The Versailles TreatyThe Versailles TreatyThe Versailles TreatyThe Versailles TreatyGermany

•Blamed for war

•Lost colonies

•New countries formed out theirs

•Paid (war debts) reparations

Germany•Blamed for war

•Lost colonies

•New countries formed out theirs

•Paid (war debts) reparations

A Weak League of NationsA Weak League of NationsA Weak League of NationsA Weak League of Nations

The Ineffectiveness of the The Ineffectiveness of the League of NationsLeague of Nations

The Ineffectiveness of the The Ineffectiveness of the League of NationsLeague of Nations

No control of major No control of major conflicts.conflicts. No progress in No progress in disarmament.disarmament. No effective military No effective military force.force.

Afghanistan—1934 Luxembourg--1920Albania—1920 (taken over by Italy Mexico--1930in 1939) NetherlandsArgentina New ZealandAustralia Nicaragua (withdrew, 1936)Austria (taken over by Germany NorwayIn 1938) PanamaBelgium Paraguay (withdrew, 1936)Bolivia PersiaBrazil (withdrew, 1926) Peru (withdrew,1939)Bulgaria---1920 PolandCanada PortugalChile (withdrew, 1938) Romania (withdrew, 1940)China (invaded by Japan, 1937) SiamColombia Spain (withdrew, 1939)Costa Rica—1920, withdrew, 1925 SwedenCuba SwitzerlandCzechoslovakia Turkey--1932Denmark Union of South AfricaDominican Republic—1924 USSR—1934, expelled, 1939Ecuador—1934 United KingdomEgypt—1937 UruguayEl Salvador (withdrew, 1937) Venezuela (withdrew, 1938)Estonia—1921 YugoslaviaEthiopia—1923 (taken over by Italy in 1936)Finland—1920France

Germany--1926, withdrew, 1933GreeceGuatemala (withdrew, 1936)Haiti (withdrew, 1942)Honduras, (withdrew, 1936)Hungary—1922, withdrew, 1939IndiaIraq—1932Ireland—1923Italy (withdrew, 1937)Japan (withdrew, 1933)Latvia—1921LiberiaLithuania—1921

league

Problems in Europe After Problems in Europe After WWIWWI

Problems in Europe After Problems in Europe After WWIWWIGreat Depression

• Economic = people were jobless

• Political = weak governments could not solve problems in their countries --> led people to turn to dictators or Socialist leaders

• Social = times of unrest people look for a leader.

International International AgreementsAgreementsInternational International AgreementsAgreements Several attempts by U.S. to Several attempts by U.S. to

get countries to agree to get countries to agree to disarmingdisarming Washington Disarmament Washington Disarmament

ConferenceConference Geneva Convention Geneva Convention Treaties with JapanTreaties with Japan

Kellog-Briand PactKellog-Briand Pact – 1928 – 1928 Makes war illegal as a tool of Makes war illegal as a tool of

diplomacy diplomacyo No enforcement provisionsNo enforcement provisions

•Power of government rests in one man.

•TOTAL POWER

•No freedoms in this society…..

•Usually racist and discriminatory towards certain groups……

•Often have large militaries and must expand and conquer to gain

approval from their people.dictators

Totalitarian dictators came to power during the 1920s and 1930s in Europe.

COMMUNISM, FASCISM AND NAZISM that developed in Europe at this COMMUNISM, FASCISM AND NAZISM that developed in Europe at this time are considered TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIPStime are considered TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIPS

Adolph Hitler

Benito Mussolini

Joseph Stalin

dictators

NAZISM AND FASCISMNAZISM AND FASCISM:: a philosophy or system of government that advocates or exercises a dictatorship, state control of industry, racial superiority, supremacy of

the leader, limits civil rights, and an ideology of nationalism, militarism and

expansion

•Opposite of democracy and capitalism

NAZISMNAZISM:: STANDS FOR NATIONAL SOCIALISTIC PARTY……A TOTALITARIAN

DICTATORSHIP----GERMANY.

FACISMFACISM:: BASED ON A SYMBOL OF AUTHORITY IN THE OLD ROMAN EMPIRE…A

TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIP----ITALYnazism

•Joseph Stalin

•1921/Soviet Union CommunismCommunism

Spread Communism throughout the world

dictators

•Stalin maneuvered himself into becoming the leader of the Soviet Union.

•The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution was led by the people to overthrow a monarch but when the new ruling class took

over, there were no protections of people’s rights…… “NO BILL OF RIGHTS”NO BILL OF RIGHTS”

•Communism and fascismCommunism and fascism are similar in their ideologies

dictators

Benito Mussolini

1922/Italy---FacismFacism

Believe, Obey and Fight

Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy both by advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa and by terrorizing those who opposed him.

•Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini, calling himself Il DuceIl Duce, suspended elections, outlawed other political parties, and established a dictatorship.

•Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy. Under Mussolini, the Italian army successfully conquered the African nation of Ethiopia in May 1936.

The Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph Hiler

Born in AustriaBorn in AustriaFought in WWI and was bitter Fought in WWI and was bitter towards the Treaty of Versaillestowards the Treaty of Versailles

Discovers a small political party known as The Discovers a small political party known as The National Socialist German Workers Party National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)(NAZI) Begins to work himself into the leadership positions Begins to work himself into the leadership positions of the Nazi partyof the Nazi partyThe Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany.

Discovers a small political party known as The Discovers a small political party known as The National Socialist German Workers Party National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)(NAZI) Begins to work himself into the leadership positions Begins to work himself into the leadership positions of the Nazi partyof the Nazi partyThe Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany.

An Austrian painter, hated the way the Versailles Treaty humiliated Germany and stripped it of its wealth and land. After the war his job in the army was to After the war his job in the army was to keep tabs on different political parties.keep tabs on different political parties.

An Austrian painter, hated the way the Versailles Treaty humiliated Germany and stripped it of its wealth and land. After the war his job in the army was to After the war his job in the army was to keep tabs on different political parties.keep tabs on different political parties.

The Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph Hiler

The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923

November 1923 - The "Beer Hall November 1923 - The "Beer Hall Putsch:” Hitler and the Nazis try to Putsch:” Hitler and the Nazis try to overthrow the local government of overthrow the local government of Munich, Germany.Munich, Germany.

It fails and Hitler is arrested. He is convicted 1924 and serves 9 months out of a 5-year sentence.

Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”) or outlining his political struggles.

His book was not taken seriously at first, but eventually becomes popular and includes many of the ideas the Nazis put in practice in the 1930s and

1940s. After his release from prison, he continued to work with the Nazi party to

take over Germany.

It fails and Hitler is arrested. He is convicted 1924 and serves 9 months out of a 5-year sentence.

Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”) or outlining his political struggles.

His book was not taken seriously at first, but eventually becomes popular and includes many of the ideas the Nazis put in practice in the 1930s and

1940s. After his release from prison, he continued to work with the Nazi party to

take over Germany.

The Rise of Adolph HitlerThe Rise of Adolph HitlerThe Rise of Adolph HitlerThe Rise of Adolph Hitler

Hitler’s Rise to Power: 1919 to 1933

• In this Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”), he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land.

• He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

• Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, the lower house of the German parliament.

• Adolph Hitler is appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or “the leader.”

dictators

Revenge towards the Treaty of Treaty of

VersaillesVersaillesRearm GermanyTake back land lost from WWI

He wanted to create aHe wanted to create a

THIRD REICHTHIRD REICH

GERMANY WOULD BECOME THE THIRD WORLD EMPIRE AND UNITE ALL GERMAN SPEAKING NATIONS THAT WOULD RULE

THE WORLD FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS.

reich

Form:Form: A cross with four equal arms, each bent at a right angle.

Word:Word: From the Sanskrit word svastikasvastika,, “creating well-being.”

History:History: An ancient Aryan symbol of the sun

Form:Form: A cross with four equal arms, each bent at a right angle.

Word:Word: From the Sanskrit word svastikasvastika,, “creating well-being.”

History:History: An ancient Aryan symbol of the sunImportance:Importance: Hitler adopted the Hitler adopted the swastikaswastika as as

its symbol with the aim of making a connection its symbol with the aim of making a connection between the ancient Aryans and the modern between the ancient Aryans and the modern German people. In making this connection, German people. In making this connection, the Nazis tried to support their claim that the the Nazis tried to support their claim that the

modern German people were a “modern German people were a “master racemaster race.”.”

Importance:Importance: Hitler adopted the Hitler adopted the swastikaswastika as as its symbol with the aim of making a connection its symbol with the aim of making a connection

between the ancient Aryans and the modern between the ancient Aryans and the modern German people. In making this connection, German people. In making this connection, the Nazis tried to support their claim that the the Nazis tried to support their claim that the

modern German people were a “modern German people were a “master racemaster race.”.”

dictators

•The Nazis used a

political police•the Gestapothe Gestapo •the SS corpsthe SS corps

•Propaganda to gain total power.

•Anti-Nazi leaders were arrested.

•Violated the privacyViolated the privacy of postal and telephonic communications.

•Nazis did not need search warrants search warrants for house searches or for confiscating or restricting private

property.

FREEDOMS LOSTFREEDOMS LOST

FREEDOMS LOST

•FREEDOM OF SPEECH FREEDOM OF SPEECH GONEGONE

NAZI’S CENSORED

WHAT YOU COULD READ.

•DUE PROCESS DUE PROCESS ELIMINATEDELIMINATED

COULD BE ARRESTED WITHOUT PROBABLE

CAUSE

•NO TRIAL BY JURYNO TRIAL BY JURYNAZI’S PRACTICED

RACISMRACISM AND PERSECUTIONPERSECUTION

TOWARDS THE JEWS.

•PEOPLE WERE STRIPPED OF THEIR

CIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTS...

•Phase 1 1933-1939Phase 1 1933-1939– A Common Enemy : Re-Education– Citizenship Rights?

–German Jews face deportation– Violence Escalates----Kristalnacht

•Phase 2 (1939-1945)Phase 2 (1939-1945)– World War II begins vs. France/England– Holocaust BeginsHolocaust Begins--- The Final Solution

–Ghettos and Forced Labor Camps –mass executions of Jews and Eastern

Europeans.–Einzsengruben death squads–Gas Chamber

Two Phases of HatredTwo Phases of Hatred

•German German Propaganda Propaganda

against the Jews.against the Jews.

•""The JewThe Jew: The : The inciter of war, the inciter of war, the

pro-longer of war." pro-longer of war."

•German German Propaganda Propaganda

against the Jews.against the Jews.

•""The JewThe Jew: The : The inciter of war, the inciter of war, the

pro-longer of war." pro-longer of war."

German children were taught in school that Jews were inferior.

German children were taught in school that Jews were inferior.

•Nazi Government Policy of Anti-Anti-SemitismSemitism

•Purity of German bloodPurity of German blood was essential to the existence of the

German people and nation.•Nuremberg LawsNuremberg Laws passed in 1935

provided legal basis.•Millions of Jews died in German

concentration camps.

1. Marriages between Jews and citizens of German blood are forbidden.

2. Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and German blood are

forbidden.

3. Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German blood as

servants.

4. Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors.

nuremberg

5. Jewish children and German were segregated.

6. The right to citizenship is acquired by the granting of Reich citizenship papers.

7. Only the citizen of the Reich enjoys full political rights in accordance of the laws.

8. A citizen of the Reich is of German blood and who shows that he is both desirous and fit to serve the German people and

Reich faithfully.

nuremberg

The first organized night of Nazi violence against German Jews

Nov. 8 - 9, 1938Thousands arrested, including college

professors, writers, doctors, etc.Jewish businesses, stores, homes and synagogues burned all through Germany

and other German Occupied countriesNazi violence against German Jews led to

thousands hurt and many deaths…..

Violence Escalates With Systematic Invasions

The Night of Broken GlassThe Night of Broken Glass

Japan Invades Japan Invades Manchuria 1931Manchuria 1931Japan Invades Japan Invades

Manchuria 1931Manchuria 1931

dictators

Took the form of a god

Japan’s Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny was to expand into China

and the rest of Asia.

Emperor HirohitoEmperor Hirohito

dictators

1931: Japan’s expansionist and military leader

•Would threaten United States island possessions and U.S.

trade policy into China, (Open Door (Open Door

Policy)Policy)

Hideki TojoHideki Tojo

The Manchurian Incident• By 1930, Japan lacked the land and raw materials to care

for its growing population. Many Japanese saw the acquisition of neighboring Manchuria as a solution to these

problems.

• In September 1931, a Japanese army stationed in Manchuria captured several cities. By February 1932, the

army had seized all of Manchuria. This seizure came to be known as the Manchurian Incident.

• Japan set up Manchuria as a puppet state, or a supposedly independent country under the control of a powerful

neighbor.

• After the Manchurian Incident, the military took a much stronger hand in governing Japan, especially in the area of

foreign policy.

•1937: U.S. refuses trade

with Japan until they

withdraw from China

•1940: China invades

Indochina• US freezes

Japanese assets,

refused to trade oil,

gasoline, and steel.

•1937: U.S. refuses trade

with Japan until they

withdraw from China

•1940: China invades

Indochina• US freezes

Japanese assets,

refused to trade oil,

gasoline, and steel.

map/japan

Sudetenland•Part of Germany

before WWI.

•Treaty of Versailles created

Czechoslovakia

•7,450,000 Czechs

•3,200,000 Germans

•2,300,000 Slovaks

•100,000 Poles

Sudetenland•Part of Germany

before WWI.

•Treaty of Versailles created

Czechoslovakia

•7,450,000 Czechs

•3,200,000 Germans

•2,300,000 Slovaks

•100,000 Poles

Munich Conference

Munich Conference

•Leaders met in Munich to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia..

•Hitler believed Sudetenland should be part of Germany.

•Adolf Hitler--GermanyNeville Chamberlain—England

Premier Edouard Deladier---France Benito Mussolini--Italy

•Hitler promised the world if he received the Sudetenland, he would no longer expand Germany

•Hitler: “All I want, is a Germany Hitler: “All I want, is a Germany for Germans”for Germans”

•All Chamberlain of Britain All Chamberlain of Britain wanted was peace at any cost. wanted was peace at any cost. •Chamberlain believed that by Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia, he sacrificing Czechoslovakia, he

satisfied Hitler, who he believed satisfied Hitler, who he believed would stop being aggressive; he would stop being aggressive; he promised promised “a peace with honor… “a peace with honor…

peace in our time.”peace in our time.”

•FDR even sent a letter to Hitler asking him to honor the Munich

Conference•This was called the policy of This was called the policy of

appeasementappeasement (When European (When European powers, including the US, gave powers, including the US, gave

into Hitler’s demands) into Hitler’s demands)

•Hitler: “All I want, is a Germany Hitler: “All I want, is a Germany for Germans”for Germans”

•All Chamberlain of Britain All Chamberlain of Britain wanted was peace at any cost. wanted was peace at any cost. •Chamberlain believed that by Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia, he sacrificing Czechoslovakia, he

satisfied Hitler, who he believed satisfied Hitler, who he believed would stop being aggressive; he would stop being aggressive; he promised promised “a peace with honor… “a peace with honor…

peace in our time.”peace in our time.”

•FDR even sent a letter to Hitler asking him to honor the Munich

Conference•This was called the policy of This was called the policy of

appeasementappeasement (When European (When European powers, including the US, gave powers, including the US, gave

into Hitler’s demands) into Hitler’s demands)

Munich Conference

•Later in 1939, Hitler would invade and take the rest of Czechoslovakia…….

•The United States learned from the Munich Conference that you

cannot trust the words of a dictator………

Umbrella RoadUmbrella Road

•What is the cartoonist trying

to say here?

•What is meant by, “we might as

well try to appeaseappease him”?

•How does the cartoonist justify

his decision to appease Hitler?

•Notice the American

countries……. What is this symbolic of?

1. 1931---Japan invades Manchuria, WWII begins in Asia

2. 1935---Italy invades Ethiopia

3. 1936---Hitler invades the Rhineland

4. 1937 to 1939---Spanish Civil War

5. 1937---Japan invades China

6. 1938--Hitler takes Sudetenland

• US and League of Nations demands Japan to get out---Stimson Doctrine

• L/N demands Italy to get out—No US sell of weapons

• L/N demands Germany to get out---US Neutrality and refuses to sell arms to Germany

• US Neutrality----Spain becomes a fascist dictatorship

• US neutral but demands Japan to withdraw and refuses to sell iron, steel and gasoline products

• Munich Conference--Great Britain and France give into Hitler, Appeasement

• US Neutral but FDR writes a letter to Hitler & Mussolini asking them to guarantee no more aggression.

CHART

7. 1938, Hitler takes Czechoslovakia

8. Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invades Poland which begins WWII in Europe

9. 1940---Hitler’s inasion of Norway, Denmark, Holland and Belgium

10. 1940---Hitler takes France

11. 1940---Japan’s invades Indochina

12. 1940---Hitler attacks Great Britian

• Cannot trust “the words of a dictator”

• Britain & France declare war on Germany on Sept. 1, 1939. US neutral, extends Cash and Carry Policy to Allies

• US neutral--freezes German assets--begins military buildup

• US neutral, begins peacetime draft—Selective Service

• US neutral but demands withdrawal and freezes Japanese money, Property and embargo of oil, iron and steel.

• US neutral but extends Lend Lease policy to Great Britain—last Democratic Nation—Battle of Britian US becomes the arsenal of democracy

CHART

13. 1941---Hitler’s invasion of Russia

14. 1941---Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Dec. 7, 1941---Day of Infamy

• US neutral but extends Lend Lease to Russia…...US & Great Britain draw up war goals in the Atlantic Charter

• Neutrality is ended and US declares war on Japan, Germany and Italy declare war on US

Answer the following questions from the chartAnswer the following questions from the chart1. What was the position the US throughout most of the fascist aggression, Why?2. What was the position of the League of Nations? Why were they so powerless to stop this aggression?3. Why is the Munich Conference and appeasement a turning point in preventing war in Europe? Does it work? What “principle” does this set?4. Name the ways the U.S. tried to avoid war and deal with fascist aggression.5. Even though the US was neutral, what ways did the US begin to prepare ourselves for war?6. Which of the U.S. responses to fascist aggression marked the turning point in-moving the nation from neutrality to war?7. To what extent was the reversal of neutrality in the best interest of the United States? CHART