the skeletal system. the skeletal system the skeleton is a framework of bones held together by...

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THE SKELETAL THE SKELETAL SYSTEM SYSTEM

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Page 1: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

THE SKELETAL THE SKELETAL SYSTEMSYSTEM

Page 2: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

The skeleton is a framework of bones held The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones in the _________. There are 206 bones in the adult skeleton.adult skeleton.

Page 3: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

FunctionsFunctions

The skeletal system has 5 main functionsThe skeletal system has 5 main functions Framework – the skeleton gives our body its shapeFramework – the skeleton gives our body its shape Movement – the bones are leavers upon which Movement – the bones are leavers upon which

muscles pullmuscles pull Protection – the skeleton protects vital organsProtection – the skeleton protects vital organs Blood cell formation – the long bones contains bone Blood cell formation – the long bones contains bone

marrow which produces all red blood cells and some marrow which produces all red blood cells and some white blood cellswhite blood cells

Storage – the skeleton stores mineral salts, especially Storage – the skeleton stores mineral salts, especially calcium calcium

Page 4: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

SKELETAL DIVISIONSSKELETAL DIVISIONS

APPENDICULAR – 126 BONES APPENDICULAR – 126 BONES EXTREMETIES,SHOULDER GIRDLE, PELVISEXTREMETIES,SHOULDER GIRDLE, PELVIS

AXIAL – 74 AXIAL – 74 ( SKULL, VERTEBRAE, RIBS)( SKULL, VERTEBRAE, RIBS)

- 6- 6( AUDITORY OSSICLES)( AUDITORY OSSICLES)

Page 5: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones
Page 6: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

COMPACT VS. SPONGYCOMPACT VS. SPONGY2 MAIN TYPES OF BONE

COMPACT: Regions of high stress

SPONGY : Light weight, ‘ mesh’, bone marrow , low stress ( skull)

Page 7: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

BONE STRUCTUREBONE STRUCTURE

3 MAIN CELLS 3 MAIN CELLS

Osteocytes: Osteocytes: mature bone cells

Osteoblasts: Osteoblasts: build and repair bone

Osteoclasts: Osteoclasts: help reshape in response to stress.

Page 8: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

BONE GROWTHBONE GROWTH

INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATIONINTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION- Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix and trap osteocytes- Appearance is spongy bone, compact bone develops

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION - Cartilage models form and replaced by bone tissue. - Formation begins in the middle of the diaphysis( shaft) and

continues to the epiphyseal regions ( end of bones)

Page 9: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

CATEGORIES OF BONE CATEGORIES OF BONE ( BASED ON SHAPE p. 35)( BASED ON SHAPE p. 35)

Page 10: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

Diet:Diet: Vitamin A: important for bone growth:Vitamin A: important for bone growth:

• Milk fat, egg yolks, dark green / yellow vegetables;Milk fat, egg yolks, dark green / yellow vegetables;

Vitamin C: important for collagen giving Vitamin C: important for collagen giving bones strength:bones strength:

• Citrus fruits;Citrus fruits;

Vitamin D: Promotes calcium absorption:Vitamin D: Promotes calcium absorption:• Milk, Fish-liver oils;Milk, Fish-liver oils;

Calcium: Creates bone rigidity:Calcium: Creates bone rigidity:• Dairy products.Dairy products.

Page 11: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

BONE DISEASEBONE DISEASEINFLAMMATORY AND INFLAMMATORY AND

DEGENERATIVE DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONSCONDITIONS Osteoporosis-bone mass lossOsteoporosis-bone mass loss

Bursitis- inflammation of bursaBursitis- inflammation of bursa Tendonitis-overuse and repetitionTendonitis-overuse and repetition Sprain-stretched or torn ligamentSprain-stretched or torn ligament Cartilage-Tears in cartilageCartilage-Tears in cartilage Arthritis- degenerative diseaseArthritis- degenerative disease Dislocation- bones displaceDislocation- bones displace

Page 12: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

AXIAL :The spine/vertebral AXIAL :The spine/vertebral columncolumn

33 individual Vertebrea33 individual VertebreaMade up of five groups:Made up of five groups:

Cervical spine (7);Cervical spine (7); Thoracic spine (12); Ribs and MusclesThoracic spine (12); Ribs and Muscles Lumbar spine (5); Weight of bodyLumbar spine (5); Weight of body Sacrum (5 fused); Muscle attachmentSacrum (5 fused); Muscle attachment Coccyx (4 fused); Muscle attachementCoccyx (4 fused); Muscle attachement

Top two vertebrae are the atlas and axis; RotationTop two vertebrae are the atlas and axis; Rotation

Vertebrae are stacked on top of each other to create a Vertebrae are stacked on top of each other to create a canal in which the spinal cord runs down;canal in which the spinal cord runs down;

Vertebrae are separated by discs that absorb shock.Vertebrae are separated by discs that absorb shock.

Page 13: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

APPENDICULARAPPENDICULAR

PECTORAL GIRDLEPECTORAL GIRDLEClavicle (collar bone)

Scapula ( shoulder blade)

UPPER LIMBSUPPER LIMBSUpper Arm: Humerus

Forearm :

Ulna (pinky, medial)

Radius (thumb, lateral)

Hand:

Carpals ( 8)

Metacarpals ( 5)

Phalanges ( 14)

Page 14: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones
Page 15: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

APPENDICULARAPPENDICULAR

PELVIC GIRDLEPELVIC GIRDLE

COXAL BONES= illium, ischium,

LOWER LIMB = femur, patella, fibula (pinkie toe side), tibia (big toe side) tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges(14)

Page 16: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones
Page 17: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

Structures of the Skeletal SystemStructures of the Skeletal System

JOINTS – joints (articulations) occur when JOINTS – joints (articulations) occur when two or more bones meettwo or more bones meet

There are 3 types:There are 3 types: Immovable – bones are fused together and no Immovable – bones are fused together and no

movement is possiblemovement is possible Slightly movable – joined by cartilage and Slightly movable – joined by cartilage and

small amounts of movement are possiblesmall amounts of movement are possible Freely movable – synovial joints where there Freely movable – synovial joints where there

is movement in at least one directionis movement in at least one direction

Page 18: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

Joints - examplesJoints - examples

Page 19: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

Structures cont’dStructures cont’d

CARTILAGECARTILAGE A glassy, smooth, slightly elastic tissueA glassy, smooth, slightly elastic tissue Reduces friction between bonesReduces friction between bones The ends of bones in synovial joints are The ends of bones in synovial joints are

coated with hyaline cartilagecoated with hyaline cartilage The vertebrae of the spine are separated by The vertebrae of the spine are separated by

discs of cartilage.discs of cartilage. The hard part of the ear and tip of the nose The hard part of the ear and tip of the nose

are also cartilageare also cartilage

Page 20: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

CartilageCartilage

Page 21: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

Structures cont’dStructures cont’d

LIGAMENTSLIGAMENTS Slightly elastic tissue that joins bones togetherSlightly elastic tissue that joins bones together Their function is to provide stability to the Their function is to provide stability to the

joint, preventing dislocationjoint, preventing dislocation When ligaments are torn they need to be When ligaments are torn they need to be

repaired surgicallyrepaired surgically Frequent dislocation of the same joint results Frequent dislocation of the same joint results

in overstretched ligaments that are no longer in overstretched ligaments that are no longer able to do their “stability” job correctlyable to do their “stability” job correctly

Page 22: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

LigamentsLigaments

Page 23: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

Structures cont’dStructures cont’d

TENDONSTENDONS Tendons join muscle to boneTendons join muscle to bone They are elastic and very strongThey are elastic and very strong They allow movement to take place, as they They allow movement to take place, as they

help pull across the joints on the bonehelp pull across the joints on the bone

Page 24: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System  The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones

TendonsTendons