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Slide 2 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM There are 206 bones Slide 3 Functions of the skeleton: 1.Framework gives structure and support 2. Protects the internal organs What does the cranium (skull) protect? The brain! Slide 4 What does the ribcage protect? The heart and lungs ! Slide 5 3. Bones work with muscles to make the body move. Slide 6 4. Bone marrow produces blood cells. Slide 7 Slide 8 5. Stores calcium in the bone marrow. Slide 9 Types of Bones 1. Flat bones Cranium Scapula Clavicle Ribs Sternum Slide 10 Cranium Slide 11 Cranium Bones Slide 12 Scapula Slide 13 Clavicle Slide 14 Ribs The ribcage is often called the chest. It is also called the thorax, which does not include the arms and hands. Slide 15 Sternum Slide 16 Slide 17 Types of Bones 2.Irregular bones: -Facial bones -Vertebrae (spine or back bone) -Ilium and Iliac Crest (hip) Slide 18 Facial Bones Slide 19 Vertebrae ( Back Bone / Spine) -The bones in the backbone are called vertebrae. -It consists of 33 bones divided into 3 sections. -Vertebrae pictures from: http://www.hughston.com/hha/spine.jpgVertebrae pictures from: http://www.hughston.com/hha/spine.jpg Slide 20 Vertebrae Sections: 1. Cervical Region (neck) 2. Thoracic Region Slide 21 Vertebrae Section (continued) 3. Lumbar region (lower back) Slide 22 Vertebrae Slide 23 Ilium & Iliac Crest http://www.sci-therapies.info/ilium.png http://www.alientravelguide.com/science/biology/anatomy/ilium.jpg http://www.sci-therapies.info/ilium.png http://www.alientravelguide.com/science/biology/anatomy/ilium.jpg Irregular Bones: Slide 24 Slide 25 Types of Bones: 3. Long Bones: -Humerus -Radius -Ulna -Femur -Tibia -Fibula Slide 26 Humerus (Upper arm) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Humerus_ant.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Humerus_ant.jpg Slide 27 Long bones: Radius& Ulna: http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/15/99115-004-EF2C9006.jpg Humerus, Radius & Ulna : http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/ARM.JPG Slide 28 Femur The femur is the upper leg bone. Helps form the hip joint by articulating (fit together) with the pelvis. The hip joint is the largest ball and socket joint in the body. http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/femur.jpg Slide 29 Tibia and Fibula The tibia, in the outer lower leg, supports most of the body's weight. The fibula is the smaller bone that provides support for the ankle and space for muscle attachments. Patella is the knee cap. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananato my/skeletal/leg/leg.jpg http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananato my/skeletal/leg/leg.jpg Slide 30 Types of Bones: 4. Short Bones -Wrist and hand : -Carpals -Metacarpals -Phalanges -Ankle and foot: -Tarsals -Metatarsals -Phalanges Slide 31 Wrist and Hand Bones http://www.eorthopod.com/images/ContentImages/hand/hand_anatomy/hand_anatomy_bones01.jpg http://www.eorthopod.com/images/ContentImages/hand/hand_anatomy/hand_anatomy_bones01.jpg Slide 32 Foot and Ankle Bones:http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Sports/0199210896.tarsus.1.jpghttp://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Sports/0199210896.tarsus.1.jpg Slide 33 What keeps the skeleton together? Ligaments bone to bone http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/d oc/graphics/images/en/12686.jpg http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/d oc/graphics/images/en/12686.jpg Slide 34 What else keeps the skeleton together? Tendons Connects bone to muscle Slide 35 What is tendonitis? - itis means inflammation or infection of Your answer? Inflammation of the tendons ! Slide 36 What are JOINTS ? The point where 2 bones meet is a joint. Joints are necessary for motion to occur. What provides lubrication of a joint? Joints are filled with synovial fluid. Slide 37 Slide 38 http://www.cartilamine.com/images/joint_pain.jpg Slide 39 CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS Joints can be grouped by the amount of motion allowed. Slide 40 IMMOVABLE unable to move at all. http://iaks-www.ira.uka.de/home/haimerl/seminar/sternum.gif http://iaks-www.ira.uka.de/home/haimerl/seminar/sternum.gif 1.Sternum Slide 41 Immovable Joint 2.Cranium (Skull) Slide 42 SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE 1.Vertebrae (spine or backbone) Slide 43 Slightly Moveable 2. Pelvis Slide 44 FREELY MOVEABLE http://www.biometricsltd.com/images/wrist.jpg http://www.biometricsltd.com/images/wrist.jpg 1. Wrist Slide 45 Freely Moveable Joints http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/gallery/elbow/studentselbow%20copy.jpg http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/gallery/elbow/studentselbow%20copy.jpg 2. Elbow Slide 46 Freely Moveable Joints www.gentili.net/FBI/shoulder.gif www.gentili.net/FBI/shoulder.gif 3. Shoulder Slide 47 Freely Moveable Joints 4. Ankle http://www.wobblenaught.com/images/ankle.jpg Slide 48 Freely Moveable Joints 5.Toes Toe Injuries and Disorders: MedlinePlus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html Slide 49 Freely Moveable Joints 6.Knee (Patella) http://www.wmt.com/TotalKnee/kneeImages/knee-anatomy- callouts2.jpg Slide 50 Slide 51 Moveable Joints 7. Hips http://www.fitness-programs-for- life.com/images/FITP_HipJointsCirc.jpg Slide 52 Moveable Joints http://www.skullsdirect.co.uk/assets/imgs/subpages/customProducts/5.jpg http://www.skullsdirect.co.uk/assets/imgs/subpages/customProducts/5.jpg 8. Jaw Slide 53 4 TYPES OF JOINTS 1. BALL AND SOCKET- rounded end of one bone fits snugly into the other bones socket. Examples: a. Shoulder b. Hip Slide 54 Types of Joints 2.Hinge movement of joint is in one direction (like a door) Examples: a. Elbow b. Knee c. Knuckles d. Jaw http://www.wi-rheum.org/images/KneeJoint.jpg Screen clipping taken: 7/31/2009 Slide 55 Types of Joints: 3.Gliding - bones slipping over other bones with a free flowing movement. Examples: a.Ankle b. Wrists http://www.wobblenaught.com/images/ankle.jpg Screen clipping taken: 7/31/2009, 12:15 PM Slide 56 Types of Joints 4.Pivot - bone rests on top of another bone allowing full movement http://www.jeron.je/anglia/learn/sec/science/humans3/pivot Slide 57 Review Types of Joints Slide 58 Slide 59 http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_oIJPJ_A0dlM/R1YtItNmMWI/AAAAAAAAAEA/hA7DOZto2pY/s200/arthritis-knuckle-gout.jpg Slide 60 1. Arthritis Arthro - means joint - Itis = means inflammation or infection Symptoms: a. swelling b. stiffness c. pain d. redness e. loss of ability to function Slide 61 2. DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE (DJD) changes in the structure of the joints that occur with aging Slide 62 3. DISLOCATION end of the bone is out of alignment. Slide 63 4. FRACTURES break in a bone A.Simple fracture: Bone is broken, and the skin is not open around the bone. Http://www.ghi.com/webmd/topics/fracture.jpg Slide 64 B. Compound Fracture Bone is broken, and the skin is penetrated by the bone. http://www.itim.nsw.gov.au/images/Compound_fracture_dislocati on_left_ankle.jpg Slide 65 C.Comminuted Fracture- Bone breaks into pieces and the bone fragments are lodged in the surrounding tissue. http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/FRACTURE.JPG Slide 66 D.Greenstick Fracture Bone is bent and splits, causing an incomplete break. (Similar to a tree branch that is bent too far) http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/8856.jpg Slide 67 What type of fracture is it? Slide 68 Simple Fracture Slide 69 Compound Fracture Slide 70 Simple Fracture Slide 71 Greenstick Fracture Slide 72 Find the greenstick fracture. Slide 73 Comminuted Fracture Slide 74 Lets do a few more.. Slide 75 YES! Greenstick fracture Slide 76 Compound Fracture Slide 77 You got it! Simple Fracture Slide 78 Comminuted Fracture Slide 79 5. KYPHOSIS - OSIS means condition in which. Condition in which there is an abnormal posterior curve of the spine (hunchback). Slide 80 6. LORDOSIS The condition in which there is an excessive concave (inward) curve of the spine. (Swayback). Slide 81 7. Osteomyelitis Infection or inflammation of the bone, usually caused by a bloodborne pathogen. Slide 82 8. Osteoporosis Condition in which bones become full of tiny holes, causing them to break easily. Common in women after menopause. OSTEO- means bone -OSIS means condition PORO- means holes, porous like a sponge Slide 83 Take care of your bones! http://health.malaxi.com/uploaded_images/osteoporosis-771021.jpg http://health.malaxi.com/uploaded_images/osteoporosis-771021.jpg Slide 84 9. RICKETS Condition in which the bones are soft because they do not calcify. Often caused by a lack of calcium and phosphorus in the diet Slide 85 10. SCOLIOSIS Condition in which there is a lateral (to the side) curve of the spine. http://drosmon.com/images/scoliosis2.gif Slide 86 11. SPRAIN Severe stretching or tearing of a ligament Slide 87 Slide 88 Slide 89 Slide 90 Slide 91 Muscles Definition - body tissue composed of cells and fibers which produce movement of the body part or organ. Slide 92 Types of Muscles: 1. Striated / Skeletal - Voluntary; moves with conscious thought Muscles form a bridge over joints Cell structure: striped looking; bundles of stringy fibers of different lengths As your muscles flex (contract) and relax (extend) your bone moves Slide 93 STRIATED/ SKELETAL MUSCLE http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514271521/html/x451.html http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514271521/html/x451.html Slide 94 Striated Muscle forms a bridge over joints for movement Slide 95 Types of Muscles: 2. Visceral / Smooth - Involuntary; Moves without conscious thought - Muscles form the walls of internal organs of the body - Digestive organs - Diaphragm - Blood vessels - Cellular structure: Spindle shaped (tapers at the ends) with a central nucleus Slide 96 Visceral / Smooth Muscles http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html Slide 97 Slide 98 Example of Smooth Muscle - Slide 99 Combination of Voluntary & Involuntary Muscles Blinking - eyes Swallowing esophagus Breathing - lungs Slide 100 Muscle Types: 3.Cardiac Heart - Branched, networked cells (all connected) - Generates electrical impulse Slide 101 Cardiac Muscle: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Images/Plate76.jpg http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Images/Plate76.jpg Slide 102 Terms to know. Atrophy muscle gets smaller, shrinks from nonuse of muscle Contractures - permanent / abnormal shortening of muscle due to inactivity or paralysis. Slide 103 Atrophy & Contracture http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TUcw6t9-ZxM/SE2uw4PAqgI/AAAAAAAAACs/2uMUeep8JsY/S240/Muscle%2BAtrophy.jpg http://www.gillettechildrens.org/default.cfm/pid=1.7.8.2.24 http://www.gillettechildrens.org/default.cfm/pid=1.7.8.2.24 Slide 104 Terms to know. PROM Passive Range of Motion Set of exercises done for the patients muscles and joints Paralyzed Weak Comatose Slide 105 Basic Movements of the Skeletal Muscles Adduct moving a body part toward the midline Abduct moving a body part away from the midline Slide 106 Extend straightening a body part by moving it away from the body. Flex bending a body part toward the body. Slide 107 Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 108 Superior Toward the upper part of the body; above Inferior Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; below Anterior Toward or at the front of the body Slide 109 Posterior Toward or at the back of the body Lateral Away from the midline of the body; the outer side Medial- Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side Slide 110 Review http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_F5KUikh1 jTU/SYpKPevWjfI/AAAAAAAAACY/oE eUDieUBOw/s320/directional1.jpg Slide 111 Superficial (external) Toward or at the body surface Deep (internal) Away from the body surface; more internal Slide 112 Superficial http://www.azburncenter.org/site/reso urces/images/superficialpartial.jpg Slide 113 Disorders of the Muscular System Fibromyalgia Pain of the connective tissue and muscles Fibrositis Inflammation of the connective tissue Muscle Strain Trauma to the muscle, usually caused by a violent contraction. Slide 114 Muscular Dystrophy (congenital and chronic) deterioration of muscle tissue that progresses over time. Myalgia Muscle pain. Torn muscle tear of a muscle tissue; usually caused by extreme trauma to the muscle.