates the meaning
inverted of the communication that created by individual or group.
By using qualitative, this research designs the data into form of descriptive
method that generates the data from the dialog of conversation between speaker
and hearer. The writer uses descriptive method to describe the data that is found
which the writer is ready to analyze, therefore the writer uses descriptive method
in analyzing the data as Creswell stated:
Descriptive method relies on observations as a mean of
collecting data. It attempts to examine situations in order
to establish what the norm is. The important point is that
the observations are written down or recorded in some
way, in order that they can be subsequently analyzed. It is
important that the data so collected are organized and
presented in a clear and systematic way, so that the
analysis can result in valid and accurate conclusion.44
42Walliman, N. (2011). RESEARCH METHODS the basics. New York: Routledge, p.131.
43Creswell, J. W. (2007). QUALITATIVE INQUIRY & RESEARCH DESIGN Choosing
Among Five Approaches (Second ed.). California: Sage Publication, Inc.p 37. 44Creswell, J. W. (2007). QUALITATIVE INQUIRY & RESEARCH DESIGN.California:
Sage Publication, Inc.
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From the quotation above, descriptive method in this research show that
writer is analyzing the data with systematic way which the writer interprets and
analyzes involving the data that make sense with qualitative data, thus the data
collected in systematic to get obvious data.
The definition above the writer agreed with Taylor Walliman and Creswell
stated if in this research the writer gets the data by observing the language that
produces the conversation which generates aspect of pragmatics and from this
method the writer can observe the social phenomenon based on the phenomenon
of language in spoken.
3.2 Source of Data
Source of data is the major of data that is used the writer to answer the
problem easily, while in conducting the research source of data is taken from the
primary data, therefore in this research the writer only uses the primary data.
According to Ajayi in journal of Advance Statistical Method in Education:
Primary data is one which is collected for the first time by
the researcher while secondary data is the data already
collected or produced by others. There are many
differences between primary and secondary data, which
are discussed in this work. But the most important
difference is that primary data is factual and original
whereas secondary data is just the analysis and
interpretation of the primary data.45
From the statement above the primary of data in this research is the
original data that writer uses is video from YouTube channel. The Talk Shows are
Ellen DeGeneres Talk Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in
YouTube channel. These talk shows are hosted by Ellen DeGeneres and Jimmy
Fallon which are the popular host in America, andthe writer takes some episodes
that are selected at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy
Fallon, then the writer chooses 3 episodes of each two talk shows to make the
research balance as main data that would be analyzed.
45Ajayi, V. O. (2017, september). Advance Statistical Methods in Education. Primary
Sources of Data and Secondary Sources of Data , p.2.
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3.3 Technique of Data Collection
Technique of data collection used to avoid an inaccurate data while doing
the research thus to get the valid data writer uses documentation technique as the
method to be processed by collecting data. Data collection is about asking,
watching, and reviewing.46 That is true the research in the procedure of collecting
the data, the writer doing the research by watching to gain the data to answer the
problem.
The writer uses documentation technique as Arikunto stated,
“Dokumentasi adalah mencari dan mengumpulkan data mengenai hal-hal yang
berupa catatan, transkip, buku, surat kabar, majalah, notulen, rapot, agenda dan
sebagainya.”47 From that statement it is obviously that in collecting the data the
writer collect the data by observing and identifying the subtitle that showed from
the video.In conducting the research the writer interprets the data in purpose to get
the data that have some steps that writer done:
First, the writer watching the Talk Show in some episodes that writer
selected to be the object of the data repeatedly, to get more understanding what is
the contain or purpose that are delivered at Ellen DeGeneres Talk Show and The
Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Second, the writer marks the data that
containing flouting the maxim during the interview or talk session at Ellen
DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Third, the writer
captures the subtitle of dialog in the picture as a form that shows data at Talk
Shows. Fourth, the writer identifies the data from subtitle that has been available
in Talk Show. Last, is classifying the data and making comparison the data that
writer has found. After the data completed, the writer processes the data to be
analyzed in this research.
46Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research A Guide to Design and Implementation.
San Fransisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.p.85. 46Arikunto, S. (2006). Metodologi Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Bina Aksara.p.158.
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3.4 Technique of Data Analysis
Analyzing the data is very crucial activity in this research, where the data
is processed through the information that will be concluded. Data analysis is a
dynamic and creative process. Throughout analysis, researchers attempt to gain a
deeper understanding of what they have studied and to continually refine their
interpretations.48 It means in analyzing the data, the writer processes to complete
the research by adding their own interpretation to get deeply understanding.
To support the data, the writer also uses another method in analysis the
data, the method is constant comparative. As Taylor and Bogdanstated “The
constant comparative method is used by the researcher to develop concepts from
the data by coding and analyzing at the same time.”49 Constant comparative
method shows that by using this method involved two or more variable that would
be compared in the research. Thus, the writer not only use descriptive to describe
the data but also use comparative to compare and to develop each feature of data.
To analyze the data, the writer doing some steps, following steps are:
1. Watching
The writer watches the talk shows repeatedly to get deeper understanding
in taking the data from Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon.
2. Marking
The writer marks the subtitle in this video that is used as the data that has
been watched to another paper from the talk shows Ellen DeGeneres Show and
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.
3. Capturing
The writer captures the picture from the video because in these talk shows
do not use the script, therefore the pictures contain the subtitle in these talk from
the dialog of the picture in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show
48Steven J. Taylor, R. B. (2016). introduction to Qualitative Research Method A
Guidebook and Resource (4th Edition ed.). New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.p.169.
48Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/307632469 on December 12th
2018 on 01.00 am.
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Starring Jimmy Fallon. Furthermore the writer starts identifying the data that
writer has found
4. Identifying
The writer begins to do the identifying the talk show after doing the step of
watching and marking each of picture in Ellen DeGeneres Shows and The Tonight
Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.
5. Classifying
The writer classifies the data from Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight
Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that has been selected based on formulation of the
problem.
6. Analyzing
After classifying the data in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy Fallon, the writer starts to analyze and explain the data that the
writer found in these talk shows.
7. Conclusion
The writer makes the conclusion based on the data after the have been
analyzed in purpose to take the conclusion of the research.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Finding
Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are
the source of data that writer used in this research. The writer found four types of
flouting the maxim based on Grice’s Theory; they are flouting quantity, flouting
quality, flouting relation, and flouting manner. Those types of maxims which
indicated 5 data as flouting the quantity, 4 data indicated as flouting quality, 4
data indicated as flouting relation and 6 data indicated as flouting manner, these
types of flouting the maxim data are from Ellen DeGeneres Show. In the
meantime, types of flouting the maxim from The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy
Fallon, they are 7 data indicated as flouting quantity, 3 data indicated as flouting
quality, 4 data indicated as flouting relation, and 4 data indicated as flouting
manner.
In finding the data, the writer uses Rhetorical strategies based on Peter
Grundy’s Theory which writer found seven strategies of flouting the maxim In
Ellen DeGeneres Show that speaker and hearer used during the conversation, they
are; 1 datum indicated as tautology, 4 data indicated as overstatement, 1 datum
indicated as understatement, 2 data indicated as metaphor, 4 data indicated as
irony and 1 datum indicated as rhetorical question. In The Tonight Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon, the writer also found 2 data indicated as overstatement, 1 datum
indicated as metaphor, 4 data indicated as irony, and 1 datum indicated as
rhetorical question in this talk show.
In these talk shows, the writer also applies the Politeness Principle based
on Geoffrey Leech’s Theory which can be seen as the interaction between speaker
and hearer during the conversation itself, furthermore writer found seven
politeness principle theory in Ellen DeGeneres Show, they are; 2 data indicated as
the tact maxim, 1 datum indicated as the modesty maxim, 4 data indicated as the
agreement maxim, 1 datum indicated as the sympathy maxim, 3 data indicated as
the consideration maxim, 2 data indicated as the generosity maxim, and 2 data
indicated as the praise maxim. In The Tonight Starring Jimmy Fallon, the writer
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found the data of politeness principle, they are; 1 datum indicated as the tact
maxim, 4 data indicated as the modesty maxim, 1 datum indicated as the
agreement maxim, 1 datum indicated as the consideration maxim, 2 data indicates
as the generosity maxim, and 3 data indicated as the praise maxim.
4.2 Analysis
4.2.1 Type of Flouting the Maxim in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight
Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
It deals that Flouting the maxim is breaking or not following the principle in
conversation that makes situation between speaker and hearer can be
misunderstanding if speaker and hearer do not follow the rule of cooperative
principle as Grice propose, there are five types of flouting the maxim that be
flouted in this research, they are; flouting quantity, flouting quality, flouting
relation and flouting manner. The writer analyzes data that has been collected
Based on type of flouting the maxim below.
1. Flouting quantity
Flouting quantity is type of flouting the maxim which is indicated the
speaker flouts the maxim due to give too little and too much information to the
hearer that can cause little and wider information to speaker and hearer catching
the meaning that will be conveyed during the conversation.
Datum 1:
50 51
Ellen DeGeneres : They’re on rock. And they’re spiny-looking
there. And the poor things are just minding
their own business.
Taylor Swift : No, they’re not. That’s just the things. they’re like a
grenade. They’re like, they’re sitting there waiting to
completely injure you to the point where. Okay, so you 50 Duration 00.00.26 51 Duration 00.00.56
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step. You can’t see a sea urchin. If you’re okay, like, if
you’re in you’re like, this water is so beautiful. It’s amazing.
And you’re walking, it’s clear water. You can’t see a sea
urchin’s right there. And then you step on one and then it has
barbs, and it goes into whatever it touches, and then you
have to go to the emergency room. And it has to be
surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand
trying to get it off your foot.
On datum 1 above this conversation happens when Ellen gives the
statement about the fact of sea urchin to Taylor, but Taylor utters “they’re like a
Grenade. They’re like, they’re sitting there waiting to completely injure you
to the point where. This conversation shows that Taylor does flouting quantity
which Taylor cannot give the information as required to the hearer there, too
much information during the conversation and it show the repeat statement by
saying “you could lose your hand trying to get it off your food that Taylor
wants to say if she does not like sea urchin because it injures your body. So, in
this case Taylor flouts the maxim of quantity by which she cannot give the
information as required, give too much information,
Datum 2
52 53
Jimmy Fallon : It’s getting real
Donald Trump : Yeah, it’s getting real. I agree
Jimmy Fallon : You still have time. Do you still want to do this?
I mean. There’s time.
Donald Trump : We’re doing well. It’s been really a lot of fun and it’s an
amazing movement all over the country. It’s been incredible.
So, no, it’s been an honor for me. I have to say.
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Jimmy Fallon : There’s probably kid watching you right now. If they’re
at home watching. They do stay up late and watch our show.
Why should they want to grow up and be president?
On datum 2, the writer found The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
that is hosted by Jimmy Fallon also doing flouting quantity which is indicated
from the sentence that Jimmy uttered “there’s probably kid watching you right
now”, and “why should they want to grow up and be the president. From this
statement the writer knew that based on Leech Theory you cannot give the
statement that is not required, therefore Jimmy Fallon did the statement which
asking to the Donald Trump at that time to give Trump statement how to be
president to the kid audience who watch trump at home. However it became
useless, the fact that Trump becoming president not to be asked anymore and
Jimmy Fallon cannot say it because it can be an uncomfortable thing for the
hearer to answer the question that is not literally required in conversation.
2. Flouting quality
Flouting quality is type of flouting the maxim where people flouting the
maxim by giving lack adequate of evidence during the conversation, it can cause
the speaker and hearer sometimes cannot catch what speaker and hearer meaning
and the information given cannot be trusted.
Datum 3:
54 55
Sandra Bullock : Ok. Sorry. So let’s be serious
Ellen DeGeneres : alright
Sandra Bullock : This is very serious show today. A whole different vibe
for me today. There’s like a seriousness here that we have
to.
Ellen : What are you talking about?
Sandra Bullock : I don’t know.
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On datum 3, thisconversation happens when Sandra tries to be serious to
the next question which Sandra uttered“this very serious show today. A whole
different vibe for me today” it shows Sandra does not cooperate during the
conversation because she gives the statement that be lack adequate as just play the
statement which herself even does not know what she told by uttering “I don’t
know” when Ellen asks Sandra what she is talking about, so in this case Sandra is
flouting quality.
Datum 4:
56 57
Jimmy Fallon : Well, have you guys ever done bits together?
Shawn Mendez : we haven’t
Jimmy Fallon : he likes you.
Shawn Mendez : he does, yeah.
Jimmy Fallon : I know he does.
Shawn Mendez : I think he does. I hope he does
Jimmy Fallon \ : he definitely does.
Shawn Mendez : yeah, yeah.
Jimmy Fallon : I mean, he likes other people, too.
Shawn Mendez : yeah, he likes other people.
Jimmy Fallon : he doesn’t like everybody,
Shawn Mendez : He likes a lot of people
Jimmy Fallon : yeah, he likes. Nah, not really
On datum 4, this conversation happens when Jimmy and Shawn talks
about who Justin Timberlake likes. Jimmy exaggerates “he doesn’t like
everybody, here he gives over statement and give the statement which lack
adequate by uttering “Yeah, he likes. Nah, not really” without evidence to
Shawn Mendez about whose person Justin Timberlake likes. So, in this case
Jimmy is flouting quality.
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3. Flouting relation
Flouting relation is type of flouting the maxim which is based on Grice
theory that speaker and hearer do not give the relevance information in
conversation, thus it can make the misunderstanding because give the unrelated
statement in conversation.
Datum 5
58 59
Ellen Deeneres : Yeah, Exercise daily?
Debra Messin : ha…ha…ha. No.
Ellen Deeneres : No?
Debra Messin : No
Ellen Deeneres : How often?
Debra Messin : No
On datum 5, this conversation happens when Ellen asks about the exercise
to Debra, Debra seemingly does not cooperate in doing the conversation with
Ellen, Debra cannot answer as ellen‘s question. Debra repeteadly gives the
unrelevan answer by saying “ha…ha…ha…” and “No”, obviously based on
Grice Theory flouting relation happens when speaker and hearer do not give the
relevance statement or inormation in conversation, it shows that Debra does not
cooperate. So in this case Debra isflouting the relation in this talk show.
Datum 6:
60
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61
Jimmy fallon : How do you like “The Daily Show”?, Do You Enjoy it
Trevor Noh : I love it, man. I love every moment.
Jimmy Fallon : you’re crushing it, buddy. You’re doing great job.
Trevor Noah : Thank You so much, Man. Thank you. I love it so much.
Jimmy Fallon : I love watching it, you got a great team over there, too.
Trevor Noah : Yeah, man, I’m lucky that I inherited great people from Jon
Stewar, and I you know, I was never meant for a job like this
I my word. Every day’s a dream for me. I’m appreciative.
I’m happy. Even Trump I can enjoy on certain days.
On datum 6, this conversation happens when Jimmyflouting relation seems
obviously in the way Trevor answering what Jimmy asks to him, Trevor give the
unrelevan statement “Even Trump I can enjoy on certain days” so it is not
relevan and can be misunderstanding in puprpose trevor wants to sattire someone.
if the writer looks back to the question from Jimmy about Trevor’s activity as the
presenter on The Daily Show, by giving the statement Trevor literally flouts the
relation.
4. Flouting manner
Flouting manner is type of flouting the maxim based on Grice theory
which is indicated speaker and hearer appear to be obscure in conversation, trying
to relate third party in conversation In order to make the reasonable answer or
statement, and also speaker and hearer do not give the straight point which the
information or statement that would be given.
Datum 7:
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62 63
Ellen DeGeneres : Listen, let me tell you something about sea urchins. ‘They
can puncture and injure you and cause swelling and redness.”
Taylor Swift : Does that sounds like stuff that you want?
Ellen DeGeneres : But that’s not what you just. You just described losing
your hand and your foot.
On Datum 7 above, this conversation happens when Ellen and Taylor talk
about the fact of sea urchin,the situation in the conversation where Taylor tries to
be obscure about the truth of sea urchin from Ellen’s explanation, Taylor looks
like ambiguity to accept the explanation what Ellen has said about sea urchin,
therefore Taylor has flouts the maxim of relation because she does not accept the
fact that has been given and it shows the prolixity who Taylor makes in this
conversation. So, in this case it shows that Ellen is flouting the maxim of manner
by giving the prolixity while conversing in the conversation.
Datum 8:
64
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65
Jimmy Fallon : I’ve noticed that little changes, I think your voice has
changed a little bit because I’ve done I hate to break it to you but I’ve done an
impression of you or twice on this show.
Donald Trump : You have
Jimmy Fallon : Thank you for letting me do that
Donald Trump : and a very good impression
Jimmy Fallon : Thank you. But when you first started running,
(As trump) You were very high china, you’d say “china”.
A lot of pointing very high and then you got into a stage
(normal voice). Where you were just willing (as a Trump)
you were yelling into the microphone at people and you were
yelling at everyone! (normal voice) and, like, you don’t even
need the microphone. (as Trump) and now, you’re more of,
like, a smoky, silky…like a Donald Trump/Alec Baldwin
impression type of voice.
Yeah, that’s what I see you’re doing. And I got to kindly
thank you for giving us the material that we’re doing. It’s
been amazing to follow and exciting because you say some
shocking things. I can’t believe.
Donald Trump : But I’m trying not to anymore
Jimmy Fallon : Oh, yeah. See, that’s changing. Yeah. That’s what I’m
talking about, so, yeah.
On datum 8 this conversation happens when Jimmy asks about the
inflection to the Trump. Fallon does the obscurity during the conversation in the
talk show, he tries to imitate Trump’s sound by saying You were very high
china, you’d say “china” as a Trump that makes the conversation being prolixity
at the end of talk show as the expression from Trump only can laugh that give the
effect of himself is not comfy of situation during the conversation. So in this case
Jimmy is flouting the maxim of manner.
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4.2.2 The Strategies of flouting the maxim in conversation at Ellen
DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
There are strategies that used in the conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon to flouting the maxim, here the
strategies is rhetorical strategies used by the participant as the way to flout the
maxim in conversation based on the Peter Grundy Theory that rhetorical strategies
have been considered flouting the Grice maxim which is included tautology,
overstatement, understatement, metaphor, irony and rhetorical question. Below
the writer analyzes the data of strategies for flouting the maxim.
1. Tautology
Based on Grundy Theory that the use of tautology in conversation is an
expression to express complex meaning which makes the utterance that expressed
from speaker or hearer more idiomatic during the conversation.
Datum 9:
66
Ellen DeGeneres : This is the serious part. You’ve had a rough couple of
months. And I’m happy that you’re happy and things are
good.
Sandra Bullock : Thank you. Yeah. It was a, you know like, life, I realize,
happens whether you schedule it or not. That just blew my
mind this year.
From the datum 9, this conversation happens whenSandra tells her life
facing the year to Ellen. Sandra uttered “that just blew my mind this year.” so
in this case, It is the strategies of flouting the maxim that used in conversation by
Sandra that it could be the complex meaning as the surprise for facing her year
when she expressed in this Ellen DeGeneres Show Talk Show.
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2. Overstatement
Overstatement is a case expression where the speaker’s description is
stronger than actual state of affair which means the statement that is over in
conversation and it similar with hyperbole.
Datum 10:
67 68
Ellen DeGeneres : Had you not been open to dating? What does this mean to
be open?
Debra Messing : No, I have been open. I have never
Ellen DeGeneres : you filthy, filthy people.
Debra Messing : I have been open. No one has asked me on a date.
Not one, Zero.
From datum 10 above, this conversation happens when Ellen asks Debra
about the date. The statement that is uttered by Debra “no one has asked me on a
date. not one, zero” and It shows that Debra exaggerates the statement that she
gives to Ellen because she is the famous one or actress that she cannot deny if
there is no someone who invites her on date even she cannot say the truth while
saying the statement she is laughing to answer Ellen’s question, so in this case
Debra is using Overstatement strategy to flout the maxim.
Datum 11:
69 70
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Trevor Noah : We”ll see what he says, I feel like everyone. Democrats,
Republicans, I don’t care who you are. Everyone is
clenching their butt cheeks while he speaks. Cause it be
nothing. He could start a war or he could make peace. You
don’t know.
Jimmy Fallon : You really have no idea, do you?
Trevor Noah : “Little Rocket Man…is a friend.” You don’t know.
On datum 11 above, in this conversation happenswhen Jimmy wants to end
the talk show, here Trevor always talked about trump during the talk show, where
it can be seen from the dialog between Jimmy and himself with the statement that
Trevor saying at the end of talk show is “Little Rocket Man…is a friend.It
indicated that uttered by Trevor is exaggerate statement which actually in this
situation during the talk show who little rocket man is and a friend refer
tosomebody or satire somebody which in this case Trevor is doing the
overstatement in this talk show.
3. Understatement
Understatement is different with overstatement which is indicated by
saying less than what speaker means and it based on the Perrine Theory and also
based on Leech Theory, it can be as critic to criticize someone by showing
negative expression.
Datum 12:
71 72
Ellen DeGeneres : Exercise daily?
Debra Messing : Ha, ha, ha
No.
Ellen DeGeneres : No?
Debra Messing : No
Ellen DeGeneres : How often
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Debra Messing : No
On datum 12, this conversation happens when Ellen takes place to talk and
Ellen ask to Debra which she did in exercise daily at home, cooperatively here
Ellen has cooperate in asking her question but Debra does not look cooperative
with her statement by answering Ha, ha, ha without say the point what Ellen has
asked to herself, it indicates that Debra give less what Ellen means in answering
her question so in this case Debra is doing the understatement to the Ellen in this
conversation where actually Ellen should get the appropriate and enough answer
from Debra.
4. Metaphor
Metaphor is an expression that can change the meaning by describing
person or object to the similar characteristic that is trying to the object, and it
concludes based on interaction theory in Levinson “metaphor” happens when
metaphorical expression is embedded in literal expression.
Datum 13:
73
Ellen DeGeneres : Okay, let’s talk about another irrational fear of yours.
You’re scared getting arrested.
Taylor Swift : I’m scared of getting framed.
Ellen DeGeneres : Okay, now you’ve gone one step beyond. Who would
frame you and for what?
Taylor Swift : Oh, so many people would frame me. And they could
frame you for any crime that could go to jail for, and I look
at me, I wouldn’t survive in jail and I think it comes from the
fact that, like, I could open up my phone I could look at my
phone and see any headline written about me at any time,
and it could be, like, the most ridiculously untrue thing. And
so I think the dream and the nightmare of being framed
comes from like, I could do nothing I’ve wrong. I could sit in
my house with the cats all day and somehow, there could a g
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be an article about, like, me buying a house in a place I’ve
never been or dating a guy I’ve never met.
Ellen DeGeneres : Right.
Taylor Swift : So it’s like, you know but then you take it a step further. In
the nightmare world, it’s being framed for murder.
On datum 13 above, this conversation happens when Taylor give an
explanation why she is afraid of getting framed which cause to herself in her daily
life by uttering “in the nightmare world” and it describes the bad situation that
she faces of being afraid to be framed from anyone which makes she uses
metaphor here. In this case the writer finds the data which usage of metaphor as
the strategies to flout the maxim in this research only used in Ellen DeGeneres
Show.
5. Rhetorical Question
Rhetorical question is a strategies which is indicated not only as a question
to get an answer but here the question is a statement that is uttered intently by
speaker and hearer, based on Hornby Theory when someone asked it is not
indicated to get the answer but it indicates and emphasize the point of statement.
Datum 14:
74 75
Ellen DeGeneres : Go out with some single friends. Do you have single
friend?
Debra Messing : No
Ellen DeGeneres : oh, no. wow.
Debra Messing : Are you good at setting people up?
Ellen DeGeneres : I’m so good at setting people up.
Debra Messing : Think about it.
Ellen DeGeneres : Let me know what are you looking for and I have set so
many people up.
Debra messing : Have they been successful?
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On datum 1 above, this conversation above happens where Ellen says that
she can make somebody going on date. Debra Messing utters“Let me know what
are you looking for and I have set so many people up”,here Ellen is not giving
a question to Debra but rather than to give the statement in her sentence if she
wants to tell the proof, she can set someone in other word is dating therefore by
asking to Debra which is here not literally to expect the answer from Debra except
giving the statement to persuade Debra in this talk show. So in this case Ellenis
using rhetorical question in this talk show.
Datum 15:
76
Shawn Mendez : It was the coolest thing of my entire life, right there.
Jimmy Fallon : Look at that. He’s the greatest. And you did “cry me a
river”?
Shawn Mendez : No, we didn’t do “cry me a river.” We did “what goes
around comes around.”Who’s the better friend now?
Jimmy Fallon : Oh, that’s what you did?
On datum 15 above, this conversation happens when Jimmy and Shawn
about the friendship with Justin Timberlake. Shawn Mendez here uses the
rhetorical question during the conversation with Jimmy While she answers the
question from Jimmy, Shawn inserts the statement which is indicated as a
rhetorical question in the conversation above, he utters intently to give the point of
his statement if he points herself as the better friend of Justin Timberlake by
asking the question but actually he does not literally to give a question where he
persuade to Jimmy by uttering “who’s the better friend now? In The Tonight
Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.
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6. Irony
Irony is a strategy which is indicated the way of speaker and hearer give
the offensive expression and also give the positive statement but in other hand
implies the negative statement in conversation based on Leech Theory.
Datum 16:
77
Ellen DeGeneres : So you start at Thanksgivings, getting ready?
Sandra Bullock : Yeah, Right before Thanksgiving, I’ve started pulling out
the decorations.
Ellen DeGeneres : Ok, Your whole house is decorated?
Sandra Bullock : Yeah.
Ellen DeGeneres : And obviously, a tree.
Sandra Bullock : Well, there’s tree. Our nanny is allergic to pine, so we had
to go completely plastic.
Ellen DeGeneres : Well, there’s spruce. There’s other tree.
Sandra Bullock : None of it’s allowed in the house. So there’s a lot of really
good looking pine tree.
Ellen DeGeneres : Wow. She must be a good nanny.
Sandra Bullock : She’s amazing.
On datum 16 above, this conversation happens when Ellen asks Debra
about Thanksgiving preparation. indicates that here the strategy usage is irony
used by Ellen, it can be looked from the conversation above where the situation or
topic of conversation between Ellen and Sandra is about Thanksgiving which
Ellen asks to Sandra how she prepares the Thanksgivings, during the conversation
and irony here can be indicated when Ellen asks about the tree that Sandra will
use to decorate but Sandra answers that she uses the plastic tree for decoration
because the nanny has an allergic to pine which she cannot use other tree except
plastic tree, therefore Ellen is being irony here by giving the statement “She must
be a good nanny”because she seems to criticize the nanny who Sandra cares to
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the nanny’s allergic with not to use the pine tree. It shows from the data above that
there is nothing wrong with the statement that is uttered by Ellen, the statement
that is uttered by Ellen positive statement but here the writer finds that the
statement from Ellen contains the critic to the nanny which has the another
meaning as the nanny is lucky being a nanny in Sandra’s house so it is like to
satire the nanny to be a good nanny.
Datum 17:
78
Shawn Mendez : It was the coolest thing of my entire life, right there.
Jimmy Fallon : Look at that. He’s the greatest. And you did “cry me a
river”?
Shawn Mendez : No, we didn’t do “cry me a river.” We did “what goes
around comes around.” Who’s the better friend now?
Jimmy Fallon : Oh, that’s what you did?
Yeah. Yeah. I wasn’t there, though. I wasn’t there.
Shawn Mendez : Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry, sorry.
Jimmy Fallon : That’s all right. I wasn’t there.
Shawn Mendez : You follow him on Instagram, though, right?
Jimmy Fallon : Uh, no. I just hang out with him outside of fake social
media. I’m really his friend. Anyway.
On datum 17 above, the conversation in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy
Fallon where in this talk show jimmy and Shawn are talking about the singer
Justin Timberlake during the conversation shows the irony that is uttered from
Jimmy by saying “I’m really his friend. Anyway” it describes Jimmy only gives
a statement that there is no wrong statement while she is answering the question
from Shawn, in this case Jimmy uses the irony by giving the friendly statement
but the writer finds if Jimmy shows another expression being offensive to Shawn
in this talk show when he is answering the question from Shawn.
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4.2.3 Politeness Principle in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The
Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
Politeness principle can be understood as the strategy to avoid the conflict,
and it identified in conversation there are two which are self indicates as a speaker
while other indicates as a hearer. Politeness principle related during the
conversation if speaker and hearer being polite in conveying the meaning each
other in order not to create the situation of misunderstanding and also can be
polite to other and self, by using the polite language speaker and hearer are
expected to maintain politeness which tends to show a good personality during the
conversation, contrarily by using the inappropriate language tends to show the bad
personality. Furthermore, Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon relate the usage and violation of politeness principle with Leech
Theory proposed, there are seven politeness principles related by set more specific
maxim.
1. Tact maxim
The tact maxim orientates that all participants should minimize cost to the hearer
and maximize benefit to the hearer in the conversation.
Datum 18:
79
Ellen DeGeneres : Let’s talk about your fear of sea urchin.
Taylor Swift : (groans) Don’t even sea urchins.
Ellen DeGeneres : Now, come on.
Taylor Swift : I can’t with.
On datum 18 above, in this conversation Ellen uses tact maxim while
asking Taylor to get answer by trying to respect Taylor in the beginning of
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47
question that he will be available and could be answered to Taylor by saying
“Let’s talk about your fear of sea urchin”, it indicates that Ellen question can
be respectful to Taylor how she started the conversation to allow herself if she
will discuss the topic with Taylor and by asking first to Taylor before inviting
Taylor to give next another question in this talk show, therefore it shows Ellen
DeGeneres Show where Ellen used Tact maxim in her utterance in this talk show.
Datum 19:
80 81
Jimmy Fallon : There’s probably kids watching you right now, if they are
at home watching. They do stay up late and watch our show.
Why should they want to grow up and be president?
Donald Trump : Well, I think you want to grow up and be president
because you want to help people. And you want to help
people. There’s tremendous problems that people in this
country have, and all over the world. And if you want to help
people, there’s no better position to do it from than the
presidency. So we can do a lot of good.
On datum 19 above, This conversation happens when Jimmy Fallon asks to
Trump by uttering “why they want to grow up and be president” this utterance
indicates that Jimmy want to dig what is the reason that makes Trump want to be
a president with asks Trump to give a message for children who may be watch
Jimmy Fallon’s Show, Trump uttered “Well, I think you want to grow up and
be president because you want to help people. And you want to help people.”
And “So we can do a lot of good” it indicates if Trump here just want to help
people and do a lot of good which utterance in this conversation contains that
Donald Trump applies tact maxim of politeness principle by doing the command
from Jimmy Fallon.
8000.00.20-00.00.27 8100.00.29-00.00.43
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2. Modesty maxim
Modesty maxim orientates that all participant which they should minimize
praise of self and maximize dispraise of self in order to make all participants can
be humble by minimize praise of self.
Datum 20:
82
Debra Messing : huge, huge, huge. Like you plan, I planned Christmas like
in July, and then start planning actually decorating two
weeks before Thanksgiving.
Ellen : are you serious?
Sandra Bullock : serious
Ellen : so,
Sandra Bullock : There is an uncomfortable silence going yeah, something
not right with her.
Ellen DeGeneres : I see why Ellen thought she was special.
On datum 20 above, this conversation happens when Ellen and Sandra
Bullock talk about Christmas. Here, Ellen violates the modesty maxim of
politeness principle by uttering that “I see why Ellen thought she was special”,
as Leech theory which the speaker have to minimize praise of self and it looked
from what Ellen has said that Ellen is praise her program about herself.
Datum 21:
83 84
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49
Jimmy Fallon : Oh that’s what you did yeah.
Shawn Mendez : Yeah.
Jimmy Fallon : I wasn’t there, though. I wasn’t there.
Shawn Mendez : Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry. Sorry
On datum 21 above, this conversation happens when Jimmy talk about the
photo of Shawn and Justin Timberlake are together on stage where from that stage
Shawn and Justin is better friend and Jimmy confesses by uttering “I wasn’t
there, though. I wasn’t there.” the utterance from Jimmy shows that Jimmy did
not look the moment when Shawn and Justin are together on the stage, so it is
why Jimmy said it, Shawn gives the respond “Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry,
sorry”. The utterance from Shawn here shows if Shawn maximize dispraise of
self by giving respond which insert word sorry even though Shawn knows Jimmy
confessed if he did not look them on the stage but here Shawn appreciates how
Jimmy know his friendship with Justin Timberlake.
3. The Agreement maxim
The agreement maxim orientates that all participant which are the speaker
and interlocutor can minimize disagreement with the hearer and maximize
agreement with the hearer.
Datum 22:
85
Ellen DeGeneres : is he still doing stand up?
Debra Messing : he still is. And now there is nothing off limits. Now he uses
me in his material.
Ellen DeGeneres : oh, wow.
Debra Messing : Yes.
Ellen DeGeneres : Do you like it?
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Debra Messing : I mean, I kind of feel like I have to be supportive, right?
Ellen DeGeneres : Right
On datum 22 above, this conversation happens when Debra talk about his
son to Ellen. Here, Debra messing is using the agreement maxim of politeness
principle to Ellen by saying “í mean, I kind of people like I have to be
supportive right?”based on the Leech Theory if Debra maximizes the agreement
maxim to Ellen where Ellen also said ”right” what Debra has been talking
showed Ellen is agree with Debra’s utterance.
Datum 23:
86 87
Shawn Mendez : You follow him on Instagram. Though, right?
Jimmy Fallon : Uh, no I just hang out with him outside of fake social
media. I am really his friend. Anyway.
On datum 23 above, this conversation happens when Shawn asks Jimmy whether
she follow Justin in Instagram or not by uttering “You follow him on Instagram.
Though, right?” which Jimmy Fallon responds “Uh, no I just hang out with
him outside of fake social media. I am really his friend. Anyway.”From
Jimmy’s utterance shows disagreement maxim of politeness principle if Jimmy is
really friend of Justin and go hang out with Justin not just doing friendship in
social media.
4. The Sympathy maxim
The Sympathy maxim should oblige all the participants to maximize
sympathy towards the hearer and minimize antipathy toward the hearer in order
all the participants can maximize sympathy between one another.
Datum 24:
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51
88
Sandra Bullock : I think. You can’t not see what’s going on in the world
anymore, and you can’t protect your kids from it, so they
saw it, and it just made them really sad.
Ellen DeGeneres : That’s so great. I hope a lot of people do that because there
are a lot of people.
On datum 24 above, this conversation happens when Sandra Bullock talks
about her children. Here, Ellen reacts what Sandra Bullock has been saying, by
saying “I hope a lot of people do that” Ellen give the sympathy feeling to
Sandra about Sandra’s life to protect her children in this world. Here Ellen
maximizes her sympathy feeling to Sandra that indicates the usage of sympathy
feeling.
5. The Consideration maxim
The consideration maxim wants all the participants to minimize the
hearer’s discomfort and maximize the hearer’s pleasure in order to consider the
feeling of the speaker.
Datum 25:
89 90
Taylor Swift : ….but then you take it step further. In the nightmare
world. It’s being for murder
Ellen DeGeneres : I don’t think that’s a step. That’s a leap. But, anyway, I
think you’re fine, and I think you would even have fans in
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prisons, and they would take care of you, and they would all
love you.
On datum 25 above, this conversation happens when Taylor clarifies why
she is afraid being framed by uttering “….but then you take it step further. In
the nightmare world, It’s being for murder”,and Taylor gives the reason how
she could face it, from Taylor’s utterance, Ellen respond by uttering “I don’t
think that’s a step. That’s a leap. Which Ellen considers what have been stated
from Taylor is not a step but a leap how she could face her fear. The utterance
from Ellen shows if Ellen uses the consideration maxim of politeness principle by
minimize discomfort of what she has been stated to Taylor where Ellen considers
the statement from Taylor in this conversation.
Datum 26:
.91
On datum 26 above, the writers indicates that in this talk show if trump is
giving the consideration maxim what Jimmy has been saying if the business
background helps Trump being president so here Trump giving the statement by
saying “I’m trying to figure that one out”. It describes and indicates that Trump
maximize discomfort of pleasure not to consider what have been Jimmy said
about himself. Thus Trump seems violating the consideration maxim in this
conversation to make the conversation more polite, he should consider the feeling
of Jimmy that is being interlocutor in this conversation.
6. The Generosity Maxim
The generosity maxim wants all the participant to minimize benefit to self
and maximize cost to self in order to make the speaker can respect other.
Datum 27:
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92 93
Ellen DeGeneres : I hope a lot of people do that because there a lot of people
Sandra Bullock : I think a lot of people are doing it.
On datum 27 above, this conversation happens when Sandra talks about the
Christmas event and how she protects her children to Ellen, that makes Ellen
amazes to Sandra for what have been Sandra done by uttering “I hope a lot of
people do that because there a lot of people” which Sandra responds “I think a
lot of people are doing it.” It indicates the utterance that is uttered by Sandra is
generosity of politeness maxim where Sandra here also wants to state as Ellen said
if what she has been doing is also done by people, it show if Sandra minimizes
benefit to self.
Datum 28:
94
Jimmy Fallon : Donald, this is getting real. This is
Donald Trump : Yeah, it’s getting real. I agree.
Jimmy Fallon : You still have time. Do you still want to do this? I mean,
there’s time
Donald Trump : We’re doing well. It’s been really a lot of fun, and it’s an
amazing movement all over the country. It’s been incredible,
so, no, it’s been an honor for me, I have to say.
On datum 28 above, this conversation happens when Jimmy Fallon asks
Trump’s feeling become president. Here, Jimmy asks Trump how the feeling
become president after Trump won the election come to Jimmy Fallon Show, the
utterance “so, no, it’s been an honor for me, I have to say” who uttered by
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Trump is indicated the generous feeling of politeness principle which Trump feels
honor has been able to the Jimmy Fallon Talk Show.
7. The Praise Maxim
The Praise Maxim wants all the participants to minimize dispraise of the
hearer and maximize praise of the hearer in order to make all participant do not
mock or humiliate other.
Datum 29:
95
Jimmy Fallon : you posed for a picture with him. It was great.
Shawn Mendez : I got it
Jimmy Fallon : I really loved that
On datum 29 above, in this conversation happens when Jimmy praises to
Shawn and Justin Timberlake friendship while being together on her stage, by
saying “I really love that”. Therefore the writer indicates that here Jimmy applies
politeness principle by using the praise maxim to hearer that he tells to Shawn in
this conversation.
Datum 30:
96 97
Ellen DeGeneres : Go out with girlfriend more often.
Debra Messing : Yes
Ellen DeGeneres : Yes?
Debra Messing : Yes
Ellen DeGeneres : That’s great.
95 Duration 00.01.00 96Duration 00.00.56 97Duration 00.01.04
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On datum 30 above, the conversation happens when Ellen asks Sandra
about the activity which Debra does by asking “Go out with girlfriend more
often”, Debra nodded that she often goes out with her girlfriend and, from what
Debra said it makes Ellen maximize praise to Debra by uttering “That’s great” it
shows that Ellen uses praise maxim of politeness principle in the conversation
with Debra Messing.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the analysis in finding research, the writer draws some
conclusions according to formulation of the problem as follow:
1. According to the first formulation the writer found types of flouting
maxim used in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon. Type of flouting the maxim in these Talk shows indicate how
the speaker and hearer in these talk shows are intentionally and
unintentionally break while conversing in conveying the information given.
Four flouting the maxims which are flouting quantity, flouting quality,
flouting relation and flouting the manner, in this research flouting the
maxim of quantity become main type used in Ellen DeGeneres Show and
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are Flouting Quantity, they are 5
data as flouting quantity, 4 data as flouting quality, 4 flouting quality, 6
data as flouting relation and 6 data as flouting manner in Ellen DeGeneres
Show while 7 data as flouting quantity, 3 data as flouting quality, 4 data as
flouting relation and 4 data as flouting manner in The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy Fallon which violated in this research. In these talk shows
flouting the maxim used when speaker gives the utterance that is too much
information and too little information to the hearer that can be broader
information. The data compared in these talk shows show that in this
research flouting maxims are frequently used in these talk shows are
flouting the maxims in Ellen DeGeneres Show rather than in The Tonight
Show Starring Jimmy Fallon flouting the maxim.
2. According to the second formulation of the problem, the writer found The
strategies to flout the maxim in these talk shows used in this research are
Rhetorical strategies which are Tautology, Overstatement, Understatement,
Metaphor, Irony, and Rhetorical Question. The data in Ellen DeGeneres
show are 1 datum as Tautology, 4 data as Overstatements, 1 datum as
Understatement, 2 data as Metaphor, 4 data as Irony and 1 datum as
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Rhetorical question Rhetorical Strategies are frequently used in Ellen
DeGeneres Show and The data in Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are
2 data as Overstatement, 1 datum as Metaphor, 4 data as Ironies and 1
datum as Rhetorical Question. The finding data show Rhetorical Strategies
are frequently used in Ellen DeGeneres Show rather than in The Tonight
Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. The Rhetorical Strategies frequently used in
Ellen DeGeneres are Overstatement and Irony, which overstatement is when
the speaker’s description is stronger while uttering the information,
meanwhile the irony is friendly way of being offensive which also gives a
positive sentiment but implies negative one in utterance.
3. According to formulation of the third formulation of problem, The
findings of Politeness principle in these talk shows are to know the speaker
being polite every utterance that is uttered in conversation. There are seven
politeness principles; tact maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim,
sympathy maxim, consideration maxim, generosity maxim, and praise
maxim. From those politeness principles, the most frequently used both of
these talk shows are showed in Ellen DeGeneres rather than The Tonight
Show Starring Jimmy Fallon which the data 2 data as tact maxim, 1 datum
as modesty maxim, 4 data as agreement maxim, 1 datum as sympathy
maxim, 3 data as consideration maxim, 2 data as generosity maxim and 2
data as praise maxim in Ellen DeGeneres Show compared with data in The
Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon 1 datum as tact maxim, 4 data as
modesty maxims, 1 datum as agreement maxim, 1 datum as consideration
maxim, 2 data as generosity maxims, 3 data as praise maxims
After finding the data which draw above, it shows that in Ellen DeGeneres
Show most frequently used type of flouting the maxim, the Rhetorical strategies
to flout the maxim and also there are politeness principlesin their utterance of the
conversation, compared with The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy that is fewer in
using type of flouting, rhetorical strategies and also politeness principles that
relate in the talk show. The writer finds why speaker and the hearer in talk shows
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are flouting because the speaker and hearer wants to create the humor, make the
conversation nicer, avoid awkwardness and have a sense of curiosity.
5.2 Suggestion
The writer suggests to the reader or next researcher who has interest in
usage the maxim where flouting the maxim has been analyzed become subject of
the research. Thus, for other researchers who want to analyze the maxim
especially in other parts of Non-Observance maxim in different point of view of
literary work because by using flouting the maxim, people may know how to
converse well and avoid the misunderstanding in conversation so that in writing
this research paper hopefully this next research can help other researcher
understands well using the maxim theory to the next researcher of English
Literature student in Faculty of Adab and Humanities.
Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are
the popular talk show in America which release every episode In YouTube where
in these talk shows flouting the maxim is common phenomenon used in daily life
that will give more understanding the usage in running the conversation to run the
conversation well if flouting maxim not only happens in daily life but also in other
media as the talk show in the object of this research.
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The Noble Qur’an. (2016). Qur’an.com (Also Known as The Noble Qur’an, Al
Quran, Holy Quran, Koran). Retrieved from https://www.quran.com
Accessed on April, 12th 2019 at 22.31 pm.
Merriam Webster Dictionary. (2018) Retrieved from http://www.Meriam-
Webster.com on November 15, 2018
Ellen DeGeneres Biography. (2019) Retrieved from www.Biography.com on
March 3, 2019.
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Appendix 1
No
Name of talk show
Utterance
1
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
-No, they’re not. That’s just things. they’re like a
grenade. They’re like sitting there waiting there to
completely injure you to the point where. Okay so you
step. You can’t see a sea urchin. If you’re in you’re in
you’re like, this water is so beautiful. It’s amazing. And
you’re walking, it’s clear water. You can’t see a sea
urchin right there. And then you step on one and then it
has barbs, and it goes into whatever it touches, and then
you have to go to the emergency room. And it has to be
surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand
trying to get it off your foot.
(00.00.26-00.00.56)
2
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
-No..no..no
(00.00.41)
3
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
I have been open no one has asked me on a date. Not
one
(00.02.09-00.02.14)
4
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
I was born in D.C., but my mother was German. She was
an opera singer. So we would go back through the opera
seasons, and every opera has a dirty gypsy child, and
that was me.
(00.00.14-00.00.22)
5
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
What are you talking about?
I don’t know.
(00.03.14-00.03.16)
6
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Donald Trump
There’s probably kids watching you right now, if they’re
at home watching. They do stay up late and watch our
show. Why should they want to grow up and be
president? (00.00.20-00.00.27)
7
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Donald Trump
I really never did. I probably wouldn’t have done many
of the shows that I’ve done over the years if I ever
thought. But I never thought this would happen. Four
years ago, I really considered it. And they renewed as you
know, they wanted me to stay and do ”The Apprentice,”
and I was doing all of these jobs and, but I really want to
do it, and ultimately I decided I’d wait. Let’s see how
things go with the country, and things only got worse, and
I decided to do it. And, you know, I gave up a lot by
doing this. This is a tough thing. There’s no nothing easy
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about it. I’ve always heard doing this is a very, very
difficult thing, but nobody knows how tough it is.
(00.00.52-00.01.27)
8
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Donald Trump
We’re gonna get that one soon. But, you know, yeah, I
think business will always help. It helps from a country
standpoint. You know, it’s interesting when I was doing
primaries, I spent less money than other people, and I
did better than other people and that’s what we want to
do for the country. We want to spend less money and do
better and I think we can do that.
(00.02.02-00.02.21)
9
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Donald Trump
Maybe not all 17, but you had a lot of them. But we had
17 people. And as it got down, you know, I do notice
there’s a big difference with the media. I also say, though,
there’s even more love out there. People want this to
happen. They really want it to happen. And you see
what’s going on, even today with the polls where the
polls are so good. We just got a great poll from
Colorado. Normally, a republican wouldn’t do
particularly well there, and we’re leading in Colorado
and we’re leading in lowa. We’re leading in Ohio and
Florida. We’re leading all over and it’s been amazing.
It’s been really amazing.
(00.02.43-00.03.15)
10
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Trevor Noah
Yeah, you know, I feel like you make the time off. Like,
we’ve had to readjust our lives now. According to the
Trump news cycle, I feel like, as people. so we just go,
like we know it’s, like, morning wake. Like, you don’t
have a cock crowing. You have the tweet crowing. Like,
you know? that’s how we wake up. And then we just
adjust our lives. We go, what’s gonna happen, what’s
gonna happen, what’s gonna happen, and then we chill.
11
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Trevor Noah
And genuinely, I love seeing America. Like, I love going
cause I don’t just go coast to coast. I’ll go everywhere,
like, Erie, Pennsylvania. I was in Cleveland recently,
Pittsburgh. I was in yeah I just I just go around to
middle America I just want to see everything, every city.
12
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn Mendez.
I was hearing, when I was there, actually, I got off the
stage. He doesn’t really do that with many people. Like,
it’s really rare that he brings people on stage. So he
must really like me.
(00.01.21-00.01.27)
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13
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
They’re on rocks, and they’re spinny-looking there. And
the poor things are just minding their own business.
(00.00.14-00.00.19)
14
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
You could lose your hand and your foot from swelling
and redness. It’s a living thing that would be stuck in
you like a knife.
(00.01.22-00.01.27)
15
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
So it’s like, you know but then you take it a step further.
In the nightmare world, it’s being framed for murder.
(00.02.40-00.02.45)
16
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
This is very serious show today. A whole different vibe
for me today.There’s like a seriousness here that we have
to.
(00.03.10-00.03.13)
17
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Donald Trump
When I was doing primaries, I spent less money than
other people, and I did better than other people and
that’s what we want to do for the country. We want to
spend less money and do better and I think we can do
that.
(00.02.10-00.02.21)
18
The Tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Donald Trump
Well, I think the press has become more and more
vicious. You know, it was interesting. We started off with
17, and you had some of them in here, and one by one by
one.
(00.02.32-00.02.29)
19
The Tonight Starring
Jimmy Fallon with
Shawn Mendez.
He doesn’t like everybody.
Yeah, he likes. Nah, not really.
(00.01.14-00.01.17)
20
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
-Can I go through them and ask how you did.
-Really?
(00.00.11-00.00.13)
21
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
-How long did it last?
-I did an app
(00.00.-00.00.)
22
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-yeah, exercise daily?
-ha…ha…ha. No.
-No?
-No.
-How often?
-No.
(00.00.50-00.00.52)
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23
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-Are you serious?
-Serious.
-So.
-There is an uncomfortable silence going, yeah.
Something not right with her.
(00.01.01-00.01.06)
24
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Donald Trump
-Do you pay attention to the poll?
-Oh, I love the poll.
(00.03.17-00.03.19)
25
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Donald Trump
You were very high-voiced. Your voice was very high,
china You’d say “china” a lot of pointing, very high
(as a Trump). And then go into a stage where you were
just yelling.
You were yelling into microphone at people and you were
yelling at people and you were yelling at everyone!
(00.03.49-00.04.03)
26
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Trevor Noah
-How do you keep the energy up, though? I mean, I
would. I would be exhausted.
-Oh, but it helps when you don’t have a family, Jimmy.
(00.02.32-00.02.35)
27
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Trevor Noah
Yeah, man. I’m lucky that I inherited great people from
John Steward, and I, you know, I was never meant for a
job like this in my world. Every day’s a dream for me.
I’m appreciative. I’m happy. Even Trump I can enjoy on
certain days.
(00.02.32-00.02.35)
28
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift.
Does that sound like stuff that you want?
(00.01.11)
29
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift.
Oh, so many people would frame me. And they could
frame you for any crime that you could go to jail for,
and I. look at me, I wouldn’t survive in jail. And I think
it comes from the fact that, like, I could open up my
phone, I could look at my phone and see any headline
written about me at any time, and it could be, like, the
most ridiculously untrue thing. And so I think the dream
and the nightmare of being framed comes from like, I
could do nothing wrong. I could sit in my house with the
cats all day, and somehow, there could be an article
about, like, me buying a house in a place I’ve never
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been or dating guy I’ve never met.
(00.01.56-00.02.38)
30
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift.
I don’t think that’s a step. That’s a leap. But, anyway, I
think you’re fine, and I think you would even have fans
in prisons, and they would take care of you, and they
would all love you.
(00.02.57-00.02.54)
31
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
I mean, I kind of feel like I have to be supportive right?
(00.04.00)
32
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-Are you serious?
-Serious.
-So.
-There is an uncomfortable silence going, yeah.
Something not right with her.
(00.01.01-00.01.06)
33
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
It just feels different this year for some reasons. I don’t
know. People feel nicer?
(00.02.27-00.02.30)
34
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Donald Trump
You were very high-voiced. Your voice was very high,
china You’d say “china” a lot of pointing, very high
(as a Trump). And then go into a stage where you were
just yelling.
You were yelling into microphone at people and you were
yelling at people and you were yelling at everyone!
(00.03.49-00.04.03)
35
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Donald Trump.
Well, I think you want to grow up and be president
because you want to help people. And you want to help
people. There’s tremendous problems that people in this
country have, and all over the world. And if you want to
help people, there’s no better position to do it from than
the presidency. So we can do a lot of good.
(00.00.29-00.00.43)
36
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn Mendez.
-We’re actually pretty good friends now.
-What’s that?
-We’re actually pretty good friends now.
-Yeah, what’s that?
-We’re pretty good friends now.
-What’s that?
(00.00.12-00.00.24)
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37
The tonight show
starring Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn Mendez.
-I mean, he likes other people, too.
-Yeah, he likes other people.
-He doesn’t like everybody.
-He likes a lot of people.
-Yeah, he likes. Nah, not really
He’s very selective, actually
(00.01.11-00.01.19)
38
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
Thank you. Yeah it was a, you know like, life, I realize, it
happens whether you schedule it or not. That just blew
my mind in this year.
(00.06.43-00.00.00)
39
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
No, they’re not. That’s just things. they’re like a grenade.
They’re like sitting there waiting there to completely injure
you to the point where. Okay so you step. You can’t see a sea
urchin. If you’re in you’re in you’re like, this water is so
beautiful. It’s amazing. And you’re walking, it’s clear water.
You can’t see a sea urchin right there. And then you step on
one and then it has barbs, and it goes into whatever it touches,
and then you have to go to the emergency room. And it has to
be surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand
trying to get it off your foot.
(00.00.26-00.00.56)
40
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
You could lose your hand and your foot from swelling and
redness. It’s a living thing that would be stuck in you like a
knife.
(00.01.21-00.01.25)
41
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
I have been open. No one has asked me on a date. Not one,
zero.
(00.02.09-00.02.14)
42
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
-Where are you going?
-Nowhere, because no one’s asking me anywhere.
(00.02.016-00.02.18)
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43
The tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Donald
Trump
There’s no better position to do it from than the presidency.
So we can do a lot of good
(00.00.39-00.00.43)
44
The tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Trevor
Noah
Little rocket man…is a friend.” You don’t know.
(00.07.09-00.07.11)
45
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
-Yeah, exercise daily?
-ha…ha…ha. No.
-No?
-No.
-How often?
-No.
(00.00.50-00.00.52)
46
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
So it’s like, you know but then you take it a step further. In
the nightmare world, it’s being framed for murder.
(00.02.40-00.02.45)
47
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
He still is and now there is nothing off limits. Now he uses
me in his material.
(00.03.48-00.03.52)
48
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
Just murky water?
(00.01.37)
49
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
I don’t think that a step that’s a leap. But anyway, I think
you’re fine, and I think you would even have fans in prison,
and they would take care of you, and they would all love
you.
(00.00.00-00.00.00)
50
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
I might want to be your nanny. That sounds like a really
good job.
(00.04.01-00.04.05)
51
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
You have a great bank account is what.
(00.05.58-00.06.00)
52
The tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Donald
We’re gonna get that one soon. But, you know, yeah, I think
business will always help. It helps from a country
standpoint. You know, it’s interesting when I was doing
primaries, I spent less money than other people, and I did
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Trump better than other people and that’s what we want to do for
the country. We want to spend less money and do better and I
think we can do that.
(00.02.02-00.02.21)
53
The Tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Trevor
Noah
Little rocket man…is a friend.” You don’t know.
(00.07.09-00.07.11)
54
The Tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn
Mendez.
-You follow him on Instagram, though right?
-Uh, no. I just hang out with him outside of fake social
media. I am really his friend. Anyway.
(00.00.50-00.00.55)
55
The tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn
Mendez.
I was hearing, when I was there, actually, I got off the stage.
He doesn’t really do that with many people. Like, it’s really
rare that he brings people on stage. So he must really like
me.
(00.01.21-00.01.27)
56
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
Let me know what are you looking for and I have set so
many people up.
(00.02.42-00.02.45.)
57
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Shawn
Mendez.
No we didn’t do “cry me a river.” We did what goes
around comes around.” Who’s the better friend now
(00.00.42.)
58
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
Let’s talk about your fear of sea urchin
(00.00.01)
59
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
Let’s talk about another irrational fear of yours.
(00.01.39-00.00.00)
60
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump.
Well, I think you want to grow up and be president
because you want to help people. And you want to
help people. There’s tremendous problems that
people in this country have, and all over the world.
And if you want to help people, there’s no better
position to do it from than the presidency. So we can
do a lot of good.
(00.00.29-00.00.43)
61
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
I see why Ellen thought she was special.
(00.01.10-00.01.12)
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62
The Tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump.
But I don’t pay attention. If I’m losing or lagging,
I’d never mention polls. Believe me only when I’m
winning.
(00.03.20-00.03.27)
63
The Tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump.
I’ve noticed that little changes. I think your voice
has changed a little bit because I’ve done an
impression of you or twice on this show.
(00.03.30-00.03.40)
64
The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy
Fallon with Shawn
Mendez
-Oh that’s what you did yeah.
-yeah
- I wasn’t there, though.
- Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry. Sorry
(00.03.30-00.03.40)
65
The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy
Fallon with Trevor
Noah
Yeah, man. I’m lucky that I inherited great people
from John Steward, and I, you know, I was never
meant for a job like this in my world. Every day’s a
dream for me. I’m appreciative. I’m happy. Even
Trump I can enjoy on certain days.
(00.02.32-00.02.35)
66
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
-Listen, they’re just these, they are in, they’re on
rocks, and they’re spiny-looking there. And the poor
things are just minding their own business.
-No, they’re not. They’re not. That’s the things.
They’re like a grenade.
67
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
Are you good at setting people up?
-I’m so good at setting people up.
00.02.40-00.02.41)
68
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-Are you serious?
-Serious.
-So.
-There is an uncomfortable silence going, yeah.
Something not right with her.
(00.01.01-00.01.06)
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69
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-So you start at thanksgiving getting ready?
-Yeah. Right. Before thanksgiving I’ve started
pulling out the decorations.
70
The Tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Shawn
Mendez.
-You follow him on Instagram. Though, right?
-Uh, no I just hang out with him outside of fake
social media. I am really his friend. Anyway.
(00.00.50-00.00.55)
71
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
I hope a lot of people do that because there are a lot
of people.
(00.03.42-00.00.00)
72
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-I mean they don’t understand. I say, why you don’t
make me breakfast in bed. And they’re like, what?
Us cook for you? And I’m us like that’s. but they’re
still young too. So they don’t understand the concept.
-Well, that wonderful nanny you have could give
them some ideas.
(00.03.42-00.00.00)
73
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
I don’t think that’s a step. That’s a leap. But,
anyway, I think you’re fine, and I think you would
even have fans in prisons, and they would take care
of you, and they would all love you.
(00.02.57-00.02.54)
74
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-I didn’t know any of that
-Do I feel, like I’m more like special to you right
now, Right.
-You’ve always been special to me, but I’m just, but
in a different special way.
(00.00.24-00.00.32)
75
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-People feel nicer?
-Yeah.
-No?
-Yes, I do. I think we’re counterbalancing some not
nice things going on, and I think people are trying
to be nicer, so.
(00.02.30-00.02.40)
76
The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
-That’s good, right? Is that too business-y
- I’m trying to figure that one out.
(00.01.52-00.01.54)
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77
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
-You had dream, you were here a year ago.
-Yes.
-You had goal, you had dreams, and things you
were going to do for 2018.
(00.00.01-00.00.09)
78
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-I hope a lot of people do that because there a lot of
people.
-I think a lot of people are doing it
(00.02.24-00.02.28)
79
The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
Yeah, that’s what I see you’re doing. And I got
kindly thank you for giving us the material that
we’re doing. It’s been amazing to follow and
exciting because you say some shocking things. I
can’t even believe.
(00.04.21-00.04.36)
80
The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
So, No. it’s been an honor for me, I have to say.
(00.04.21-00.04.36)
81
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
-Go out with girlfriend more often
-Yes
-Yes?
-Yes
-That’s great.
(00.00.59-00.00.)
82
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
This is very serious show today. A whole different
vibe for me today.There’s like a seriousness here that
we have to.
(00.03.10-00.03.13)
83
The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy
Fallon with Trevor
Noah
-You’re doing great job.
-Thank you so much man. Thank you, I love it so
much.
(00.04.18-00.04.21)
84
The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy
Fallon with Shawn
Mendez
I got it.
I really love that
(00.04.18-00.04.21)
85
The Tonight Show
Starring Jimmy
Fallon with Shawn
Mendez
-And he’s, and he’s super nice, too.
-He’s so nice and so insanely talented.
(00.01.52-00.01.55)
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Appendix 2
Type of Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight
Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.
No
Name of talk show
Utterance
Speaker of
the utterance
Types of
Flouting the
Maxim
1
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
-No, they’re not. That’s just
things. they’re like a
grenade. They’re like sitting
there waiting there to
completely injure you to the
point where. Okay so you
step. You can’t see a sea
urchin. If you’re in you’re in
you’re like, this water is so
beautiful. It’s amazing. And
you’re walking, it’s clear
water. You can’t see a sea
urchin right there. And then
you step on one and then it
has barbs, and it goes into
whatever it touches, and then
you have to go to the
emergency room. And it has
to be surgically removed
your foot. You could lose
your hand trying to get it off
your foot.
(00.00.26-00.00.56)
Taylor Swift
Flouting
Quantity
2
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
-No..no..no
(00.00.41)
Debra
Messing
Flouting
Quantity
3
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
I have been open no one has
asked me on a date. Not one
(00.02.09-00.02.14)
Debra
Messing
Flouting
Quantity
4
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
I was born in D.C., but my
mother was German. She
was an opera singer. So we
would go back through the
opera seasons, and every
opera has a dirty gypsy
child, and that was me.
(00.00.14-00.00.22)
Sandra
bullock
Flouting
Quantity
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5
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
What are you talking about?
I don’t know.
(00.03.14-00.03.16)
Sandra
bullock
Flouting
Quantity
4
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
There’s probably kids
watching you right now, if
they’re at home watching.
They do stay up late and
watch our show. Why should
they want to grow up and be
president? (00.00.20-
00.00.27)
Jimmy
Fallon
Flouting
quantity
5
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
I really never did. I probably
wouldn’t have done many of
the shows that I’ve done
over the years if I ever
thought. But I never thought
this would happen. Four
years ago, I really considered
it. And they renewed as you
know, they wanted me to
stay and do ”The
Apprentice,” and I was doing
all of these jobs and, but I
really want to do it, and
ultimately I decided I’d wait.
Let’s see how things go with
the country, and things only
got worse, and I decided to
do it. And, you know, I gave
up a lot by doing this. This is
a tough thing. There’s no
nothing easy about it. I’ve
always heard doing this is a
very, very difficult thing, but
nobody knows how tough it
is.
(00.00.52-00.01.27)
Donald
Trump
Flouting
Quantity
6
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
We’re gonna get that one
soon. But, you know, yeah, I
think business will always
help. It helps from a country
standpoint. You know, it’s
interesting when I was doing
primaries, I spent less
money than other people,
and I did better than other
Donald
Trump
Flouting
Quantity
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people and that’s what we
want to do for the country.
We want to spend less
money and do better and I
think we can do that.
(00.02.02-00.02.21)
7
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
Maybe not all 17, but you
had a lot of them. But we had
17 people. And as it got
down, you know, I do notice
there’s a big difference with
the media. I also say, though,
there’s even more love out
there. People want this to
happen. They really want it
to happen. And you see
what’s going on, even today
with the polls where the
polls are so good. We just
got a great poll from
Colorado. Normally, a
republican wouldn’t do
particularly well there, and
we’re leading in Colorado
and we’re leading in lowa.
We’re leading in Ohio and
Florida. We’re leading all
over and it’s been amazing.
It’s been really amazing.
(00.02.43-00.03.15)
Donald
Trump
Flouting
Quantity
8
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Trevor
Noah
Yeah, you know, I feel like
you make the time off. Like,
we’ve had to readjust our
lives now. According to the
Trump news cycle, I feel
like, as people. so we just go,
like we know it’s, like,
morning wake. Like, you
don’t have a cock crowing.
You have the tweet crowing.
Like, you know? that’s how
we wake up. And then we
just adjust our lives. We go,
what’s gonna happen,
what’s gonna happen,
what’s gonna happen, and
Trevor Noah
Flouting
Quantity
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then we chill.
9
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Trevor
Noah
And genuinely, I love seeing
America. Like, I love going
cause I don’t just go coast to
coast. I’ll go everywhere,
like, Erie, Pennsylvania. I
was in Cleveland recently,
Pittsburgh. I was in yeah I
just I just go around to
middle America I just want
to see everything, every city.
Trevor Noah
Flouting
Quantity
10
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Shawn
Mendez.
I was hearing, when I was
there, actually, I got off the
stage. He doesn’t really do
that with many people. Like,
it’s really rare that he brings
people on stage. So he must
really like me.
(00.01.21-00.01.27)
Shawn
Mendez
Flouting
Quantity
11
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
They’re on rocks, and
they’re spinny-looking
there. And the poor things
are just minding their own
business.
(00.00.14-00.00.19)
Ellen
DeGeneres
Flouting
Quality
12
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
You could lose your hand
and your foot from swelling
and redness. It’s a living
thing that would be stuck in
you like a knife.
(00.01.22-00.01.27)
Taylor swift Flouting
Quality
13
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift
So it’s like, you know but
then you take it a step
further. In the nightmare
world, it’s being framed for
murder.
(00.02.40-00.02.45)
Taylor Swift Flouting
Quality
14
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
This is very serious show
today. A whole different vibe
for me today. There’s like a
seriousness here that we have
to.
(00.03.10-00.03.13)
Sandra
bullock
Flouting
Quality
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15
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
When I was doing
primaries, I spent less
money than other people,
and I did better than other
people and that’s what we
want to do for the country.
We want to spend less
money and do better and I
think we can do that.
(00.02.10-00.02.21)
Donald
Trump
Flouting
Quality
16
The Tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
Well, I think the press has
become more and more
vicious. You know, it was
interesting. We started off
with 17, and you had some of
them in here, and one by one
by one.
(00.02.32-00.02.29)
Donald
Trump
Flouting
Quality
17
The Tonight
Starring Jimmy
Fallon with Shawn
Mendez.
He doesn’t like everybody.
Yeah, he likes. Nah, not
really.
(00.01.14-00.01.17)
Jimmy
Fallon
Flouting
Quality
18
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
-Can I go through them and
ask how you did.
-Really?
(00.00.11-00.00.13)
Debra
Messing
Flouting
relation
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Debra
Messing
-How long did it last?
-I did an app
(00.00.-00.00.)
Debra
Messing
Flouting
Relation
19
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-yeah, exercise daily?
-ha…ha…ha. No.
-No?
-No.
-How often?
-No.
(00.00.50-00.00.52)
Sandra
Bullock
Flouting
Relation
20
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-Are you serious?
-Serious.
-So.
-There is an uncomfortable
silence going, yeah.
Something not right with
her.
(00.01.01-00.01.06)
Sandra
Bullock
Flouting
Relation
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21
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
-Do you pay attention to the
poll?
-Oh, I love the poll.
(00.03.17-00.03.19)
Donald
Trump
Flouting
Relation
22
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
You were very high-voiced.
Your voice was very high,
china You’d say “china” a
lot of pointing, very high
(as a Trump). And then go
into a stage where you were
just yelling.
You were yelling into
microphone at people and
you were yelling at people
and you were yelling at
everyone!
(00.03.49-00.04.03)
Jimmy
Fallon
Flouting
Relation
23
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Trevor
Noah
-How do you keep the energy
up, though? I mean, I would.
I would be exhausted.
-Oh, but it helps when you
don’t have a family, Jimmy.
(00.02.32-00.02.35)
Trevor Noah Flouting
Relation
24
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Trevor
Noah
Yeah, man. I’m lucky that I
inherited great people from
John Steward, and I, you
know, I was never meant for
a job like this in my world.
Every day’s a dream for me.
I’m appreciative. I’m happy.
Even Trump I can enjoy on
certain days.
(00.02.32-00.02.35)
Trevor Noah Flouting
Relation
25
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift.
Does that sound like stuff
that you want?
(00.01.11)
Taylor Swift Flouting
Manner
26
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift.
Oh, so many people would
frame me. And they could
frame you for any crime that
you could go to jail for, and
I. look at me, I wouldn’t
survive in jail. And I think it
comes from the fact that,
like, I could open up my
phone, I could look at my
phone and see any headline
Taylor Swift
Flouting
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written about me at any
time, and it could be, like,
the most ridiculously untrue
thing. And so I think the
dream and the nightmare of
being framed comes from
like, I could do nothing
wrong. I could sit in my
house with the cats all day,
and somehow, there could
be an article about, like, me
buying a house in a place
I’ve never been or dating
guy I’ve never met.
(00.01.56-00.02.38)
Manner
26
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Taylor
Swift.
I don’t think that’s a step.
That’s a leap. But, anyway, I
think you’re fine, and I
think you would even have
fans in prisons, and they
would take care of you, and
they would all love you.
(00.02.57-00.02.54)
Ellen
DeGeneres
Flouting
Manner
27
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
I mean, I kind of feel like I
have to be supportive right?
(00.04.00)
Debra
Messing
Flouting
manner
28
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
-Are you serious?
-Serious.
-So.
-There is an uncomfortable
silence going, yeah.
Something not right with
her.
(00.01.01-00.01.06)
Sandra
Bullock
Flouting
Manner
29
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with Sandra
Bullock
It just feels different this
year for some reasons. I
don’t know. People feel
nicer?
(00.02.27-00.02.30)
Sandra
Bullock
Flouting
Manner
30
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump
You were very high-voiced.
Your voice was very high,
china You’d say “china” a
lot of pointing, very high
(as a Trump). And then go
into a stage where you were
just yelling.
Jimmy
Fallon
Flouting
Manner
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You were yelling into
microphone at people and
you were yelling at people
and you were yelling at
everyone!
(00.03.49-00.04.03)
31
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Donald
Trump.
Well, I think you want to
grow up and be president
because you want to help
people. And you want to
help people. There’s
tremendous problems that
people in this country have,
and all over the world. And
if you want to help people,
there’s no better position to
do it from than the
presidency. So we can do a
lot of good.
(00.00.29-00.00.43)
Donald
Trump
Flouting
Manner
32
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Shawn
Mendez.
-We’re actually pretty good
friends now.
-What’s that?
-We’re actually pretty good
friends now.
-Yeah, what’s that?
-We’re pretty good friends
now.
-What’s that?
(00.00.12-00.00.24)
Jimmy
Fallon
Flouting
manner
33
The tonight show
starring Jimmy
Fallon with Shawn
Mendez.
-I mean, he likes other
people, too.
-Yeah, he likes other people.
-He doesn’t like everybody.
-He likes a lot of people.
-Yeah, he likes. Nah, not
really
He’s very selective, actually
Jimmy
Fallon
Flouting
Manner
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Appendix 3
Strategies of Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The
Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
No Name of Talk
Show Utterance
Speaker of the
utterance
Strategies of
Flouting the
Maxim
1 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
Thank you. Yeah it was a, you
know like, life, I realize, it
happens whether you schedule it
or not. That just blew my mind
in this year.
(00.06.43-00.00.00)
Sandra
Bullock Tautology
2 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
No, they’re not. That’s just
things. they’re like a grenade.
They’re like sitting there
waiting there to completely
injure you to the point where.
Okay so you step. You can’t see
a sea urchin. If you’re in you’re
in you’re like, this water is so
beautiful. It’s amazing. And
you’re walking, it’s clear water.
You can’t see a sea urchin right
there. And then you step on one
and then it has barbs, and it goes
into whatever it touches, and
then you have to go to the
emergency room. And it has to
be surgically removed your foot.
You could lose your hand trying
to get it off your foot.
(00.00.26-00.00.56)
Taylor Swift Overstatement
3 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
You could lose your hand and
your foot from swelling and
redness. It’s a living thing that
would be stuck in you like a
knife.
(00.01.21-00.01.25)
Taylor Swift Overstatement
4 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
I have been open. No one has
asked me on a date. Not one,
zero.
(00.02.09-00.02.14)
Debra Messing
Overstatement
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5 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
-Where are you going?
-Nowhere, because no one’s
asking me anywhere.
(00.02.016-00.02.18)
Debra messing
Overstatement
6 The tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Donald
Trump
There’s no better position to do
it from than the presidency. So
we can do a lot of good
(00.00.39-00.00.43)
Donald Trump Overstatement
7 The tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Trevor
Noah
Little rocket man…is a friend.”
You don’t know.
(00.07.09-00.07.11) Trevor Noah Overstatement
8 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
-Yeah, exercise daily?
-ha…ha…ha. No.
-No?
-No.
-How often?
-No.
(00.00.50-00.00.52)
Debra Messing Understatement
9 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
So it’s like, you know but then
you take it a step further. In the
nightmare world, it’s being
framed for murder.
(00.02.40-00.02.45)
Taylor swift Metaphor
10 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
He still is and now there is
nothing off limits. Now he uses
me in his material.
(00.03.48-00.03.52)
Debra Messing Metaphor
11 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
Just murky water?
(00.01.37) Ellen
DeGeneres Irony
12 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
I don’t think that a step that’s a
leap. But anyway, I think you’re
fine, and I think you would
even have fans in prison, and
they would take care of you,
and they would all love you.
(00.00.00-00.00.00)
Ellen
DeGeneres Irony
13 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
I might want to be your nanny.
That sounds like a really good
job.
(00.04.01-00.04.05)
Ellen
DeGeneres Irony
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14 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
You have a great bank account
is what.
(00.05.58-00.06.00)
Sandra
Bullock Irony
15 The tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Donald
Trump
We’re gonna get that one soon.
But, you know, yeah, I think
business will always help. It
helps from a country
standpoint. You know, it’s
interesting when I was doing
primaries, I spent less money
than other people, and I did
better than other people and
that’s what we want to do for
the country. We want to spend
less money and do better and I
think we can do that.
(00.02.02-00.02.21)
Donald Trump Irony
16 The Tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Trevor
Noah
Little rocket man…is a friend.”
You don’t know.
(00.07.09-00.07.11) Trevor Noah Irony
17 The Tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn
Mendez.
-You follow him on Instagram,
though right?
-Uh, no. I just hang out with
him outside of fake social
media. I am really his friend.
Anyway.
(00.00.50-00.00.55)
Jimmy Fallon Irony
18 The tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn
Mendez.
I was hearing, when I was there,
actually, I got off the stage. He
doesn’t really do that with many
people. Like, it’s really rare that
he brings people on stage. So he
must really like me.
(00.01.21-00.01.27)
Shawn
Mendez Irony
19 Ellen
DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
Let me know what are you
looking for and I have set so
many people up.
(00.02.42-00.02.45.)
Ellen
DeGeneres
Rhetorical
Question
20 The tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn
Mendez.
No we didn’t do “cry me a
river.” We did what goes around
comes around.” Who’s the
better friend now
(00.00.42.)
Shawn
Mendez
Rhetorical
Question
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Appendix 4
Politeness Principle of Flouting Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show
and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
No Name of Talk
Show Utterance
Speaker of
the
utterance
Politeness Principle
1
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
Let’s talk about your fear
of sea urchin
(00.00.01)
Ellen
DeGeneres Tact Maxim
2
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
Let’s talk about another
irrational fear of yours.
(00.01.39-00.00.00)
Ellen
DeGeneres Tact Maxim
3
The tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Donald
Trump.
Well, I think you want to
grow up and be president
because you want to help
people. And you want to
help people. There’s
tremendous problems that
people in this country
have, and all over the
world. And if you want to
help people, there’s no
better position to do it
from than the presidency.
So we can do a lot of
good.
(00.00.29-00.00.43)
Donald
Trump Tact Maxim
4
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
I see why Ellen thought
she was special.
(00.01.10-00.01.12)
Ellen
DeGeneres Modesty Maxim
5
The Tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Donald
Trump.
But I don’t pay attention.
If I’m losing or lagging,
I’d never mention polls.
Believe me only when I’m
winning.
(00.03.20-00.03.27)
Donald
Trump Modesty Maxim
6
The Tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Donald
Trump.
I’ve noticed that little
changes. I think your
voice has changed a little
bit because I’ve done an
impression of you or
twice on this show.
(00.03.30-00.03.40)
Jimmy
Fallon Modesty maxim
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7
The Tonight
Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn
Mendez
-Oh that’s what you did
yeah.
-yeah
- I wasn’t there, though.
- Yeah, you weren’t there.
Sorry. Sorry
(00.03.30-00.03.40)
Shawn
Mendez Modesty Maxim
8
The Tonight
Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Trevor
Noah
Yeah, man. I’m lucky
that I inherited great
people from John
Steward, and I, you
know, I was never meant
for a job like this in my
world. Every day’s a
dream for me. I’m
appreciative. I’m happy.
Even Trump I can enjoy
on certain days.
(00.02.32-00.02.35)
Trevor
Noah Modesty Maxim
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
-Listen, they’re just these,
they are in, they’re on
rocks, and they’re spiny-
looking there. And the
poor things are just
minding their own
business.
-No, they’re not. They’re
not. That’s the things.
They’re like a grenade.
Taylor
Swift Agreement Maxim
9
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
Are you good at setting
people up?
-I’m so good at setting
people up.
00.02.40-00.02.41)
Ellen
DeGeneres Agreement Maxim
10
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
-Are you serious?
-Serious.
-So.
-There is an
uncomfortable silence
going, yeah. Something
not right with her.
(00.01.01-00.01.06)
Ellen
DeGeneres Agreement Maxim
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11
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
-So you start at
thanksgiving getting
ready?
-Yeah. Right. Before
thanksgiving I’ve started
pulling out the
decorations.
Sandra
Bullock Agreement Maxim
12
The Tonight
show starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn
Mendez.
-You follow him on
Instagram. Though, right?
-Uh, no I just hang out
with him outside of fake
social media. I am really
his friend. Anyway.
(00.00.50-00.00.55)
Jimmy
Fallon Agreement Maxim
13
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
I hope a lot of people do
that because there are a
lot of people.
(00.03.42-00.00.00)
Sandra
Bullock Sympathy Maxim
14
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
-I mean they don’t
understand. I say, why
you don’t make me
breakfast in bed. And
they’re like, what? Us
cook for you? And I’m us
like that’s. but they’re still
young too. So they don’t
understand the concept.
-Well, that wonderful
nanny you have could
give them some ideas.
(00.03.42-00.00.00)
Sandra
Bullock Sympathy Maxim
15
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Taylor Swift
I don’t think that’s a step.
That’s a leap. But,
anyway, I think you’re
fine, and I think you
would even have fans in
prisons, and they would
take care of you, and they
would all love you.
(00.02.57-00.02.54)
Ellen
DeGeneres
Consideration
Maxim
16
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
-I didn’t know any of that
-Do I feel, like I’m more
like special to you right
now, Right.
-You’ve always been
special to me, but I’m
Ellen
DeGeneres
Show
Consideration
Maxim
![Page 102: THESIS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050211/626e231172048443100230b7/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
just, but in a different
special way.
(00.00.24-00.00.32)
17
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
-People feel nicer?
-Yeah.
-No?
-Yes, I do. I think we’re
counterbalancing some
not nice things going on,
and I think people are
trying to be nicer, so.
(00.02.30-00.02.40)
Ellen
DeGeneres
Consideration
Maxim
18
The Tonight
Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Donald
Trump
-That’s good, right? Is that
too business-y
- I’m trying to figure that
one out.
(00.01.52-00.01.54)
Donald
Trump
Consideration
Maxim
19
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
-You had dream, you were
here a year ago.
-Yes.
-You had goal, you had
dreams, and things you
were going to do for
2018.
(00.00.01-00.00.09)
Ellen
DeGeneres Generosity Maxim
20
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
-I hope a lot of people do
that because there a lot of
people.
-I think a lot of people
are doing it
Sandra
Bullock Generosity Maxim
21
The Tonight
Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Donald
Trump
Yeah, that’s what I see
you’re doing. And I got
kindly thank you for
giving us the material
that we’re doing. It’s
been amazing to follow
and exciting because you
say some shocking things.
I can’t even believe.
(00.04.21-00.04.36)
Jimmy
Fallon Generosity Maxim
22
The Tonight
Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Donald
Trump
So, No. it’s been an
honor for me, I have to
say.
(00.04.21-00.04.36)
Donald
Trump Generosity Maxim
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23
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Debra Messing
-Go out with girlfriend
more often
-Yes
-Yes?
-Yes
-That’s great.
(00.00.59-00.00.)
Ellen
DeGeneres Praise Maxim
24
Ellen DeGeneres
Show with
Sandra Bullock
This is very serious show
today. A whole different
vibe for me today. There’s
like a seriousness here that
we have to.
(00.03.10-00.03.13)
Sandra
Bullock Praise Maxim
25
The Tonight
Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Trevor
Noah
-You’re doing great job.
-Thank you so much man.
Thank you, I love it so
much.
(00.04.18-00.04.21)
Jimmy
Fallon Praise Maxim
26
The Tonight
Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn
Mendez
I got it.
I really love that
(00.04.18-00.04.21) Jimmy
Fallon Praise Maxim
27
The Tonight
Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon
with Shawn
Mendez
-And he’s, and he’s super
nice, too.
-He’s so nice and so
insanely talented.
(00.01.52-00.01.55)
Jimmy
Fallon
Shawn
Mendez
Praise Maxim