the survey as basis for documentation of cultural heritage

THE SURVEY AS BASIS FOR DOCUMENTATION OF CULTURAL

HERITAGE

PROF. LAURA BARATINUniversità degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”

Dr. DANIELA PELOSOArch. MICHELE CURUNI

The The surveysurvey open system of open system of knowledgeknowledge

• The first level for the preservationand conservation is knowledge

• Knowledge means in each case todocument

• The documentation is an essentialsupport for the protection of cultural heritage

The The surveysurvey open system of open system of knowledgeknowledge

The The surveysurvey of of eacheach body body architecturearchitecturemustmust bebe designeddesigned so so thatthat itit can can bebetransformedtransformed intointo anan informationinformation

system system WithinWithin the the informationinformation system system willwillputput the the variousvarious informationinformation thatthat

can can bebe accumulatedaccumulated in in recentrecent timestimesin in differentdifferent formsforms

The The knowledgeknowledge•• The The geometric modelgeometric model –– The architectural surveyThe architectural survey•• The The iconic modeliconic model -- as analysis of the composition as analysis of the composition

of space and how overview of its volume and its of space and how overview of its volume and its spacesspaces

•• The The distributiondistribution modelmodel -- suchsuch asas analysisanalysis of of routesroutes spacesspaces of of theirtheir distributiondistribution and and theirtheir useuse

•• The The model model constructiveconstructive -- likelike technicaltechnical analysisanalysisof the of the partiesparties and and structuralstructural buildingbuilding

•• TheThe model of the state of model of the state of conservationconservation asasanalysisanalysis of of changeschanges and and degradationdegradation

Palazzo Palazzo PepoliPepoli CampograndeCampogrande -- BolognaBolognaSurveySurvey geometricalgeometrical formalformal

N

S

E

O

6.04

5.94

4.03

6.50

8.14

8.01

6.69

2.37

1.13

4.3 8

3.94

3.95

5.89

5.90

1.30

7.99

7.73

6.87

6.94

14.61

13.6

9

11.9

9

55.8

7

35.0

6

H. 3

.90

17.72

9.59

H. 3

.70

2.72

10.70

10.76

8.05

7.95

11.03

10.51

8.16

7.97

7.24

1.34

7.52

1.341.34

7.65

8.86

9.44

7.63

5.86

7.85

7.60

7.06

7.06

H. 2.46

5.03

1.22

6.79

0.23

2.99

3.70

H. 3

.70

2.76

H. 7

.00

5.81

4.21

3.9 1

1.71

H. 5.30

1.62

2.60

H. 4.59ASCENSORE

H. 3.13

H. 2.45

5.19 6.74

2.90 5.27

5.13

5.69

4.36

3.54

H. 3

.91

H. 9.30

H. 5.80

3.75H.318

2.78

6.53

4.00

PIANO H. 5.61

5.23

2.89

2.641.40

12.23

12.09

8.73

9.12

2.741.28

12.33

11.45

7.70

7.73

7.47

SOTTOSCALA

1.85

8.24

9.72

2.70

1.46

2.78

H.3.82

H. 3

.70

2.73

1.32

1.16

2.53

1.26

8.28

CON SOPPALCO

8.93

BOTTE H. 3.12

1.84

H. 2.84

4.82

3.52

H. 5.80

2.56

1.25

1.50

2.38

1.06

H. 5.38

1.30

4.23

1.11

2.51

1.31

4.3 7

1.50

6.46

6.34

5.11

5.01

4.0 9

3.76

CORTE

2.74

11.51

11.76

8.21

8.62

1.30

8.63

3.51

RA

MPA

CA

NT

INA

2.85

2.07

2 .19

H. 6.20

2.76

4.57

0.11

H. NON RILEVABILE

15.0

6

14. 8714.6

9

1 4.6

8

8.0 0

1.25

2.92

VELA H. 4.65

1.26

2.85

0.13

0.15

1.34

VIA CLAVATURE

N°

13 h

BOTTE

BOTTE

H. 6.20

H. 5.83 H. 5.58

H. 6.20

BOTTEH. 5.93

H. 5.95

VELA H. 4.90

N°

5 h

H. 2.79

N° 12 h

H. 4.65

0.52

H. 3.04

VELA H. 6.20

0.52

N° 5 h

N°

12 h

3.40

1.45

3.86

3.93

9.92

6.28

9.09

9.78

7.70

7.08

6.82

7 .37

10.31

10.19

1.38 1.

21

1.32 1.28 3.03 0.41 1.02 2.95

1.34

60.36

0.54

0.95

3.45

3.62

0.32

2.9 9

3.24

1.25

1.37

1.38

1.24

1.68

2.67

2.50

2.61

3.67

1.36

1.22

2.54 2.44

8.32

6.927.04

3.86

3.79

8.07

7.85 6.90

6.78

6.15

6.25

2.77

9.39

9.08

6.95

6.74

5.25

4.98

8.65

8.43

3.70

2.21

1.45

1.89

3.72 2.

83

2.79

2.15

0.43

3.6 1

3.6 9

2.24

2.28

4.27

1.19

2.77

1.63 2 .

10

0.95

6.20

1.47

2 .68

5.25

3 .04

6.6 6

4.96

11.26

13.08

3.40

3 .43

3.4 3

40. 5

9

7.95

11.75

11.78

3.31

3.29

14.23

14.24

6.04

6.0 4

5.17

5.19

8.01

7.91

8.32

8.35

6.06

5.75

5.71

5.05

4.8 9

5.0 1

4.14

7.11

7.07

2.2 6

3.2 0

2.06

1.6 02.38

1.2 4

5 .51

5.51

5.48

5 .39

7.61

7.86

3.40

5.43

3.5 9

3.8 6

4.68

2.52

2.49

1.45

1.3 1

3.56

5.60

11.98

10.631.21

13.01

13.43

1.551.55

2.01

1.83

2.64

0.75

0.75

0.8 1

1.301.29

8 .32

6.85

6.82

8.21

10.68

10.78

3.26

2.7 0

4.09

5.59

3.33

4.11

5.55

4 .33

3.72

5.634.28

3.65

6.00

2.60

3.19

3.65

3 .18

2.75

8.29

4.43

8 .28

4.33

2 .66

3.18

4.31

4.33

7.24 5.97

7.9 7

7.99

2.78

6 .39

2.83

6.3 9

15.1

1

14. 90

14.7

3

1 4.6

8

5.22

5.25

15.4 1

15.8

3

3.74

3.79

3.9 7

4.0 7

3 .98

1.58

11.9

4

9.17

2.49

2.342.07

1.05

1.12

2.75

3.72

4.6 9

3.64

2.48

6.7 2

4.08

3.70

3.0 5

4.09 4.09 4.09 4.12 4.05 4.05 4.02 4.05 4.05 4.11

4.16

1.231.241.26

36.27

11.6

6

16.453.5216.981.45

1.28

1.26

1.201.241.41 1.16

3.4 3

3 .33

3.13

2.503.74

1.500.62

3.26 1.301.29

10.2143.86

12.92

66.76

6.56

7.38

11.7

6

1.86

3.82

1.94

2 .11

1.03

2.77

0.69

0.66

A A

B

B

H. 5.30

H. 5.58

H. 6.30

H. 6.20H. 6.20

H. 6.30

H. 6.30

H. 6.30

H. 6.30H. 6.30

H. 6.30

H. 6.30

1.50

STALE DE' PEPOLI

VIA

CA

STIG

LIO

NE

VIA

DE

' TO

SCH

I

Università degli Studi di Bologna - Facoltà di Ingegneria - A.A. 1999/2000Corso di: Progetti per la Ristrutturazione ed il Risanamento Edilizio

Un Palazzo per la Cultura: Progetto per la Riqualificazione ed il Riuso di Palazzo Pepoli Nuovo in BolognaTesi di Laurea di: Giuseppe Addesso - Relatore: Chiar.mo Prof. Giampiero Cuppini

Tavole di Rilievo dello Stato di FattoPianta del Piano Terra - Scala 1:100Tav. 2


Un Palazzo per la Cultura: Progetto per la Riqualificazione ed il Riuso di Palazzo Pepoli Nuovo in BolognaTesi di Laurea di: Giuseppe Addesso - Relatore: Chiar.mo Prof. Giampiero Cuppini Tav. 9 Tavole di Rilievo dello Stato di Fatto

Prospetti - Scala 1:100

VIA CLAVATURE

VIA CASTIGLIONE

SCANTINATONON

RILEVATOCANALENON

RILEVATO

100,83

106,31

109,93

114,76

118,65

100,05 100,24100,43

96,93

106,94

112,45

115,80

119,38

120,73

123,26121,15



Tavole di Rilievo dello Stato di FattoSezione A-A - Scala 1:100

SEZIONE A-A

1.10

2.60

2.00

1.71

1.35

3.08

2.38

2.05

VIA CASTIGLIONE

2.55

0.80

2.39

1.04

1.90

1.061.30

1.29

2.32

1.03

2.40

1.30

2.16

VIA DE' TOSCHI STALE DE' PEPOLI

5.446.

155.02

1.46

2.91 2.75

4.15 2.

77

2.501.30

2.75

4.40

2.501.30

3.90

5.14

4.09

3.63 2.73

1.302.30

2.80

2.951.50

4.062.75

1.492.60



Tavole di Rilievo dello Stato di FattoAbaco delle Aperture - Scala 1:50

4.07

2.531.53

5.014.

924.

43

4.013.31

2.47

1.34

2.334.

54

3.823.12

1.44

4.65

1.35

3.98

2.38

1.20

2.794.78

1.34

1.50

2.65

3.96

2.56

1.44

2.06

VIA CLAVATURE

1.10

2.50

1.70

1.90

Palazzo Ducale di Palazzo Ducale di UrbaniaUrbaniaAbaco Abaco capitalscapitals

Palazzo Palazzo PepoliPepoli CampograndeCampogrande -- Bologna Bologna HistoricalHistorical EvolutionEvolution

Palazzo Palazzo PepoliPepoli CampograndeCampogrande –– BolognaBolognaHistoricalHistorical EvolutionEvolution

Palazzo Ducale di Palazzo Ducale di UrbaniaUrbaniaIconicIconic ModelModel

Palazzo Ducale di Palazzo Ducale di UrbaniaUrbaniaDistributionDistribution ModelModel

Palazzo Ducale di Palazzo Ducale di UrbaniaUrbaniaAnalysisAnalysis of the of the deteriorationdeterioration of the of the columnscolumns

• The relief requires the integrateduse of various procedures and documentation of measurement

• The objective is to arrive at a correct representation as well asmetrically exact object of study

TraditionalTraditional surveysurvey or direct or direct surveysurveyTraditional means Survey relief through

simple tools

InstrumentalInstrumental SurveySurvey

Instrumental survey means detectarchitecture with complex instruments:

•• TopographicalTopographical SurveySurvey•• PhotogrammetricalPhotogrammetrical SurveySurvey•• SurveySurvey usingusing 3D laser scanner3D laser scanner

TopographicalTopographical SurveySurvey

• The topographical survey is the preliminary phase of surveyactivities

• The topographical surveyserves to create a rigid cagearound the object

PhotogrammetricalPhotogrammetrical SurveySurvey

The photogrammetrical surveyis a measurement procedure that uses photographic imagesof an object for the purpose of obtaining the different 2D and 3D sizes

LASER SCANNER SURVEY

DATA ACQUISITION

A LASER SCANNER IS CONCEPTUALLY QUITE A SIMPLE INSTRUMENT: A LASER BEAM SCANS THE REAL OBJECT, THEN CREATES A MATHEMATICAL MOCK-UP COMPOSED OF A SET OF POINTS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO A REGULAR GRID WITH A KNOWN STEP SIZE

THIS GRID, KNOWN AS POINT CLOUD, IS A SET OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL COORDINATES IN A REFERENCE FRAME CONNECTED WITH THE INSTRUMENT

SCANNER SYSTEMS WORK AUTOMATICALLY, CAN GATHER HUNDREDS OF POINTS EACH SECOND, AND, ACCORDING TO THE EMPLOYED SENSOR, CAN ACTUALLY CREATE VIRTUAL COPIES OF REAL OBJECTS REGARDLESS OF THEIR SIZE

CLEARLY, THE SPEED OF DATA ACQUISITION AND THE BULK OF GATHERED DATA IN A SHORT TIME SPAN ARE THE MAIN FEATURES DEFINING THIS TECHNOLOGY AND SHOWING ITS GREAT POTENTIAL

1.1. Distance accuracy (+/Distance accuracy (+/-- 4mm)4mm)

2.2. Angular measurement (+/Angular measurement (+/-- 60 micro60 micro--radians)radians)

3.3. Intensity (based on the object reflection Intensity (based on the object reflection factor)factor)

MeasurementsMeasurements

Saved in the Data Base

Scanning speedScanning speed>1,000 pts/sec, max>1,000 pts/sec, max

Space between the points Space between the points up to 0.25mmup to 0.25mm

Laser propertyLaser property

Cyrax 2500

Safe for eyes “Class 2”

(USA)

origin mirror

laser direction

AccuracyAccuracy: 6 mm @ 50 m: 6 mm @ 50 m

PrecisionPrecision: 2 mm @ 50 m: 2 mm @ 50 m

Spot sizesSpot sizes: 6 mm @ 50 m: 6 mm @ 50 m

< 6mm < 6mm @ @ 50m50m

Spot Accuracy and SizesSpot Accuracy and Sizes


DATA ACQUISITION

THE KIND OF LASER SCANNERS THAT CAN SURVEY LARGE OBJECTS, AT A DISTANCE RANGING BETWEEN 10 AND 800 M, ARE THOSE THAT USE THE TIME-OF-FLIGHT (TOF) MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE

TOF SCANNERS CALCULATE THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL COORDINATES OF EACH POINT FROM THE MEASUREMENT OF THE EXPIRED TIME BETWEEN THE EMISSION OF THE LASER BEAM AND THE DETECTION OF THE RETURNING BEAM AFTER IT HIT THE OBJECT: THE INSTRUMENT CALCULATES THE POLAR COORDINATES TAKING THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE CENTRE OF THE INSTRUMENT AND THEPOINT, PLUS THE AZIMUTH AND ZENITH ANGLE OF THE EMITTED BEAM

THE LASER BEAM IS SENT TOWARDS THE OBJECT, THANKS TO ITS OPTICAL/MECHANIC POINTING SYSTEM, WHILE THE AZIMUTH AND ZENITH ANGLES ARE DISCRETELY CHANGED


DATA ACQUISITION

THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE INSTRUMENT, THAT DEFINE ITS QUALITY AND FUNCTIONALITY IN A GIVEN ENVIRONMENT, ARE THE FOLLOWING:

THE RANGE OF DISTANCES WITHIN WHICH THE SCANNER IS ABLE TO MEASURE THE OBJECT;

SCAN SPEED, USUALLY MEASURED IN POINTS PER SECONDS;

THE FIELD OF VIEW, I.E. THE ANGLE (IN DEGREES) THAT THE SCANNER CAN COVER WITH A SINGLE SCAN;

SINGLE POINT ACCURACY, I.E. THE PRECISION OF THE MEASURED COORDINATE, AND THE SPOT SIZE, DEFINING THE NARROWNESS OF THE LASER BEAM


DATA ACQUISITION

THE INSTRUMENT IS CONNECTED TO A LAPTOP PC FROM WHICH THE SCANNING OPERATIONS CAN BE SET UP AND CHECKED.

THIS SETUP HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF ALLOWING A REAL-TIME CHECK OF THE SCAN RESULTS


DATA ACQUISITION

A SCAN AND ITS DIGITAL PICTURE SHOT BY THE INTEGRATED DIGITAL CAMERA OF A LEICA HDS2500


POST PROCESSING

LASER SCANS QUITE OFTEN INCLUDE THE SURVEY OF UNWANTED OBJECTS, SUCH AS TREES, CARS, ELEMENTS ON THE BACKGROUND; THEREFORE WE MUST LIMIT THE CLOUD TO THE SURVEYED OBJECT, FOR A BETTER DISPLAY AND IN ORDER TO AVOID THE PROCESSING OF USELESS POINTS BY THE PC.ALL THESE UNWANTED ELEMENTS, THAT WE COMMONLY DEFINE AS NOISE, MUST OF COURSE BE MANUALLY REMOVED BY THE USER.

THE RAW CLOUD, AS FED FROM THE SCANNER INTO THE PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT, NEEDS MOST OF THE TIME TO BE “CLEANED”.


POST PROCESSING

1

2

AFTER NOISE SUBTRACTION, THE SCANS USUALLY ARE MERGED INTO ONE

THE REGISTRATION AND MERGE OF THE NUMEROUS SCANS TAKEN AT THE GGANTIJA SITE WAS UNDOUBTEDLY ONE OF THE MOST COMPLICATED STAGES OF THE WHOLE SURVEY CAMPAIGN, BOTH SINCE THE HIGH NUMBER OF SCANS AND THE UNIQUE MORPHOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF THE SITE.


POST PROCESSING

PICTURE OF THE OVERALL POINT MODEL OF THE BIG TEMPLE


POST PROCESSING

THE SURVEY IS GEO-REFERENCED TO THE NATIONAL REFERENCE SYSTEM


POST PROCESSING

THE NEXT PART OF THE POST PROCESSING STAGE IS THE ONE MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO THE FINAL DESIRED OUTCOME: USUALLY, ALMOST ALL OPERATIONS GO THROUGH THE GENERATION OF A TRIANGULATED SURFACE MODEL, CALLED MESH.A MESH IS AN APPROXIMATE DESCRIPTION OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE WITH A GRID OF TRIANGLES

the survey as basis for documentation of cultural heritage

Education