The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Functions of the Skeletal SystemFunctions of the Skeletal System

Provides a framework for the muscles.Provides a framework for the muscles. Supports and protects organs.Supports and protects organs. Storage centers.Storage centers. Manufacture blood cells.Manufacture blood cells.

Structure of the SkeletonStructure of the Skeleton

Divided into two main parts:Divided into two main parts:

1. Axial skeleton1. Axial skeleton Skull, spine, ribs, and sternum.Skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. Protection.Protection.

Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton Shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet.Shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Movement.Movement.

Types of BonesTypes of Bones

Strong long bonesStrong long bones Arms and legsArms and legs The shafts are called diaphysesThe shafts are called diaphyses Ends are called epiphysesEnds are called epiphyses Form jointsForm joints Produce red and white blood cellsProduce red and white blood cells

Short bonesShort bones Wrists and anklesWrists and ankles As broad as they are longAs broad as they are long

Flat bonesFlat bones Ribs, skull, sternumRibs, skull, sternum ProtectProtect

Irregular bonesIrregular bones vertebraevertebrae

CartilageCartilage

A strong, flexible connective tissueA strong, flexible connective tissue Line surfaces of jointsLine surfaces of joints Cushion vertebraeCushion vertebrae Support the nose and earsSupport the nose and ears

Ossification: the process by which bone is Ossification: the process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired.formed, renewed, and repaired.

JointsJoints

The point at which two bones meet.The point at which two bones meet. FixedFixed Small amount of movementSmall amount of movement Mobile jointsMobile joints

Ball-and-socket joint Ball-and-socket joint Allows the widest range of movementAllows the widest range of movement Shoulder and hip jointsShoulder and hip joints

Pivot jointPivot joint RotationRotation First two vertebrae in the neckFirst two vertebrae in the neck

Ellipsoidal jointEllipsoidal joint All ranges of motion except pivotalAll ranges of motion except pivotal

Hinge jointHinge joint Fingers, toes, knees, elbowsFingers, toes, knees, elbows

Joints are lined with cartilage to reduce Joints are lined with cartilage to reduce friction during movement.friction during movement.

Ligaments are tough bands of fibrous, Ligaments are tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that bind bone to slightly elastic tissue that bind bone to bone and prevent excessive movement.bone and prevent excessive movement.

Tendons are fibrous cords that join muscle Tendons are fibrous cords that join muscle to bone or to other muscles.to bone or to other muscles.

Care of the Skeletal SystemCare of the Skeletal System

NutritionNutrition CalciumCalcium PhosphorusPhosphorus

ExerciseExercise Weight BearingWeight Bearing Increased CirculationIncreased Circulation

Problems of the Skeletal SystemProblems of the Skeletal System

Poor NutritionPoor Nutrition InfectionsInfections Sport and recreational mishapsSport and recreational mishaps AccidentsAccidents Poor PosturePoor Posture

FracturesFractures

SimpleSimple CompoundCompound

Also classified according to the shape or Also classified according to the shape or pattern of the break:pattern of the break:

1. Hairline – incomplete, the two bones do 1. Hairline – incomplete, the two bones do not separate.not separate.

2. Transverse – completely across the 2. Transverse – completely across the bonebone

3. Comminuted – the bone shatters into 3. Comminuted – the bone shatters into more than two piecesmore than two pieces

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Bone density decreases and becomes Bone density decreases and becomes brittle and easily fractured.brittle and easily fractured.

Menopause – lack of estrogen.Menopause – lack of estrogen.

Prevent through diet and exercise.Prevent through diet and exercise.

ScoliosisScoliosis Lateral, side to side curvature of the spine.Lateral, side to side curvature of the spine.

Starts in childhood or adolescence and Starts in childhood or adolescence and becomes more severe until the age where becomes more severe until the age where growth stops.growth stops.

Screening programs.Screening programs.

Treatment: exercise, special brace, Treatment: exercise, special brace, surgery.surgery.

Injuries to JointsInjuries to Joints

Dislocation: Where joint slides out of it’s Dislocation: Where joint slides out of it’s normal position.normal position.

Torn cartilage: caused by a sharp blow or Torn cartilage: caused by a sharp blow or rotation of a joint.rotation of a joint.

Bunion: Painful swelling of the bursa in the Bunion: Painful swelling of the bursa in the first joint of the big twofirst joint of the big two

Bursitis: bursa in a joint becomes Bursitis: bursa in a joint becomes inflamed.inflamed.

Arthritis: inflammation of a joint.Arthritis: inflammation of a joint. PainPain SwellingSwelling StiffnessStiffness RednessRedness

OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis

Repetitive Motion InjuryRepetitive Motion Injury

TechnologyTechnology

Damage to tissues caused by prolonged, Damage to tissues caused by prolonged, repeated movements.repeated movements.

Carpal tunnel syndrome.Carpal tunnel syndrome.