The World in Spatial TermsThe World in Spatial Terms

““Where are we?”Where are we?”

Absolute LocationAbsolute Location: : •Latitude and longitude (global Latitude and longitude (global

location)location)• Sugar Land is located at 29Sugar Land is located at 29°°N, 96N, 96°°WW

•Street address (local location)Street address (local location)

The World in Spatial TermsThe World in Spatial Terms Relative LocationRelative Location::

•Described by landmarks, time, Described by landmarks, time, distance from one place to distance from one place to another, etc.another, etc.

Sugar Land is southwest of HoustonSugar Land is southwest of Houston College Station is 1 hr 45 min awayCollege Station is 1 hr 45 min away Israel is next to Lebanon & JordanIsrael is next to Lebanon & Jordan

GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY SKILLS PACKETSKILLS PACKET

Lines of Latitude

A.K.A.—”parallels” Measure distance north or south of

the Equator North Pole: 90°N; South Pole: 90°S Arctic Circle: 66½°N; Antarctic Circle:

66½°S Tropic of Cancer: 23½°N; Tropic of

Capricorn: 23½°S

North Pole, 90ºN

Tropic of Capricorn, 23 1/2ºS

Tropic of Cancer, 23 1/2ºN

Antarctic Circle, 66 1/2ºS

Arctic Circle, 66 1/2ºN

South Pole, 90ºS

Lines of Longitude

A.K.A.—Meridians Measures distance EAST or WEST of the

Prime Meridian Eastern Hemisphere (east longitude) lies

at places east of the Prime Meridian Western Hemisphere (west longitude)

lies at places west of the Prime Meridian

The EQUATOR creates the Northern & Southern Hemisphere 0° latitude = Equator

The PRIME MERIDIAN creates the Eastern & Western Hemisphere 0° longitude = Prime Meridian

PracticePractice What major city has the following What major city has the following

coordinates?coordinates? 41ºN, 73ºW (USA) 41ºN, 73ºW (USA) New York CityNew York City 33ºN, 13ºE (Africa) 33ºN, 13ºE (Africa) Tripoli, LibyaTripoli, Libya 33ºS, 71ºW (South America) 33ºS, 71ºW (South America) Santiago, ChileSantiago, Chile

Name the global address of:Name the global address of: Hanoi, Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 2121°N, 105°E Athens, Greece Athens, Greece 3737°N, 23°E Tehran, Iran Tehran, Iran 3535°N, 51N, 51°EE

Get out skills packet and begin working on

the Projections section.

Please read and follow the

instructions.

Winkel Tripel Winkel Tripel ProjectionProjection

Winkel Tripel Projection

Pros: Good balance of size & shape of land

areas as shown on the maps No distortion

Cons: None!

This is the most widely used projection for world maps!!!

Robinson Robinson ProjectionProjection

Robinson Projection

Pros Sizes & shapes near the edges of the

map are accurate Cons

Shapes of the polar areas are distorted (misshaped)

Goode’s Interrupted Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Equal-Area ProjectionProjection

Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection

Pros The size & shape of the countries are

true to size Cons

Distances between countries are not true to size & not accurate

Mercator Mercator ProjectionProjection

Mercator Projection Pros:

Directions are true to the map The shapes of the landmasses are accurate

Cons: The size & distance becomes more

inaccurate as you move away from the equator

This is a commonly used projection (good for seafaring!)

Types of MapsTypes of Maps General PurposeGeneral Purpose

Physical: shows Physical: shows topography (shape) of topography (shape) of EarthEarth

Displays relief: Displays relief: differences in elevation, differences in elevation, landforms, etc.landforms, etc.

Political: shows Political: shows boundaries of boundaries of countries, states, etc.countries, states, etc.

Displays human-made Displays human-made features (capitals, features (capitals, roads, etc.roads, etc.

Open to page 106 & Open to page 106 & 107107

Types of MapsTypes of Maps Special PurposeSpecial Purpose

Emphasize a particular kind of Emphasize a particular kind of informationinformation Climate (pg 122)Climate (pg 122) Vegetation (pg 123)Vegetation (pg 123) Population density (pg 108)Population density (pg 108) Economic activity (pg 109)Economic activity (pg 109) Cartogram (RA38)Cartogram (RA38) Other Thematic Maps (AIDS, Child Labor, Oil Other Thematic Maps (AIDS, Child Labor, Oil

Production, etc)Production, etc)