The Urinary SystemThe Urinary System

Maintenance SystemMaintenance System

Chapter 15Chapter 15

VocabularyVocabulary

• Dialysis – artificial method of cleansing blood when kidney’s fail

• Dysuria- difficult or painful urination• Lithotripsy – procedure where stones are

crushed in order to allow passage through urinary system.

• Benign – not dangerous to health• Metastasis – spreading of a disease• retro- behind - cysto- bladder• ren- kidney - trans- across• uro- urine -ectomy – surgical removal• Tripsy – surgical crushing

The Organs of the Urinary SystemThe Organs of the Urinary System

• Kidneys (2)Kidneys (2)• Ureters (2)Ureters (2)• BladderBladder• UrethraUrethra

Basic Functions of the Urinary SystemBasic Functions of the Urinary System

• Regulates the composition and Regulates the composition and volume of the blood.volume of the blood.

• Made up of 1,250,000 Nephrons Made up of 1,250,000 Nephrons (filters) that:(filters) that:

1. remove nitrogen wastes, 1. remove nitrogen wastes,

2. water, 3. salts, 4. returns 2. water, 3. salts, 4. returns necessary fluids back into the necessary fluids back into the blood.blood.

KidneysKidneys

• The kidneys are paired organs found The kidneys are paired organs found laterally to the spinal canal in the laterally to the spinal canal in the upper left and right quadrants. upper left and right quadrants.

• Their main function is to produce Their main function is to produce urine. urine.

KidneyKidney

The UretersThe Ureters

• The ureters are long, slender tubes which The ureters are long, slender tubes which extend from the kidneys to the urinary extend from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. bladder.

• Their main function Their main function is to transport urine is to transport urine from the kidneys to from the kidneys to the bladder.the bladder.

The Urinary BladderThe Urinary Bladder

• A sac-like structure found in the A sac-like structure found in the pelvic cavity. pelvic cavity.

• Its main function is to hold urine.Its main function is to hold urine.

The UrethraThe Urethra

• A small tube (about 2 inches in the A small tube (about 2 inches in the female and 8 inches in males) female and 8 inches in males) which transports urine from the which transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.bladder to the outside of the body.

Structure of a nephronStructure of a nephron

Formation of UrineFormation of Urine

• Students are divided in pairs. Students are divided in pairs.

• Each pair will study one of the three Each pair will study one of the three processes in the formation of urine.processes in the formation of urine.– FiltrationFiltration– ReabsorptionReabsorption– SecretionSecretion

• Students will then switch groups and Students will then switch groups and teach the other students about their teach the other students about their process in the formation of urine.process in the formation of urine.

Diseases and Disorders Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary Systemof the Urinary System

Kidney Stones Kidney Stones

• Kidney stones are hard masses Kidney stones are hard masses developed from crystals that separate developed from crystals that separate from the urine within the urinary tract. from the urine within the urinary tract.

• Usually, the first symptom of a kidney Usually, the first symptom of a kidney stone is extreme pain, which begins stone is extreme pain, which begins suddenly when a stone moves in the suddenly when a stone moves in the urinary tract and blocks the flow of urinary tract and blocks the flow of urine. urine.

Kidney Stones continuedKidney Stones continued

• Typically, a person feels a sharp, cramping Typically, a person feels a sharp, cramping pain in the back and side in the area of the pain in the back and side in the area of the kidney or in the lower abdomen. kidney or in the lower abdomen. Sometimes nausea and vomiting occur. Sometimes nausea and vomiting occur.

• Later, pain may spread to the groin. Later, pain may spread to the groin. Predisposing factors for kidney stones Predisposing factors for kidney stones include dehydration, infection, obstruction, include dehydration, infection, obstruction, and genetics. and genetics.

• Treatment includes medication to relieve Treatment includes medication to relieve the pain, forcing fluids, and sometimes the pain, forcing fluids, and sometimes surgical intervention such as lithotripsy.surgical intervention such as lithotripsy.

Kidney FailureKidney Failure

• Kidney failure is the loss of the kidney’sKidney failure is the loss of the kidney’s ability to ability to perform their main function — eliminate excess perform their main function — eliminate excess fluid and waste material from the blood. fluid and waste material from the blood.

• When the kidneys lose their filtering ability, When the kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of fluid and waste accumulate dangerous levels of fluid and waste accumulate in the body. in the body.

• Signs and symptoms include decreased urine Signs and symptoms include decreased urine output, fluid retention, drowsiness, shortness of output, fluid retention, drowsiness, shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, seizures or coma in breath, fatigue, confusion, seizures or coma in severe cases. severe cases.

• Treatment includes a modified diet, IV fluids, and Treatment includes a modified diet, IV fluids, and dialysis until kidney function returns to normal.dialysis until kidney function returns to normal.

CystitisCystitis

• Cystitis is the inflammation of the urinary Cystitis is the inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by bacteria. bladder caused by bacteria.

• It is more common in women.It is more common in women.

• Signs and symptoms of cystitis include Signs and symptoms of cystitis include urgency, frequency, burning upon urgency, frequency, burning upon urination, dysuria, and possible urethral urination, dysuria, and possible urethral discharge. discharge.

• It is treated with antibiotics. It is treated with antibiotics.

CareersCareers

• Urologist - Urologist - focuses on the urinary tracts of males focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive system of males. and females, and on the reproductive system of males. – Schooling is more then 12 years and salary averages Schooling is more then 12 years and salary averages

above $90,000/yearabove $90,000/year

• Dialysis Dialysis Technician-operate machines that remove Technician-operate machines that remove waste and excess fluids from the blood of patients whose waste and excess fluids from the blood of patients whose kidneys can no longer carry out those functions. kidneys can no longer carry out those functions. – Schooling is usually done in a technical school lasting Schooling is usually done in a technical school lasting

6-12 months and salary averages about $30,000/year 6-12 months and salary averages about $30,000/year

• Medical Lab Medical Lab Technician-also called clinical Technician-also called clinical laboratory technicians, perform routine laboratory laboratory technicians, perform routine laboratory procedures on blood, tissue, and other bodily fluids using procedures on blood, tissue, and other bodily fluids using instruments such as microscopes, chemicals, computers, instruments such as microscopes, chemicals, computers, and complex laboratory equipment. and complex laboratory equipment.

• Medical AssistantMedical Assistant

• Medical Lab Medical Lab TechnicianTechnician-also called clinical -also called clinical laboratory technicians, perform routine laboratory laboratory technicians, perform routine laboratory procedures on blood, tissue, and other bodily fluids using procedures on blood, tissue, and other bodily fluids using instruments such as microscopes, chemicals, computers, instruments such as microscopes, chemicals, computers, and complex laboratory equipment. and complex laboratory equipment. – Schooling is usually a two year degree from an accredited institution Schooling is usually a two year degree from an accredited institution

with average salary ranging from $30,000 - $60,0000/yearwith average salary ranging from $30,000 - $60,0000/year

• Medical Assistant - Medical Assistant - perform many administrative perform many administrative

duties, including answering telephones, greeting patients, duties, including answering telephones, greeting patients, updating and filing patients’ medical records, filling out insurance updating and filing patients’ medical records, filling out insurance forms. While clinical duties include taking medical histories and forms. While clinical duties include taking medical histories and recording vital signs, explaining treatment procedures to patients, recording vital signs, explaining treatment procedures to patients, preparing patients for examination, and assisting the physician preparing patients for examination, and assisting the physician during the examination. during the examination. – Schooling ranges from 6-12 months with salary averages below Schooling ranges from 6-12 months with salary averages below

$30,000/year$30,000/year