the trigger
DESCRIPTION
The Trigger. htinaung. “ to teach is to learn” htinaung. Tell me and I’ll forget Show me and I may remember Involve me and I’ll understand Chinese proverb. Vision and Mission ( of a Medical School ). Produce practitioners who are - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Trigger
htinaung
![Page 2: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
“ to teach is to learn” htinaung
![Page 3: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Tell me and I’ll forgetShow me and I may rememberInvolve me and I’ll understand
Chinese proverb
![Page 4: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Vision and Mission(of a Medical School)
Produce practitioners who are•analytical•demonstrate critical thinking •possess problem -solving
skills
in the clinical setting
![Page 5: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DEFINITION 1
• A trigger is the starting point of problem-based learning
• Usually in the form of 5 – 6 text lines that provide key information about the main character
• Includes 3 to 4 presenting problems
• A lot of programs include a visual trigger
![Page 7: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
DEFINITION 2
Description of a phenomenon
Prepared by a team of teachers
Directs learning activities
![Page 8: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
TYPES of Triggers
• Visual trigger
• Single image
• Series of images
• Video clip
• Patient’s investigation results
• Or …. even a cartoon
![Page 9: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Video Trigger
![Page 10: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Objectives of a trigger
• Introduces problem
• Enhances observation skills
• Stimulates to ask questions
• Allows to develop an enquiry plan
• Provides new information to add to the cues obtained from trigger text
• Allows learners to manage complexities and behave like real practitioners.
![Page 11: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Functions of a trigger
• Raises issues for new learning
• Stimulates group discussions
• Provides opportunities to be actively involved
• Demands appropriate feed back from teachers
• Demands corrective assistance from teachers
![Page 12: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
GUIDELINES• Problem revolves around something that
will pose a problem to a practitioner. • As realistic as possible, the kinds of
problems that students would encounter in real life
• Problem format is sequential• Emphasize aspects of basic and clinical
science• Contains a tutor/facilitator guide
![Page 13: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
MOTIVATIONAL PROBLEM
CRITERIA Introductory Advanced
1 Educational goals clearly stated independence
2 Background info one source many sources
3 Setting details stated omitted
4 Problem summarize not stated
5 Content focus/detail general
6 Resource self-contained key concepts
7 Presentation tight/specific vocabulary
fluid
![Page 14: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Throughout the sequence the problems need to support the shift to this last phase where the problems are more complex and relate strongly to interrelations between basic concepts in the field of study
![Page 21: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
My head is Like a ton of bricks!
Part 1
A 35 year old man was brought to the hospital by family members in a drowsy state. According to the brother, the patient was having severe headache, vomiting and fever for one week, and which had progressively worsened.
Hypotheses / problem/ differential diagnoses1. 2.3
Students’ copy
Let’s see if this trigger conforms to the guidelines:
![Page 22: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
pose a problem to a practitioner. realistic to real life format sequential emphasis on aspects of basic
and clinical science
![Page 23: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
My head is like a ton of bricks!
Part 1A 35 year old man was brought to the hospital by family members in a drowsy state. According to the brother, the patient was having severe headache, vomiting and fever for one week, and which had progressively worsened.
Hypotheses/ problems/ differential diagnoses Severe headache and vomiting caused by
1. infections (abscess, encephalitis, meningitis, subdural empyema)2. brain tumour (SOL)3. intracranial haemorrhage4.cerebral oedema
N.B. Other causes presenting with vomiting and headache but which would not fit the picture of fever and drowsiness are severe hypertension/giant cell arteritis; tension headache or migraine; hydrocephalus.
![Page 25: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Part 2He has a history of chronic sinusitis.
On examination, he was drowsy.
Urgent investigations: The total white cell count was 20,000/ uL Differential count of 85 % neutrophilsSerum C reactive protein was raised.
Emergency CT scan of the brain shows low-signal intensity centrally, suggestive of the presence of fluid, surrounded by an enhancement ring, beyond which extends an area of low-signal that indicates oedema.
The diagnosis was further confirmed by MRI.
Empirical antimicrobial therapy was initiated and further management options were discussed with his family members.
![Page 26: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Refine the hypothesis
Neutrophilic leucocytosis indicates acute intracranial infection The intracranial infection might have been transmitted from chronic sinusitis and the alcoholism might have caused lack of immunity/ hyponutrition/lack of attention or medical care at the early infective stages.
What is the final hypothesis?
A space-occupying lesion, fluid in nature; probably a brain abscess.
Concept
A brain abscess due to an extension of a previous sinus infection or dental infection can present as a space-occupying lesion (SOL) with increased intracranial pressure and must be managed as a medical emergency. [ However, raised ICP can also be a surgical emergency as in cases of head injury or hydrocephalus]
![Page 27: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Learning Objectives
Basic Sciences1. Recapitulate the causes of vomiting and headache.2. Describe the anatomical structures associated with transmission of infection from the paranasal sinuses to the cranial cavity. 3. Explain the mechanisms which maintain the intracranial pressure within a narrow range4. Explain why an increase in brain volume or intraventricular spaces cause a rise in ICP.5. Outline the formation, circulation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid. 6. Outline the causes of SOL / increased intracranial pressure.7. Explain the basis of the clinical presentations of raised intracranial pressure.8. Outline the management of a case of raised intracranial pressure. 9. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and complications of
brain abscess.
![Page 28: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Community Medicine1. Outline the epidemiology and prevention of brain abscess.
Ethics1.Recapitulate the clinical testing for level of consciousness2. Resuscitation. Patient’s will [issues of DNR] 3. Definition of brain death 4. Discuss the ethical issues regarding invasive procedures
Behavioural science1. Communiucation skills 2. Breaking bad news
Evidence-based medicine (EBM)Choice of drugs in brain abscess
![Page 29: The Trigger](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/568135f4550346895d9d66e6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
kye-zu tin bar de