the written gospel - assetsassets.cambridge.org/97805218/32854/frontmatter/9780521832854... · the...

THE WRITTEN GOSPEL

This book comprehensively surveys the origin, production and recep-tion of the canonical gospels in the early church. The discussionunfolds in three steps. Part One traces the origin of the ‘gospel’ ofJesus, its significance in Jewish and Hellenistic contexts of the firstcentury, and its development from eyewitness memory to oral tradi-tion and written text. Part Two then more specifically examines thecomposition, design and intentions of each of the four canonicalgospels. Widening the focus, Part Three first asks about gospel-writingas viewed from the perspective of ancient Jews and pagans beforeturning to the question of reception history in the proliferation of‘apocryphal’ gospels, in the formation of the canon, and in the begin-nings of a gospel commentary tradition.

MARKUS BOCKMUEHL is Professor of Biblical and Early ChristianStudies at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of FitzwilliamCollege. His publications include Jewish Law in Gentile Churches(2000) and (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Jesus (2001).

DONALD A. HAGNER is George Eldon Ladd Professor of NewTestament at Fuller Theological Seminary. He is author of comment-aries on Matthew (1993, 1995) and Hebrews (1990); among his otherbooks is The Jewish Reclamation of Jesus (1984).

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521832853 - The Written GospelEdited by Markus Bockmuehl and Donald A. HagnerFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/0521832853

http://www.cambridge.org


THE WRITTEN GOSPEL

EDITED BY

MARKUS BOCKMUEHL

AND

DONALD A. HAGNER






CAMBR IDGE UNIVERS ITY PRES S

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

CAMBR IDGE UNIVERS ITY PRES S

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521540407

# Cambridge University Press 2005

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2005

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

ISBN-13 978-0-521-83285-4 hardbackISBN-10 0-521-83285-3 hardback

ISBN-13 978-0-521-54040-7 paperbackISBN-10 0-521-54040-2 paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility forthe persistence or accuracy of URLs for external orthird-party internet websites referred to in this book,and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






GRAHAM N. STANTON

SAPIENTI EVANGELII MAGISTRO ET ARDENTI

ANNO AETATIS LXV

AB AMICIS DISCIPVLISQUE GRATISSIME OBLATVM






Contents

List of contributors page ixList of abbreviations xii

IntroductionMarkus Bockmuehl and Donald A. Hagner 1

P A R T I B E F O R E WR I T I N G

1 ‘Gospel’ in Herodian JudaeaWilliam Horbury 7

2 The gospel of JesusKlyne Snodgrass 31

3 Q1 as oral traditionJames D. G. Dunn 45

4 Eye-witness memory and the writing of the GospelsMartin Hengel 70

P A R T I I W R I T I N G TH E FOU R GO S P E L S

5 Who writes, why, and for whom?Richard A. Burridge 99

6 How Matthew writesRichard C. Beaton 116

7 How Mark writesCraig A. Evans 135

8 How Luke writesDavid P. Moessner 149

vii






9 How John writesJudith Lieu 171

10 Beginnings and endingsMorna D. Hooker 184

P A R T I I I A F T E R WR I T I N G

11 The Four among JewsJames Carleton Paget 205

12 The Four among pagansLoveday Alexander 222

13 Forty other gospelsChristopher Tuckett 238

14 The One, the Four and the manyRonald A. Piper 254

15 The making of gospel commentariesMarkus Bockmuehl 274

Appendix: Graham Stanton’s publications 296Bibliography 301Index of ancient sources 337Index of authors 355

viii Contents






Contributors

LOVEDAY ALEXANDER is Professor of Biblical Studies in the University ofSheffield, and Canon Theologian at Chester Cathedral. Her publica-tions include The Preface to Luke’s Gospel (SNTSMS 78; Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1993) and Images of Empire (JSOTSup 122;Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1991).

R ICHARD C. BEATON is Associate Professor of New Testament Studies atFuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California. His publicationsinclude Isaiah’s Christ in Matthew’s Gospel (SNTSMS 123; Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2002).

MARKUS BOCKMUEHL is Professor of Biblical and Early Christian Studiesin the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Fitzwilliam College. Hispublications include Jewish Law in Gentile Churches (Edinburgh:T. & T. Clark, 2000) and (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Jesus(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

R ICHARD A. BURRIDGE is Dean of King’s College, London, where he alsoteaches New Testament Studies. He was originally a classicist; his booksinclude his recently revised What Are the Gospels? (Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 2004), Four Gospels, One Jesus? (London: SPCK/GrandRapids: Eerdmans, 2005), and Jesus Now and Then (London: SPCK/Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004).

JAMES CARLETON PAGET is Lecturer in New Testament Studies at theUniversity of Cambridge and Fellow and Tutor of Peterhouse. Hispublications include The Epistle of Barnabas: Outlook and Background(Tubingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 1994) and a number of articles on subjectsrelated to early Christianity and its origins.

ix






JAMES D. G. DUNN is Emeritus Lightfoot Professor of Divinity in theUniversity of Durham. His recent publications include The Theology ofPaul the Apostle (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1998) and Christianity in theMaking, volume 1: Jesus Remembered (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003).

CRAIG A. EVANS is The Payzant Distinguished Professor of New Testa-ment in Acadia Divinity College, Acadia University. His publicationsinclude Jesus andHis Contemporaries (AGJU 25; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995),Mark (WBC; Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2001), and Jesus and theOssuaries (Waco: Baylor University Press, 2003).

DONALD A. HAGNER is George Eldon Ladd Professor of New Testamentat Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California. He is the authorof commentaries on Matthew (WBC; Dallas: Word, 1993, 1995) andHebrews (NIBC; Peabody: Hendrickson, 1990); among his other booksis The Jewish Reclamation of Jesus (Grand Rapids: Academie, 1984).

MARTIN HENGEL is Professor Emeritus of New Testament Studies in theUniversity of Tubingen and Director of its Philipp MelanchthonInstitute. His most recent books include The Four Gospels and the OneGospel of Jesus Christ (London: SCM; Harrisburg: TPI, 2000), Paulusand Jakobus (WUNT 141; Tubingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 2002) and TheSeptuagint as Christian Scripture (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 2002).

MORNA D. HOOKER is the Lady Margaret’s Professor of Divinity Emeritain the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Robinson College. Herpublications include A Commentary on the Gospel according to St Mark(BNTC; London: A. & C. Black, 1991; Peabody: Hendrickson, 1992)and The Signs of a Prophet (London: SCM; Harrisburg: TPI, 1997).

WILLIAM HORBURY is Professor of Jewish and Early Christian Studies inthe University of Cambridge, a Fellow of Corpus Christi College,Cambridge, and a Fellow of the British Academy. His publicationsinclude Jewish Messianism and the Cult of Christ (London: SCM,1998), Jews and Christians in Contact and Controversy (Edinburgh:T. & T. Clark, 1998), and Messianism among Jews and Christians(London/New York: T. & T. Clark International, 2003).

JUDITH LIEU is Professor of New Testament Studies and Head of theDepartment of Theology and Religious Studies, King’s CollegeLondon. Her publications include Neither Jew nor Greek? ConstructingEarly Christianity (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 2002) and Christian

x List of contributors






Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2004).

DAVID P. MOESSNER is Professor of Biblical Theology in the University ofDubuque Theological Seminary. His publications include Lord of theBanquet (Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1998) and (ed.) Jesusand the Heritage of Israel, Vol. 1 of Luke the Interpreter of Israel(Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1999).

RONALD A. PIPER is Professor of Christian Origins in the University ofSt Andrews, and University Vice-Principal for Learning and Teaching.His publications include Wisdom in the Q-Tradition: The AphoristicTeaching of Jesus (SNTSMS 61; Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1989) and (ed.) The Gospel Behind the Gospels: Current Studies onQ (NovTSup 75; Leiden: Brill, 1995).

KLYNE SNODGRASS is Paul W. Brandel Professor of New TestamentStudies, North Park Theological Seminary, Chicago. He is the editorof Ex Auditu, a journal for the theological interpretation of Scripture,and his publications include Ephesians in The NIV ApplicationCommentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996) and Between TwoTruths (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990).

CHRISTOPHER TUCKETT is Professor of New Testament Studies in theUniversity of Oxford and a Fellow of Pembroke College. His publica-tions includeQ and the History of Early Christianity (Edinburgh: T. &T.Clark, 1996) and Christology and the New Testament (Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 2001).

List of contributors xi






Abbreviations

G EN E R A L A B B R E V I A T I ON S

AB Anchor BibleABD The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman.

6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992ABG Arbeiten zur Bibel und ihrer GeschichteABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryACCSNT Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture, New

TestamentAF The Apostolic FathersAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums

und des UrchristentumsAGSU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Spatjudentums

und UrchristentumsALUB Annales Litteraires de l’Universite de BesanconAnBib Analecta BiblicaANQ Andover Newton QuarterlyANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt: Geschichte

und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, ed.H. Temporini and W. Haase. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1972–

Apoc ApocryphaASNU Acta Seminarii Neotestamentici UpsaliensisATDan Acta Theologica DanicaAug AugustinianumAUSDDS Andrews University Seminary Doctoral Dissertation Seriesb. bornBAlt Beitrage zur AltertumskundeBBCom Blackwell Bible CommentariesBBR Bulletin for Biblical ResearchBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium

xii






BFCT Beitrage zur Forderung christlicher TheologieBG Berlin Gnostic CodexBGBE Beitrage zur Geschichte der biblischen ExegeseBHP Bibliotheque d’Histoire de la PhilosophieBHT Beitrage zur historischen TheologieBNTC Black’s New Testament CommentariesBRBS Brill’s Readers in Biblical StudiesBRS Biblical Resource SeriesBSL Biblical Studies LibraryBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche

WissenschaftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche

Wissenschaft und die Kunde der alteren KircheCC Continental CommentariesCCAMA Clavis Commentariorum Antiquitatis et Medii AeviCCCM Corpus Christianorum: Continuatio MediaevalisCCSL Corpus Christianorum: Series Latina. Turnhout, 1953–cent. centuryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q, ed. J.M. Robinson et al.

Leuven and Minneapolis: Peeters and Fortress, 2000CJA Christianity and Judaism in Antiquitycod. codexcol(s). column(s)CQ Classical QuarterlyCQS Companion to the Qumran ScrollsCR Colloquium RauricumCRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum TestamentumCrIS The Critical Idiom SeriesCSHJ Chicago Studies in the History of Judaismd. diedDJD Discoveries in the Judaean DesertDJSS Duke Judaic Studies SeriesDL Deutsche LiteraturzeitungDNP Der neue Pauly: Enzyklopadie der Antike. Ed. H. Cancik

and H. Schneider. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1996–DNTB Dictionary of New Testament Background, ed. C. A. Evans

and S. E. Porter. Downers Grove and Leicester:InterVarsity Press, 2000

DSD Dead Sea Discoveries

List of abbreviations xiii






EBib Etudes BibliquesEdF Ertrage der ForschungEKKNT Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen

TestamentET English translationExp The ExpositorFBBS Facet Books, Biblical SeriesFC Fathers of the Church. Washington, D.C., 1947–FF Foundations and Facetsfl. floruit, flourishedForum Foundations and Facets Forumfrag. fragmentFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und

Neuen TestamentsGBS Guides to Biblical ScholarshipGCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten

[drei] JahrhunderteGRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine StudiesHOC Histoire des Origines du ChristianismeHTKNT Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen TestamentHTR Harvard Theological ReviewHyp HyperboreusHZ Historische ZeitschriftIBS Irish Biblical StudiesICC International Critical CommentaryIG Inscriptiones Graecae. Editio minor. Berlin, 1924–Int InterpretationIThS Innsbrucker Theologische StudienJAAR Journal of the American Academy of ReligionJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCH Jewish and Christian HeritageJEH Journal of Ecclesiastical HistoryJGRCJ Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and JudaismJJS Journal of Jewish StudiesJSJSup Supplements to the Journal for the Study of JudaismJSNT Journal for the Study of the New TestamentJSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament:

Supplement SeriesJSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement

Series

xiv List of abbreviations






JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha:Supplement Series

JSRC Jerusalem Studies in Religion and CultureJTS Journal of Theological StudiesKAV Kommentar zu den Apostolischen VaternKBANT Kommentare undBeitrage zumAltenundNeuenTestamentKEK Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar uber das Neue

Testament (Meyer-Kommentar)LACL Lexikon der antiken christlichen Literatur, ed. S. Dopp and

W. Geerlings, 2nd edn. Freiburg: Herder, 1999LCL Loeb Classical LibraryLEC Library of Early ChristianityLXX SeptuagintMCS Monographs in Classical StudiesMS(S) manuscript(s)MT Masoretic Text (of the OT)MThS Marburger theologische StudienMus Museon: Revue d’Etudes Orientalesn.d. no dateNGS New Gospel StudiesNHC Nag Hammadi CodexNIBC New International Biblical CommentaryNovT Novum TestamentumNovTSup Supplements to Novum TestamentumNTC New Testament in ContextNTL New Testament LibraryNTOA Novum Testamentum et Orbis AntiquusNTS New Testament StudiesNTTh New Testament TheologyNTTS New Testament Tools and StudiesOCD The Oxford Classical Dictionary, ed. S. Hornblower and

A. Spawforth, 3rd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1996

OGIS Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae, ed. W. Dittenberger,Leipzig: Hirzel, 1903–5, 103–5

PapyCast Papyrologica Castroctaviana, Studia et Textus. Barcelona,1967–

par. parallel(s)PillNTC The Pillar New Testament Commentary

List of abbreviations xv






PL Patrologia Latina [¼ Patrologiae Cursus Completus:Series Latina], ed. J.-P. Migne. 217 vols. Paris, 1844–64

Ps.- Pseudo-PTMS Princeton Theological Monograph SeriesPTSDSSP Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls ProjectQ ‘Q’, hypothetical source of Jesus sayings used by

Matthew and LukeRAC Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum,

ed. T. Kluser et al. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1950–RevQ Revue de QumranRhetR Rhetoric ReviewRhetSQ Rhetoric Society QuarterlyRHPR Revue d’Histoire et de Philosophie ReligieusesRivBSup Supplementi alla Rivista BiblicaSAQ Sammlung ausgewahlter kirchen- und dogmengeschichtli-

cher Quellenschriften als Grundlage fur Seminar-ubungenSBAltW Schweizerische Beitrage zur AltertumswissenschaftSBEC Studies in the Bible and Early ChristianitySBL Society of Biblical LiteratureSBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation SeriesSBLSemeiaSup Society of Biblical Literature Semeia SupplementsSBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSBLSymS Society of Biblical Literature Symposium SeriesSBT Studies in Biblical TheologySC Sources Chretiennes. Paris: Cerf, 1943–SemeiaSt Semeia StudiesSFSHJ South Florida Studies in the History of JudaismSHAW.PH Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der

Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische KlasseSHJ Studying the Historical JesusSIJB Schriften des Institutum Judaicum in BerlinSJLA Studies in Judaism in Late AntiquitySJT Scottish Journal of TheologySNTA Studiorum Novi Testamenti AuxiliaSNTI Studies in New Testament InterpretationSNTS Studiorum Novi Testamenti SocietasSNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph SeriesSNTW Studies of the New Testament and its WorldSP Sacra PaginaSPap Studia Papyrologica

xvi List of abbreviations






SPNT Studies on Personalities of the New TestamentSPS Studies in Peace and ScriptureSSEJC Studies in Scripture in Early Judaism and ChristianitySTAC Studien und Texte zu Antike und ChristentumSTDJ Studies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahStPB Studia Post-BiblicaSUNT Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen TestamentsTANZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutestamentlichen ZeitalterTB Theologische Bucherei: Neudrucke und Berichte aus dem

20. JahrhundertTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament.

Ed. G. Kittel and G. Friedrich. Trans. G.W. Bromiley. 10vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964–76

TF Theologische ForschungTg(s). Targum(s); TargumicThI Theological InquiriesTLZ Theologische LiteraturzeitungTPINTC TPI New Testament CommentariesTQ Theologische QuartalschriftTS Texts and Studies: Contributions to Biblical and

Patristic LiteratureTU Texte und UntersuchungenTUGAL Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der

altchristlichen LiteraturTUMSR Trinity University Monograph Series in ReligionTWNT TheologischesWorterbuch zumNeuenTestament. Ed.G. Kittel

and G. Friedrich. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1932–79TZ Theologische ZeitschriftUCOP University of Cambridge Oriental PublicationsUTB Uni-TaschenbucherVC Vigiliae ChristianaeVCSup Supplements to Vigiliae ChristianaeVTSup Supplements to Vetus TestamentumWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWMANT Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und

Neuen TestamentWUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zumNeuen TestamentZNW Zeitschrift f ur die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und

die Kunde der alteren KircheZPE Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik

List of abbreviations xvii






P R I M A R Y S OU R C E S

Books of the Bible

Hebrew Old TestamentGen GenesisExod ExodusLev LeviticusNum NumbersDeut DeuteronomyJosh JoshuaJudg JudgesRuth1–2 Sam 1–2 Samuel1–2 Kgs 1–2 Kings1–2 Chr 1–2 ChroniclesEzraNeh NehemiahEsth EstherJobPs/Pss Psalm(s)Prov ProverbsEccl EcclesiastesSong Song of SongsIsa IsaiahJer JeremiahLam LamentationsEzek EzekielDan DanielHos HoseaJoelAmosObad ObadiahJon JonahMic MicahNah NahumHab HabakkukZeph ZephaniahHag HaggaiZech ZechariahMal Malachi

xviii List of abbreviations






LXX/Deuterocanonical books citedBar Baruch1–2 Esd 1–2 EsdrasJdt Judith1–4 Kgdms 1–4 Kingdoms1–4 Macc 1–4 MaccabeesSir Sirach/EcclesiasticusTob TobitWis Wisdom of Solomon

Books of the New Testament

Matt MatthewMarkLukeJohnActsRom Romans1–2 Cor 1–2 CorinthiansGal GalatiansEph EphesiansPhil PhilippiansCol Colossians1–2 Thess 1–2 Thessalonians1–2 Tim 1–2 TimothyTit TitusPhlm PhilemonHeb HebrewsJas James1–2 Pet 1–2 Peter1–3 JohnJudeRev Revelation

Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

As. Mos. Assumption of Moses1 En. 1 Enoch (Ethiopic Apocalypse)2 En. 2 Enoch (Slavonic Apocalypse)3 En. 3 Enoch (Hebrew Apocalypse)

List of abbreviations xix






Jos. Asen. Joseph and AsenethJub. Book of JubileesLet. Aris. Letter of AristeasPs.-Phoc. Pseudo-PhocylidesPs(s). Sol. Psalm(s) of SolomonSib. Or. Sibylline OraclesT. Benj. Testament of BenjaminT. Levi Testament of LeviT. Mos. Testament of MosesT. Zeb. Testament of Zebulon

Other Jewish Writings

Dead Sea ScrollsAbbreviations for the Dead Sea Scrolls are given in the standard formatindicating the number of the cave at Qumran where the documents werefound, followed by a number or alphabetic siglum for the title (e.g. 1QS,4Q246). The most widely used edition of the text and translation at presentis Garcıa Martınez and Tigchelaar 1997–8; for the standard critical editionsee the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (DJD) series, 39 vols. (Oxford:Clarendon, 1955–2002).

1QH Thanksgiving Hymns1QM War Scroll1QpHab Pesher to Habakkuk1QS Rule of the Community1QSa Rule of the Congregation4Q225 Pseudo-Jubileesa

4Q521 Messianic Apocalypse4QFlor Florilegium4QMMT Miqsat Maqase ha-Torah4QpIsa Isaiah Pesher4QpNah Nahum Pesher4QShirShabb Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice4QTest Testimonia11QT Temple Scroll11QMelch MelchizedekCD Damascus Document

JosephusAnt. Jewish Antiquities

xx List of abbreviations






Ag. Ap. Against ApionJ.W. On the Jewish WarLife Life of Josephus

PhiloContempl. De Vita ContemplativaLegat. Legatio ad GaiumMos. De Vita Mosis or On the Life of MosesProb. Quod Omnis Probus Liber sit

Rabbinic Literature

(1) Mishnah and TalmudThe Mishnah (m.) and Tosefta (t.) are quoted according to chapter andhalakhah (e.g. m. Sukkah 2.3, t. Sukkah 2.3), the Babylonian Talmud(b.) according to folio, side a or b (e.g. b. Sukkah 17b). In quotations fromthe Palestinian Talmud (i.e. Yerushalmi, ‘y.’), the first two digits representthe chapter and halakhah as in the Mishnah, the third gives the folio andcolumn, a–d (e.g. y. Sukkah 2.3, 17c). The tractates are abbreviated as follows:

qAbod. Zar. qAbodah ZarahpAbotB. Bat. Baba BatraB. Mesiqa Baba MesiqaBer. BerakhotGitt. GittinGag. GagigahGull. GullinKelim KelimKetub. KetubbotMeg. MegillahMen. MenagotMoqed QatanNed. NedarimPepahPesag. PesagimQidd. QiddusinSabb. SabbatSanh. SanhedrinSot. Sotah

List of abbreviations xxi






SukkahTaqan. TaqanitYoma

(2) Other Rabbinic writingsAbot R. Nat. Abot de-Rabbi NathanEccl. Rab. Ecclesiastes RabbahExod. Rab. Exodus RabbahGen. Rab. Genesis RabbahLam. Rab. Lamentations RabbahMek. deR. Ishmael Mekhilta de-Rabbi IshmaelPirqe R. El. Pirqe de-Rabbi EliezerSong Rab. Song of Songs RabbahSoperimTg. Lam. Targum on LamentationsYal. Yalqut

Early Christian Writings

Apocryphal textsGos. Heb. Gospel of the HebrewsGos. Pet. Gospel of PeterGos. Thom. Gospel of ThomasSec. Gos. Mk. Secret Gospel of Mark

Apostolic Fathers1–2 Clem. 1–2 ClementDid. DidacheIgn. Smyrn. Ignatius, To the SmyrnaeansIgn. Rom. Ignatius, To the Romans

AugustineDe Cons. De Consensu Evangelistarum

Clement of AlexandriaHyp. HypotyposeisStrom. Stromateis

xxii List of abbreviations






Didymus the BlindComm. Ps. Commentarii in Psalmos

EpiphaniusPan. Panarion (or Haereses)

EusebiusHist. Eccl. Historia Ecclesiastica

HippolytusRefut. Refutation of All Heresies

IrenaeusHaer. Adversus Haereses

JeromeComm. Isa. Commentariorum in IsaiamVir. Ill. De Viris Illustribus

Justin Martyr1, 2 Apol. First, Second ApologyDial. Dialogue with Trypho

LactantiusDiv. Inst. Divinae Institutiones

Melito of SardisPasch. Peri Pascha

OrigenC. Cels Contra CelsumComm. Joh. In Johannem CommentariusComm. Mt. In Matthaeum CommentariusHom. Jer. Homilies on Jeremiah

PhotiusBibl. Bibliotheca

List of abbreviations xxiii






TertullianApol. ApologeticusDe Spect. De SpectaculisTest. De Testimonio Animae

Classical and Hellenistic Writings

AratusPhaen. Phaenomena

AristotlePoet. PoeticaRhet. Rhetorica

ArrianAnab. Anabasis

CiceroAtt. Epistulae ad Atticum

Diodorus SiculusBib. Hist. Bibliotheca Historica

Dionysius of HalicarnassusAnt. Rom. Antiquitates RomanaeDem. De DemostheneGn. Pomp. Gnaeus PompeiusThuc. De Thucydide

DioscoridesMat. Med. De Materia Medica

EpictetusDisc. Discourses

EuripidesBacch. BacchaeEl. ElectraMed. Medea

xxiv List of abbreviations






HoraceOd. Odes or Carmina

Lucian of SamosataHist.Conscr.

Quomodo Historia Conscribenda Sit

Peregr. De Morte Peregrini

Marcus AureliusMed. Meditations

Minucius FelixOct. Octavius

PhilostratusVit. Ap. Vita Apollonii

PlatoRep. Respublica or Republic

Pliny the YoungerEp. EpistolaeNat. Hist. Natural History

PolybiusHist. Histories

StraboGeog. Geography

TacitusAnn. AnnalesHist. Historiae

Other Ancient Sources

Nag Hammadi CodicesApocJohn Apocryphon of JohnSJC Sophia of Jesus Christ

List of abbreviations xxv






PapyriP. Cair. Papyrus CairensisP. Eg. Egerton Papyrus, British Museum, LondonPGM Papyri Graecae Magicae: Die griechischen

Zauberpapyri, ed. K. Preisendanz et al. 2 vols.Stuttgart: Teubner, 1973–4

P. Koln Kolner Papyri, ed. B. Kramer, R. Hubner, et al.Oplanden, 1976–

P. Oxy. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, ed. B. P. Grenfell, A. S.Hunt, et al. London, 1989–

P. Ryl. Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John RylandsLibrary at Manchester

xxvi List of abbreviations






the written gospel - assetsassets.cambridge.org/97805218/32854/frontmatter/9780521832854... · the...

Documents