the surge of nationalism. nationalism… a strong feeling of devotion to one’s country this...

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The Surge of Nationalism

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Page 1: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

The Surge of Nationalism

Page 2: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Nationalism…

• A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country

• This feeling often develops among people who share a common language and heritage…

• In the 19th c. nationalism manifested itself in movements for unification and self-determination.

Page 3: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Nationalism changed the map of Europe created by the Congress of Vienna

• Led to the unification of the Italian-speaking and German-speaking people

• Led to the break-up of the Austrian and Ottoman empires

Page 4: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

The Unification of Italy…• .

Page 5: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Napoleon’s rule of Italy…

• Eliminated trade barriers among the different Italian states

• Roads were built to link various regions

• The Napoleonic code created a legal system of equality and justice

• Italian states were given constitutions and representative assemblies…

• A feeling of nationalism

Page 6: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

• The Carbonari- secret clubs in every state drawn mainly from the middle class and army officers…

Page 7: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Giuseppe Mazzini…The Soul of Italian Unification”

• As a liberal, he fought for a republic

• As a romantic, he believed a re-awakened and united Italy would usher in a new age of progress for all humanity

Page 8: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Mazzini’s Young Italy

• A secret organizanization

for Italian unification and the transformation of Europe into a brotherhood of free peoples.

• His enthusiasm and charisma attracted many young people to his cause.

Page 9: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Count Camillo Cavour-“The Brains of Italian Unification.”

Page 10: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Count Camillo Cavour-“The Brains of Italian Unification.”

• Domestic policies• Conspiracy with

France- Victory over Austria

• Acceptance of small, Italian states

Page 11: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Giuseppe Garibaldi “The Sword of Italian Unification.”

• In 1860, Garibaldi and 1,000 red-shirted patriots landed in Sicily to overthrow its Bourbon monarchy.

Page 12: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Garibaldi- a true Italian patriot…

• Garibaldi captured the hearts of the poor and illiterate in southern Italy.

• His army grew as he marched north towards Rome.

Page 13: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Garibaldi’s sacrifice…

Page 14: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

1861, The Kingdom of Italy: King Victor Emmanuel II

• Two regions remained outside the control of the new kingdom:

• Venetia (1866) • the city of Rome (1870)

Page 15: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

• Despite all the threats of Pope IX, the Italian government moved its headquarters from Florence to Rome on July 1, 1871. King Victor Emmanuel was very superstition and dreaded the Pope's excommunication but he overcame his fears and entered Rome on July 2, 1871.

Page 16: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

German unification

• The Congress of Vienna created 39 separate states

Page 17: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

1815: The German Confederation is formed

Page 18: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Factors promoting German unity…

• Napoleon’s influence

• The Congress of Vienna

• The German intelligentsia

• The Romanticists view of the “Fatherland”

Page 19: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Factors hindering unity…

• Differences among the German people

• Opposition of Austria

• Opposition of lesser German states

• Opposition of France

Page 20: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

• Bismarck’s strategy : “Blood and Iron”

Page 21: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Three wars for unification…

• The Danish War (1864)- Prussia joined by Austria, easily defeated Denmark and took the territories of Schleswig-Holstein

Page 22: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

The Seven Weeks War, 1866, Bismarck created the North German Confederation

Page 23: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language
Page 24: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language
Page 25: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

• Bismarck provoked a war with France to bring the south German states under his control.

• Napoleon III was tricked into war, quickly defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Frankfurt…(Alsace-Lorraine/war costs)

• ***The harsh terms of the treaty planted the seeds for World War I.

Page 26: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

The German Empire

• In 1871, Bismarck proclaimed William I as “Kaiser of the Germans,” thus creating the German Empire.

Page 27: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Nationalism: a force for unity and a division

Page 28: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Nationalism led to friction…

Page 29: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Nationalism led to the decline of the Ottoman empire

Page 30: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

• On the eve of World War One (1914) Nationalistic movements had created an atmosphere of tension and suspicion among the people and their governments.

• The distrust and animosity fueled by Nationalism is regarded as one of the underlying causes of the Great War.

Page 31: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language

Any Questions?