Condensed Matter Physics; Materials Science for Solar Energy Conversion

IPPS TAN:01/2

Address Solar Energy Group

Physics Department University of Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 35063 Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Visiting address Uvumbuzi Road Phone Fax E-mail

+255 – 22 - 2410258 (office), +255 – 754 - 767660 (Mobile) +255 – 22 - 2410078 kivaisi@admin.udsm.ac.tz, kivaisi@hotmail.com

Group leader Prof Rogath T. Kivaisi Staff members Prof Rogath T. Kivaisi, PhD, Professor

Dr (Ms) Margaret E. Samiji, PhD Lecturer Dr Anayesu B. Malisa, PhD, Lecturer Mr Nuru R. Mlyuka, MSc, Ass. Lecturer Mr Halfan Mtelela, Adv. Diploma, Lab. Engineer Mr M. Kivambe, MSc (Ed.), Senior Lab. Scientist Mr D. Lameck, MSc, Principal Lab. Engineer

Tanzania: Materials Science for Solar Energy Conversion (TAN:01/2) Summary Thermochromic VO2 Films. Vanadium dioxide is a first order phase transition material that displays temperature dependent changes in structural, electrical and optical properties. VO2 can reversibly change from semiconductor to metallic phase when its temperature is raised beyond a critical point, reported to be ~ 68 oC. This transition temperature, Tc is closer to room temperature than for most other transition metal oxides. It is possible to reduce Tc through doping using Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, W, and Nb as dopants also by replacement of some oxygen by fluorine, introduction of stress by use of a suitable substrate or by applying an over layer. The phase transition is associated with large and sharp changes in resistivity, optical transmittance and reflectance especially in the near infrared and also a crystallographic transformation from monoclinic at low temperature to tetragonal at high temperature. VO2 films have a potential to be used as a thermo switch in energy efficient windows. Thus for example, glass windows coated with vanadium dioxide will transmit both the luminous and the infrared component of the solar radiation at lower temperature, but will be almost opaque to the infrared part of the solar radiation when the temperature is raised above the critical point, Tc. The transition temperature Tc at which VO2 switches from a low temperature semiconductor to a high temperature metallic state is too high (68 oC) for windows applications. For both metallic

and semiconductor phases of the films, the optical transmittance in the visible part of the solar spectrum is rather low, specifically < 45 %. More data will be sought for optical constants of the films prior to designing an antireflection coating whose role would be to increase the visible transmittance of the films. The antireflection layer may also act as a protective film against severe environmental conditions. In most of the previous studies, single layer films have been fabricated, but studies are underway to investigate multilayer VO2 films. A dielectric layer sandwiched between the VO2 films, may have an effect (including a strong angular sensitivity) on the optical properties of the films due to optical interfernce between the layers. There is also a possibility of reduction in the transition temperature due to strain that may be produced by the multilayers. Dielectric functions for the films will be determined by ellipsometry prior to doing theoretical modelling for single and multilayer structures for a few temperatures in the practical region (20 – 30 oC) For higher sensitivity and control there is a need for better temperature response between heating and cooling. This requires that thermal hysteresis is small like that of bulk VO2. The study intends to perform investigations on the optimal deposition conditions that may achieve this practical requirement. Furthermore the proposed study aims to investigate the microstructure of the films with a view to set a basis for explaining the thermochromism and aging affects observed in the previous studies. For example, although humidity was observed to age these films substantially, it is not known which phase is involved in the aging process. The study also intends to examine changes in film thickness through the transition and also perform Hall effect measurements through the transition in the semiconductor phase of the films. . Performance of Photovoltaic System This is a continuing work whose aim is to correlate the output power or the efficiency at different module temperatures and at various irradiation levels. The rate at which the module is heated by the solar radiation will enable us to study possible means/ways that could lower the maximum module temperature attained during the day. Thus a passive cooling device will be designed (in a form of fins) and will be bonded at the rear side of the module. A design, based on the heat-transfer model will be formulated in order to work out an optimum geometry and size of the metallic fins. Measurements similar to those made above will be done in order to evaluate the usefulness of the fins in attaining maximum output power of the module. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells Among outstanding thin film solar cells, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell is the real promising candidate. It has the highest laboratory solar cell efficiency at the moment. The cell has a very high stability against solar irradiation and humidity. Its chemical stability makes this type of a cell unique. A number of measures have been taken to explore the cell technology to the current level including the use of double layer ZnO:Al/ZnO window layers, optimization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layer, the use of CBD CdS buffer layer and improvements of back contacts and grids. According to the authors who produced the current highest (18.8 %) solar cell efficiency, their results were improved by optimizing the window layers and back contacts. The way toward further improvement of the window layer is through the use of a transparent conducting material (TCO) with higher mobility than the

current ZnO:Al thin film. This can be achieved by using a dopant which is highly electronegative and whose atomic radius is close to oxygen (the substituted atom in ZnO to get doped ZnO). Boron is the only element that fulfils the mentioned dopant properties to ZnO to form ZnO:B. This study works toward the use of optimized ZnO:B as a transparent conducting material for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. The optimization process of ZnO:B thin layers involves electrical, optical and structural characterizations. The equipment that are involved in this study program includes, the sputtering coating unit, four point probe, XRD, TEM, SEM, AFM, Lambda 9/900 spectrophotometer, alpha step thickness measurement machine and Vander Pawl method. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells will then be fabricated using the optimized ZnO:B and then characterized. Stability study will be studied too. The fabrication of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells using ZnO:B TCO from sputtered Zn:B and ZnO:B work is a new work to our knowledge and we are looking forward to promising results. Outreach Activities During the years (2007-2009), one member of the group (Prof Kivaisi) has participated in organising training courses for local technicians on Photovoltaic technology. The “Sida/MEM* Solar PV Project” and MEM/UNDP/GEF** “Transformation of the Rural PV Market in Tanzania” did request PV training experts from the University of Dar es Salaam to provide the requisite Technical Training on Solar PV Technology to a number of technicians and artisans situated in several regions in Tanzania. It is expected that after completion of the PV training course, the trainees would go back to their districts and work together with local PV dealers in an effort to support the private sector in the dissemination of PV technology to the local communities. Participants to the training workshops were technicians and artisans who have completed VETA electrical training course level one and are currently working as electricians in their respective districts/Regions. So far eight regions have been covered, including, Morogoro, Tanga, Pwani, Kigoma, Mtwara, Rukwa, Mbeya and Dodoma. All together a total of about 100 technicians/artisans have benefited for such trainings.

* MEM; Ministry of Energy and Minerals ** GEF; Global Environmental Facility Publications listed in the activity reports for year 2007 and 2008 include: Conferences

- M.E. Samiji, “Status of Women In Physics in Tanzania Since 2002”, Seoul, Korea, Oct. 8-10, 2008 - M.E. Samiji, “Thermochromic Vanadium Dioxide based Thin Films with Enhanced Performance”,

Seoul, Korea, Oct. 8-10, 2008 - M. E. Samiji, “Workshop for Women in Physics in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Johannesburg, South Africa,

Oct. 15, 2008. - N. R. Mlyuka, “Thermochromic Vanadium Dioxide based Thin Films with Enhanced Performance

and Solar Modulation”, European Materials Research Society, E-MRS Fall Meeting, Warsaw, Poland, Sep. 15-19, 2008.

- N. R. Mlyuka, G. A. Niklasson and C.G. Granqvist, “Thermochromic VO2-Based Films with Enhanced Transparency”, International Baltic Sea Region Conference “Functional Materials and Nanotechnologies”, Riga, Latvia, April 1-4, 2008.

Major equipment * Coating Facilities

- Evaporation Unit (Edwards High Vacuum E306) - Sputtering Unit (Balzers BAE 250) - Anodization - Spray Pyrolysis

* Glass Cleaning Facility - Ultrasonic cleaner, vapour degreaser

* Thin Film Characterization Optical Characterization - UV/VIS/NIR Lambda 9 - Perkin Elmer Spectrophotometer. (Spectral range 185 - 2700 nm,

Accessory for transmittance measurement, Accessory for specular reflectance measurement (using aluminium mirror as reference), Accessory for absolute reflectance measurements, Equipped with an integrating sphere (60 mm or 150 mm), Equipped with a double depolariser, Computer interfaced

- FTIR Spectroscopy (Spectrum BX) (Spectral range 2000 - 50000 nm; Computer interfaced, Independent accessories for Diffuse Reflectance and Fixed Angle Reflectance, Horizontal ATR Accessory (ATR ≡ Attenuated Total Reflectance.

Electrical Characterisation - Four point probe for sheet resistance measurements (locally designed).semiconductors or

thermochromic coatings - Hall mobility, µm and Hall resistivity, ρH. - High sensitive multi-meters (with seven and half digits readouts) and equipped with

temperature measuring probes. - Stabilised power supplies

Thickness Measuring Instrument - Alpha Step IQ surface profiler thickness measuring equipment is available for the

determination of absolute physical thickness or surface roughness for the deposited films. It has a resolution of about 10 Å

* Structural Characterization - Atomic Force Microscope (AFM); This is a multimode Scanning Probe Microscope

(Nanoscope IIIa), capable of performing various AFM and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy techniques. It is useful for studying the surface topography, adhesion, or elastic properties, etc. The equipment is being used by both the physical sciences and biological sciences departments in the faculty of science

- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): This is a LEO 910 TEM that is centrally coordinated by the faculty to cutter research and other academic-related activities across the faculty of science. It is the first instrument of its kind to be installed in East and Central Africa. It has point and line resolution of 0.37 nm and 0.20 nm, respectively. It can operate with accelerating voltage ranging from 40 kV-120 kV, thereby yielding magnification range of 50X to 500000X. The LEO 910 has goniometer capable of holding two grids at a time, and that is fitted with rotating/tilt specimen holders. It was recently fitted with an advanced microprocessor controlled CCD-camera, to instantly produce the mircographs. The LEO 910 microscope is also fitted with a facility for energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The EDX detector is coupled to an accompanying computer with fast, accurate, elemental analysis routines. The EDX allows acquisition of data for chemical composition of the TEM specimens. X- ray microanalysis reveals both qualitative and quantitative information about elemental composition of the specimen

* Stand Alone Photovoltaic Electrical System

Research Visits and Training (in Europe) Participant Year Research host O. S. J. Chewale (12m)† 78/79 L. Stensland, KTH, Stockholm S. P. Kashinje (10m)* 77/78 P. A. Tove, Uppsala Univ. R. T. Kivaisi 75/76 L. Stensland, KTH, Stockholm R. T. Kivaisi (1m) 80/81 ,, ,, ,, R. T. Kivaisi (3w) 88/89 C.-G. Granqvist, CTH, Gothenburg R. T. Kivaisi (1m) 93/94 C.-G. Granqvist, CTH, Gothenburg M. Kivambe (3m) 2000 R. Kalm, Uppsala Univ. M. Kivambe (3m) 2004 R. Halling, Umeå Univ. M. Kivambe (12m) 2005 R. Holmestad, NTNU, Norway M. Kivambe (12m) 2006 ,, ,, ,, D. Lameck 91/92 Balzers, Lichtenstein E. M. Lushiku (12m) 81/82 C.-G. Granqvist, CTH, Gothenburg E. M. Lushiku (4m) †† 84/85 ,, ,, ,, E. Lushiku (1m) 88/89 ,, ,, ,, E. M. Lushiku (3m)†† 94/95 C.-G. Granqvist, CTH, Gothenburg E. Mallya (4.5m) 2005 Digital Communication System and Technology, CTH,

Gothenburg E. Mallya (12m) 2006 ,, ,, ,, ,, E. Mallya (6m) 2007 ,, ,, ,, ,, G. W. Mbise (12m) 87/88 C.-G. Granqvist, CTH, Gothenburg G. W. Mbise (11m) 90/91 ,, ,, ,, G. W. Mbise (10m) 92/93 ,, ,, ,, G. W. Mbise (4m) 94/95 C.-G. Granqvist, Uppsala Univ. G. W. Mbise (2m)††† 95/96 ,, ,, Nuru R. Mlyuka (4m) 2003 C.-G. Granqvist, Uppsala Univ. Nuru R. Mlyuka (3m) 2004 R. Halling, Umeå Univ. Nuru R. Mlyuka (3.5m) 2005 G. Niklasson, Uppsala Univ. Nuru R. Mlyuka (5.5m) 2006 G. Niklasson, Uppsala Univ. Nuru R. Mlyuka (6m) 2007 ,, ,, Nuru R. Mlyuka (10m) 2008 ,, ,, D. K. Mmari (2m) 85/86 Edwards, London, UK and C.-G. Granqvist, CTH,

Gothenburg D. K. Mmari (2m) 85/86 Edwards, London, UK and C.-G. Granqvist, CTH,

Gothenburg K. Mtelela (4.5m) 1996 H. Hobaeck, Bergen Univ. Norway K. Mtelela (2m) 1997 H. Hobaeck, Bergen Univ. Norway J. Mwaikuka (2m) 89/90 Edwards, London, UK and C.-G. Granqvist, CTH,

Gothenburg P. D. Nsimama (9m) 2002 J. Wennerberg, Uppsala Univ. P. D. Nsimama (4m) 2003 ,, ,, P. D. Nsimama (3m) 2006 G. Niklasson, Uppsala Univ. T. P. Nyakyi (7m) 92/93 H. Hobaeck, Bergen Univ. Norway †† Deceased 1998 ††† Deceased 2007

Highest Degree Obtained and Present Position Name and present position

Degree Year

Thesis

Mr S. J. Chewale Lecturer Nat. Inst. of Transport Dead

MSc 1980

“Rough Selective Surfaces for Photothermal Solar Energy Conversion” Theses defended at Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Mr Rogath Kivaisi Prof, Group Leader Dean Fac. Of Science, Dean Postgraduate Studies

PhD 1983

“Optical Properties of Selectively Absorbing Coatings for Solar Energy Collection” Thesis defended at Royal Inst. of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden

Mr S. P. Kashinje Open Univ. of Tanzania

PhD 1984

“Photon Assisted Tunneling in a Magnetic Field” Theses defended at Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Mr Elias Lushiku Prof, Group Member Head of Dept. Deceased 1998

PhD 1986

“Selectively Infrared Emitting Gases for Radiative Cooling Applications” Theses defended at Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Mr Godfrey Mbise Lecturer, Group member Deceased 2007

PhD 1996

“Optical and Structural Properties of Obliquely Evaporated Thin Films” Theses defended at Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Mr Nuru R. Mlyuka Asst. Lecturer, PhD Student

MSc 2004

“Structural Stability of VO2 films under different ambient conditions” Thesis defended at Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Research Visits and Training (regional) Participant Year Research host D. Ikawaba (1m) 2002 M. Mwamburi, Moi University, Kenya D. Ikawaba (1m) 2003 M. Mwamburi, Moi University, Kenya S. P. Kashinje 87/88 Addis Ababa Univ. and Univ. of Nairobi S. P. Kashinje 88/89 “ “ S. P. Kashinje 89/90 “ “ S. P. Kashinje 90/91 Addis Ababa Univ S. P. Kashinje 91/92 “ S. P. Kashinje 92/93 “ R. T. Kivaisi 88/89 Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia R. T. Kivaisi 89/90 ” ” R. T. Kivaisi 90/91 ” ” R. T. Kivaisi 91/92 ” ” R. T. Kivaisi 88/89 Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda R. T. Kivaisi 90/91 ” ” R. T. Kivaisi 92/93 ” ” R. T. Kivaisi 94/95 ” ” R. T. Kivaisi 95/96 ” ” R. T. Kivaisi 89/90 Malawi R. T. Kivaisi 95/96 Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya R. T. Kivaisi 1996 Univ. of Port Elizabeth, South Africa R. T. Kivaisi 92/93 Moi Univ., Kenya R. T. Kivaisi 95/96 Moi Univ., Kenya R. T. Kivaisi 1999 ”

Research Visits and Training (regional), cont’d Participant Year Research host E. Lushiku 87/88 Univ. of Khartoum, Sudan E. Lushiku 90/91 Univ. of Botswana, Gabarone, Botswana G. Mbise 1999 Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya E. Mhamilawa 87/88 Addis Ababa Univ, and Univ of Nairobi E. Mhamilawa 88/89 ” ” N. Mlyuka 2007 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Univ., NMMU, Port

Elizabeth, South Africa J. Mwaikuka 90/91 Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda J. Mwaikuka 90/91 Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi, Kenya J. Mwaikuka 91/92 Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia P. D. Nsimama 2007 M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Kenya P. D. Nsimama 2007 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Univ., NMMU, Port

Elizabeth, South Africa Highest Degree Obtained and Present Position Name and present position 2007

Degree Year

Thesis

Mr P. I. Ikwaba MSc 2004

“Heat reflecting Compound parabolic concentrators for photovoltaic application” Thesis defended at Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Other short-term visits to cooperating research groups Scientist Year Research host R. T. Kivaisi 90/91 C. G. Granqvist, CTH, Gothenburg R. T. Kivaisi 1998 Uppsala Univ. M. Kivambe 2002 Tampere Finland, Uppsala Univ. M. Samiji (Ms) 2006 C-G Granqvist, Uppsala Univ. Visits by regional scientists Scientist Year A. Amente, Addis Ababa Univ., Ethiopia 1987 T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia 1987 M. Cuamba, Univ. Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mocambique 1990 F. Habbani, Univ. of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 1988 P. Jain, Univ. of Botswana 1990 N. S. Kamindu, Kenyatta Univ., Kenya 1998, 1999 P. Kariuki, Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi, Kenya 1990 T. Kwizera, Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya 88/89, 89/90, 90/91 A. Letemeskel (Ms), Addis Ababa Univ., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1987 C. O. Matiasi, Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya 91/92 G. Mhango, Univ. of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi 1990 Msunzu, Univ. of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi 1990 J. Muhehe, Moi Univ. Eldoret, Kenya 1999 M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya 1999, 2001,

Visits by regional scientists, cont’d Scientist Year M. F. Ngutiku, Jomo Kenyatta Univ., Kenya 1999 A. Oduogo, Maseno Univ., Kenya 2000 L. Olumekor, Univ. of Zambia, Harare, Zimbabwe 1997 G. Odhiambo, Moi Univ. Eldoret; Kenya 92/93, 1997 H. Othieno, Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi 1990 J. Ochola (Ms), Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya 1999 T. Otiti, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda 90/91, 2001 K. O. Rabah, Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya 1994 Mr Siro, Nairobi 94/95, 95/96 T. Solomon, Addis Ababa Univ., Ethiopia 1989 L. Szolgyemy, Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya 91/92 A. Varkey, Univ. of Swaziland, Swaziland 1993 A. Varkey, Univ. of Swaziland, Swaziland 94/95 H. Wardi, Univ. of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 1988 B. Workalemahu, Addis Ababa Univ., Ethiopia 86/87 Visits by non-regional cooperating scientists Scientist Year G. Bax, Uppsala Univ. 2005 O. Beckman, Uppsala Univ. 78/79 E. Demesmaker 92/93 T. Eriksson, Uppsala Univ. 87/88 H. Flordal, Uppsala Univ. (5m) 1999 M. Garreth, Uppsala Univ. 2007 M. Ghannam, IMEC, Heverlee, Belgium 94/95 C.-G. Granqvist, Uppsala Univ. 86/87 A.-K. Jonsson, Uppsala Univ. 1997 B. Karlsson, Swedish State Power Board 90/91, 94/95, 95/96 T. Nilsson, CTH, Gothenburg (88/89), 89/90 G. Palmers, IMEC, Heverlee, Belgium 95/96 K. Persson, Linköping Univ. 2004 A. Roos, Uppsala Univ. 2000 B. O. Seraphin, Univ. of Texas, USA 92/93 A. Wändahl, Karolinska Institute 2007 Regional scientists receiving training by the group TAN:01/2 Participant Year Research host T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Zambia (3m) 87/88 R. Kivaisi T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Zambia (1m) 90/91 ,, ,, T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Zambia (1m) 91/92 ,, ,, T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Zambia (6m) 92/93 ,, ,, T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Zambia (5m) 93/94 ,, ,, T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Zambia (5m) 94/95 ,, ,,

Regional scientists receiving training by the group TAN:01/2, cont’d Participant Year Research host G. Chinyama, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (3m) G. Chinyama, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (3m) R. T. Ekai, Moi Univ., Kenya (3m) F. T. Esiangu, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda (6m) F. T. Esiangu, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda (6m) F. T. Esiangu, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda (1m) F. T. Esiangu, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda (5m) † N. V. Kalaiya, Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya (2m) G. Kidunda, Moi Univ., Kenya (1m) A. Kwezi, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda (2m) A. Kwezi, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda (1.5m) Stella Kiyoko (Ms), Moi Univ., Kenya (3m) Z. Mapelu Moi University, Kenya (2m) 1998 R. Kivaisi N. Mbiyu, Kenyatta Univ., Kenya (2m) 1998 R. Kivaisi Mary Mueni (Ms), Moi Univ., Kenya (3m) 2000 R. Kivaisi N. Mugambi, Jomo Kenyatta Univ., Kenya (3m) 1999 R. Kivaisi J. Muhehe, Moi Univ., Kenya (3m) 1999 R. Kivaisi R. J. Musembi; Univ. of Nairobi (3m) 2000 R. Kivaisi R. J. Musembi; Univ. of Nairobi (3m) 2001 ,, ,, M. Musoke, Makerere Univ., Uganda (1m) 1996 R. Kivaisi J. M. Mwambora, Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya (6m)* 1995 R. Kivaisi J. M. Mwambora, Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya (12m)* 1996 ,, ,, J. M. Mwambora, Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya (12m) 1998 ,, ,, M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Kenya (12m) 93/94 R. Kivaisi M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Kenya (6m) 94/95 ,, ,, M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Kenya (2m) 1996 ,, ,, M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Kenya (1m) 1997 ,, ,, M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Kenya (12m) 1998 ,, ,, M. S. Njuguna, Kenyatta Univ, Kenya (3m) 1999 R. Kivaisi M. Ngaruiya, Kenyatta Univ, Kenya (3m) 1999 R. Kivaisi T. Nyangonda, Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya (2w) 1999 J. A. Ochola (Ms), Univ. of Nairobi (3m) 1999 R. Kivaisi G. Odhiambo, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (1m) 1993 Mr A. Oduogo, Moi Univ., Kenya (3m) 2000 R. Kivaisi A. Odhiambo, Moi Univ., Kenya (0.5m) 1996 R. Kivaisi A. Odhiambo, Moi Univ., Kenya (4m) 1997 ,, ,, T. Otiti, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda (3m) 1989 R. Kivaisi T. Otiti, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda (2m) 89/90 ,, ,, L. Sibanda, Univ. of Zimbabwe (3m) 1998 R. Kivaisi J. Siro, Kenyatta Univ., Kenya (0.5m) 1995 R. Kivaisi J. Zinyemba, Univ. of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe (1m) 1996 R. Kivaisi J. Zinyemba, Univ. of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe (2m) 1997 ,, ,, * Also financed by DAAD/ANSTI

Highest Degree Obtained and Present Position Name and present position

Degree Year

Thesis

Mr N. V. Kalaiya Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya In the United Kingdom

MSc 1991

“Fabrication of a Semiconductor Insulator Semiconductor Photovoltaic Converter” Thesis defended at Univ. of Nairobi

Mr Fredrick Esianghu† Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda

MSc 1993

An Optical Technique for Determination of Thickness of Evaporated Zinc Sulphide Films” Theses defended at Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda

Mr Christopher Maghanga Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya PhD Student, Moi Univ.

MPhil 1997

“Investigation of Optical Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystalline Phase” Thesis defended at Moi Univ.

Mr A. Kwezi Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda Ministry of Defence, Uganda

MSc 1999

“Optical and Electrical Properties of Thermally Deposited Aluminum Thin Films” Thesis defended at Makerere Univ., Uganda

Mr J M Mwabora Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya Senior Lecturer, Group Member KEN:02

PhD 1999

“Copper Indium Diselenide (CIS) Based Solar Cells: Effect of CIS Preparation Conditions and Thickness on Performance” Thesis defended at Univ. of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salam, Tanzania

T. Nyangonda Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya Tutorial Fellow, Group Member KEN:02

MSc 2000

“Fabrication and Characterization of Iron Disulfide Thin Film Solar Cells by Spary Pyrolisis” Thesis defended at Univ. of Nairobi

Ms Mary Mueni Moi Univ., Kenya On study leave in USA

MPhil 2000

“The Performance Monitoring of a Compound Parabolic Concentrator/Photovoltaic System at Equatorial Latitudes.” Thesis defended at Moi Univ. Eldoret, Kenya

Mr Tom Otiti Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda Prof, Group Member UGA:01/1

PhD 2002

“Characterization of Obliquely Evaporated Nickel Films: Optical. Magnetic and Electrical Properties” Work in cooperation with Uppsala Univ. Thesis defended at Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda

Mr R. J. Musembi Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya Tutorial Fellow, Group Member KEN:02

MSc 2002

“Degradation Studies of Multilayer Coatings Exhibiting Angular Dependent Transmittance” Thesis defended at Univ. of Nairobi

Mr Z. Mapelu Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya Computational Physics Group, Moi Univ.

PhD 2002

“Photoluminisence in Porous Si Thin Films”. Thesis defended at Moi Univ.

Mr Richard T. Ekai Moi Univ. On leave since 2006

PhD 2003

”Optimisation of SiNx on Silicon Solar Cells” Thesis defended at Hanover Univ., Germany

M. M. Mwamburi Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya Senior Lecturer, Group Member KEN:03

PhD 2003

“The Preparation and Characterization of SnOx:F/Al2O3/Al Spectrally Selective Reflector Surfaces for Solar Concentrator Applications”. Work conducted both at Univ. of Dar es Salaam and Uppsala Univ. Thesis defended at Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya

† Deceased 2000

Highest Degree Obtained and Present Position, cont’d Name and present position

Degree Year

Thesis

Teddy B. Chibuye Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia Sick leave retirement, Group member UGA:01/1

PhD 2003

“A Comparative Study of Copper and Nickel Pigmented Anodized Aluminium Coatings for Solar Energy Absorption”. Work conducted both at Univ. of Dar es Salaam and Uppsala Univ. Thesis defended at Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

Mr C. M. Muchunku Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya Consultant, EAA; Nairobi , Kenya

MSc 2003

“The Parametric Analysis and Modeling of a Low-Concentrating Compound Parabolic Concentrator Photovoltaic System” Thesis defended at Moi Univ.

Mr Maxwell Mageto Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya PhD Student Moi Univ.

MPhil 2003

“TEM Study of Microstructure on Hardness and Ductility in Al-Mg-Si (Gxxx) Alloys” Thesis defended at Moi Univ.

Mr Odhiambo Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya Computational Physics Group, Moi Univ.

PhD 2007

“Defect Production in Irradiated Alkali Iodides” Thesis defended at Wittwatersrand, South Africa

Five persons from Kenyatta Univ., Kenya

MSc

One person from Jomo Kenyatta Univ., Kenya

MSc

Three persons from Univ. of Zimbabwe

MSc

Arranged Conferences and Workshops - 1st College on Thin Film Technology, 1990; Participants, Instructors and Laboratory Instructurs Kenya Tanzania P. Kariuki, Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi Mr A. J. Mwambela, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Malawi Mr J. A. Mwaikuka, Univ. of Dar es Salaam G. Mhango, Polytechnique Univ. , Zomba Ms Brenda Kazimili, Univ. of Dar es Salaam E. Msunzu, Univ. of Malawi, Zomba Mr S. J. Chewale, St. Anthony’s Mbagala School Mocambique Uganda B. Cuamba, Univ. Eduardo de Mondlane, Maputo F. T. Esiangu, Makerere Univ., Kampala Zambia G. K. Chinyama, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka Instructors Laboratory Instructor Prof R. T. Kivaisi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr G. Mbise, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Prof E. M. Lushiku, Univ. of Dar es Salaam - 2nd College on Thin Film Technology, 1992; Participants, Lecturers and Assistants Ethiopia Uganda M. G. Mariam, Addis Ababa Univ., Addis Ababa F. Esiangu. Makerere Univ., Kampala Kenya T. Otiti. Makerere Univ., Kampala A. O. Oduor, Maseno Univ. College, Kisumu Zambia P. Kariuki, Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka G. M. Amulele, Moi Univ., Eldoret G. Chinyama, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka O. C. Mathias, Moi Univ., Eldoret G. Munyeme, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka M. M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Eldoret Zimbabwe J. Schamp, Moi Univ., Eldoret J. M. Zinyemba; Univ. of Zimbabwe, Harare J. M. Mwabora, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi Tanzania Malawi B. O. Garigo, Univ. of Dar es Salaam G. Matoga, Univ. of Malawi, Chichiri Halfani, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Lecturers L-L- Mkiramweni, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Miss Els Demesmaeker, Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum, Heverlee, Belgium

G. Mmari, Univ. of Dar es Salaam

R. Kivaisi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Ferdinand, Univ. of Dar es Salaam E. Lushiku, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Assistant B. O. Seraphin, Univ. of Arizona, Tuscon, USA G. Mbise, Univ. of Dar es Salaam - 3rd College on Thin Film Technology, 1994; Participants, Lecturers and Assistants Ethiopia Tanzania Mr M. Tsige, Addis Ababa Univ. Mr A. N. Mwanisawa, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Kenya Mr A. M. Rutakomozibwa, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr G. O. Amolo, Moi Univ., Eldoret Mr G. A. Kaluygendo, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr R. T. Ekai, Moi Univ., Eldoret Ms M. E. Samiji, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr W. K. Njorage, Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi Mr M- M- Hamza, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr N. Lona, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi Ms S. J. Mwalembe, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr F. G. Moses Akubia, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi Mr G. U. Festo, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr T. O. Ogada, Maseno Univ., Maseno Mr E. W. Dungumaro, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Uganda Mr S. D. Komba, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr E. R. R. Rugwebe Mucunguzi, Inst. of teacher Education, Kyambogo, Kampala

Mr G. C. Maduka, Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Swaziland Mr D. Lameck, Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Mr V. M. Malinga, Univ. of Swaziland, Kwaluseni Zimbabwe Zambia Mr G. Katumba, Univ. of Zimbabwe, Harare Mr S. Hatwaambo, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka Lecturers Assistants Prof M. Ghannam, Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum, Heverlee, Belgium

Mr G. Mbise, Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Prof B. Karlsson, Swedish State Power Board, Älvkarleby, Sweden

Mr T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

Prof R. T. Kivaisi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr F. T. Esiangu, Makerere Univ., Kampala, Uganda

Prof E. M. Lushiku, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya - 4th College on Thin Film Technology, 1996; Participants Botswana Zambia Mr B. Saubi, Univ. of Botswana, Gabarone Mr K. J. Pondo, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka Kenya Zimbabwe Mr Z. Mapelu, Moi Univ., Eldoret Mr G. Katumba, Univ. of Zimbabwe, Harare Mr A. B. Wafula, Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi J. Zinyemba, Univ. of Zimbabwe, Harare Mr J. M. Wafula, Jomo Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi Tanzania Malawi Mr P. Damson, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr B. W. Mwakikunga, Univ. of Malawi, Blantyri Mr A. Kasasi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mocambique Mr O. Laiser, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr A. U. Naran, Eduardo Mondlane Univ., Maputo Mr K. Rashid, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Uganda Mr A. Rogers, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr M. Musoke, Makerere Univ., Kampala Ms A. Rutakomozibwa, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr T. Otiti, Makerere Univ., Kampala Ms Margret Samiji, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr J. S. M. Shamte, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Lecturers Assistants Prof B. Karlsson, Swedish State Power Board, Älvkarleby, Sweden

Mr T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

Dr M. G. Palmers, Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum, Heverlee, Belgium

Mr G. Mbise, Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Prof R. T. Kivaisi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr J. Mwabora, Univ. of Nairobi,Nairobi, Kenya Prof E. M. Lushiku, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya Dr C. S. B. Uiso, Univ. of Dar es Salaam - 5th College on Thin Film Technology, 1998; Participants Ethiopia Tanzania Mr B. Mesfin, Addis Ababa Univ. Mr A. Abdala, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Kenya Mr R. Alfayo, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr N. Mbiyu, Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi Mr H. Bilal, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Ms L. M. Mueni, Moi Univ., Eldoret Mr P. Damson, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr M. Mwabora, Univ. of Nairobi Mr Lukume, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr T. Nyangonda, Univ. of Nairobi Mr J. Mica, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Ms J. A. Ochola, Univ. of Nairobi Ms A. Rutakomozibwa, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr J. Odote, Kenyatta Univ. Ms M. Samiji, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr P. K. Torongey, Moi Univ., Eldoret Mr H. Sudi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Lesotho Uganda Mr M. Mpholo, Nat. Univ. of Leshotho Mr A. Kwezi, Makerere Univ., Kampala Malawi Mr A. Kwizera, Makerere Univ., Kampala Mr K. V. Munthali, Malawi Polytechnic, Malawi Zambia

Mozambique Mr T. Chibuye, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka Mr L. Sibanda, Univ. Eduardo de Mondlane, Maputo

Mr C. C. Chilumbu, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka

Zimbabwe Mr Macharaga, Univ. of Zimbabwe, Harare Mr J. H. Simaa, Univ. of Zimbabwe, Harare Lecturers Lecturers B. Karlsson, Swedish State Power Board, Älvkarleby, Sweden

E. M. Lushiku, Univ. of Dar es Salaam

G. Beucame, MEC, Belgium G. W. Mbise, Univ. of Dar es Salaam R. T. Kivaisi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam C. B. S. Uiso, Univ. of Dar es Salaam - 6th College on Thin Film Technology, 2000; Participants Ethiopia Zimbabwe Mr Ayalew Tesfaye, Addis Ababa Univ. Mr G. Katumba, Univ. of Zimbabwe, Harare Kenya Mr S. Lazarus, National Univ. of Science and

Technology, Bulawayo Mr B. O. Aduda, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi Tanzania Ms Stella Kioko, Moi Univ., Eldoret Mr P. Erasto, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Ms Mary Mueni, Moi Univ., Eldoret Mr M. Hamis, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr R. J. Musembi, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi Ms Habiba Hamisi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr Mr R. Ochieng, Maseno Univ., Maseno Mr K. Kombo, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr J. Odote, Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi Mr G. Lema, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr J. Okuu, Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi Mr N. Lukume, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr C. Ronno, Moi Univ., Eldoret Mr N. Mlyuka, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr J. Simiyu, Univ. of Nairobi, Nairobi Mr P. D. Nsimama, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr J.K. Tsuwi, Kenyatta Univ., Nairobi Ms T. A. Ngoile, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Malawi Mr A. Sadiki, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Ms Chakaniza Lusubilo, Univ. of Malawi, Zomba Mr D. Shilla, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Zambia Dr K. G. Chinyama, Univ. of Zambia - 7th College on Thin Film Technology, 2002; Participants, Lecturers, College Assistants Ethiopia Malawi G. D. Abay, Addis Ababa Univ., E.L. Madhlopa, Malawi Polytechnic, Malawi Kenya Tanzania E.O. Okinda (Ms) Kenyatta Univ., E.L. Nedetto, Univ. of Dar es Salaam S. Waita, Univ. of Nairobi, M, Zubeda, Univ. of Dar es Salaam B. Muthoka, Univ. of Nairobi, Mr H. Mwanyika, Univ. of Dar es Salaam T.K. Koskei, Moi Univ. Mr W. Y. Urassa, Univ. of Dar es Salaam M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ. Ms Asha K. Biwi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam F.G. Ndiritu, Egerton Univ. Mr D. P. Ikwaba, Univ. of Dar es Salaam H. G. Wafula, Univ. of Nairobi Mr N. R. Mluka, Univ. of Dar es Salaam C. Muchunku, Moi Univ. Uganda Leshotho D.D. Nyenga, Makerere Univ. B.M. Taele, Nat. Univ. of Leshotho D. Okello, Makerere Univ. A. Tsui, Nat. Univ. of Leshotho Zambia Mr B. Changwe, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia Lecturers College Assistants Prof S. Chetan, IMEC VZW, MCP Div.-Solar Cells, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium

Mr P. Damson, Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Dr W. Bantikassegn; Addis Ababa Univ., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Ms, M. E. Samiji, Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Prof R. T. Kivaisi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Mr M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya Prof C. B. Uiso, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Dr G. W. Mbise, Univ. of Dar es Salaam - 8th College on Thin Film Technology, 2004; Participants Kenya Tanzania C. O. Mathias; Moi Univ. M. E. Samiji (Ms), Univ. of Dar es Salaam R. G. Ngumbu, Ergeton Univ. N. Mlyuka, Univ. of Dar es Salaam O. H. Otunga, Univ. of Nairobi M. Kivambe, Univ. of Dar es Salaam J. Kanule, Moi Univ. D. Ikwaba, Univ. of Dar es Salaam J. O. Ochola (Ms) Univ. of Nairobi J. Buchwieshaija, Univ. of Dar es Salaam G. O. Sigala, Machakos Technical Training Institute, Machakos

Y. M. Makame, Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Leshotho M. Masore, Univ. of Dar es Salaam M. Ralaipeng (Ms), Nat. Univ. of Leshotho R. Khalifa, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Malawi C. Albin, Univ. of Dar es Salaam F Kawaye (Ms), Malawi Polytechnic, Blantyre P. Juventus, Univ. of Dar es Salaam South Africa W. Y. Urassa, Univ. of Dar es Salaam E. Zhandire, Univ. of Kwazulu Natal P. Theopister (Ms), Univ. of Dar es Salaam Zambia F. S. Ikuja (Ms), Univ. of Dar es Salaam G. Munyeme, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka L. Baharia (Ms), Univ. of Dar es Salaam K. Shadrek, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka Lecturers Assistants R. T. Kivaisi, Univ. of Dar es Salaam P. Damson, Univ. of Dar es Salaam G. W. Mbise, Univ. of Dar es Salaam D. P. Ikwaba, Univ. of Dar es Salaam M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ. Eldoret, Kenya M. D. Kivambe, Univ. of Dar es Salaam N. K. Persson, Linköpin Univ., Sweden Margaret. E. Samiji (Ms), Univ. of Dar es Salaam C. B. Uiso, Univ. of Dar es Salaam - 9th College on Thin Film Technology, 2006; Participants Ethiopia Rwanda T. Masreshe, Addis Ababa Univ. J. G. Pierre,Kigali Inst. of Science and Technology,

Kigali Kenya Tanzania C. M. Maghanga, Moi Univ. N. Komba, Univ. of Dar es Salaam M. M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ.* F. Hamad, Univ. of Dar es Salaam E. U. Mapesa, Kenyatta Univ. M. Mluyka, Univ. of Dar es Salaam S. W. Mugu,Jomo Kenyatta Univ. Y. Msambwa, Univ. of Dar es Salaam B. M. Kamau, Univ. of Nairobi W. Johnson, Univ. of Dar es Salaam M. J. Mageto, Moi Univ. H. Askwar, Univ. of Dar es Salaam J. Ngare, Ergeton Univ. P. D. Nsimama, Univ. of Dar es Salaam C. Obure, Univ. of Nairobi M. Mkumbwa, Univ. of Dar es Salaam F. M. Gaitho, College of Science and Technology, Kakamega

G. Kinunda (Ms), Univ. of Dar es Salaam

H. Kirui, Ergeton Univ. I. Lugano, Univ. of Dar es Salaam P. Aujaga, Univ. of Nairobi Uganda Leshotho T. Swalch, Makerere Univ., Kampala M. Sehlabaaka, National Univ. of Leshotho M. U. Maganda, Makerere Univ., Kampala Malawi Zambia C. M. Tenthani, Malawi Polytechnic M. Anderson, Univ. of Zambia, Lusaka Assistants

Lecturers R. T. Kivaisi, Univ- of Dar es Salaam P. Damson, Univ. of Dar es Salaam Y. D. Makame, Univ- of Dar es Salaam M. D. Kivambe, Univ. of Dar es Salaam A. B. Malisa, iThemba LABS, South Africa N. Mlyuka, Univ. of Dar es Salaam G. W. Mbise, Univ- of Dar es Salaam Y. Ngenya, Univ. of Dar es Salaam M. Mwamburi, Moi Univ., Eldoret, Kenya Margaret. E. Samiji (Ms), Univ. of Dar es Salaam C. B. Uiso, Univ- of Dar es Salaam E. Urassa, Univ. of Dar es Salaam

Arranged Conferences and Workshops - Workshop for Planning of Network Projects in Materials Science and Solar Energy, Arusha, Nov. 21-26,

1988 (Due to governmental booking, the workshop had to be transferred to Nairobi, Kenya, Nov. 21 -26, 1988)

- Active Learning Workshop in Optics and Photonics (ALOP), July 2007. - INFORM workshop on “Finding On-Line Information for Research and Teaching in Mathematics and

Physics”, August 2007; 20 mathematicians and physicists from eastern Africa. Visits by IPPS staff Staff Year Å. Bergengren 75/76, 86/87, 95/96 G. Bray 91/92 E. van Groningen 2008 P. Gajjar 91/92 L. Hasselgren 82/83, 84/85, 85/86, 86/87, 87/88, 88/89, 90/91, 91/92,

93/94, 94/95, 95/96, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008

T. Lindqvist 67/68 A. Marelius 75/76 M. Petterson 88/89 E. Wäckelgård 2006

NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS PER COLLEGE AND COUNTRY

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

COLLEGE YEAR

NUM

BER

Botswana (1) Ethiopia (6) Kenya (59) Lesotho (4) Malawi (9)Mocambique (3) Rwanda (1) Soth Africa (1) Swaziland (1) Tanzania (79)Uganda (13) Zambia (13) Zimbabwe (8)

Statistical Summary

TAN:01/2 3 PhD (1F) PUBLICATIONS STUDENTS IPPS FUNDING [kSEK] 1 MSc (0F) INT. REG./LOC. CONF. PhD MSc/ PhD MSc DEV. TRAIN. REG. TOT.

Tech. 3 (0F) J. J. REP. MPhil Stud. Stud. 1976 0 47 0 47 1977 1978 1979 0 88 0 88 1980 13 0 0 13 1981 4 0 0 4 1982 3 77 0 79 1983 1 22 0 0 22 1984 119 0 0 119 1985 28 29 0 57 1986 1 69 0 21 90 1987 19 0 0 19 1988 2 0 2 (0F) 21 143 14 178 1989 5 1 1 46 0 0 46 1990 1 1 1 1 (0F) 2 (0F) 74 27 82 184 1991 2 2 73 175 63 312 1992 2 1 2 2 (0F) 0 298 0 13 310 1993 2 2 2 (0F) 4 (2F) 203 83 57 343 1994 2 1 2 3 (0F) 3 (2F) 89 0 192 281 1995 1 3 1 3 (0F) 4 (2F) 491 0 140 631 1996 3 5 1 2 3 (0F) 3 (2F) 419 86 293 798 1997 1 1 3 (0F) 4 (2F) 217 62 54 333 1998 3 1 4 0 2 4 (0F) 3 (1F) 531 126 208 865 1999 2 0 2 1 2 3 (0F) 3 (0F) 395 0 127 522 2000 0 1 6 0 0 2 (0F) 2 (0F) 444 0 69 513 2001 2 0 3 0 1 3 (0F) 3 (1F) 696 0 0 696 2002 0 0 3 0 1 4 (1F) 3 (1F) 610 0 0 610 2003 1 1 5 0 0 3 (0F) 2 (0F) 285 72 37 394 2004 1 0 4 0 2 2 (0F) 1 (0F) 1233 7 0 1240 2005 2 1 0 0 0 2 (0F) 2 (0F) 534 88 0 622 2006 1 1 2 0 0 2 (0F) 2 (0F) 250 199 0 449 2007 0 0 0 0 0 2 (0F) 2 (0F) 17 170 13 200 2008 0 0 5 0 0 1 (0F) 3 (0F) 636 160 0 796

TOTAL 28 9 52 4 17 7838 1640 1384 10861

TOTAL NUMBER OF YEARS OF REGULAR IPPS SUPPORT: 33

TAN:01/2 TOTAL GROUP ALLOCATIONS ACCORDING TO CATEGORY

TOTAL ALLOCATIONS SEK 10.9 MILLION

Development72%

Training15%

Regional13%

TAN:01/2 TOTAL NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS ACCORDING TO CATEGORY

TOTAL NUMBER 110

Conference Reports48%

International Journals25%

Reg./Loc. Journals8%

MSc/MPhil Theses15%

PhD Theses4%

TAN:01/2 IPPS ALLOCATIONS 1976-2008

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

YEAR

kSEK

REG.

TRAIN.

DEV.

TAN:01/2PUBLICATIONS 1976-2008

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 19921994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

YEAR

NUMB

ER

MSc/ MPhil

PhD

CONF. REP.

REG./LOC. J.

INT. J.