the undecidability of capital

8/8/2019 The Undecidability of Capital

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Qbkeell Hkviq

Tbl \edlajdkfjcjtz mg Ak~jtkc

;% ^vmclomhleme6% Dlvvjdk me bjq Iellq1% Tbl Qlavlt4% Q~jvjt0Tjhl


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gvmh tbl vlet gvmh ~kckalq kq ak~jtkc kctbm|ob k qajleal mg lkctb# jq kcqm kqajleal mg ~lvjqbjeo "dkvfle * fmtb je tbl amhhmdjtjlq jt ake amewlvt tm lwlvovlktlv wkc|l ked tbl hmcdjeo "jeac|djeo dlgmvhjeo* mg dlqjvl elalqqkvz gmvtbljv jccjeo ameq|h~tjme% Dkq vmbl Fldvgejq dlq Kvfljtlvq jqt ljel wjlc ovlvl [|lccl dlq Ol jeeq kcq dkq gljel dlq Vljable% Djl Ilcclv mbe|eoleje Cmedme fvjeole jbvle Wlvhjltlve hlbv lje kcq djl ^kcqtl "* YTblvk dlqjvl mg tbl mvilv jq k h|ab ovlktlv qm|val mg ~vmgjt tbke tbl gjel mel mg tblvjab% Tbl alcckv gcktq je Cmedme zjlcd hmvl gmv tbljv ckedcmvdq tbke tbl ~kckalq"*# imemhjqab(~bjcmqm~bjqabl Hke|qivj~tl ";244* je Hkvr Leolcq _lvilkffvlwjktld HL_ Fked 4># Flvcje# ;::># ~~%


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kz katjmeq# maa|vvlealq gmccm gvmh mtblv katjmeq mv maa|vvlealq je tbllh~jvjakc mv bjqtmvjakc mvcd mtblv jql tblz kvl hlvlcz ametjeolet% F|t aketblz fmtb gmccm ked emt gmccm fl vlcktld ked |evlcktld% Je ke kfqmc|tlcz ametjeolet mvcd tbjq m|cd ~vmfkfcz fl ~mqqjfcl% Tbl kqq|h~tjme tbkt tbjeoqmv tbm|obt h|qt gmccm gvmh mel kemtblv jh~mqlq k "qajleal(lq{|l* hjhltjagc|r me tbl gmvh mg ~blemhlek tbljv kz mg abkeojeo mv ~kqqjeo fz qtkzjeotbl qkhl k ijed mg gc|r mg jdletjtz% Tbjq jq kcqm k gc|r mg cmomq cmomq jh~cjlqtbkt lwlvztbjeo h|qt fl ameelatld jtb lwlvztbjeo lcql% Cmomq ake k~~lkv jetbl gmvh mg k bjlvkvabz mg ~vjeaj~clq lrlvtjeo gmval tbvm|ob wkvjm|q qtkolq mg hltbmdjakc olelvkcjqktjme |etjc jt vlkablq fmttmh kt tbl lh~jvjakc dktk% Fmtbtbl gc|r ked tbl qakcl kvl keajlet hmdlcq kctbm|ob tbl bjlvkvabjakc cmomq kq Kdmvem ked Bmvibljhlv dlwlcm~ je Djkclatjaq mg Lecjobtlehlet kq kt tbltbvlqbmcd mg Lecjobtlehlet je Fkameq tvlktjqlq me qajleal% "qll HkrBmvibljhlv |ed Tblmdmv _% Kdmvem# Djkclitji dlv K|gicv|eo#^bjcmqm~bjqabl Gvkohletl# Khqtlvdkh# ;:72# ~% ;?*

Lkab hmhlet mg tbl gc|r jq k vl~ltjtjme mg tbl mel flgmvl qm tbkt je omjeo metblvl jq mecz flgmvl elwlv kgtlv% Fkdjm| jq {|jtl tkile fz Flailttq fkd wlvql

"wlvq dl hjvcjtme* kfm|t q|ab k gc|r mg tbl qkhl bkt kvl e|hflvq mtblvtbke tbjq% Je tbl am|etjeo mg e|hflvq tblvl jq tbl |ttlv kqq|h~tjme tbkt hmvl jcc kc kzq fl tbl qkhl kq clqq tbl |ejt mg mel kddld tm k tvkeqgjejtl e|hflvjq em djgglvlet tbke tbl |ejt mg mel kddld tm mel% Jq tbjq tv|tb= Jq tblgmccm jeo mg tbl qkhl fz tbl qkhl k ijed mg wlvjgjaktjme mg tbl qkhl= _m|cdtble amewlvqlcz k gmccm jeo mg tbl qkhl fz tbl mtblv fl k gkcqjgjaktjme mg tblqkhl= Mv mg tbl mtblv= Je tbl gmccm jeo mg tbl qkhl fz tbl qkhl tblvl jq mecz

k abkeol fz q|fqtjt|tjme tbkt bjab kq je tbl ~ckal mg em hmwlq m|t mg tbjq ~ckal mv kq Fkdjm| m|cd qkz jq tble eme(fljeo% F|t jt jq vl~ckald fz kvl~cjak mg jtqlcg qm tbl gmccm jeo mg tbl qkhl fz tbl qkhl jq ke |eledjeoq|fqtjt|tjme mg fljeo fz eme(fljeo% Tbjq jq tbl tbjeoq |edlajdkfjcjtz%Flailttq wlvql jq k ijed mg gk|r(Blvkacjtlke bmhjcz0Gc|r ak|qlq "mel emtlq kcvlkdz tbkt gc|r jtqlcg jq qlle kq k ak|ql qh*Tbkt lwlvz tbjeoLwle je fljeo#Lwlvz tbjeo#


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>*% Melqllq k gl qhjvijeo k|djtmvq flbjed bjh% Bl jq dvlqqld je k ~vjqtjel fckai `kailt ked ovlz tvm|qlvq# kq jg mel am|cd tkil bjq qkvtmvjkc lclokeal gmv ovketldkctbm|ob qmhlbm m|t mg ~ckal# bl bmcdq k hjavm~bmel# bl jq je gvmet mg ktkfcl me k dkjq ~kjetld fckai mv dkvi fc|l% Tbl tkfcl jq amwlvld jtb k fc|lacmtb% Tbl hmqt jeameov|m|q lclhlet je tbl qalel jq tbkt bl jq qtkedjeo mebjq iellq% Em lr~ckektjme% K qbllv gkat% Bkvd tm jetlv~vlt% Jq tbkt k ~kvtjkcdlgjejtjme mg k gkat= Jt vlqjqtq "dlqjqtq=* kez |ctjhktl jetlv~vltktjme f|t

kccm q gmv ke jedlgjejtl khm|et mg q~la|cktjme% Tbjq am|cd fl ke krjmh mg q~la|cktjwl vlkcjqh% Tbl acj~ jtqlcg kq emt wlvz vlwlkcjeo ljtblv% Dlvvjdkdjqkovllq jtb qmhl tbjeoq Bljdloolv qkzq kfm|t kejhkcjtz "tbkt kejhkcqdmet q~lki# dmet djl# kvl ~mmv je mvcd bl jq q|q~jajm|q mg tbjq# ( jt bkqblkwz ameql{|lealq*% Bl kcqm ~kvtq amh~kez jtb Bljdloolv kfm|t mtblvtbjeoq q|ab kq tlabemcmoz# l~mabkcjtz% Bjq tmel mg wmjal ked gkajkc lr~vlqqjmeqkvl lh~bktja# dlhkedjeo% Dlvvjdkq tjl bkeoq q|oolqtjwlcz flcm bjq flct

tbl keocl mg bjq tjctjeo cjil k ~c|hf cjel qbm jeo bm h|ab bl dlwjktlqgvmh tbl qbmvtlqt djqtkeal tm tbl gcmmv% Tbl jh~vlqqjme jq mel mg qlcg(d kvgjeo%Jq Dlvvjdk kqq|hjeo tbl ~mqjtjme mg tbl ~lejtlet omd= Omd bm kqiqgmvojwlelqq gvmh b|hkejtz= Fle`khje q|oolqtq tbjq kq~lat mg Omd(elqq je bjqgvkohlet me Ak~jtkcjqh kq Vlcjojme Omd jq jh~cjaktld je tbl dlft-o|jct mg ak~jtkcjqh ked h|qt qlli ktmelhlet% Qkavjgjalq kvl hkdl tm ktmel tbl o|jct mg Omd% Tbl av|ajgjrjme kq kemtblv kat mg Omd kqijeo gmvojwlelqq gvmh bjqavlkt|vlq gmv tbljv avlkt|vlcz(elqq% Mv jq Dlvvjdk vktblv lekatjeo k ijed mg Dmqtmzlwqijke olqt|vl mg b|hjcjtz q|ab kq tbmql vl{|jvld mv akvvjld m|t fz


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tbl wkvjm|q ak~vjajm|q bmcz hle mv bmcz gmmcq bm ~m~|cktl bjq emwlcq% JeTbl ^mqqlqqld ~lejtletq wjqjtjeo k gkhm|q bmcz hke h|qt k~~vmkab bjh me tbljviellq% _ble bl lclatq tm kaal~t tbljv ~lekeal tblz kvl hkdl tm dvjei kbmvvjfcz mwlv q lltleld tlk "kaamvdjeo tm tbljv dlovll mg qjeg|celqq* kcc tbl bjcl qtjcc me tbljv iellq% Tbl lejohktja bmcz hke jeTbl Fvmtblvq Ikvkhkpmw# tbl kjcjeo Qtkvlp# omlq dm e me bjq iellq je gvmet mg Dhjtvj# melmg tbl fvmtblvq# d|vjeo k t|h|ct|m|q gkhjcz k|djleal mg tbl Ikvkhkpmwq je bjqblvhjtkol alcc% Em mel iem q bz% Jt jq `|qt tbl hzqtlvz mg tbl djwjel bmcz jh~|cql% Kctbm|ob k qal~tjakc hmei bm jtelqqlq tbjq ole|gclatjme kttvjf|tlq jt tm tbl qbm hkeqbj~ mg tbl dzjeo Qtkvlp% Tbl bmcz hke qleqlq kavjhl jcc tkil ~ckal% Cktlv mel jcc qkz bl gmvlqk lwlvztbjeo%Dhjtvj bkd `|qt vjdja|cld bjq gktblv gmv mmjeo k mhke dlqjvld ked am|vtld fz fmtb gktblv ked qme%

Jq Dlvvjdk tbl ~lejtlet kt tbl gllt mg Bljdloolv# tbl bmcz hke mv tbl qlcg(lggkajeo bmcz hke fledjeo bjq iell tm tbl qjeelv Bljdloolv je kfqletjk=

Tbl Qtkvlp# k gjo|vl h|ab kdhjvld fz _jttoleqtlje# jq k hmei bmql bjqtmvjakc

vlcjojm|q g|eatjme "emt `|qt bjq f|t tbl jeqtjt|tjme mg Qtkvlp(bmmd* jq tm kaal~ttbl qm|c ked jcc mg tbmql amhjeo tm bjh ked tm v|cl jt kq bjq m e% Tbjq jq tblq~jvjt|kc kz tbvm|ob qckwlvz tm gvlldmh% Qmhltbjeo qjhjckv bk~~leq je dlQkdlq qmajltjlq "amhh|ejtjlq* lral~t jt jq qmclcz mg tbl fmdz% Kfmcjqbjeotbl ~vm~lvtz mg melq m e fmdz kq mg tbl mtblv fmdjlq jq k ~bketkqz jeblvlet jetbl m~lvktjme mg tbl ~lvwlvql9 tbl ~lvwlvt jebkfjtq tbl fmdz mg tbl mtblv kq bjqm e ked tb|q jeg|qlq tbl mtblv fmdz jtb bjq m e% "^jlvvl Icmqqm qij# Qkdl

|ed Gm|vjlv je Clitvl p| dl Qkdl# Gvkeig|vt# ;:2;# ~% 664* Tbl Qtkvlp v|clqtbl fmdz tbvm|ob tbl qm|c# dl Qkdlq gjo|vlq v|cl tbl fmdz tbvm|ob tbl fmdz%Qtkvlp v|cl jq tblmavkaz dl Qkdlq jq fjm~mcjtjaq%

Dlvvjdk kq tvk~~ld-ak|obt me k wjdlm fz k vkedmh ametjeoletq~latktmv-akhlvk bm lrtvkatld tbjq hmhlet m|t mg k ametje||h mg ke|eiem e d|vktjme% Kctbm|ob qmhl lclhlet mg abmjal mv dlajqjme ake fl vlkdjetm Dlvvjdkq iellcjeo ~mqjtjme kt clkqt jt jq ~bzqjakccz djggja|ct tmq~metkelm|qcz iellc bjcl ojwjeo k clat|vl "cjil m~lvk qjeolvq katjeo k vmcl


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bjcl qjeojeo* ked l{|kccz djggja|ct tm kfv|~tcz led q|ab iellcjeo% Tbjq lrtvkatmg clqq tbke k hje|tl# tbl l~jtmhl mg jeqjoejgjakeal# am|cd bkwl vlhkjeld kvlamvdld gkat khmeo tbl hjccjmeq ajva|cktjeo qlle ked |evlhlhflvld me tbljetlvelt "`|qt cjil tbm|obt jtqlcg zm| bkwl tm bkwl tbm|obt h|ab tm gmvolth|ab kq Vmflvt _kcqlv qkjd*# jg jt bkd emt flle qljpld fz k qlamed kat tbktmg hz ~vmtmamc ked g|tjcl "|qlclqq* jetlv~vltktjme%^lvbk~q tbjq gkat jq emt `|qt me wjdlm f|t kcqm je vjtjeo qmhl blvl kcvlkdz# ka|vktld wjdlm ( kctbm|ob |eiem e tm hl% Hz kat mg jh~kcjeo fz vjtjeo jqhz m e gjvqt k~~vm~vjktjme mg tbjq wjq|kc gkat tbl tvkal mg ke jelr~cjakfclolqt|vl% Jq hz vjtjeo k tbjvd dlovll mg vlkcjtz= Gjvqt tbl kat mg iellcjeo tblak~t|vl mg tbkt q~lajgja hmhlet kq je k jtelqqjeo fz tbl akhlvk m~lvktmv jqtbl qlamed% Tbl |ql mg iell fledjeo je cjtlvkt|vl bkq clqq ~m lv tbke tbl gkatmg Dlvvjdkq gjchld iellcjeo# kctbm|ob jt hkz bkwl flle jtqlcg ke metm(tblktvjakc olqt|vl% Je cjtlvkt|vl q|ab ke kat m|cd qllh lralqqjwl% Je cjgl mvtbl gjchld wlvqjme Dlvvjdkq iellcjeo vkdjktlq tbl fv|tkcjtz mg tbl gkat"Gvkeajq Fkame* em khm|et mg jetlv~vltktjme ake abkeol mv lvkql jt% Melake mecz qbkil melq blkd cjil tbl mmda|ttlv qjttjeo je tbl v|je mg VkqbmhmeOktl qtkvjeo jetm tbl vkje je tbl flojeejeo mg I|vmqk kq gjch Vkqbmhmeked

vl~lkt J dmet |edlvqtked%

Tbl jh~lvwjm|qelqq mg tbl gkat " gkat|h fv|t|h * jq tbl qlavlt Dlvvjdkqqlavlt jq bjq m e olqt|vl mg ~m lvclqqelqq% Tbl iellcjeo ~mqjtjme hjhjaq kekh~|tll mel dmlq emt qll bjq gllt kezhmvl% Tbkt mg am|vql jq tbl gvmet wjl tbl gmvt|jtm|q keocl% Tbmql flbjed Dlvvjdk lvl emt ~vjwz tm tbjq jcc|qjme mg k gmmtclqq clat|vlv kq je kez hkoja tvjai ( jt kcc bkq tm dm jtb tbl ~mqjtjme mg

tbl q~latktmv%

Tbl vmmh jtqlcg qllhq tm fl hjejkt|vjpld% Tbl qakcl mg tbl vmmh blvl tblk|djleal jq qjttjeo jq ovlktlv tbke tbl qjtl "q~mt* blvl Dlvvjdk jq iellcjeo metbl dkjq% Tbl vmmh qllhq tm qbvjei dm e me bjh cjil ke jewlvtld ~zvkhjd% Kq k dvkhktja abkvkatlv bl jq vlhjejqalet mg Hem|abijelq jetlv~vltktjme mg tbl tvkoja ijeo Vjabkvd tbl Qlamed je blv qtkojeo mg Qbkilq~lkvlq l~mezhm|q~ckz% Vjabkvd jq mfd|vktl ked kvvmoket |ek kvl |etjc tmm cktl mg tblameq~jvkaz kokjeqt bjh fz bjq vlflccjm|q wkqqkcq% Tbl katmv ~mvtvkzjeo tbl ijeo


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kq hkdl |~ tm ke lrtvlhl ~kccmv cmmijeo kchmqt @k~kelql ked amegjeldtm k bllcld wlbjacl k bzfvjd mg k bllcabkjv ked k abkvjmt kq jg bl bkd bllcq jeqtlkd mg cloq# kcvlkdz cm lvld je qtkt|vl# flgmvl fljeo tm~~cld mvgcmmvld fz bjq kdwlvqkvjlq% Dlvvjdk jq tbl ijeo ked kt tbl qkhl tjhl mel mg tblameq~jvktmvq kokjeqt tbl ijeo ( @l q|jq ck ~ckjl lt cl am|tlk|+ "J kh tbl m|ed ked tbl iejgl+# Fk|dlckjvl# CBk|tmetjhmvm|hemq*%

Jq Dlvvjdkq iellcjeo k qzh~tmh mg bjq ajva|hajqjme el|vmqjq=

1% Tbl Qlavlt

Tbl qlavlt jq cjil k gkat# flak|ql jt jq mg ckeo|kol f|t emt mecz mg ckeo|kol jtjq kcqm tbl jtbbmcdjeo mg ckeo|kol% Mtblv jql jt m|cd emt fl k qlavlt% Jt ake~mtletjkccz fl tbl jegjejtl jtbbmcdjeo mg ckeo|kol# jg tbl qlavlt jq il~tkfqmc|tlcz jt alkqlq tm fl `|qt k qlavlt# jt alkqlq tm fl je tmtkc% Tbl kfqmc|tlqlavlt tledq tm ejc# tm wmjd# tm kfqleal% Qm jt jq k gkat mg kfqleal% Tblkttvjf|tlq mg ckeo|kol alkql tm jegmvh jt em vbltmvja# em qm~bjqtvz ake tkil

bmcd mg k qlavlt% Tbl qlavlt ake fl mg k gkat flqjdlq fljeo k gkat gmvjeqtkeal tbl qlavlt jdletjtz mg qmhlmel# tbl qlavlt bjdjeo ~ckal mg qmhltbjeo wkc|kfcl# qtmcle f|t kcc qlavltq h|qt fl q|qal~tjfcl tm fljeo iem e mv|eiem e% Tbl qlavltq mg tbl |ejwlvql kvl emt vlkccz qlavltq flak|ql em melbkq tblh ljtblv tm djw|col mv amealkc% Bleal tv|tb jq emt k qlavlt kq tblameal~t mg kcltbljk hjobt jh~cz qmhltbjeo bjab amhlq m|t mg jtq bjdjeo% _blvlwlv jt jq bjddle mv vlwlkcld bltblv jt jq qlle mv |eqlle "tmcd mv

|etmcd=*# tbl tv|tb jq jedjgglvlet tm tbjq bjdjeo mv djqacmq|vl% Dmlq _jttoleqtlje bkwl keztbjeo tm qkz kfm|t tbl qlavlt lral~t tbkt bl jq qjcletkfm|t bkt akeemt fl qkjd= F|t jq tbkt k qlavlt= K qlavlt h|qt fl qkzkfcl lwle jg emt qkjd% K qlavlt jq emt tbl jelggkfcl% Tv|tb jq jedjgglvlet "kdjk~bmvja*tm jtq fljeo tv|l mv fljeo iem e% Qm k qlavlt am|cd emt elalqqkvjcz fl tv|tb%F|t am|cd k gkjvz tkcl mv k gjatjme fl k qlavlt= K qlavlt h|qt fl tv|l mv jtq jtbbmcdjeo m|cd fl mg em ameql{|leal# f|t tv|tb jq emt k qlavlt% Kq k qlavlt jtblvq k kz je jtq |etlccjeo tm tbjq dlovll jt lr~mqlq jtqlcg tm tbl dkeolv mg tbl |etbm|obt%


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F|t bkt jg keztbjeo dmlq tbl qlavlt bkwl tm dm jtb qlhfckeal "k~~lkvkeal*mv Qablje jtb tbl wljc mg tbl klqtbltja=Fle`khje djqamwlvq k ~bjcmqm~bz mg qlhfckeal je Omltblq Lclatjwl Kggjejtjlq ked mg bkt qllhq qm elkvcz tbl qkhl mg tbl qlavlt# wljcld fljeo% F|t bl jqvktblv ameg|qjeo je bjq hkeelv mg dltlvhjejeo tbl maa|ct tvkeqjtjmeq gvmhqlhfckeal tm qlavlt ked tbl lwlet|kc vlwlcktjme mg tbl qlavlt ked jg tbjq jqtbl qkhl kq tbl |ewljcjeo mg qlhfckeal% Ake qlhfckeal lwlv fl |ewljcld=Mel am|cd kqq|hl tbkt je tbl cmoja mg Omltblq klqtbltja tblvl jq ljtblvqlhfckeal mv em qlhfckeal "tbl |ewljcjeo mg tbl qlavlt* emv ake tblvl fl kqcm av|hfcjeo k kz mg qlhfckeal# `|qt kq gjatjmeq eljtblv kol emv flamhlhmvl tv|l% Mttjcjl jq tbl abkvkatlv je bmh Omltbl ckzq tbl qjoekt|vl mg flk|tjg|c tvkoja qlhfckeal% Qbl jq qlhfckeal bmql tvkoldz jq tm bkwl flleabmqle kq tbl qlhfckeal mg tvkoldz% Qbl jq fmtb gjo|vl ked tvkeqgjo|vktjme tbl qtktja aletlv mg bkt Blfflc cjileld tm ke k|tmhktme je ke kektmhjakctblktvl "{|mtld je _kctlv Fle`khje# Omltblq _kbcwlv kedtqabkgtle# jeJcc|hjektjmele# Gvkeig|vt# ;:7;# ~% ;1


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dmatvjel tbkt flk|tz jq jeql~kvkfcl gvmh qlhfckeal tbl g|vtblv vlhmwldgvmh flk|tz ked qlhfckeal# tbl acmqlv tm cjgl f|t emt tv|tb% Flk|tz mv tbljcc|qmvz flk|tjg|c je k mvi mg kvt jq acmqlqt je wjajejtz emt tm tv|tb f|t tm tbllr~vlqqjmeclqq "dkq K|qdv|aiqcmql*# bjab qllhq tm wko|lcz amvvlq~med tm tblqlavlt%

^cktmq tblmvz mg flk|tz dmlq emt vlglv gjvqt tm flk|tjg|c qlhfckeal je kvt "kqtbl mvi mg kvt* f|t tm flk|tjg|c cjgl% F|t tbjq jq flak|ql ^cktm jq ak|obt flt lle dlq~jqjeo ked qb|eejeo kvt kq |ekaal~tkfcl hjhlqjq ked bjq jdlkc mg ~bjcmqm~bz kq ketj(hjhltja djqam|vql% Zlt flk|tz kq Qablje jq emt hlvlcz kejhjtktjme mg cjgl jg jt lvl jt m|cd fl vld|ald tm lamemhz tblvl~vmd|atjme mg cjgl je jtq hkejglqt qleql blvl fmdjlq vl~vlqlet mtblv fmdjlq mv qm jt m|cd qllh% Tbjq hjhltja ekt|vl mg tbl olelvkc lamemhz "Fktkjccl*ake fl tvkald fkai tm jtq kfzqhkccz hjhltja mvjojekc lwlet tbl mvi mg dlktb mv tbl qkavjgjal% Tbl fmdz mg tbl qkavjgjal vl~vlqletq mv jhjtktlq tbl fmdz mg tbl amhh|ejtz mv jtq lamemhz bjab jq tbl qkhl tbjeo% Tbl mvi mg dlktb jq q|fqtjt|tld gmv ked ketjaj~ktlq tbl mvi mg cjgl% Tbjq jq kchmqt tblm~~mqjtl hmwlhlet tm tbkt mg k Bljdloolvjke |eamealkcjeo {|kkcltbljk kq

tbl qkavjgjal mv mvi mg dlktb vlwlkcq je kdwkeal bkt jq emvhkccz amealkcld fz tbl mvi mg cjgl% Gjvqt amhlq tbl |eamealkcjeo tble tbl amealkcjeo% "qll^bjcj~~l Ckam|l(Ckfkvtbl# Tz~movk~bz# Hjhlqjq# ^bjcmqm~bz# ^mcjtjaq#Qtkegmvd# ;::2# ~% ;64# emtl ;64*

Fle`khjeq klqtbltja mg flk|tjg|c qlhfckeal kq elalqqkvjcz jvvlwmakfcz wljcldbkq cjttcl tm dm jtb kez ijed mg |eamealkcjeo% Me tbl ametvkvz flk|tzq

ck mg lqqleal "_lqleqolqltp * jq q|ab tbkt jt mecz k~~lkvq "lvqabljet * wljcld% _jtbm|t tbl wljc# flk|tz m|cd alkql tm fl flk|tz% Tbl wljc jq kcqm jtqameqtjt|tjwl qlavlt Kdmvem q~lkiq mg tbl elalqqkvz lejohk abkvkatlv "dlv Vtqlcabkvkitlv* mg kvt% Tbkt jq bz kvt akeemt fl k~~vm~vjktld tbvm|ob|edlvqtkedjeo tbl hmvl mel |edlvqtkedq tbl g|vtblv k kz tbl kvt# jt wljcqjtqlcg je tbl hjqdjvlatld |edlvqtkedjeo mg tbl q~latktmv% Tbl mecz kvt# bjabake fl |edlvqtmmd tmtkccz jtbm|t k vlhkjedlv# jq emt kvt kt kcc% Kcqimeqtjt|tjw kflv jqt dlv Vtqlcabkvkitlv dmvt p| lvileele# m lv glbct0 I|eqt lvil# djl dlv Fltvkabt|eo |ed dlh Oldkeile mbel Vlqt k|golble#


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qjed iljel% YTbl lejohk abkvkatlv bm lwlv jq vlamoejpkfcl kq ameqtjt|tjwl#tblvl blvl jt jq hjqqjeo0 mviq mg kvt# tbkt kvl lrbk|qtld je ameqjdlvktjme kedtbm|obt jtbm|t k vlhkjedlv# kvl emt kez%X"Tblmdmv _% Kdmvem# qtbltjqabl Tblmvjl# Gvkeig|vt# ;:?># ~% ;24*

K qtkedkvd hmwl mg dlameqtv|atjmejqt ~bjcmqm~bz je tbl cjtlvkvz q~blvl#mfwjm|qcz hmqt khlekfcl tm q|ab ~vmald|vlq mg lrtvkatjme ked q|ftvkatjme# jqtm akvwl m|t k gjo|vl gvmh k tlrt "gmv jeqtkeal Fkvtclfz* bjab g|eatjmeq tblekq k tz~l mv hmdlc% Vktblv tbke qlljeo tbjq kq tbl amcck~ql mg tbl klqtbltja# tblgkfvjaktjme mg q|ab k tz~l jq tbl kz mg hkqtlvz mv ame{|lqt mg tbl tlrt% Tblqllhjeocz tvjwjkc {|lqtjme k~~lkvjeo kq tbl tjtcl mg Bljdloolvq lqqkz mePkvktb|qtvk vlwlkcq tbl ~vldktmvz jetletjme _bm jq EjltpqablqPkvktb|qtvk=% Mel iem q tbkt bktlwlv tbl keq lv ( jt jcc bkwl mecz meltjhfvl tbl dlqtv|atjme mg tbl lejohk% M|t mg q|ab k dlqtv|atjme mg tblqm|val# ~m lv jq qlt gvll gmv tbl vlameqtv|atjme mg ke ketj(klqtbltja metmcmojakchme|hlet je tbjq akql mg Ejltpqabl bjhqlcg% Tbl hme|hletkcjpjeo dvjwlkvtja|cktlq jtqlcg je Ckam|l(Ckfkvtblq ltzhmcmojakc gvlepz "glwlv* q|vvm|edjeotbl mvdOl(qtlcc "Bljdloolv* bjab bl tvkalq tm jtq ~vmwjqjmekc Ovlli mvjoje

je qtlcl hlkejeo qtkt|l mv hme|hlet kq tbkt bjab jq ~vlqlet ked lvlatld%_bkt ~vldmhjektlq ked bkt `mjeq ~mjlqjq"mv lwletlabel * ked tlabemcmozje k amhhme# tbm|ob |el{|kccz# |etbm|obt Yjh~leql X mg kcltbljkjq~vlajqlcz tbl qtktjadltlvhjektjme mg Fljeo%Ol(qtlcc jq ~vjhkvjcz ked g|edkhletkccz tbl qtlcl% "* tbjq khm|etq tm qkzjeotbkt Ol(qtlcc jq k mvd gmv ~vlqleal jtb ~vlqleal blvl jetlv~vltld kq qtlcl#mv# qjeal jt jq kc kzq elalqqkvz tm ame`|oktl lwlvztbjeo jtb "tbl gmvolttjeo mg*

kcltbljk# |eamealkchlet jetlv~vltld kq lvlatjme% "Ckam|l(Ckfkvtbl#Tz~movk~bz# m~% ajt%# ~% 7:*

"Bljdloolv ked Fkdjm|# t m ~mjetq me tbl a|vwl mg metmcmoz# qtked gmv eme(hltkhmv~bmqjeo mv fkvvle ~bjcmqm~bz elwlv kez blvl lcql tbke jtb jtqlcg kcjkq Fljeo |ekfcl tm q|ftvkat gvmh jtqlcg "emt lwle kq qkavjgjal*% Kctbm|oblvvmvq kvl glvtjcl tbl glvtjcjtz mg lvvmvq jq k q|fqtjt|tl mv djqo|jql gmv tblqtlvjcjtz mg ~bjcmqm~bjakc hme|hletq cjil Fljeo% Bljdloolv bjhqlcg ckhletqtbl jh~mqqjfjcjtz mg Dkqlje bkwjeo mv ~lvaljwjeo jtqlcg gvmh k djqtkeal% Tbl


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kq~bzrjktjeo acmqlelqq mg Dkqlje ked jtq qbkdm Keoqt mv Qmvol"Akvl* jqvlhjejqalet mg fkvm{|l klqtbltjaq tbl elkvlqt ~mqqjfcl ame`|eatjme mg wjqjmeked tbl wjqjfcl# k|tmhktja qjobt% YQll Fkvm{|l [|ketjtjlq# Gk|qt Qlvjlq M~|q:# ;1tb Emwlhflv 6>>: gmv k vlglvleal tm tbl fkvm{|l ked tbl hmekdjaleacmq|vlX Bljdloolv je bjq vlovlttjeo tbl cmqq mg djqtkeal# cmeoq gmv tblvmhketja hmmd omel gmv lwlv% Fljeo jq emt vmhketja% ^bjcmqm~bz kqmetmcmoz jq tbl lamemhz mg qtkoeket wkc|l wkc|l gvmh bjab kcc hmwlhlet#q~lld mg ajva|cktjme bkq flle lrtvkatld% Kctbm|ob Fkdjm| ametledq tbkt~bjcmqm~bz ajva|cktlq flt lle metmcmoz ked tv|tb ~vmald|vlq% F|t bz qbm|cdtbl jewlvtld mvcd q|ddlecz tvkeq~mvt mv amewlz tv|tb=*

_bkt m|cd fl tbl ~|v~mql mg q|ab k fjpkvvl amcclatjme mg gjo|vlq a|t m|t mg tbljv mvjojekc tlrt|kc khfjlet ked t|veld jetm qtkt|lq tbl ~|v~mql gmv~bjcmqm~bz "mg tbl Bljdloolvjke(dlameqtv|atjmejqt ~vmwlekeal*= Jt qllhqtbkt gmv Bljdloolv jt jq tbl mecz kz ~bjcmqm~bz ake leomvol jtqlcg jtb ~mltvz emt gmv tbl qkil mg tbl klqtbltja lejohk f|t tm g|vejqb jtqlcg jtb tbl hlkeqmg vl~vlqletjeo jtqlcg je gjo|vlq mv tz~lq "Olqtkct *% Tb|q mel jcc gjed gjo|vlqgvmh Ekpj ~vm~kokedk q|ab kq Lveqt @eolvq Dlv Kvfljtlv Blvvqabkgt |ed

Olqtkct "Tbl _mvilv ( V|cl ked Tz~l* elrt tm qakwleojeoq gvmh ~mltja qm|valqq|ab kq Vjcilq Keolc ked mg am|vql Ejltpqablq Pkvktb|qtvk% Meal tblz bkwl|edlvomel ~bjcmqm~bjakc fvkedjeo tbl leq|jeo tz~lq flamhljedjqtjeo|jqbkfcl amewjatq je ~bjcmqm~bjakc dltletjme# fkd ked ommdamh~kez blvdld tmoltblv je mel amegjelhlet% Tbl jetletjme# dlqjvl#vlcletclqq qtvktloz jq tbkt q|ab gjo|vld tz~lq djq~ckzld flbjed ~bjcmqm~bjakc fkvq# ~kjeg|ccz |eamealkcld je k hltk~bzqjakc gvlki qbm # ake elwlv flamhl

lejohkq kokje% Klqtbltja cmqq jq ~bjcmqm~bjakc "metmcmojakc* okje% ^mltvz "kvt* flamhlq djvlatcz hltk~bzqjakc "tv|tb flkvjeo* f|t mecz ble jhkojektjme"gjatjme* jq qljpld |~me fz ~bjcmqm~bz% Tbjq k~~vmrjhktlq bkt Fkdjm| "kcqmje tbl kil mg Bljdloolv* m|cd akcc tbl qtktl mg fljeo k amedjtjme mg ~bjcmqm~bz9 bl kdhjtq tbkt kcc tblql amedjtjmeq kvl elalqqkvjcz lrtlvekc tm jt% Kvt mv lq~lajkccz ~mltvz jq mel mg tbmql amedjtjmeq% Ckam|l(Ckfkvtbl hkilqtbjq dl~ledleaz mg Bljdloolvjke ~bjcmqm~bz |~me tbkt bjab jt m|cd kcqmq|fmvdjektl hmqt lr~cjajt0 Gmv jg Pkvktb|qtvk jq k gjo|vl# je tbl qtvmeolqtqleql "ked l jcc qll je k hmhlet tbkt gmv Bljdloolv jt jq k bjqtmvjakc


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elalqqjtz tbkt amhhjtq hltk~bzqjaq# je tbl ~vmalqq mg amh~cltjeo jtqlcg# qjealBlolc# tm "vl*~vlqletjeo jtqlcg "qjab dkvqtlccle* je gjo|vlq# kq lcc kq tmvl~vlqletjeo "wmvqtlccle* tvkeqaledleal# gvmh tbl ~lvq~latjwl mg tblq|f`latjwl dltlvhjektjme mg Fljeo# kq tbl gmvh# gjo|vl# jh~vjet# tz~l mg kb|hkejtz % Ejltpqablq Pkvktb|qtvk# @eolvq _mvilv# lwle Vjcilq Keolc "* "Ckam|l(Ckfkvtbl# m~% ajt%# ~%


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;# ~% 6:X Fz kqjh~cl q|fqtjt|tjme gjvl jq cjil hmelz# hmelz jq tb|q ojgtld jtb vlkqme%

Tbjq hmelz tbm|ob jq emt tbl hmelz mg tbl Qabktpfjcdelv "bmkvdlv mg tvlkq|vl*# bm jqblq tm vlqa|l mv lrtvkat jt gvmh tbl ajva|cktjme q~blvl# jt jqhmelz bjab gmccm q hmelz " bjab jq tm qkz ak~jtkc# tbl hke mg tbl avm d*# flqt vlqa|ld je lr~mqjeo jtqlcg mwlv ked mwlv tm ajva|cktjme% Hmelz gmccm qhmelz kcqm hlkeq hmelz jhjtktlq hmelz je tbl ~|vq|jt mg lwlv ovlktlvq|v~c|qlq lwle tm jtq m e ~lvdjtjme kq je tbl akql mg k olelvkc avjqjq mg gjekeal# avldjt av|eab mv hmvl q~lajgja gvk|d|clet qablhlq ( tbl ^mepjqablhl lta% Hmelz hkilq tbl mvcd om vm|ed dltlvjmvktlq "djqk~~lkvq* jetmhmelz abkqjeo jtq m e tkjc%

Tbjq hmvkc alvtkjetz mg tbl ak~jtkcjqt latz~l tvkeqcktlq jetm tbl a|ct mg k|tbletjajtz mg tbl fm|volmjq q|f`lat bjq q|~~mqld kfqmc|tl jdletjtz jtbbjhqlcg mv gkatjajtz% Tbjq k|tbletjajtz# qkzq Kdmvem# jq k cjl# k gjatjme mg jdletjtz mv vktblv tbl tv|l jdletjtz mg tbl ajva|cktjme q~blvl jtb jtqlcg% Kq ktz~l tbl k|tbletjajtz mg tbl fm|volmjq q|f`lat hlvlcz alvtjgjlq "dltlvhjelq*jtq kfqmc|tl vl~ckalkfjcjtz mv tbl |ctjhktl g|eojfjcjtz mg tbjeoq# tbljv{|ketjgjkfjcjtz kq l~j~blemhlek mg ak~jtkc "gltjqb*%

Tbl k|tbletjajtz bjab Kdmvem vl`latq jq ke kttvjf|tl mg qmhltbjeo bjab jqje jtqlcg gkcql tbl fm|volmjq q|f`lat tbl q|fqtvktk mg kez k|tbletjajtz# jt jqhmvl tbke gkcql# jt jq k obmqt# qkzq Kdmvem# gmccm jeo Qabm~lebk|lv% Gmv Kdmvem jek|tbletjajtz jq k kz mg vlqa|jeo tbl b|hke elwlv je jtqlcg mvjojekc kc kzq ke jhjtktjme mg mtblv b|hkeq% Tbl k|tbletja jq k aj~blvgmv tbl q~latvkcjtz mg tbl q|f`lat mv tbl tvmtpjol |ed wlvqtmaitl Flbkvvlek|g dlv hmekdmcmojqable Olqtkct Ydlgjket ked qt|ffmve jeqjqtleal |~me tbl


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hmekdmcmojakc tz~l "Olqtkct *# Tblmdmv _% Kdmvem# Omcd~vmfl je HjejhkHmvkcjk# Gvkeig|vt# ;:2># ~% 6>4XTblktvjakcjtz mwlvt|veq tbl gkcql cjgl mg Labtbljt k|tbletjajtz% Jek|tbletjajtz jq k hjhltja gmvh kq je ~ckzjeo melqlcg "vlakccjeo Ejltpqabl* tbljek|tbletjajtz mg tbl q|f`lat flamhlq tv|l tm tbl dlovll tbkt bjq k|tbletjajtz jqvlwlkcld kq k cjl0 Djl Ocljabqltp|eo wme Labtbljt |ed _kbvbljt jqt ejabt p|bkctle%YTbl l{|ktjme mg k|tbletjajtz ked tv|tb jq emt q|qtkjekfcl% Kdmvem#m~% ajt%# ~% 6>6X%

Tbl jewlvqjme mg Labtl "k|tbletja* ked \elabtl "jek|tbletja* clkdq Kdmvem tmtbl ameac|qjme _kq ejabt wlvdmvvle jcc# ejhht cjlflv dkq Qtjohk dlq\elabtle k|g qjab% Lq plbvt wme dlh hjhltjqable Lvfl% Y_bktlwlv dmlq emt ket tm jtblv# kaal~tq vktblv tbl qtjohk mg tbl jek|tbletja% Jt dvk q me tblhjhltja clokaz% Kdmvem# m~% ajt%# ~% 6>4X

F|t mel akeemt fl q|vl jg tbjq jq emt k ~jlal mg am|etlvgljt "q~|vjm|q* kdwjal kq Kdmvem akccq tbjq hjhltja flbkwjmv tbl \vgmvh wme Cjlfl "\v(gmvh mg cmwl* je bjab tbl ~vjlqtq mg k|tbletjajtz qalet Q~|vle `lelv \tm~jl# lcabl

dkq Olgol dlv Blvvqabkgt p| lvqabttlve wlvhabtl% Ytvkalq mg tbkt |tm~jk# bjab am|cd qbkil tbl qtv|at|vl mg dmhjektjme# jfjd%X% Mel ake kchmqt blkv Kdmvem hmaijeo Fcmab kq mel mg tbmql ~vjlqtq mg k|tbletjajtz% F|t jqEjltpqabl vlkccz mel mg tblh=

Bljdloolvq keq lv tm tbl qlcg(~mqld {|lqtjme# _bm jq EjltpqablqPkvktb|qtvk= ( jq tbkt bl jq tbl tlkablv bm bkq amhl tm tlkab tbl mwlvamhjeo

mg tbl q~jvjt mg vlwleol% Vlwleol akqtq kcc mf`latq kq dlovkdld mf`latq% Tbjqq~jvjt mg vlwleol "~lvqla|tjme* jq q|~~mqld tm bkwl ~lvwkdld kcc tbjeijeo|etjc tbjq dkz "* kcc vl~vlqletktjme tm tbjq dkz mg fljeoq jtb vlokvd tmtbljv Fljeo "* "Hkvtje Bljdloolv# _bm jq Ejltpqablq Pkvktb|qtvk=# Vlwjl mg Hltk~bzqjaq# Hkvab ;:7?# ~% 46;* Zlt bkt jq Bljdloolvq mv tbl metm(hltk~bzqjakc k~~vm~vjktjme mg ke klqtbltja lejohk je tbl w|cokv kttlh~t tmdlhzqtjgz jt keztbjeo mtblv tbke k vlwleol Bljdloolvq vlwleol meEjltpqabl= Ameqjdlvjeo Ejltpqablq qlcg(qtzcjpjeo mg bjq ~bjcmqm~bz kq tblktvl" Qablje* mv tbl tblktvl mg qlcg(qlhfckeal# tbl ketjdmtl tm Fljeo Bljdloolvq


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vl{|jqjtjmejeo mg Pkvktb|qtvk gmv tbl hmvkc jh~vmwlhlet mg b|hkejtz jqtketkhm|et tm tbl acmqjeo dm e mg Ejltpqablq tblktvl% Hljel ^bjcmqm~bjl|holdvlbtlv ^cktmejqh|q0 `l ljtlv kf wmh kbvbkgt Qljledle# |h qmvljelv qabelv flqqlv jqt lq% Dkq Clfle jh Qablje kcq Pjlc% YHz ~bjcmqm~bz "jq* ke jewlvtld ^cktmejqh0 tbl g|vtblv k kz gvmh tv|l fljeo# tbl hmvl ~|vl flk|tjg|c flttlv jt jq% Cjgl je qlhfckeal jq tbl omkc% Gvjldvjab Ejltpqabl#Ivjtjqabl Qt|djlek|qokfl ?# Blvk|qololfle wme Ojmvojm Amccj |ed HkppjhmHmetjekvj# Heable# ;:22# Ekabolckqqlel Gvkohletl Ledl ;2?> ( K~vjc ;2?;#? Y;


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~lvqmejgz tjhl tbl ~kvtja|ckv tjhl mg tbl ~vmd|atjme ~vmalqq= Dmlq jtka{|jvl jtq ~mtletjkc |ejwlvqkcjtz hlkejeo flzmed tbl vlojhl mg ak~jtkc gvmh jtq jetjhktl vlcktjme tm tjhl= K tjhl flzmed ak~jtkc=

Kctbm|ob tbl ak~jtkcjqt jq k ~lvqmejgjaktjme mg ak~jtkc je k qleql ~mqqlqqld fz ak~jtkc# bkwjeo qkavjgjald bjq jcc ked ameqajm|qelqq tm jtq ltlvekc vlt|ve bl jq emt ameqajm|q mg q|ab k qkavjgjal% Kq tbl ~lvqmejgjaktjme mg ak~jtkc bl jqemt k kvl mg bjhqlcg kq ~kje ked ametvkdjatjme "Ejltpqabl* bl vlokvdqbjhqlcg je tbl ocm mg ak~jtkc kq gvll ked k|tbletja% Tbl ltlvejtz mg ak~jtkcjhf|lq tbl ak~jtkcjqt q|f`lat jtb k qbkvl mg jtq m e jhhmvtkcjtz% Kq tblabkvkatlv hkqi mg ak~jtkc tbl ak~jtkcjqt jq ~|vl ~clkq|vl " C|qt * ked ~clkq|vlkq Ejltpqabl vjtlq je Kcqm q~vkab Pkvktb|qtvk qlliq ltlvejtz% F|t ~clkq|vlcjil jcc jq qlhfckeal " Qablje* ked k~~lkvkeal% Fljeo# qkzq Ejltpqabl# jq mecz ~kje ked ametvkdjatjme f|t l cjwl je tbkt mtblv jcc|qjme mv qlhfckeal tbktmg flamhjeo je lwlvz hmhlet mg bjab tbl qlavlt mg ~kje h|qt cjldmvhket% Qlhfckeal dltlvhjelq lh~jvjakc fljeo kctbm|ob tbkt jq emttv|l fljeo( f|t tblvl jq em kz tm tbjq tv|l fljeo%

Kq tbl abkvkatlv hkqi mg ak~jtkc# tbl ak~jtkcjqt bkq em jhhkelet vlcktjme tmtjhl# bl jq emt ameqtjt|tld {|k abkvkatlv hkqi fz tjhl je tbl kz tbl~vmcltkvjkt jq dltlvhjeld fz tjhl tbl |ejtkvz qmajkccz kwlvkol tjhl mg kfqtvkat ckfm|v% Tbl ak~jtkcjqt jq kfmwl tjhl je tbl kz ak~jtkc jq tjhlclqq#ltlvekccz hltkhmv~bmqjeo je jtq vl~ltjtjwl gkqbjme mg qlcg(wkcmvjqktjme ked qlcg(dlwkcmvjqktjme "avjqjq*% Tbl ~vmcltkvjkt jq tbl lhfmdjhlet mg {|ketjgjld|eq~lajgja ckfm|v tjhl% Bjq vmcl je Ak~jtkc jq emt kfmwl tjhl f|t je tjhl

bl jq mg tbl mvdlv mg gjejt|dl# bleal acmqlv tm fljeo tbke tbl qlhfckeal mg jegjejt|dl lhfmdjld je ak~jtkc ked jtq ~lvqmejgjld kolet tbl ak~jtkcjqt% Tbjq fljeo je tjhl mg tbl ~vmcltkvjkt jq kemtblv kz mg qkzjeo tbkt tbl ~bzqjakc cjglked cjgl je ak~jtkc mg tbl ~vmcltkvjkt tled tm lwlv acmqlv jdletjtz% Tbl tjhl gmvbjq ~bzqjakc vl~vmd|atjme jq k {|ketjgjkfcl f|t wkvzjeo gvkatjme mg tbl tjhl blqlvwlq ak~jtkc tbl vlhkjedlv jq ovktjq tjhl je bjab wkc|l kvjqlq% Bjq cjgl(tjhl jq k g|eatjme mg bjq gmvhkc {|ketjgjld tjhl gmv ak~jtkc% Bleal# tblak~jtkcjqt gllcq gvll ked k|tbletja je bjq ~lvqmejgjaktjme mg tbl jhhmvtkcjtz mg ak~jtkc# jtq kfqmc|tl qlhfckeal mg ltlvekc vlt|ve mv jcc "je Ejltpqablq qleql*%


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lv kvtle bkt kcq djl Olvflvlj% "Hkvr# Dkq Ik~jtkc# HL_ 61# m~% ajt%# ~%;:;*YBl# bm flgmvl kq tbl hmelz(m elv# em qtvjdlq gmv kvd kq ak~jtkcjqt9 tbl~mqqlqqmv mg ckfm|v(~m lv gmccm q kq bjq ckfm|vlv% Tbl mel jtb ke kjv mg jh~mvtkeal# qhjvijeo# jetlet me f|qjelqq9 tbl mtblv tjhjd ked bmcdjeo fkai#cjil mel bm jq fvjeojeo bjq m e bjdl tm hkvilt ked bkq emtbjeo tm lr~lat f|tk bjdjeo%# Ikvc Hkvr# Ak~jtkc Wmc% J# tvkeqcktld gvmh tbl tbjvd Olvhkeldjtjme fz Qkh|lc Hmmvl ked Ld kvd Kwlcjeo# ldjtld fz Gvldlvjai Leolcq#El Zmvi# ;:7?# ~% ;?7X

Kwlvkol ckfm|v(tjhl tbm|ob kq k {|kqj(l~jtblt mg tbl ~vmcltkvjkt jq emt djvlatcz "jhhldjktlcz* tbl fjmcmojakc tlh~mvkcjtz mg tbl jedjwjd|kc Dkqlje bm jq k mvilv%Tbl ckfm|v(tjhl mg tbl qmajkc fmdz jq jegjejtl jt jq tbl tjhl mg tbl q~lajlq%Emt tbl jedjwjd|kc cjgltjhl jq tbl hlkq|vl mg wkc|l "emv tbl vl~vmd|atjme mg qkjd cjgltjhl* f|t tbl tmtkc kwlvkol cjgltjhl mg tbl q~lajlq jeqmgkv kq jt jqkwkjckfcl kq kwlvkol qmajkc ckfm|v gmv ak~jtkc% Tbl qmajkc fmdz em ked tmamhl f|t kcqm tbl ~kqt je tbl gmvh mg dlkd ckfm|v jq tbl jegjejt|dl mg gjejtl

fljeoq tm fl qlt kokjeqt tbl jegjejt|dl mg tbl kaa|h|cktjme mg ak~jtkc% Tblqjeo|ckv hlhflv mg tbjq jegjejtl qlt mg gjejtl fljeoq jq ~vlajqlcz emt ameqajm|qmg bjq m e dlktb je tbl hkqq mg tbl q~lajlq(tjhl% Tblvl jq em fljeo(tm kvdq(dlktb mg tbl q~lajlq% Tbl q~lajlq dmlq emt djl# akeemt djl emt kq cmeo kq jt jqelldld fz ak~jtkc%Tbl tlh~mvkc |ejt# bjab Hkvr lh~bkqjplq# jq emt tbl cjgltjhl mg "olelvja*kfqtvkat ckfm|v "tbl mvilv kq ~lvqmejgjld tjhl* jt jq tbl mvijeodkz%

Lkab dkz# tbl mvilv h|qt fl kfcl tm vl~clejqb bjq lr~ledld lelvoz h|qaclq# fvkje# elvwlq lta tm fl kfcl tm om me tbl gmccm jeo dkz% Bjq tjhl jqemt tbl tjhl(tm kvd(dlktb bl bkq cjttcl m~~mvt|ejtz tm fl amealveld jtbtbkt jt jq tbl tjhl tm kvdq tmhmvvm ked kcc tbl mtblv tmhmvvm q% Jt jq ktjhl mg qlcg(~vlqlvwktjme f|t emt gmv qlcg gmv ak~jtkc% Tbl qlcg mg kfqtvkatckfm|v# mv lhfmdjld kfqtvkat ckfm|v jq emt vlkccz qlcg mecz tbl kvhkt|vl mv~bketmh mg k qlcg% Bm ake mel iem "vlamoejpl* melq m e tjhl ble jt jqhlvlcz dlwmcwld jetm tbl qmajkc kwlvkol je mtblv mvdq k qtktjqtja# k e|hflv=


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Tbl kwlvkol qmajkc tjhl jq tbl q|fqtkeal# tbl lqqleal tbl cjgltjhl mg tbljedjwjd|kc jq k~~lkvkeal# ametjeoleaz# kaajdlet%

Tbl tjhl mg ~vmd|atjme mv kwlvkol qmajkc tjhl tbl qmajkccz kwlvkol ckfm|vtjhl jh~cjlq kt clkqt t m ijedq mg {|ketjtktjwl vld|atjme mg b|hke tjhl%Hkvr lh~bkqjplq tbkt kfqtvkat ckfm|v jq hlkq|vld ked bkq jtq hkoejt|dl jetbl tjhl mg qjh~cl ckfm|v dlwmjd mg kez ~kvtja|ckv {|kcjtjlq ( gmv jeqtkealckfm|v qijccq% Tbjq jq tbl jewletjme mg ak~jtkcjqh kq tbl qmajkc tmtkcjtz% Jekddjtjme# fljeo lrabkeol wkc|l# tbl amhhmdjtjlq kvl hkdl l{|jwkclet tm melkemtblv lq~lajkccz je tbljv kcc fljeo lr~vlqqld je tlvhq mg tbl olelvkcl{|jwkclet hmelz "tbl ovlkt clwlcclv*# bleal tbl ckfm|v tjhl lr~ledld jetbljv ~vmd|atjme h|qt kcqm fl {|ketjtktjwlcz l{|jwkclet%

Tbl kjh gmv ak~jtkc jq tbkt tbl tjhl kfqtvkat ckfm|v q~ledq je ~vmd|atjmelkvejeo tbl hlkeq mg q|fqjqtleal qbm|cd jtqlcg djhjejqb clkdjeo tm hmvl kedhmvl djq~mqkfcl tjhl gmv ak~jtkc% Djq~mqkfcl tjhl "tjhl vlokjeld* jq jtqlcg vljgjld jt flamhlq k amhhmdjtz# je jtq t|ve vk hktlvjkc "|ql wkc|l* gmvwkvjld el ~vmd|atq bjab jh~mql tblhqlcwlq me tbl hkvilt kq |qlq mg

qmajkccz mvokejpld tjhl% "O|z Dlfmvd# Qmajltz mg tbl Q~latkacl# Dltvmjt# ;:21#~% ;


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6 ( K~vjc ;2?;# ? Y;


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6:

Hkvr tbm|ob ak~jtkc jq k wlvz qtvkeol qmvt mg q|f`lat kq bl vjtlq je tblOv|edvjqql ak~jtkc jq kt kcc tjhlq je jtq ~vmalqq mg wkcmvjqktjme tbl eloktjme mg jtqlcg kq tbl mwlvkcc q|f`lat mg tbl hmwlhlet# bjab Hkvr hmqt gvl{|letcz akccqajva|cktjme% Dkq Ik~jtkc kflv jqt kcq Q|f`lit dlv Pjvi|cktjme9 djl Pjvi|cktjmekcq qlje ljoelv Clfleqck|g olqltpt% "* Dkq Ik~jtkc jqt dkblv je `ldlvflqmedvle ^bkql djl Eloktjme qljelv kcq dlq Q|f`litq dlv wlvqabjldele_kedc|eole% YAk~jtkc jq kq tbl q|f`lat mg ajva|cktjme9 ~vlqletld je ajva|cktjme jtb jtq m ecjgl azacl% "* Ak~jtkc jq tb|q je lkab q~lajkc ~bkql "mg ajva|cktjme qh* tbleloktjme mg jtqlcg kq tbl q|f`lat mg tbl wkvjm|q tvkeqgmvhktjmeq%"Hkvr# Ov|edvjqql# m~% ajt% ~%


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1>

tbl gmvh je t|ve mg hmelz ked mg amhhhmdjtjlq# jt abkeolq jtq m e hkoejt|dl#kedtb|q wkcmvjplq jtlcg%Gmv tbl hmwlhlet je tbl am|vql mg bjab jt kddq q|v~c|q(wkc|l jqjtq m e hmwlhlet# jtq wkcmvjpktjme jq tblvlgmvl qlcg(wkcmvjpktjme%YWXkc|l q|ddlecz ~vlqletq jtqlcg kq kqlcg(hmwjeo q|fqtkeal bjab ~kqqlq tbvm|ob k ~vmalqq mg jtq m e#

ked gmv bjab tbl amhhmdjtz ked hmelz kvl fmtb hlvl gmvhq%Hkvr# tble# lr~cjajtcz abkvkatlvjplq ak~jtkc kq tbl qlcg(hmwjeo q|fqtkeal bjabjq Q|f`lat% Je qm dmjeo# Hkvr q|oolqtq tbkt k bjqtmvjakc Q|f`lat je tbl Blolcjkeqleql dmlq jedlld lrjqt je ak~jtkcjqh# zlt bl dmlq emt jdletjgz jt jtb kez qmajkcovm|~jeo# q|ab kq tbl ~vmcltkvjkt# mv jtb b|hkejtz% Vktblv# Hkvr kekczplq jtje tlvhq mg tbl qtv|at|vl mg qmajkc vlcktjmeq ameqtjt|tld fz gmvhq mg mf`latjgzjeo~vkatjal ked ovkq~ld fz tbl aktlomvz mg ak~jtkc "ked# bleal# wkc|l*% "* tblz

~mqqlqq tbl kttvjf|tlq tbkt Blolc kaamvdld tblOljqt % Jt jq je tbjq qleql# tble#tbkt k bjqtmvjakc Q|f`lat kq amealjwld fz Blolc lrjqtq je ak~jtkcjqh% "Hmjqbl^mqtmel# Tjhl# Ckfmv ked Qmajkc Dmhjektjme# Akhfvjdol# 6>>1# ~% ?


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1;

bjqtmvz jtqlcg% _bkt k~~lkvq tbl mvcd mwlv kq tblqkhl dkz jq tbl tjhl mg lamemhja ~vmd|atjme a|t |~ jetm l{|kc kfqtvkat gvkohletq% \ejgjldjvvlwlvqjfcl tjhl jq tbl tjhl mg tbl mvcd hkvilt ked# kq k amvmcckvz# mg tbl mvcd q~latkacl% "O|z Dlfmvd# Qmajltz mg tbl Q~latkacl# Fckai ' Vld# Dltvmjt#;:21*Jvvlwlvqjfcl bjqtmvz bk|etq tbl azacjakc cjgl(kat" Clfleqkit * mg Ak~jtkc kq jtqmtblv ~vlqlet# jtq q~latkacl%

Tbl tblhl mg fljeo mg bk|etjeo tbl ~vlqlet jq tbl |eabkeojeo ltlvekcazacl mg ak~jtkc blvlfz ~vlqlet bkq em hlkejeo% Jg tblvl jq mecz ~vlqlet tble~vlqlet djqk~~lkvq% Bjqtmvz jq tbl qbkdm mg tbkt ltlvekc eme(~vlqlet ~vlqlet%Bjqtmvz bjab qllhq tm fl tbl hmqt ameavltl mg kcc jq vlcloktld tm k elocjojfcl wk~mvm|q tvkjc mg tbl {|kqj(fjmcmojakc zlt |edzjeo mvokejqh "mvokeja azacl* mg ak~jtkc%"_bktlwlv dmlq emt flcmeo tm kez tlh~mvkc dltlvhjektjme jq tvkeqaledletkc# flak|ql jt qljplq ~mqqlqqjme mg kcc tjhlq% Q|ab kq qje "Ijlvilokkvd*# dlakz "letvm~z*# mv tbl kaajdlet= Jq jt ~mqqjfcl tm vkjql tbl tlh~mvkc jtqlcg tm tbl~m lv mg tbl tvkeqaledletkc= Tm tvkeqaledletkcjpl tjhl=*

Ak~jtkc tvkeqgmvhq jtqlcg je tbl ajva|ckv hmwlhlet mg jtq ajva|cktjeo qlcg je jtq wkvjm|q ~bkqlq mg hmelz# amhhmdjtz# ~vmd|atjme ~vmalqq# hmvl hmelz# je tblhkvilt# je tbl ajva|cktjme# kq vlet mv jetlvlqt flkvjeo ak~jtkc# kq avldjt mvgjekeal kt kez q~lajgja hmhlet kc kzq tbkt bjab jt jq emt kq tbl q|f`lat mg tbl bmcl% Jg jt lvl tm fl bkt jt jq# jt m|cd alkql tm fl je jtq m e ledclqq~vmalqq mg wkcmvjqktjme hlkejeo jt m|cd alkql tm fl kt kcc% Bleal jt jqtlh~mvkc mecz je k gmvhkc qleql jt ake elwlv fl bjqtmvjakc%

Je kcc tbl |ejtkvz tjhl mg ak~jtkc tblvl jq emt mel ktmh mg bjqtmvz% Eljtblv akemel gjed# kq ^mqtmel ackjhq# ke jhhkelet cmoja mg bjqtmvz je jtq kcjlektldgmvh mg qmajkc vlcktjmeq% "Hmjqbl ^mqtmel# Tjhl# Ckfmv ked QmajkcDmhjektjme# Akhfvjdol \ejwlvqjtz ^vlqq# 6>>1# ~% 6?>* Je kemtblv ~kqqkol^mqtmel qllhq tm vltvlkt gvmh tbjq ackjh ajtjeo Hkvrq kekczqjq blvlfz tbl ak~jtkc gmvh mg qmajkc vlcktjmeq "*jq fcjed# ~vmalqq|kc# ked {|kqj(

mvokeja% "jfjd%* Ak~jtkc tble jq k gmvh mg qlamed ekt|vl tbl {|kqj(mvokeja


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16

kq q|ab jt akeemt ameqtjt|tl ke jhhkelet cmoja mg bjqtmvz vktblv jt jqjtqlcg ~mqjtld fz bjqtmvz# emt je jtqlcg bjqtmvjakc mv q|qal~tjfcl tm qlcg(tvkeqgmvhktjme je vlkatjme tm lwletq% Jt jq k ~kvkqjtl mg lwletq ked kq q|abkfqmc|tl qlhfckeal% _ble Hkvr vlglvq tm bjqtmvz je vlcktjme tm ak~jtkc blq~lkiq mg k ekt|vkc bjqtmvjakc ~vmalqq k hmwlhlet mg tbl ekt|vkc mvcd gmv bjab bl bkq djqamwlvld tbl olelvkc gmvhq%F|t ^mqtmel jcc kokje kttlh~t tm vlqa|l tbl bjqtmvjakc dzekhja mg ak~jtkc# jtqqm(akccld jhhkelet bjqtmvjakc cmoja bjab bl qllhq qm lkolv tm lqtkfcjqb%Dlq~jtl jtq fcjedelqq ak~jtkc jq kt tbl qkhl tjhl# wkc|l qmhlbm tbl hmvlemfcl ~kvt mg ak~jtkc gmv ^mqtmel ked wkc|l "*jq# kq l qbkcc qll# k aktlomvz mg lggjajleaz# vktjmekcjpktjme# ked meomjeo tvkeqgmvhktjme% Wkc|l jq k aktlomvz mg k djvlatjmekccz dzekhja tmtkcjtz% "^mqtmel# m~% ajt%# ~% 6?6*

Hkvr dlgjelq wkc|l je tbl gjvqt abk~tlv mg Dkq Ik~jtkc kq bkwjeo kq jtqq|fqtkeal kfqtvkat b|hke ckfm|v# bmql hlkq|vl je t|ve jq tbl tjhl mg ckfm|v% Kfqtvkat b|hke ckfm|v vl~vlqletq k h|ctj~cl amh~clr ~vmalqq mg vld|atjme ked {|ketjgjaktjme mg b|hke katjwjtz% Kfqtvkat ckfm|v jq gjvqt mg kcctbl hmqt qjh~cl gmvh mg ckfm|v mv ckfm|v je jtq qjh~cl gmvh tbjq jq mg am|vql

ke jdlkc mg qjh~cjgjaktjme% Hkvr q|oolqtq mtblv kzq mg dltlvhjejeo tbjqqjh~cjgjaktjme jt jq kcqm ke kwlvkol f|t emt `|qt kez kwlvkol# jt jq kwlvkolqmajkc ckfm|v dltlvhjeld fz tbl kwlvkol ~vmd|atjwjtz kt kez ojwle tjhl je tblqmajkc fmdz kcjkq ak~jtkcjqt qmajltz% Hkvr dmlq emt dlqavjfl tbl lrkat kz q|abk qmajkc kwlvkol jq ameqtv|atld emt je tbjq abk~tlv jtq m~lvktjme jq hlvlcz kqq|hld% Tbl qmajkc kwlvkol jq ke jedlgjejtl |eiem e hlkeq mg {|ketjgzjeockfm|v# bjab tmoltblv jtb tbl k~~kvlet wjqjfcl kfqtvkatjme mg tbl hlkq|vl

mg tjhl dltlvhjel tbl wkc|l ~vmd|ald fz kfqtvkat b|hke ckfm|v% Tbjq ckfm|vtb|q jq emt tbl clkqt {|kcjgjld emv jq jt tbl hmqt {|kcjgjld jt jq ke kwlvkol%"Tbl ~vmalqq mg ~vmcltkvjqktjme dlqavjfld fz Hkvr kq mvjojekc kaa|h|cktjme kq je hmqt akqlq k dlovkdjeo mg tbl qijccq mg ckfm|vlvq tbl tvkeqglv mg tblqlqijccq tm tbl hmvl lggjajlet hkabjel gmv tbl ~|v~mql mg ablk~lv ~vmd|atjme mg ckvolv {|ketjtjlq mg amhhmdjtjlq jvvlokvdclqq mg tbljv {|kcjtz%* Kwlvkolqmajkc tjhl# tbl amh~mqjtl mg tblql wkvjm|q ~vmalqqlq mg vld|atjme mv ckzjeo fkvl mg ckfm|v# jq emt ~|vl {|ketjtz kctbm|ob jt jq k hlkq|vl mg qtkedkvdjqktjme% Wkc|l jq hlkq|vld fz tbl qjh~cl d|vktjme mg ckfm|v(tjhl


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vl{|jvld gmv jtq ~vmd|atjme kq k g|eatjme mg tbl qtkedkvd khm|et mg tjhlelldld gmv tbjq kat je k ojwle qmajltz kaamvdjeo tm jtq kwlvkol clwlc mg ~vmd|atjwjtz% Tbjq qtkedkvd mg kwlvkol qmajkc ckfm|v jq k bzfvjd mg a|ct|vkc#qmajkc ked tlabemcmojakc ~kvkhltlvq jtqlcg k hmdlc mg vljgjld tjhl% Kez qzqtlh fkqld me ke kwlvkol clwlc mg ~vmd|atjwjtz# kq jq tbl akql jeak~jtkcjqh# ake bkvdcz fl qkjd tm fl k djvlatjmekccz dzekhja tmtkcjtz kq^mqtmel kvo|lq% Me tbl ametvkvz# mel mg tbl ~la|cjkv jeelv ametvkdjatjmeq mg ak~jtkcjqh jq jtq ~lvqjqtlet kjh tm vlqt kt k ~cktlk| tbl kwlvkol tm hmwlgvmh |evlqt tm vlqt k~~vmrjhktjeo hmvl bkt Fle`khje vlglvq tm kq k Djkclitji dlq Qtjccqtkedq "djkclatja mg qtkoektjme* tbke k dzekhja tledleaz%

^bzqjajqtq qt|dzjeo ajtjlq ked amv~mvktjmeq bkwl vlaletcz amegjvhld tbl qkhltledleaz mg qtkoektjme dlq~jtl dzekhja k~~lkvkealq gvmh k qtktjqtjakchktblhktjakc ~lvq~latjwl% Amv~mvktjmeq kvl gllfcl tbjq jq ak~jtkc tblz bkwl k cmeolwjtz mg kfm|t 4>( zlkvq% Ajtjlq kvl jedlqtv|atjfcl tbjq jqbjqtmvz tbl tlvvkje mg tbl h|ctjt|dl% Ajtjlq kvl k hmvl cjilcz q|f`lat mg bjqtmvz% Ajtjeo tbl mvi mg Flttleam|vt ked _lqt# @mekb Clbvlv vjtlq je tblEl Zmvi Tjhlq mg ;?tb Dlalhflv 6>;>0 Kt gjvqt ockeal# ajtjlq ked amh~kejlq

cmmi wlvz qjhjckv% Tblzvl fmtb ckvol koocmhlvktjmeq mg ~lm~cl# jetlvkatjeo je k lcc(dlgjeld ~bzqjakc q~kal% Tblz ametkje jegvkqtv|at|vl ked b|hke ak~jtkc9tbl hkzmv jq cjil k A%L%M% F|t jt t|veq m|t tbkt ajtjlq ked amh~kejlq djgglv je k wlvz g|edkhletkc vlokvd0 ajtjlq kchmqt elwlv djl# bjcl amh~kejlq kvllrtvlhlcz l~blhlvkc% Kq _lqt emtlq# B|vvjakel Iktvjek am|cdet j~l m|tEl Mvclkeq# ked k e|aclkv fmhf djd emt lvkql Bjvmqbjhk gvmh tbl hk~% Jeametvkqt# blvl kvl ^ke Kh ked Levme tmdkz= Tbl hmdlve amv~mvktjme bkq ke

kwlvkol cjgl q~ke mg 4> tm zlkvq%Tbjq vkjqlq tbl mfwjm|q {|lqtjme0 _bz kvl amv~mvktjmeq qm gclltjeo= Kgtlv f|zjeo dktk me hmvl tbke 61#>>> ~|fcjacz tvkdld amh~kejlq# Flttleam|vt ked _lqt djqamwlvld tbkt amv~mvktl ~vmd|atjwjtz# |ecjil |vfke ~vmd|atjwjtz# kqletjvlcz q|fcjelkv% Kq tbl e|hflv mg lh~cmzllq ovm q# tbl khm|et mg ~vmgjt~lv lh~cmzll qbvjeiq% _lqt oltq ojddz ble bl qbm q hl tbl cjelkvvlovlqqjme abkvtq% Cmmi kt tbjq fcmmdz ~cmt# bl qkzq% Jtq vjdja|cm|q bm lcctbl ~mjetq cjel |~% Tbl ovk~b vlgclatq tbl fclki vlkcjtz mg amv~mvktl ovm tb# je bjab lggjajleajlq mg qakcl kvl kchmqt kc kzq m|t ljobld fz tbl f|vdleq mg


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14

f|vlk|avkaz% _ble k amh~kez qtkvtq m|t# jtq kcc kfm|t tbl el jdlk# _lqtqkzq% Ked tble# jg tbl amh~kez oltq c|aiz# tbl jdlk tkilq mgg% Lwlvzfmdz jqbk~~z ked vjab% F|t tble hkekolhlet qtkvtq mvvzjeo kfm|t tbl fmttmh cjel#ked qm kcc tblql ~lm~cl kvl bjvld tm ill~ tvkai mg tbl ~k~lv acj~q% Tbjq jq tbl flojeejeo mg tbl led%Tbl dkeolv# _lqt qkzq# jq tbkt tbl jelwjtkfcl dlacjel je ~vmgjt ~lv lh~cmzllhkilq ckvol amh~kejlq jeavlkqjeocz w|celvkfcl tm hkvilt wmcktjcjtz% Qjeal tblamh~kez em bkq tm q|~~mvt ke lr~leqjwl qtkgg mwlvblkd amqtq jeavlkql jtb qjpl lwle k hjemv djqt|vfkeal ake clkd tm qjoejgjaket cmqqlq% Kq _lqt~|tq jt# Amh~kejlq kvl ijccld fz tbljv elld tm ill~ me olttjeo fjoolv% "@mekb Clbvlv# K ^bzqjajqt Qmcwlq tbl Ajtz# El Zmvi Tjhlq# Dlalhflv ;?#6>;># mecjel*

Jt qllhq tbl ~bzqjajqtq gjedjeoq kvl k hktblhktjakc labm mg Hkvrq djqa|qqjmeje Wmc|hl 1 mg Ak~jtkc mg tbl tledleaz mg tbl vktl mg ~vmgjt tm gkcc"Kq tbl e|hflv mg lh~cmzllq ovm q# tbl khm|et mg ~vmgjt ~lv lh~cmzllqbvjeiq%* kq kc kzq kaamh~kejld fz tbl jvvlqjqtjfcl qlcg(dlqtv|atjwl elld mg ak~jtkc tm amealetvktl je lwlv(ovlktlv ameocmhlvktjmeq " Amh~kejlq kvl

ijccld fz tbljv elld tm ill~ me olttjeo fjoolv% * Mdd tbkt _lqt ~vlqletq bjqgjedjeoq kq jg em mel bkd lwlv djqamwlvld tblql ck q mg ak~jtkc flgmvl%

Tblql cmmhjeo lclhletq mg tbl jelc|atkfcl ked vla|vvjeo avjqjq mg ak~jtkc tbltledleaz mg tbl vktl mg ~vmgjt tm gkcc ked ak~jtkcq gktkc dvjwl tm kvdq |ecjhjtldamealetvktjme ( fmtb |ttlv am|etlv(hmwlhletq tm kez dzekhja mg vktjmekclggjajleaz kvl djqhjqqld fz ^mqtmel kq q|vgkal ~blemhlek mg ak~jtkc% "qll

Tjhl# Ckfmv# ked Qmajkc Dmhjektjme# m~% ajt%# ~kol 1;; emtl ;


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1;> Kcc vjobtq vlqlvwld

^|fcjqbld je Gk|qt qlvjlq M~|q :0 62 tb Dlalhflv 6>;>

the undecidability of capital

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