thermal integrity profiling

CAPWAPThermal Integrity Profiling Advantages for bored/augered piles Use early curing temperature (speeds construction) Evaluates concrete quality, cover & alignment
Limitations / Disadvantages Need THERMAL cables (replaces CSL tubes) Can test only during early curing
1
Incremental volume vs depth during CFA install
“Automated Monitoring Equipment” Pile Installation Recorder (PIR)
1. PIR Computer 2. Depth Monitor 3. Grout Pressure 4. Magnetic Flow Meter
2
3 4
DFI “Augered Cast-In-Place Piles Manual” “grout volume placed for each increment of depth is the
single most important installation control used during ACIP pile construction.” Section 1.3
AME produces very uniform piles
2000 piles (460 mm O.D.)
OK
Normal
Grout Pressure vs Time
Automated Monitoring Equipment Advantages • Guides installation to prevent defects • Documents volume vs. each depth increment
Limitations / Disadvantages • Only use is for augercast piles
10
NDT Conclusions Many drilled foundations have anomalies Testing finds major defects; reduces risk of failure
Low strain (PIT) used for augercast or drilled shafts CSL for drilled shaft – evaluates core integrity only GDL for drilled shaft – evaluates the nearby cover Thermal – evaluates concrete quality, cover &
cage alignment AME for augercast piles helps prevent defects
Geotechnical Capacity Evaluations
SID Downhole camera
Inspecting cleanout & bearing layer strength “SQUID”: Measuring the shaft bottom:
• Debris layer thickness • Bearing pressure
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
Pe ne
tr at
io n
(in ch
Patent pending
International Prediction Event “Behaviour of Bored, CFA, and Driven Piles in Residual Soil”, ISC’2 Experimental
Site, 2003, by Viana da Fonseca and Santos
Static analysis is not accurate This is WHY we test
Static Load Testing
Deadload Testing
React. Piles/Anchors
Static Load Tests are the “standard” Costly: Need 100% load + long time
ASTM D1143
Strain gages, sister bars Telltales
Extra Costs
CAUTION: area and modulus are likely variable along length for drilled shafts
Static Load Test Advantages Measures load versus defection Indirectly checks integrity (will it carry load?) Optimizes foundation – reduces foundation cost
Limitations / Disadvantages Cost (expense and time) Result at one depth Often proof test not to failure
Bi-directional Load Test
Gibson and Devenny, Dept of Public Works of Canada, Ottawa
Canadian Geotech Journal, #10, 304 (1973)
Bi-directional Load Test Hydrodynamic Expansive Cell (Expancell) Patented 1981 by Eng. Pedro Elisio Da Silva (Arcos)
Bi-directional Load Test jack near bottom of bored pile
Dr. Jorg Osterberg, “A New Simplified Method for Load Testing Drilled Shafts” Foundation Drilling August, 1984
Multiple jacks at multiple levels
Multiple jacks for high capacities
Bi-directional Load Tests Limit is when any of following is exceeded Shaft resistance End bearing Jack capacity (pressure limit) Jack travel
It is rare that shaft and end bearing are equally balanced, so results are generally conservative
ASTM standard in ballot process
Bi-directional Load Tests Advantages Static test ( large loads, often at pile bottom ) Often results in increased design loads Safety improved Generally conservative results
Limitations / Disadvantages Cost (expense and time – jack not recovered) Result at one depth Load at pile top is zero (no integrity check) Generally conservative results
Dynamic Testing of
Dynamic Testing of cast-in-situ piles • need large drop weight
• Approx 2% or more of ultimate capacity • e.g. 20 ton weight to assess 1000 tons capacity • GRLWEAP to assess weight and cushion
• prepare pile top • top transducer • excavate or build up pile top
• attach sensors
123
Input V Compute F
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
Pile Top Bottom
Ru = 3425.2 kN Rs = 1458.6 kN Rb = 1966.6 kN Dy = 18.8 mm Dx = 18.8 mm
CAPWAP ®
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
SLT [kN]
C W
[k N
Measure force and velocity and compute static load test curve
Chart4
4905
1203.9545454546
6000
5250
7250
3388.9090909091
3183.7909090909
2274.1363636364
31700
3200
2943
2898.4090909091
2273
2898.4090909091
1689.9954545455
6905
880
1632.9479768786
647.2081218274
1835.2601156069
3611.8636363636
2229.5454545454
2283.2369942197
2715.5863636364
18000
1088.0181818182
1021.1318181818
10567
4369.9090909091
3513.7636363636
25000
1694.4545454546
2220
1428.5714285714
1420
4000
262
1494.8979591837
1878.612716763
990
3000
807.4981975487
2568.4363636364
4280.7272727273
5341
1250
1741.3294797688
1080
1153.0612244898
3701.0454545454
973.3237202596
4013.1818181818
1600
4900
4777
1426.9090909091
1020
2831.5227272727
1337.7272727273
1520.4081632653
1173.4693877551
3727.8
2584.302299
1965.3179190751
3200
1740
1390
2020
4000
1006
6238.2681818182
1739.0454545454
1741.3294797688
753.5863636364
3600
2400
4080.0681818182
2180
1770
1404.6136363636
1800
3344.3181818182
1117
1837
3605
36000
2000
4300
4236.1363636364
2008.6705202312
3210.5454545454
1266.3818181818
8900
2809.2272727273
2145.9537572254
4420
1841
32340
2869
935.1117519827
2550.6
4724
1033.6734693878
6840
989.7959183673
2935
1539.0173410405
1200
670
624.3654822335
5120
1969.6531791908
865.1766402307
728.1903388609
1159.3636363636
1676.3005780347
3344.3181818182
2051.1818181818
1630
1021.1318181818
1685.5363636364
1101.3954545455
2180
670.5118961788
2165
1958.0924855491
1270
1560.6818181818
8453
3900
3600
550.7614213198
3700
713.7707281903
2160
595
2216.1681818182
3333
891.8181818182
576.1421319797
965
2802
1694.4545454546
4369.9090909091
631.9796954315
6275
1076.5306122449
692.1413121846
4725
2207.25
742.6099495314
5275.1045454546
5636
3777
1835.2601156069
3724
1413.5318181818
548.4681818182
1689.9954545455
5075
1420
190
3648
1051.0204081633
4200
1900
4726.6363636364
1280.612244898
2898.4090909091
1791.9075144509
16300
2400
1900
3567.2727272727
1813.5838150289
757.0295602019
2015.8959537572
2675.4545454546
1177.2
1800
1810
3580.65
3500
90
1760
2450
3466
3656.4545454546
3032.1818181818
1605.2727272727
2341.0227272727
2390.0727272727
2170
1448
5127.9545454545
1997.6727272727
2840
532.9949238579
2270
722.3727272727
749.8197548666
1666
2150
2750
1618.4971098266
2720.0454545454
1531.7919075145
18800
2800
300
2580
825.5227108868
2808.139506
1962
2225
857.9668348955
1420
713.7707281903
388.3248730964
668.8636363636
1163.2653061225
6100
2540
2318.7272727273
2450
2668.32
2675.4545454546
5500
2462.209277
1739.0454545454
1426.9090909091
4850
979.5918367347
1250
1582.3699421965
1657
1466.7630057804
1400
2400
690
1596.8208092485
1569.6
2095.930211
16400
2051.1818181818
3160
11607
1980
2374.02
1350
760.6344628695
1393.02
7836
482.2335025381
1270.8409090909
1215
2462.209277
1070.1818181818
2715.5863636364
2140.3636363636
1387.2832369942
2256.3
609.2285508291
1473
2070
807.4981975487
800
460
1971.81
1744.2196531792
2720.0454545454
3732.2590909091
870.2235039654
2630.8636363636
627.2530641673
1255.1020408163
1343.9306358382
1335
5000
2000
1500
1100
4236.1363636364
1667.7
1039.86
1935
1098.72
411.1675126904
1700
324
337.5634517767
303.2181818182
1382.3181818182
771.4491708724
1079.1
1422.45
1000.62
263.9593908629
1400
172.5888324873
1393.02
1128.15
418.7817258883
2372.2363636364
691.1590909091
3580
3200
4485
2122.5272727273
2028.8863636364
1489.3363636364
21200
2200
2024.4272727273
2037.8045454545
1601
2055.6409090909
1203.9545454546
4994
640
1206.8965517241
484.7715736041
1379.3103448276
2769.0954545455
1712.2909090909
1767.2413793103
2109.15
14000
847.2272727273
798.1772727273
8303
3451.3363636364
2795.85
20000
1364.4818181818
1802
1162.4365482233
1160
3290
216
1233.5025380711
1551.724137931
820
2500
677.7217015141
2158.2
3625.2409090909
4533
1060.9137055838
1479.8850574713
921
984.7715736041
3161.4954545454
832.7325162221
3442.4181818182
1373
4210
4111
1230.7090909091
880
2443.5818181818
1154.9045454546
1314.7208121827
1015.2284263959
3228.3818181818
2238.37207
1702.5862068966
2777
1510
1210
1759
3486
877
5444.55
1520.55
1522.9885057471
659.9454545455
3160
2107
3585.1090909091
1920
1560
1239.6272727273
1591
2960.8363636364
989
1629
3200
32000
1780
3830
3785.7681818182
1795.9770114943
2876.1136363636
1137.0681818182
8000
2532.7636363636
1939.6551724138
4000
1672
29400
2615
857.9668348955
2341.0227272727
4340
951.269035533
6301
913.7055837563
2710
1422.4137931034
1110
620
578.6802030457
4750
1829.0229885057
803.893294881
677.7217015141
1079.1
1566.091954023
3125.8227272727
1917.4090909091
1527
958.7045454545
1582.9772727273
1034.5090909091
2050
630.8579668349
2040
1846.2643678161
1200
1475.9590909091
8001
3700
3416
522.8426395939
3513
677.7217015141
2051
565
2104.6909090909
3166
847.2272727273
548.2233502538
919
2669
1614.1909090909
4173.7090909091
604.0609137056
6000
1030.4568527919
663.3020908435
4530
2118.0681818182
713.7707281903
5087.8227272727
5448
3666
1781.6091954023
3617
1373.4
535.0909090909
1649.8636363636
4966
1390
186
3576
1030.4568527919
4118
1863
4637.4545454545
1258.883248731
2849.3590909091
1767.2413793103
16100
2375
1881
3531.6
1795.9770114943
749.8197548666
1997.1264367816
2662.0772727273
1174.257
1797
1807
3576.1909090909
3500
90
1760
2450
3466
3656.4545454546
3032.1818181818
1609.7318181818
2349.9409090909
2403.45
2183
1463
5190.3818181818
2024.4272727273
2880
540.6091370558
2310
735.75
764.2393655371
1702
2200
2822
1666.6666666667
2804.7681818182
1580.4597701149
19400
2890
310
2670
854.3619322278
2909.883691
2033.3454545454
2310
894.0158615717
1480
746.214852199
406.0913705584
700.0772727273
1218.2741116751
6398
2668
2439.1227272727
2580
2810.565
2818.1454545454
5800
2604.651136
1841.6045454545
1520.55
5170
1045.6852791878
1335
1695.4022988506
1779
1580.4597701149
1512
2600
750
1738.5057471264
1709.883
2299.418581
18000
2256.3
3480
12784
2188
2625.156
1493
843.5472242249
1550.961
8733
540.6091370558
1426.9090909091
1365
2767.441832
1203.9545454546
3076.7727272727
2434.6636363636
1580.4597701149
2585.916
699.3511175198
1700
2390
937.2746935833
930
535
2306.331
2040.2298850575
3210.5454545454
4405.5818181818
1027.397260274
3121.3636363636
746.214852199
1497.461928934
1609.1954022989
1600
6000
2400
1809
1344
5208.2181818182
2062.062
1293.939
2450
1414.602
530.4568527919
2200
421
446.7005076142
401.3181818182
1846.0636363636
1031.0021629416
1448.937
1933.551
1392.039
370.5583756345
2002
248.730964467
2090.511
1711.845
730.9644670051
data
ID
year
author
reference
pile
plot**
page
pile
dia
hammer
cw/SLT
cw/max
cw/dav
cw/D10
cw/U25
cw/U20
c25/u25
c20/u20
u25/SLT
u20/SLT
3
1980
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
ds
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
26
1988
Nguyen
fittja
353
cep
90
2t
1.00
1.00
1.07
1.10
0.93
0.91
2.00
10.6
yes
90
90
90
30.0
84
82
SA
SA
27
1988
Nguyen
hallsfjarden
353
cep
812
6tx3m
0.61
0.46
0.61
0.60
0.68
1.01
0.90
50
1.00
3.50
35.4
yes
3200
5250
dav
6900
54.0
78.0
5290
4710
50
28
1988
Cheng
A5
477
cep
298
5TX1.5M
1.01
0.97
1.01
0.97
1.01
1.03
1.00
1
1.34
2.3
20
YES
2183
2170
dav
2240
9.0
27.0
2240
2160
SA
SA
29
1988
Cheng
B13
477
cep
244
B300
0.86
0.54
0.86
0.54
0.57
1.59
1.52
0.85
3.1
9.1
YES
880
1020
dav
1620
18.0
31.0
1620
1550
shale
SI
relax
30
1988
Cheng
C-TP1
477
cep
244
B400
0.99
0.90
0.99
1.30
1.60
0.76
0.62
1.27
0.6
46.9
YES
2375
2400
dav
2650
45.0
90.0
1823
1480
13 tests - interpolated for time by Skov formula - correlation graph
13 tests - interpolated for time - correlation graph
50
1988
Chow
28/E7/1
626
rc
280
K25
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
1.00
1.00
1.70
24
YES
1373
1600
1600
28.0
1600
1600
1373
1373
21
shale
CL
51
1988
Huang
yes
635
h
52
1988
Plesiotis
3166
3333
9506 Chin
63
1988
Yao
PC3
805
psc-cyl
600
d62
0.92
0.84
0.92
0.87
0.92
0.92
1.06
1.00
10
0.29
5.70
1.6
36
YES
4340
4724
dav
5171
82.0
5013
4724
4340
35
64
1988
Fellenius
AM
yes
814
cep
245
diesel
1.00
0.96
1.38
1.67
0.73
0.60
14
1.08
6.45
58.2
YES
1807
1810
1890
70.0
1314
1085
13
CL
68
1988
Skov
Hamburg
D2
879
rc
350
139
2000
Zheng
Gaozan
33
651
psc
300
0.98
0.97
1.08
1.20
1.05
1.06
0.91
0.82
29
yes
1863
1900
1930
43.0
64.0
1730
1550
1820
1640
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13.0
11838
11838
149
2000
Kormann
bn3
CFA1
yes
707
cfa
350
153
2000
Holeyman
short
725
psc
350
0.95
0.95
1.00
0.98
0.95
0.98
YES
919
965
965
50.0
919
942
154
2000
Baycan
Sydney
T5
751
cfa
750
1996
0.964
0.223
83
0.861
2000
0.930
0.146
75
study
avg
cov
n
correl
notes
note2
1980
1.010
0.168
77
0.960
1996
0.964
0.223
83
0.861
1996
0.931
0.166
83
0.927
1996
1.012
0.097
83
0.967
SW
0.993
0.165
143
0.984
all
0.974
0.158
300
all
0.971
0.150
296
2000
0.930
0.146
75
final table
1560
3200
1780
2310
1160
1600
2890
2580
620
1510
2200
16100
3500
6000
535
310
1210
820
750
20000
21200
32000
18000
14000
90
3200
2183
880
2375
1527
921
2710
1390
1760
1920
930
2670
2777
3513
4966
1759
2107
1591
1373
4485
1200
3166
3666
4111
2669
3576
3700
4118
3416
6301
4533
4340
1807
1335
5170
640
2450
2050
2310
1702
2668
2615
3617
4210
4994
3580
3830
4000
1344
2822
3290
29400
2390
2600
2400
3486
3160
186
565
421
989
1365
1493
1802
1629
2810.565
1392.039
1933.551
1711.845
1709.883
1293.939
2090.511
1414.602
1550.961
1448.937
1174.257
2062.062
2306.331
2625.156
2585.916
1480
4750
3466
1463
12784
8733
2450
2880
3480
1672
1601
1512
2002
6000
5800
19400
4530
2040
6398
1110
1809
2200
2200
2500
1863
1881
2188
2051
8303
8001
5448
216
877
1700
1797
1779
919
8000
1560
3200
1780
2310
1160
1600
2890
2580
620
1510
2200
16100
3500
6000
535
310
1210
820
750
20000
21200
32000
18000
14000
90
3200
2183
880
2375
1527
921
2710
1390
1760
1920
930
2670
2777
3513
4966
1759
2107
1591
1373
4485
1200
3166
3666
4111
2669
3576
3700
4118
3416
6301
4533
4340
1807
1335
5170
640
2450
2050
2310
1702
2668
2615
3617
4210
4994
3580
3830
4000
1344
2822
3290
29400
2390
2600
2400
3486
3160
186
565
421
989
1365
1493
1802
1629
2810.565
1392.039
1933.551
1711.845
1709.883
1293.939
2090.511
1414.602
1550.961
1448.937
1174.257
2062.062
2306.331
2625.156
2585.916
1480
4750
3466
1463
12784
8733
2450
2880
3480
1672
1601
1512
2002
6000
5800
19400
4530
2040
6398
1110
1809
2200
2200
2500
1863
1881
2188
2051
8303
8001
5448
216
877
1700
1797
1779
919
8000
CW vs SLT at 20 mm displ
186
1070
1024
1392
1700
1640
1730
1420
1373
1740
1710
2089
2110
2690
3290
3800
4340
4533
4640
5100
5600
7860
6600
10400
U@20
2150
2400
3000
3200
324
595
1200
1117
1215
2000
1800
2020
2400
3700
5075
2200
2600
2500
2777
421
565
1110
989
1365
2400
1591
1759
2107
3513
4966
620
1392.039
1600
2375
1512
2002
880
1527
1160
1780
1510
2310
3200
1709.883
2183
2580
2710
2890
2810.565
3580
3200
4340
4533
6301
820
1414.602
921
1174.257
1293.939
2090.511
1448.937
1711.845
1550.961
2062.062
1933.551
2306.331
2625.156
2585.916
310
535
750
930
1210
1390
1760
1672
1920
1601
2670
1.0530612245
1.0059907834
0.867816092
1.0321428571
1.1985018727
0.8867719107
0.8117117117
0.9253731343
0.8169014085
1.1625
0.9788732394
0.880733945
1
0.8838888889
0.8707920792
0.8779166667
1.0348837209
0.6186206897
0.5966666667
1.2661498708
0.9090909091
0.89
0.8715
0.8876560333
1.0382022472
0.7232440261
1.1234567901
1.299382716
0.8854073411
0.9495798319
1.0833333333
1.2
0.9587301587
1.0176211454
0.8591836735
1.023255814
1.08
0.9114674102
1.014084507
0.9211988304
0.9187129551
0.9712674544
0.8487174686
0.8906976744
1.0503937008
0.7272727273
0.9403669725
1.101404325
0.8777777778
0.9983425414
1.43
0.7043554773
0.9082020641
1.0216086435
1.1012658228
0.8225
1
1.1059259259
1.0261818182
1.0319148936
1.154589372
0.8282828283
1.0333333333
1.1630434783
1.0869565217
0.8705035971
1.0659793814
0.8333333333
BORset
6840
4724
5341
4900
2869
1400
3724
18800
1270
2540
2270
4000
2273
1841
2750
880
1935
2150
2840
1400
1666
3160
3000
5250
1200
1810
8900
4420
2070
2450
990
300
460
690
1390
1473
1006
1250
3600
2180
190
4850
4200
3600
3900
6301
4340
4533
4210
2615
1512
3617
19400
1200
2668
2310
3290
1601
1672
2822
640
2450
2200
2880
2002
1702
3480
2500
3200
1110
1807
8000
4000
2390
2450
820
310
535
750
1210
1700
877
1335
3160
2050
186
5170
4118
3416
3700
1780
1600
2580
90
3200
2183
880
2375
1527
921
2710
2670
2669
3576
1807
5170
2390
1493
2625.156
2585.916
29400
12784
5800
19400
4530
2200
2500
8303
2040
3200
1160
2890
2777
3513
4966
1759
2107
1591
4485
2600
2400
1802
1629
1480
1512
2002
TimeRatio
16300
25000
31700
36000
16400
18000
2750
4000
190
2668.32
1000.62
1422.45
1128.15
1569.6
3466
1448
7836
6100
12175
11838
1700
1006
1473
8900
1800
16100
20000
21200
32000
18000
14000
2822
3290
186
2810.565
1392.039
1933.551
1711.845
1709.883
3466
1463
8733
6398
2200
877
1700
8000
1797
6000
2310
1510
2200
1390
1920
930
2050
2310
1702
2668
2615
3617
4210
4994
3580
3830
4000
4750
2450
2880
3480
1672
1601
1863
1881
2188
2051
8001
5448
216
1779
919
1760
3500
6000
6301
4533
4340
1293.939
2090.511
1414.602
1550.961
1448.937
1174.257
2062.062
2306.331
1560
535
310
1210
820
750
1373
1200
3166
3666
4111
3700
4118
3416
1335
640
2450
3486
3160
565
421
989
1365
5
3
2
7
23
15
31
18
10
9
6
4
4
6
Combined
4080.0681818182
3701.0454545454
1685.5363636364
3344.3181818182
3210.5454545454
1337.7272727273
1962
2675.4545454546
2390.0727272727
1689.9954545455
753.5863636364
2341.0227272727
1426.9090909091
1088.0181818182
2715.5863636364
3513.7636363636
1739.0454545454
5275.1045454546
1101.3954545455
1266.3818181818
1997.6727272727
2715.5863636364
303.2181818182
2568.4363636364
548.4681818182
2140.3636363636
1070.1818181818
4236.1363636364
1021.1318181818
2943
1694.4545454546
6238.2681818182
2831.5227272727
1560.6818181818
2274.1363636364
4905
3656.4545454546
3611.8636363636
4369.9090909091
2898.4090909091
3727.8
1694.4545454546
2898.4090909091
722.3727272727
1159.3636363636
1739.0454545454
2809.2272727273
1426.9090909091
1270.8409090909
2675.4545454546
668.8636363636
891.8181818182
1689.9954545455
2550.6
2229.5454545454
1382.3181818182
3183.7909090909
1413.5318181818
2216.1681818182
2207.25
4236.1363636364
3388.9090909091
2630.8636363636
1203.9545454546
1021.1318181818
4280.7272727273
4726.6363636364
1605.2727272727
2051.1818181818
3567.2727272727
3580.65
2720.0454545454
3732.2590909091
3344.3181818182
4369.9090909091
2318.7272727273
4013.1818181818
2720.0454545454
2051.1818181818
2898.4090909091
5127.9545454545
1404.6136363636
3032.1818181818
3
1980
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
ds
s?
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
26
1988
Nguyen
fittja
353
cep
90
2t
1.00
1.00
1.07
1.10
0.93
0.91
2.00
10.6
yes
90
90
90
30
84
82
SA
SA
27
1988
Nguyen
hallsfjarden
353
cep
s?
812
6tx3m
0.61
0.46
0.61
0.60
0.68
1.01
0.90
50
1.00
3.50
35.4
yes
3200
5250
dav
6900
54
78
5290
4710
50
28
1988
Cheng
A5
477
cep
298
5TX1.5M
1.01
0.97
1.01
0.97
1.01
1.03
1.00
1
1.34
2.3
20
YES
2183
2170
dav
2240
9
27
2240
2160
SA
SA
29
1988
Cheng
B13
477
cep
244
B300
0.86
0.54
0.86
0.54
0.57
1.59
1.52
0.85
3.1
9.1
YES
880
1020
dav
1620
18
31
1620
1550
shale
SI
relax
30
1988
Cheng
C-TP1
477
cep
244
B400
0.99
0.90
0.99
1.30
1.60
0.76
0.62
1.27
0.6
46.9
YES
2375
2400
dav
2650
45
90
1823
1480
50
1988
Chow
28/E7/1
626
rc
280
K25
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
1.00
1.00
1.70
24
YES
1373
1600
1600
28
1600
1600
1373
1373
21
shale
CL
51
1988
Huang
yes
635
h
timeRat
52
1988
Plesiotis
9506 Chin
63
1988
Yao
PC3
805
psc-cyl
600
d62
0.92
0.84
0.92
0.87
0.92
0.92
1.06
1.00
10
0.29
5.70
1.6
36
YES
4340
4724
dav
5171
82
5013
4724
4340
35
64
1988
Fellenius
AM
yes
814
cep
245
diesel
1.00
0.96
1.38
1.67
0.73
0.60
14
1.08
6.45
58.2
YES
1807
1810
1890
70
1314
1085
13
CL
68
1988
Skov
Hamburg
D2
879
rc
350
139
2000
Zheng
Gaozan
33
651
psc
300
0.98
0.97
1.08
1.20
1.05
1.06
0.91
0.82
29
yes
1863
1900
1930
43
64
1730
1550
1820
1640
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13
11838
11838
149
2000
Kormann
bn3
CFA1
yes
707
cfa
350
153
2000
Holeyman
short
725
psc
350
0.95
0.95
1.00
0.98
0.95
0.98
YES
919
965
965
50
919
942
154
2000
Baycan
Sydney
T5
751
cfa
750
cov
0.165
0.183
0.200
0.139
0.244
0.287
0.087
0.101
0.178
0.214
2.75
1.28
1.08
1.00
0.51
max
1.517
1.294
1.517
1.299
1.992
2.343
1.127
1.222
1.588
1.520
600.00
5.40
36.29
18.00
74.00
min
0.597
0.464
0.597
0.833
0.543
0.568
0.823
0.821
0.580
0.493
0.00
0.02
0.50
0.28
5.00
median
0.979
0.923
1.032
0.949
0.973
1.017
1.000
0.966
0.998
0.939
10.00
0.56
4.20
2.50
24.00
hammer
cw/SLT
cw/max
cw/dav
cw/D10
cw/U25
cw/U20
c25/u25
c20/u20
u25/SLT
u20/SLT
U@25
U@20
C@25
C@20
ID
year
author
reference
pile
plot**
page
pile
dia
hammer
cw/SLT
cw/max
cw/dav
cw/D10
cw/U25
cw/U20
c25/u25
c20/u20
u25/SLT
u20/SLT
51
1988
Huang
yes
635
h
timeRat
22
1984
Seidel
Westgate
303/1
313
ds
1500
20Tx2.5m
0.67
1.06
1.06
0.63
4.8
44
yes
21200
31700
chin
20000
8
19
20000
12
1980
Authier
197
psc
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
ds
s?
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
143
2000
Zhou
Macau
T2
673
oep
set
910
0.79
1.11
1.26
1.00
1.00
0.71
0.62
1.0
44.5
yes
8303
10567
53
7450
6600
7450
6600
21
1984
Seidel
Westgate
302/1
313
ds
1500
20Tx2.5m
0.80
2.2
40
20000
25000
chin
mudstone
62
1988
Yao
PC2
805
psc-cyl
600
d62
0.85
0.76
0.85
0.85
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.94
10
0.29
11.40
2.5
36
YES
4533
5341
dav
5962
82
5330
5010
4533
35
32
1988
Cheng
D24
477
cep
324
D12
0.85
0.77
0.85
1.69
0.5
11.75
YES
921
1080
dav
1200
8
18
shale
SA
50
1988
Chow
28/E7/1
626
rc
280
K25
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
1.00
1.00
1.70
24
YES
1373
1600
1600
28
1600
1600
1373
1373
21
shale
CL
75
1992
Likins
CT5
117
psc
900
D62-22
0.86
6
0.30
3.30
4.2
22
4210
4900
20
61
1988
Yao
PC1
805
psc-cyl
600
d62
0.92
0.92
0.92
1.08
1.24
0.92
0.86
0.74
10
0.29
3.20
0.6
36
YES
6301
6840
dav
6840
33
5860
5065
4640
35
9506 Chin
56
1988
Hunt
2A'A'-10
689
cep
355
125
2000
Svinkin
B-2
107
h
310x94
Vul010
1.08
0.57
1.08
0.94
1.02
1.15
1.06
7
0.44
4.2
47.2
1512
1400
dav
2675
93
116
1603
1486
16
122
2000
Svinkin
35
psc
1370
D46-13
1.10
22
1.00
1.3
24.4
3480
3160
22
34
1988
Holeyman
7
542
psc
320
4t
13.9
1640
95
1996
Paikowsky
325
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13
11838
11838
all piles
all piles
cov
0.165
0.183
0.200
0.139
0.244
0.287
0.087
0.101
0.178
0.214
2.75
1.28
1.08
1.00
0.51
max
1.517
1.294
1.517
1.299
1.992
2.343
1.127
1.222
1.588
1.520
600.00
5.40
36.29
18.00
74.00
min
0.597
0.464
0.597
0.833
0.543
0.568
0.823
0.821
0.580
0.493
0.00
0.02
0.50
0.28
5.00
median
0.979
0.923
1.032
0.949
0.973
1.017
1.000
0.966
0.998
0.939
10.00
0.56
4.20
2.50
24.00
SW
DB96
6
Ratio
Frequency
6
Ratio
Frequency
6
Ratio
Frequency
ID
year
author
reference
pile
plot**
page
pile
dia
hammer
cw/SLT
cw/max
cw/dav
cw/D10
cw/U25
cw/U20
c25/u25
c20/u20
u25/SLT
u20/SLT
77
1992
Riker
143
psc
510
D46-23
0.60
0.48
0.60
0.68
0.76
0.88
0.78
2
0.17
0.67
0.3
38
YES
3580
6000
dav
7400
45
73
5300
4680
12
siltstone
4
1980
31
1988
Cheng
C-TP2
477
cep
244
B400
0.94
0.77
0.94
0.90
0.99
1.04
0.95
3.18
1.8
33.5
YES
1527
1630
dav
1995
58
79
1690
1550
89
1992
Stuckrath
645
ds
240
9506 Chin
64
1988
Fellenius
AM
yes
814
cep
245
diesel
1.00
0.96
1.38
1.67
0.73
0.60
14
1.08
6.45
58.2
YES
1807
1810
1890
70
1314
1085
13
CL
85
1992
Bustamante
1
531
h
94
1996
Klingberg
TP3
290
cep
219
65
1988
Skov
Alborg
P9/1
879
rc
250
0.95
3166
3333
144
2000
Zhou
Macau
B3a
673
psc
600
0.95
1.24
1.22
0.76
1.0
38.7
yes
8001
8453
85
6430
7860
143
2000
Zhou
Macau
T2
673
oep
910
0.79
1.11
1.26
1.00
1.00
0.71
0.62
1.0
44.5
yes
8303
10567
53
7450
6600
7450
6600
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
ds
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
21
1984
Seidel
Westgate
302/1
313
ds
1500
20Tx2.5m
0.80
2.2
40
20000
25000
chin
mudstone
34
1988
Holeyman
7
542
psc
320
4t
13.9
1640
95
1996
Paikowsky
325
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13
11838
11838
all piles
84
1992
Fellenius
247
401
cep
244
6
1980
8
1980
63
1988
Yao
PC3
805
psc-cyl
600
d62
0.92
0.84
0.92
0.87
0.92
0.92
1.06
1.00
10
0.29
5.70
1.6
36
YES
4340
4724
dav
5171
82
5013
4724
4340
35
62
1988
Yao
PC2
805
psc-cyl
600
d62
0.85
0.76
0.85
0.85
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.94
10
0.29
11.40
2.5
36
YES
4533
5341
dav
5962
82
5330
5010
4533
35
61
1988
Yao
PC1
805
psc-cyl
600
d62
0.92
0.92
0.92
1.08
1.24
0.92
0.86
0.74
10
0.29
3.20
0.6
36
YES
6301
6840
dav
6840
33
5860
5065
4640
35
9506 Chin
83
1992
Shioi
T
325
oep
2000
MRBS5000
0.91
0.82
2
0.04
12.50
31
29400
32340
36000
52
65
1988
Skov
Alborg
P9/1
879
rc
250
0.95
3166
3333
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
ds
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
21
1984
Seidel
Westgate
302/1
313
ds
1500
20Tx2.5m
0.80
2.2
40
20000
25000
chin
mudstone
34
1988
Holeyman
7
542
psc
320
4t
13.9
1640
95
1996
Paikowsky
325
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13
11838
11838
no tables and no graphs
U@25
U@20
C@25
C@20
ID
year
author
reference
pile
plot**
page
pile
dia
hammer
cw/SLT
cw/max
cw/dav
cw/D10
cw/U25
cw/U20
c25/u25
c20/u20
u25/SLT
u20/SLT
0.95
3166
3333
43
1988
Bustamante
KP1
579
h
63
1988
Yao
PC3
805
psc-cyl
600
d62
0.92
0.84
0.92
0.87
0.92
0.92
1.06
1.00
10
0.29
5.70
1.6
36
YES
4340
4724
dav
5171
82
5013
4724
4340
35
62
1988
Yao
PC2
805
psc-cyl
600
d62
0.85
0.76
0.85
0.85
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.94
10
0.29
11.40
2.5
36
YES
4533
5341
dav
5962
82
5330
5010
4533
35
61
1988
Yao
PC1
805
psc-cyl
600
d62
0.92
0.92
0.92
1.08
1.24
0.92
0.86
0.74
10
0.29
3.20
0.6
36
YES
6301
6840
dav
6840
33
5860
5065
4640
35
9506 Chin
64
1988
Fellenius
AM
yes
814
cep
245
diesel
1.00
0.96
1.38
1.67
0.73
0.60
14
1.08
6.45
58.2
YES
1807
1810
1890
70
1314
1085
13
CL
1
1980
Gravare
Gravesend
99
rc
275
83
1992
Shioi
T
325
oep
2000
MRBS5000
0.91
0.82
2
0.04
12.50
31
29400
32340
36000
52
65
1988
Skov
Alborg
P9/1
879
rc
250
2
1980
Goble
yes
131
34
1988
Holeyman
7
542
psc
320
4t
13.9
1640
95
1996
Paikowsky
325
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13
11838
11838
all piles
153
2000
Holeyman
short
725
c-psc
350
0.95
0.95
1.00
0.98
0.95
0.98
YES
919
965
965
50.0
919
942
39
1988
Thompson
C2
555
c-psc
9506 Chin
63
1988
Yao
PC3
805
c-psc-cyl
600
d62
0.92
0.84
0.92
0.87
0.92
0.92
1.06
1.00
10
0.29
5.70
1.6
36
YES
4340
4724
dav
5171
82.0
5013
4724
4340
35
103
1996
Lee
CON01
409
c-psc-cyl
400
K35
1.24
0.82
1.24
50
1988
Chow
28/E7/1
626
c-rc
280
K25
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
1.00
1.00
1.70
24
YES
1373
1600
1600
28.0
1600
1600
1373
1373
21
shale
CL
52
1988
Plesiotis
3166
3333
68
1988
Skov
Hamburg
D2
879
c-rc
350
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
z-ds
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
81
1992
Dai
1
271
z-ds
800
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
z-ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13.0
11838
11838
136
2000
Cannon
68B
399
z-ds-cfa
600
28
1988
Cheng
A5
477
st-cep
298
5TX1.5M
1.01
0.97
1.01
0.97
1.01
1.03
1.00
1
1.34
2.3
20
YES
2183
2170
dav
2240
9.0
27.0
2240
2160
SA
SA
29
1988
Cheng
B13
477
st-cep
244
B300
0.86
0.54
0.86
0.54
0.57
1.59
1.52
0.85
3.1
9.1
YES
880
1020
dav
1620
18.0
31.0
1620
1550
shale
SI
relax
30
1988
Cheng
C-TP1
477
st-cep
244
B400
0.99
0.90
0.99
1.30
1.60
0.76
0.62
1.27
0.6
46.9
YES
2375
2400
dav
2650
45.0
90.0
1823
1480
143
2000
Zhou
Macau
T2
673
st-cep-openoep
910
0.79
1.11
1.26
1.00
1.00
0.71
0.62
1.0
44.5
yes
8303
10567
53.0
7450
6600
7450
6600
132
2000
Matsumoto
335
st-cep-pipe
0.94
2040
2165
SA
SA
3
1980
85
1992
Bustamante
1
531
st-h
115
1996
Likins
yes
447
130
2000
Paikowsky
yes
281
statistics
SLT [kN]
CW [kN]
SLT [kN]
CW [kN]
ID
year
author
reference
pile
plot**
page
pile
dia
hammer
cw/SLT
cw/max
cw/dav
cw/D10
cw/U25
cw/U20
c25/u25
c20/u20
u25/SLT
u20/SLT
153
2000
Holeyman
short
725
c-psc
350
0.95
0.95
1.00
0.98
0.95
0.98
YES
919
965
965
50.0
919
942
39
1988
Thompson
C2
555
c-psc
9506 Chin
63
1988
Yao
PC3
805
c-psc-cyl
600
d62
0.92
0.84
0.92
0.87
0.92
0.92
1.06
1.00
10
0.29
5.70
1.6
36
YES
4340
4724
dav
5171
82.0
5013
4724
4340
35
103
1996
Lee
CON01
409
c-psc-cyl
400
K35
1.24
0.82
1.24
50
1988
Chow
28/E7/1
626
c-rc
280
K25
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
1.00
1.00
1.70
24
YES
1373
1600
1600
28.0
1600
1600
1373
1373
21
shale
CL
52
1988
Plesiotis
3166
3333
68
1988
Skov
Hamburg
D2
879
c-rc
350
28
1988
Cheng
A5
477
st-cep
298
5TX1.5M
1.01
0.97
1.01
0.97
1.01
1.03
1.00
1
1.34
2.3
20
YES
2183
2170
dav
2240
9.0
27.0
2240
2160
SA
SA
29
1988
Cheng
B13
477
st-cep
244
B300
0.86
0.54
0.86
0.54
0.57
1.59
1.52
0.85
3.1
9.1
YES
880
1020
dav
1620
18.0
31.0
1620
1550
shale
SI
relax
30
1988
Cheng
C-TP1
477
st-cep
244
B400
0.99
0.90
0.99
1.30
1.60
0.76
0.62
1.27
0.6
46.9
YES
2375
2400
dav
2650
45.0
90.0
1823
1480
143
2000
Zhou
Macau
T2
673
st-cep-openoep
910
0.79
1.11
1.26
1.00
1.00
0.71
0.62
1.0
44.5
yes
8303
10567
53.0
7450
6600
7450
6600
132
2000
Matsumoto
335
st-cep-pipe
0.94
2040
2165
SA
SA
3
1980
85
1992
Bustamante
1
531
st-h
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
z-ds
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
81
1992
Dai
1
271
z-ds
800
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
z-ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13.0
11838
11838
136
2000
Cannon
68B
399
z-ds-cfa
600
115
1996
Likins
yes
447
130
2000
Paikowsky
yes
281
statistics
ID
year
author
reference
pile
plot**
page
pile
dia
hammer
cw/SLT
cw/max
cw/dav
cw/D10
cw/U25
cw/U20
c25/u25
c20/u20
u25/SLT
u20/SLT
9506 Chin
124
2000
Svinkin
TP4
107
c-psc
762
D46-13
0.70
0.70
18
0.56
1.8
24.4
1601
2273
dav
32
33
1988
Cheng
E-C-60
477
D30-13
0.92
0.85
0.92
0.97
1.08
0.95
0.86
2.5
16.45
YES
2710
2935
dav
3200
53
74
2790
2510
6
1980
53
1988
Plesiotis
0.95
3166
3333
140
2000
Zheng
Gaozan
76
651
c-psc
300
0.99
0.90
1.11
1.25
1.11
1.13
0.89
0.79
31
yes
1881
1900
2100
36
65
1700
1500
1881
1700
142
2000
Zheng
Yujing
113
651
c-psc
400
0.95
0.87
0.92
0.95
0.93
0.97
1.04
1.00
24.5
yes
2051
2160
2360
34
52
2240
2150
2080
2089
114
1996
Rausche
case2
435
c-psc
600
V520
0.93
0.93
26.5
4750
5120
5120
marl
65
1988
Skov
Alborg
P9/1
879
c-rc
250
154
2000
Baycan
Sydney
T5
751
d-cfa
750
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13
11838
11838
85
1992
Bustamante
1
531
h
134
2000
Lima
E23
375
rail
0.93
0.93
0.93
600
1.00
yes
1110
1200
D/10
1200
1.5
16
600
135
2000
Cannon
B19
393
scew
850
1.21
1.21
yes
1809
1500
1500
4
13
1750
1600
37
1988
screw
111
1996
Lee
STL03
409
st-cep
508
K25
1.11
1.03
1.11
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
ds
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
77
1992
Riker
143
c-psc
510
D46-23
0.60
0.48
0.60
0.68
0.76
0.88
0.78
2
0.17
0.67
0.3
38
YES
3580
6000
dav
7400
45
73
5300
4680
12
siltstone
9506 Chin
74
1992
Likins
CT4
117
c-psc
600
K25
0.97
10
0.45
4.00
2.5
23
3617
3724
22
78
1992
Seidel
A
153
c-psc
600
MH72
0.89
0.89
0.92
1.01
1.00
0.97
0.88
11
0.18
8.00
4.1
33
YES
3830
4300
4300
28
4150
3800
3800
61
SA
SI
72
1992
Likins
CT2
117
c-psc
450
K25
1.05
11
0.52
7.30
5.0
23
2668
2540
21
35
1988
Holeyman
11
542
4t
1.11
1.07
11
0.27
13.3
yes
2800
3130
29
3100
3000
41
69
1988
Holloway
TP1
889
c-psc
350
D30-23
0.94
0.91
0.94
0.99
1.00
0.95
12
2.40
1.5
YES
2050
2180
2243
33
2175
2075
5
SA
CL
118
1996
Wu
34S/E6dyn
991
st-oep
900
K80
1.10
1.00
12
0.16
4.1
56.1
12784
11607
12768
74
52
1988
Plesiotis
65
1988
Skov
Alborg
P9/1
879
c-rc
250
53
1988
Plesiotis
0.95
3166
3333
140
2000
Zheng
Gaozan
76
651
c-psc
300
0.99
0.90
1.11
1.25
1.11
1.13
0.89
0.79
31
yes
1881
1900
2100
36
65
1700
1500
1881
1700
142
2000
Zheng
Yujing
113
651
c-psc
400
0.95
0.87
0.92
0.95
0.93
0.97
1.04
1.00
24.5
yes
2051
2160
2360
34
52
2240
2150
2080
2089
114
1996
Rausche
case2
435
c-psc
600
V520
0.93
0.93
26.5
4750
5120
5120
marl
136
2000
Cannon
68B
399
d-cfa
600
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13
11838
11838
43
1988
Bustamante
KP1
579
h
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
ds
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
86
1992
Bustamante
2
531
h
9506 Chin
62
1988
Yao
PC2
805
c-psc-cyl
600
d62
0.85
0.76
0.85
0.85
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.94
10
0.29
11.40
2.5
36
YES
4533
5341
dav
5962
82
5330
5010
4533
35
75
1992
Likins
CT5
117
c-psc
900
D62-22
0.86
6
0.30
3.30
4.2
22
4210
4900
20
120
2000
Svinkin
35
c-psc
1370
D46-13
1.27
2
1.00
8.02
1.3
24.4
2450
1935
2
27
1988
Nguyen
hallsfjarden
353
st-cep
812
6tx3m
0.61
0.46
0.61
0.60
0.68
1.01
0.90
50
1.00
3.50
35.4
yes
3200
5250
dav
6900
54
78
5290
4710
50
134
2000
Lima
E23
375
rail
0.93
0.93
0.93
600
1.00
yes
1110
1200
D/10
1200
1.5
16
600
64
1988
Fellenius
AM
yes
814
st-cep
245
diesel
1.00
0.96
1.38
1.67
0.73
0.60
14
1.08
6.45
58.2
YES
1807
1810
1890
70
1314
1085
13
CL
53
1988
Plesiotis
0.95
3166
3333
140
2000
Zheng
Gaozan
76
651
c-psc
300
0.99
0.90
1.11
1.25
1.11
1.13
0.89
0.79
31
yes
1881
1900
2100
36
65
1700
1500
1881
1700
142
2000
Zheng
Yujing
113
651
c-psc
400
0.95
0.87
0.92
0.95
0.93
0.97
1.04
1.00
24.5
yes
2051
2160
2360
34
52
2240
2150
2080
2089
114
1996
Rausche
case2
435
c-psc
600
V520
0.93
0.93
26.5
4750
5120
5120
marl
136
2000
Cannon
68B
399
d-cfa
600
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13
11838
11838
43
1988
Bustamante
KP1
579
h
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
ds
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
102
1996
Lee
SIP10
409
ds
600
1.09
0.73
1.09
0.73
0.83
0.83
1.50
1.31
ID
year
author
reference
pile
plot**
page
pile
dia
hammer
cw/SLT
cw/max
cw/dav
cw/D10
cw/U25
cw/U20
c25/u25
c20/u20
u25/SLT
u20/SLT
48
1988
Bustamante
MP3
579
h
150
2000
Kormann
bn4
CFA2
yes
707
d-cfa
350
66
1988
Skov
Hamburg
9506 Chin
62
1988
Yao
PC2
805
c-psc-cyl
600
d62
0.85
0.76
0.85
0.85
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.94
10
0.29
11.40
2.5
36
YES
4533
5341
dav
5962
82
5330
5010
4533
35
12
1980
Authier
197
BermB400
0.69
0.79
0.05
0.03
0.50
0.4
12.5
2200
3200
2800
2
86
1992
Bustamante
2
531
h
134
2000
Lima
E23
375
rail
0.93
0.93
0.93
600
1.00
yes
1110
1200
D/10
1200
1.5
16
600
154
2000
Baycan
Sydney
T5
751
d-cfa
750
53
1988
Plesiotis
0.95
3166
3333
152
2000
Holeyman
long
725
c-psc
350
4t
1.07
1.07
1.15
1.11
0.94
0.97
YES
1779
1657
1657
50
1550
1600
142
2000
Zheng
Yujing
113
651
c-psc
400
0.95
0.87
0.92
0.95
0.93
0.97
1.04
1.00
24.5
yes
2051
2160
2360
34
52
2240
2150
2080
2089
34
1988
Holeyman
7
542
c-psc
320
4t
13.9
1640
147
2000
Liu
T2
683
ds
800
YES
12175
3.5
13
12175
12175
148
2000
Liu
T4
683
ds
800
YES
11838
3.5
13
11838
11838
135
2000
Cannon
B19
393
scew
850
1.21
1.21
yes
1809
1500
1500
4
13
1750
1600
37
1988
screw
25
1984
Seidel
Westgate
3385/1
313
ds
1100
20tx1.6m
0.78
41
14000
18000
chin
Chin
102
1996
Lee
SIP10
409
ds
600
1.09
0.73
1.09
0.73
0.83
0.83
1.50
1.31
1996 study
english units
0.6603773585
24
Portland
cep
s
18
49
56.8
16
36
24
6
20
0.30
330
400
350
1561
1587
341
350
331
336
356
356
0.974
1.000
0.946
0.960
0.853
0.875
0.828
0.890
7.49
5.23
4.93
4.91
4.91
4
4
SAf
SAf
530
530
33.72
1.339
484
1.38
396
385
372
397
391
384
32
6
3.33
SLT [kN]
CW [kN]
SLT [kips]
CW [kips]
SLT [kN]
CW [kN]
SLT [kN]
CW [kN]
CW vs SLT - BOR @4+day, SLT @6+day DB96
SLT [kips]
Qult [kips]
SLT [kN]
CW [kN]
slt
cw
cw/slt
CW/SLT
CW/sltx
CW/SLT
CW/sltx
raqtio
CW
SLT
slt
CW
1996
LT
LT
LT
CW
CW
CW
CW
kn
kn
rad
BM
BM
CW/sltmax
max
kn
rad
Min
Max
Dav
Orig
Auto
BM
RAD
4905
2372
0.484
1996
0.5
0.852
0.595
0.484
0.443
1.000
90
90
1996
800
955
915
941
771
804
884
1204
691
0.574
1996
0.6
0.881
0.676
0.574
0.544
0.845
186
220
1996
800
855
830
805
838
709
844
6,000
3,580
0.597
2004
0.6
0.882
0.740
0.626
0.554
0.824
216
262
1996
378
467
378
431
355
355
369
5,250
3,200
0.610
2004
0.6
0.884
0.760
0.637
0.561
1.216
401
330.0
303
423.6
1996
700
863
750
630
693
701
715
7,250
4,485
0.619
2004
0.6
0.886
0.772
0.655
0.595
1.053
421
400
1996
600
1000
720
618
645
645
676
3389
2123
0.626
1996
0.6
0.894
0.773
0.688
0.625
0.909
535
588.6
548
566.3
1996
300
300
300
287
269
259
299
3184
2029
0.637
1996
0.6
0.894
0.775
0.703
0.645
0.942
565
600
1996
400
600
440
526
506
456
456
2274
1489
0.655
1996
0.7
0.900
0.790
0.709
0.647
0.871
660
758.0
754
713.5
1996
600
800
600
700
677
632
592
31,700
21,200
0.669
2004
0.7
0.909
0.795
0.712
0.653
0.892
700
784.8
669
700.1
1996
520
536
536
580
530
539
539
3,200
2,200
0.688
2004
0.7
0.911
0.821
0.767
0.655
0.917
736
802.6
722
784.8
1996
350
432
379
386
277
270
335
2943
2024
0.688
1996
0.7
0.914
0.827
0.768
0.659
0.701
620
884
1996
169
170
169
160
143
148
160
2898
2038
0.703
1996
0.7
0.924
0.829
0.777
0.682
0.952
919
965
1996
525
525
525
522
527
527
537
2,273
1,601
0.704
2004
0.7
0.931
0.831
0.779
0.701
0.864
847
981.0
892
874.0
1996
320
340
320
319
244
276
301
2898
2056
0.709
1996
0.7
0.934
0.835
0.782
0.717
0.889
877
986
1996
230
260
244
217
194
190
215
1690
1204
0.712
1996
0.7
0.939
0.839
0.790
0.731
0.782
798
1021.1
1021
900.7
1996
609
609
609
1153
690
790
6,905
4,994
0.723
2004
0.7
0.941
0.840
0.796
0.739
0.774
820
1060
1996
788
788
788
731
473
627
761
880
640
0.727
2004
0.7
0.944
0.848
0.805
0.759
0.731
847
1159.4
1088
958.7
1996
390
390
390
491
422
413
428
1633
1207
0.739
1980
0.7
0.947
0.864
0.840
0.760
0.892
1035
1159.4
1101
1079.1
1996
1133
1183
1183
1138
1141
1176
647
485
0.749
1980
0.7
0.952
0.865
0.847
0.760
0.931
1079
1159.4
1159
1123.7
1996
225
260
247
239
246
232
242
1835
1379
0.752
1980
0.8
0.953
0.867
0.854
0.768
1.023
1204
1177.2
1070
1257.5
1996
250
297
284
279
216
255
284
3612
2769
0.767
1996
0.8
0.955
0.874
0.858
0.782
0.814
959
1177.2
1021
998.8
1996
400
540
448
499
469
454
453
2230
1712
0.768
1996
0.8
0.960
0.874
0.863
0.788
1.202
1415
1177.2
1996
594
623
609
440
462
473
548
2283
1767
0.774
1980
0.8
0.962
0.878
0.863
0.788
0.925
1110
1200
1996
68
74
68
94
98
90
95
2716
2109
0.777
1996
0.8
0.966
0.880
0.863
0.790
0.768
921
1200
1996
500
655
576
532
474
484
544
18,000
14,000
0.778
2004
0.8
0.966
0.882
0.866
0.796
0.554
691
1248.5
1204
1025.6
1996
123
132
123
125
138
120
127
1088
847
0.779
1996
0.8
0.966
0.884
0.873
0.804
0.938
1200
1280
1996
480
570
480
550
588
546
571
1021
798
0.782
1996
0.8
0.969
0.885
0.874
0.805
1.103
1427
1293.1
1271
1315.4
1996
240
264
240
308
300
270
282
10,567
8,303
0.786
2004
0.8
0.969
0.887
0.876
0.812
0.907
1174
1294.92
1996
950
1200
950
1125
1195
1168
1197
4370
3451
0.790
1996
0.8
0.972
0.890
0.879
0.812
1.034
1344
1300
1996
229
264
229
213
208
215
224
3514
2796
0.796
1996
0.8
0.976
0.891
0.883
0.814
0.859
1137
1324.4
1266
1266.4
1996
600
666
660
521
454
454
585
25,000
20,000
0.800
2004
0.8
0.976
0.892
0.885
0.828
0.863
1155
1337.7
1338
1333.3
1996
360
380
380
400
375
362
367
1694
1364
0.805
1996
0.8
0.977
0.892
0.894
0.829
1.106
1493
1350
1996
1320
1408
1399
1448
881
1221
1279
2,220
1,802
0.812
2004
0.8
0.978
0.900
0.896
0.841
1.004
1365
1360
1996
635
650
635
582
500
548
568
1429
1162
0.814
1980
0.8
0.978
0.908
0.898
0.842
0.727
989
1360
1996
330
400
350
341
350
331
336
1,420
1,160
0.817
2004
0.8
0.980
0.909
0.902
0.842
1.014
1392
1373.4
1996
400
510
510
518
501
334
500
4,000
3,290
0.823
2004
0.8
0.980
0.909
0.918
0.843
1.232
1700
1380
1996
1000
1200
1100
945
561
532
1002
262
216
0.824
2004
0.8
0.980
0.917
0.931
0.847
1.042
1480
1420
1996
820
820
820
899
876
820
829
1495
1234
0.825
1980
0.8
0.986
0.926
0.935
0.853
1.294
1846
1426.9
1382
1690.0
1996
700
960
810
850
621
621
830
1879
1552
0.826
1980
0.8
0.987
0.931
0.935
0.853
0.842
1240
1471.5
1405
1337.7
1996
900
1000
980
846
1029
936
966
990
820
0.828
2004
0.8
0.992
0.941
0.939
0.859
0.922
1373
1489.3
1414
1529.5
1996
600
700
650
536
496
461
621
3,000
2,500
0.833
2004
0.8
0.992
0.949
0.939
0.860
1.206
1809
1500
1996
750
900
836
852
787
724
818
807
678
0.839
1980
0.8
0.994
0.953
0.939
0.862
0.812
1231
1516.1
1427
1342.2
1996
380
380
380
305
315
306
371
2568
2158
0.840
1996
0.8
0.997
0.954
0.946
0.863
0.988
1521
1538.4
1427
1560.7
1996
550
700
650
587
571
457
607
4281
3625
0.847
1996
0.8
0.999
0.956
0.950
0.864
0.824
1294
1569.6
1996
150
180
162
179
166
165
176
5,341
4,533
0.849
2004
0.8
0.999
0.961
0.950
0.867
0.858
1373
1600
1996
225
260
260
287
240
242
252
1250
1061
0.849
1980
0.8
1.000
0.962
0.953
0.871
0.543
880
1620
1996
390
400
390
350
412
341
381
1741
1480
0.850
1980
0.8
1.003
0.966
0.955
0.875
0.986
1610
1632.0
1605
1743.5
1996
550
810
630
619
534
568
625
1,080
921
0.853
2004
0.9
1.006
0.966
0.960
0.881
1.074
1779
1657
1996
300
345
320
306
341
341
350
1153
985
0.854
1980
0.9
1.007
0.966
0.964
0.892
0.953
1614
1694.5
1694
1636.5
1996
280
290
285
288
343
320
295
3701
3161
0.854
1996
0.9
1.009
0.969
0.972
0.892
0.805
1364
1694.5
1694
1654.3
1996
580
700
600
604
596
597
612
973
833
0.856
1980
0.9
1.010
0.972
0.976
0.909
1.294
2200
1700
1996
150
176
150
172
153
157
157
4013
3442
0.858
1996
0.9
1.010
0.976
0.976
0.917
1.218
2091
1716.75
1996
200
220
200
224
199
190
196
1,600
1,373
0.858
2004
0.9
1.011
0.978
0.981
0.917
1.059
1842
1739.0
1739
1908.5
1996
350
430
379
382
397
370
380
4,900
4,210
0.859
2004
0.9
1.011
0.978
0.983
0.922
0.878
1551
1765.8
1996
500
600
572
599
497
525
550
4,777
4,111
0.861
2004
0.9
1.017
0.980
0.990
0.931
0.821
1449
1765.8
1996
500
500
500
524
311
384
519
1427
1231
0.863
1996
0.9
1.020
0.984
0.995
0.936
0.969
1712
1765.8
1996
300
320
310
431
424
414
379
1,020
880
0.863
2004
0.9
1.021
0.984
0.999
0.937
0.881
1560
1770
1996
630
836
714
452
498
455
665
2832
2444
0.863
1996
0.9
1.023
0.987
1.000
0.940
0.828
1476
1783.6
1561
1498.3
1996
286
334
317
409
308
308
343
1338
1155
0.863
1996
0.9
1.025
0.993
1.000
0.940
0.853
1521
1783.6
1739
1698.9
1996
462
502
497
466
522
472
502
1520
1315
0.865
1980
0.9
1.030
0.994
1.003
0.945
0.998
1797
1800
1996
450
495
495
502
473
475
500
1173
1015
0.865
1980
0.9
1.031
0.997
1.004
0.953
0.879
1600
1820
1996
800
964
950
925
819
849
949
3728
3228
0.866
1996
0.9
1.033
0.998
1.006
0.958
0.956
1807
1890
1996
700
800
760
506
446
476
691
2584
2238
0.866
1980
0.9
1.035
1.000
1.012
0.960
0.860
1650
1917.4
1690
1694.5
1996
550
600
590
720
761
700
700
1965
1703
0.866
1980
0.9
1.036
1.002
1.013
0.964
0.625
1204
1926.3
1690
1493.8
1996
240
280
270
140
154
155
230
3,200
2,777
0.868
2004
0.9
1.037
1.006
1.019
0.970
0.965
1863
1930
1996
200
229
229
204
174
179
202
1,740
1,510
0.868
2004
0.9
1.038
1.007
1.031
0.973
1.051
2062
1962
1996
850
960
960
962
833
813
933
1,390
1,210
0.871
2004
0.9
1.047
1.010
1.036
0.978
0.765
1527
1995
1996
1000
1100
1060
1015
1041
1040
1082
2,020
1,759
0.871
2004
0.9
1.063
1.011
1.047
0.986
1.200
2400
2000
1996
350
366
360
345
381
361
391
4,000
3,486
0.872
2004
0.9
1.082
1.014
1.052
0.988
0.580
1160
2000
1996
400
600
460
443
419
430
464
1,006
877
0.872
2004
0.9
1.086
1.017
1.053
1.000
0.760
1583
2082.4
1686
1645.4
1996
700
864
800
779
739
792
824
6238
5445
0.873
1996
0.9
1.086
1.020
1.059
1.000
0.925
1934
2089.53
1996
600
820
803
803
803
802
802
1739
1521
0.874
1996
0.9
1.094
1.023
1.066
1.004
1.144
2390
2090
1996
600
620
610
675
767
720
730
1741
1523
0.875
1980
0.9
1.097
1.023
1.100
1.006
0.896
1881
2100
1996
800
1760
837
914
1249
988
1047
754
660
0.876
1996
0.9
1.128
1.027
1.123
1.009
0.772
1629
2109
1996
724
770
750
653
634
664
693
3,600
3,160
0.878
2004
0.9
1.175
1.038
1.125
1.023
1.008
2188
2170
1996
850
982
980
761
827
774
876
2,400
2,107
0.878
2004
0.9
1.186
1.068
1.133
1.023
0.960
2118
2207.3
2207
2229.5
1996
450
542
520
565
623
547
553
4080
3585
0.879
1996
0.9
1.190
1.068
1.138
1.059
1.045
2306
2207.25
1996
800
980
900
776
772
772
872
2,180
1,920
0.881
2004
0.9
1.197
1.097
1.180
1.103
0.768
1712
2229.5
2230
2314.3
1996
570
615
610
566
629
629
629
1,770
1,560
0.881
2004
0.9
1.223
1.167
1.180
1.133
0.940
2105
2238.5
2216
2238.5
1996
430
540
460
528
506
506
519
1405
1240
0.883
1996
0.9
1.251
1.177
1.186
1.161
0.975
2183
2240
1996
640
680
650
635
651
639
645
1,800
1,591
0.884
2004
0.9
1.260
1.184
1.229
1.167
0.914
2050
2243
1996
1100
1200
1150
1015
1210
1164
1192
3344
2961
0.885
1996
0.9
1.297
1.284
1.324
1.216
1.018
2310
2270
1996
280
330
315
308
282
278
300
1,117
989
0.885
2004
0.9
1.397
1.297
1.335
1.294
0.655
1489
2274.1
2274
2229.5
1996
600
680
680
688
680
685
1,837
1,629
0.887
2004
0.9
1.004
2350
2341.0
2341
2394.5
3,605
3,200
0.888
2004
0.9
0.726
1710
2354.4
1996
600
680
680
688
680
685
36,000
32,000
0.889
2004
0.9
0.869
2051
2360
2,000
1,780
0.890
2004
0.9
0.754
1802
2390
4,300
3,830
0.891
2004
0.9
1.006
2403
2390.1
2390
2403.5
CW
2808
2910
1.036
1980
1.0
1390
2200
1700
1700
1962
2033
1.036
1996
1.0
1920
1797
1800
1800
2,225
2,310
1.038
2004
1.0
1760
6398
6100
6100
858
894
1.042
1980
1.0
2670
8733
7836
7836
1,420
1,480
1.042
2004
1.0
3576
1463
1448
714
746
1.045
1980
1.0
8001
3466
3466
388
406
1.046
1980
1.0
8303
12175
669
700
1.047
1996
1.0
5448
11838
1163
1218
1.047
1980
1.0
20000
2777
3200
D/10
3500
6,100
6,398
1.049
2004
1.0
2669
3513
3700
D/10
2,540
2,668
1.050
2004
1.1
32000
4966
5075
D/10
2319
2439
1.052
1996
1.1
3166
1480
1420
1420
2,450
2,580
1.053
2004
1.1
1809
1500
1500
2,668
2,811
1.053
2004
1.1
1640
1344
1100
author
1300
5,500
5,800
1.055
2004
1.1
1463
90
90
90
2462
2605
1.058
1980
1.1
3466
5800
5500
plunging
6000
1739
1842
1.059
1996
1.1
12175
2040
2165
1427
1521
1.066
1996
1.1
11838
3666
3777
1467
1580
1.078
1980
1.1
4111
14000
18000
chin
1,400
1,512
1.080
2004
1.1
2811
2668
dav
2813
1,570
1,710
1.089
2004
1.1
14000
1712
1128
dav
1765.8
2096
2299
1.097
1980
1.1
16,400
18,000
1.098
2004
1.1
2051
2256
1.100
1996
1.1
3,160
3,480
1.101
2004
1.1
11,607
12,784
1.101
2004
1.1
1,980
2,188
1.105
2004
1.1
2,374
2,625
1.106
2004
1.1
1,350
1,493
1.106
2004
1.1
761
844
1.109
1980
1.1
1,393
1,551
1.113
2004
1.1
7,836
8,733
1.114
2004
1.1
482
541
1.121
1980
1.1
1271
1427
1.123
1996
1.1
1,215
1,365
1.123
2004
1.1
2462
2767
1.124
1980
1.1
1070
1204
1.125
1996
1.1
2716
3077
1.133
1996
1.1
2140
2435
1.138
1996
1.1
1387
1580
1.139
1980
1.1
2,256
2,586
1.146
2004
1.1
609
699
1.148
1980
1.1
1,473
1,700
1.154
2004
1.2
2,070
2,390
1.155
2004
1.2
807
937
1.161
1980
1.2
800
930
1.163
2004
1.2
460
535
1.163
2004
1.2
1,972
2,306
1.170
2004
1.2
1744
2040
1.170
1980
1.2
2720
3211
1.180
1996
1.2
3732
4406
1.180
1996
1.2
870
1027
1.181
1980
1.2
2631
3121
1.186
1996
1.2
627
746
1.190
1980
1.2
1255
1497
1.193
1980
1.2
1344
1609
1.197
1980
1.2
1,335
1,600
1.199
2004
1.2
5,000
6,000
1.200
2004
1.2
2,000
2,400
1.200
2004
1.2
1,500
1,809
1.206
2004
1.2
1,100
1,344
1.222
2004
1.2
4236
5208
1.229
1996
1.2
1,668
2,062
1.236
2004
1.2
1,040
1,294
1.244
2004
1.2
1,935
2,450
1.266
2004
1.3
1,099
1,415
1.288
2004
1.3
411
530
1.290
1980
1.3
1,700
2,200
1.294
2004
1.3
324
421
1.299
2004
1.3
338
447
1.323
1980
1.3
303
401
1.324
1996
1.3
1382
1846
1.335
1996
1.3
771
1031
1.336
1980
1.3
1,079
1,449
1.343
2004
1.3
1,422
1,934
1.359
2004
1.4
1,001
1,392
1.391
2004
1.4
264
371
1.404
1980
1.4
1,400
2,002
1.430
2004
1.4
173
249
1.441
1980
1.4
1,393
2,091
1.501
2004
1.5
1,128
1,712
1.517
2004
1.5
419
731
1.745
1980
1.7
2.50
3.14
2.00
296.000
300.000
283.000
303
count
0.971
0.974
0.970
0.980
average
0.145
0.154
0.126
0.165
std
0.150
0.158
0.130
0.169
cov
1.391
1.441
1.299
1.745
max
0.574
0.484
0.655
0.484
min
0.959
0.960
0.959
0.964
median
0.9832952377
correl
SLT [kN]
CW [kN]
SLT max (kN)
0
5
10
15
20
C A
P W
A P
( M
N )
Static Capacity Based on FHWA Failure Criterion (MN) Drilled Shaft Static Load Test to Failure Results (FHWA Failure Criterion) vs. Drop Weight CAPWAP Analysis.
Measured=Predicted
n=39 cases mx=1.05 σx=0.12
GeoDynamica
Graph
1.43
0
3.5
1
2.91
2
6.68
3
8.86
4
2.83
5
3.46
6
5.9
7
0.98
8
3.83
9
7.98
10
16.36
11
3
12
4.18
13
3.47
14
3.97
15
2.54
16
7.97
17
3.76
18
2.94
19
5
20
7.2
6.64
7.11
8.12
14.32
15.12
9.1
0.95
0.85
9.64
9.96
4.98
6.36
8.35
6.35
5.66
1.25
1.08
CAPWAP Analysis (MN)
Standard procedure:
Blows of increasing drop height, until either: 1. Permanent set > 3 ~ 4 mm
(0.12 ~ 0.16 inches) stop if > 5 mm (0.2 inch) or more set, or
2. Stresses reach the limit, or 3. Capacity prediction > Required test load
DLT on Drilled Shafts and CFA Piles
Las Truchas Mexico – June 1974 Testing barrette
Tested 100 shafts (1.5 m dia - 60 m long)
Socketed in Claystone Ru = 2000 tons
DLT saved $2 million
Melbourne, Australia - 1982 Westgate Freeway
• Design and Performance of Dynamic Tests of Large Diameter Drilled Shafts, by: Rausche, F., Seidel, J.
• Correlation of Static and Dynamic Pile Tests on Large Diameter Drilled Shafts; by: Seidel, J., Rausche, F.
Both presented at: Second Int’l Conference on Application of Stress Wave Theory on Piles: Stockholm, May 1984.
20 ton drop weight 1% of Ru
(OK for rock socket piles)
Westgate Freeway, Australia, 1982
PDA testing saved $2,000,000
testing drilled shafts
3T hammer - Ireland
Not the best idea!
Hungary – hydraulic release (best)
S. Korea 20 ton drop
weight
Up to 25T hammer system – Bahrain
Malaysia 20 to 30 ton drop weight 75 ton drop weight
Thailand 40 tons
30 inch; 750 mm drop
hydraulic release Activated over 4000 tons
80 ton unit now available
157
Traditional - Pile Top Preparation
Remove steel casing for small diameter shafts Attach four strain transducers, two accelerometers
CAPWAP analysis required:
1. Piles generally not uniform
2. Pile model more complex (impedance increases and/or plug on shaft)
• Know the total concrete volume !
• Use soil profile information
DAY and NIGHT: DRILLED SHAFT TESTING
Tampa APE 750 hammer
60 ton ram 4.5 ft drop 6 ft dia. Shafts (under pier)
0 40
5
10
15
20
25
Shaft Top Shaft Bottom
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 0
5
10
15
20
25
Shaft Top Shaft Bottom
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Tampa Results for two 72” dia shafts
Large-scale Dynamic High-Strain Load Testing of a Bridge Pier Foundations. Hussein, M.H., Bullock, P.J., Rausche, F., McGillivray, R., Eighth Int’l Conf. on Application of Stress Wave Theory to Piles Lisbon, Portugal 2008
Velocity Measured
Force Measured
Shaft A
6 L/c
25
20
15
10
5
0
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
mm
21.7
Dx =
mm
17.5
Dy =
kN
4834.7
Rb =
kN
16295.4
Rs =
kN
21130.1
Ru =
25
20
15
10
5
0
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Shaft Resistance Distribution, kN/m
Shaft Resistance Distribution, kN/m
Toe
After correlation for 6 shafts, replaced SLT with DLT on 40 other CFA piles
Project: 5,000 CFA piles
• Area and modulus known
• Accelerometer on pile
Texas Case Study – Top Transducer Pile:18-inch (460 mm) Augercast Pile Soil:Med Dense Sand - 0 to 30 ft
Med Stiff Clay – 30 to 50 ft Dense Sand – 50 to 65 ft Soft Clay – 65 to 95 ft toe
Drop Weight: 7-tons Drop Height: 3 ft ( 0.9 meters)
CAPWAP Top Transducer Pile Model
steel
concrete
CAPWAP Output Result
Se t (
in ch
Static Test CAPWAP Result
Micropile foundations in Karst
Gomez, J., Cadden, A., Webster, O