the skeletal system chapter 5. functions of bones support – supports the body and organs ...

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones

Support – supports the body and Support – supports the body and organsorgans

Protection – protect soft organs and Protection – protect soft organs and brainbrain

Movement – bones are the point of Movement – bones are the point of attachment for skeletal muscles.attachment for skeletal muscles.

Storage – Stores minerals, Ca and P Storage – Stores minerals, Ca and P Blood Cell Formation – in the marrow.Blood Cell Formation – in the marrow.

BonesBones

206 bones in the adult body. 206 bones in the adult body. Bones can be compact of spongyBones can be compact of spongy Can also be classified by shape:Can also be classified by shape:

• Long bones – limbsLong bones – limbs• Short bones – generally cube shaped, Short bones – generally cube shaped,

wristwrist• Flat bones – skull, ribs and sternumFlat bones – skull, ribs and sternum• Irregular bones – vertebrae. Irregular bones – vertebrae.

Spongy vs. CompactSpongy vs. Compact

Long, Short, Flat, IrregularLong, Short, Flat, Irregular

Bone AnatomyBone Anatomy

Diaphysis is the shaft Diaphysis is the shaft of the bone. Mostly of the bone. Mostly compact. Interior of compact. Interior of diaphysis is usually a diaphysis is usually a storage place, yellow storage place, yellow or red marrow for or red marrow for example. example.

Yellow marrow is fat Yellow marrow is fat storage, red is blood storage, red is blood productionproduction

Bone AnatomyBone Anatomy Epiphyses are the Epiphyses are the

ends of the bone. A ends of the bone. A thin layer of compact thin layer of compact bone, enclosing an bone, enclosing an area of spongy bone. area of spongy bone.

Spongy bone contains Spongy bone contains red marrow red marrow

Externally, the Externally, the epiphyses is covered epiphyses is covered by articular cartilage. by articular cartilage. Smooth and slippery – Smooth and slippery – decreases friction in decreases friction in joints. joints.

Bone AnatomyBone Anatomy Bones change over time/growth. Bones change over time/growth. They grow from the epiphyseal plate. They grow from the epiphyseal plate.

Cartilage plate that makes new bone cellsCartilage plate that makes new bone cells When the bone is mature, this cartilage When the bone is mature, this cartilage

turns to bone and stops growing. turns to bone and stops growing.

Bone Growth and RemodelingBone Growth and Remodeling Fetal skeletons are mostly cartilage and Fetal skeletons are mostly cartilage and

very flexible. very flexible. As the fetus gestates these cartilage As the fetus gestates these cartilage

bones go through ossification – the bones go through ossification – the process of bone formation. process of bone formation.

A bone shell is produced around the A bone shell is produced around the cartilage by osteoblasts – bone making cartilage by osteoblasts – bone making cellscells

The cartilage is digested away, leaving a The cartilage is digested away, leaving a hallow core that can be filled with yellow hallow core that can be filled with yellow or red marrow. or red marrow.

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Axial vs. AppendicularAxial vs. Appendicular The skeleton as a whole The skeleton as a whole

can be broken into two can be broken into two sections.sections.• The Axial Skeleton includes The Axial Skeleton includes

the skull, vertebrae, and the skull, vertebrae, and the bony thorax cavity. the bony thorax cavity.

• The Appendicular Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton includes the limbs and includes the limbs and their attachment points. their attachment points.

Axial - SkullAxial - Skull

The skull is comprised of two sets of The skull is comprised of two sets of bones, the cranium and the facial bones, the cranium and the facial bones. bones.

The cranium encloses the brainThe cranium encloses the brain Facial bones hold the eyes and are Facial bones hold the eyes and are

connection points for facial musclesconnection points for facial muscles

CraniumCranium

Cranium comprised Cranium comprised of 8 large, flat of 8 large, flat bones. bones.

Frontal bone Frontal bone (yellow) forms the (yellow) forms the forehead and forehead and superior ridge of superior ridge of your eye sockets. your eye sockets.

CraniumCranium

Behind the frontal Behind the frontal bone we find two bone we find two parietal bones.parietal bones.

They make up the They make up the majority of the majority of the superior and lateral superior and lateral walls of the walls of the cranium. cranium.

CraniumCranium

Temporal bones Temporal bones are inferior to the are inferior to the parietal bones and parietal bones and appear on the appear on the lateral sides of the lateral sides of the skull.skull.

The temporal The temporal bones have a bones have a number of very number of very important important markings. markings.

Connection points Connection points of your lower jaw.of your lower jaw.

CraniumCranium Temporal Continued.Temporal Continued. Extermal acoustic Extermal acoustic

meatus – canal that meatus – canal that leads to the eardrumleads to the eardrum

Jugular foramen and Jugular foramen and carotid canal – canals carotid canal – canals on the inferior side of on the inferior side of the skull where the the skull where the veins and arteries veins and arteries respectively enter the respectively enter the brain cavity. brain cavity.

CraniumCranium Occipital bone Occipital bone

forms the posterior forms the posterior and inferior floor of and inferior floor of the cranium.the cranium.

It contains the It contains the foramen magnum – foramen magnum – the canal through the canal through which the spinal which the spinal cord enters the cord enters the cranium. cranium.

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CraniumCranium Sphenoid bone – Sphenoid bone –

butterfly shaped butterfly shaped bone (pink) that bone (pink) that forms the anterior forms the anterior floor of the floor of the cranium. cranium.

Ethmoid Bone – Ethmoid Bone – Forms the roof of Forms the roof of the nasal cavity. the nasal cavity.

Facial BonesFacial Bones

Maxillae – two Maxillae – two bones that make bones that make the upper jaw the upper jaw (green). (green).

The palatine The palatine processes make up processes make up your hard palate your hard palate (roof of your (roof of your mouth)mouth)


Maxillae also Maxillae also contain the contain the paranasal sinuses. paranasal sinuses.

These cavities are These cavities are there to lighten the there to lighten the skull as well as skull as well as amplify our voice, amplify our voice, however can however can become infected – become infected – sinusitis. sinusitis. Headache and Headache and upper jaw pain. upper jaw pain.


Palatine bones Palatine bones form the posterior form the posterior section of the hard section of the hard palate. If not palate. If not formed correctly formed correctly called a cleft called a cleft palate. palate.

Zygomatic bones Zygomatic bones form the cheeks form the cheeks and eye sockets. and eye sockets.


Mandible – the Mandible – the lower jaw. lower jaw. Connects with the Connects with the temporal bone, temporal bone, forming the only forming the only moveable joint in moveable joint in the skull. the skull.

Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone

Hyoid Bone – Hyoid Bone – suspended above suspended above the larynx. the larynx.

Becomes the Becomes the attachment for our attachment for our tongue. Also helps tongue. Also helps in muscle in muscle movement of movement of speech. speech.

Broken Bone?Broken Bone?

Fetal SkullFetal Skull

Face is smaller. Face is smaller. Fontanels (soft Fontanels (soft

spots) areas where spots) areas where the skull has not the skull has not fused together yet. fused together yet. Made up of fibrous Made up of fibrous membranes. membranes.

Allow for brain Allow for brain growth after birth. growth after birth.

Solidify after 22 - Solidify after 22 - 24 months24 months

Pelvis GirdlePelvis Girdle

Pelvis bone makes Pelvis bone makes up our hips and up our hips and upper leg joints. upper leg joints.

Bone shape is Bone shape is different in males different in males and females to and females to allow for birth. allow for birth.

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Column Vertebral (spine)Column Vertebral (spine)

Made up of 26 irregularly shaped Made up of 26 irregularly shaped bones with ligaments and cartilage. bones with ligaments and cartilage.

Spinal cord runs through the middle Spinal cord runs through the middle of these bones, protecting it. of these bones, protecting it.

The first seven vertebrae, starting at The first seven vertebrae, starting at the base of the skull make up the the base of the skull make up the cervical Curvature. Known as C1-C7cervical Curvature. Known as C1-C7

SpineSpine

Vertebrae 8-19 are part Vertebrae 8-19 are part of the thoracic curve. of the thoracic curve. T1-T12.T1-T12.

These are followed by These are followed by the five lumbar the five lumbar vertebrae L1-L5. vertebrae L1-L5.

The final two bones of The final two bones of the spine are the the spine are the sacrum and the coccyxsacrum and the coccyx

Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)

Includes the sternum, ribs and Includes the sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae making a cage for thoracic vertebrae making a cage for the thoracic organs. Heart lungs etc. the thoracic organs. Heart lungs etc.

Sternum is the flat bone on the Sternum is the flat bone on the anterior side (breastbone). anterior side (breastbone).

Extreme inferior section is called Extreme inferior section is called xiphoid, can be broken off during xiphoid, can be broken off during CPR. CPR.

Ribs Ribs

Humans have 12 Humans have 12 pairs of ribs.pairs of ribs.

The first seven The first seven pairs are called pairs are called true ribs because true ribs because they attach directly they attach directly to the sternum. to the sternum.

The next five either The next five either attach indirectly or attach indirectly or not at all, called not at all, called false ribs. false ribs.

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton

Shoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle Clavicle – holds the Clavicle – holds the

shoulder away from shoulder away from the thoracic cavitythe thoracic cavity

Scapula – flat bone Scapula – flat bone that extends behind that extends behind thoracic cavity and thoracic cavity and contains the shoulder contains the shoulder joint. joint.

Shoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle

Shoulder has Shoulder has exceptional exceptional movement because it movement because it is only attached to is only attached to the axial skeleton at the axial skeleton at one place, the one place, the scapula can actually scapula can actually slide behind the ribs. slide behind the ribs.

This however allows This however allows for easy dislocation. for easy dislocation.

Arm BonesArm Bones

The upper arm is The upper arm is one bone, the one bone, the humerus. humerus.

Forearm is the Forearm is the radius (lateral) and radius (lateral) and the ulna (medial)the ulna (medial)

HandHand

8 carpal bones 8 carpal bones make up the wrist.make up the wrist.

5 metacarpals 5 metacarpals make up the palmmake up the palm

Your fingers are Your fingers are called the called the phalanges. phalanges.

They are broken They are broken into distal, into distal, intermediate and intermediate and proximal proximal phalanges. phalanges.

Lower LimbsLower Limbs

Femur is the bone Femur is the bone that makes up our that makes up our thigh. thigh.

Strongest, longest, Strongest, longest, and heaviest bone. and heaviest bone.

Trochanters – Trochanters – connection points connection points of muscles. of muscles.

Lower LegLower Leg

The lower leg is The lower leg is made of two bonesmade of two bones

Tibia is medial and Tibia is medial and is the bone that we is the bone that we call the shin. call the shin.

The fibula is lateral The fibula is lateral and smallerand smaller

FootFoot

Just like the hand, the Just like the hand, the foot can be broken into foot can be broken into three distinct sections.three distinct sections.

Tarsals make up your Tarsals make up your heel and ankleheel and ankle

Metatarsals make up the Metatarsals make up the arch of your foot, arch of your foot,

Phalanges make up your Phalanges make up your toes. toes.

Foot Arch vs. Flat FeetFoot Arch vs. Flat Feet

There are three natural There are three natural arches to the foot. arches to the foot.

Tendons keep this arch Tendons keep this arch in place. in place.

The arch gives our feet The arch gives our feet “springiness” and “springiness” and allows it to absorb the allows it to absorb the shock of walking. shock of walking.

Flat feet is a condition Flat feet is a condition where this arch does where this arch does not exist. not exist.

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Bones do not stop changing when we are Bones do not stop changing when we are

adults. adults. Calcium levels and gravity take a toll on Calcium levels and gravity take a toll on

our bones as we age. our bones as we age. Low calcium levels in our blood trigger Low calcium levels in our blood trigger

osteoclasts – bone eating cells, to digest osteoclasts – bone eating cells, to digest bone and release stored calcium. bone and release stored calcium.

This however can ruin the structural This however can ruin the structural integrity of the boneintegrity of the bone

Bones will get stronger or thicker when Bones will get stronger or thicker when muscles connected to them get strongermuscles connected to them get stronger

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis

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Fracture TypesFracture Types

Comminuted – Comminuted – when the bone when the bone breaks into many breaks into many fragments.fragments.

Occurs in severe Occurs in severe accidents or with accidents or with brittle bones. brittle bones.


Compression – Compression – bone is crushedbone is crushed


Depressed – Depressed – Portion of bone is Portion of bone is pressed inwardpressed inward

Typical of skull Typical of skull fracturesfractures


Impacted – Broken Impacted – Broken bone ends are bone ends are forced into each forced into each otherother

Typically occurs Typically occurs when one attempts when one attempts to break a fall with to break a fall with outstretched armsoutstretched arms


Spiral – Ragged break, Spiral – Ragged break, usually occurs when an usually occurs when an excessive twisting force is excessive twisting force is applied to a bone.applied to a bone.

Common sports fractureCommon sports fracture


Greenstick – Bone Greenstick – Bone break is break is incomplete.incomplete.

Common in Common in children whose children whose bones are more bones are more flexible then flexible then adults. adults.

Closed vs. Open FracturesClosed vs. Open Fractures

Closed fractures do not pierce the skin Closed fractures do not pierce the skin Open fractures are when bones do Open fractures are when bones do

protrude from the skin.protrude from the skin. A fracture is treated with reduction – a A fracture is treated with reduction – a

realignment of the bones.realignment of the bones. Closed usually can be done with just Closed usually can be done with just

manipulation, open requires surgery and manipulation, open requires surgery and bones are usually secured with pins and bones are usually secured with pins and plates. plates.

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Fracture RepairFracture Repair

Once a fracture is reduced, it is Once a fracture is reduced, it is immobilized by a cast so that the immobilized by a cast so that the healing process can begin. healing process can begin.

Healing time is about 6-8 weeks Healing time is about 6-8 weeks depending on the bone and the age depending on the bone and the age of the patient. of the patient.

Bone HealingBone Healing

When first broke, blood vessels that are When first broke, blood vessels that are broken will leak blood into the area broken will leak blood into the area forming a hematoma. Any unnourished forming a hematoma. Any unnourished cells will die. cells will die.


The Break is splinted by fibrocartilage The Break is splinted by fibrocartilage callus – Capillaries invade the area callus – Capillaries invade the area (granulation) bringing nutrients. Cartilage (granulation) bringing nutrients. Cartilage forms and acts as a splint. Callusforms and acts as a splint. Callus


The fibrocartilage callus begins to solidify The fibrocartilage callus begins to solidify into spongy bone. Now called the bony into spongy bone. Now called the bony callus. callus.


Over the next few months, this bony callus Over the next few months, this bony callus is restructured to form a permanent patch is restructured to form a permanent patch that is just as strong as the original bone. that is just as strong as the original bone. A small callus will forever remain. A small callus will forever remain.

JointsJoints

Joints occur when any two bones Joints occur when any two bones come in contact. The only bone that come in contact. The only bone that does not form at least one joint is the does not form at least one joint is the Hyoid Bone. Hyoid Bone.

Not all joints allow for movement. Not all joints allow for movement. Suture joints in the skull simply Suture joints in the skull simply

connect different skull bones to make connect different skull bones to make a solid cranium. No Movement!a solid cranium. No Movement!

Movable JointsMovable Joints

Plane Joint – Two Plane Joint – Two bones can slide bones can slide or glide past or glide past each other to each other to some extent. some extent. Found in the Found in the ankle and wrist ankle and wrist bones. bones.

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Hinge Joint – Hinge Joint – movement is along movement is along one plane. one plane.

Phalanges, knees, Phalanges, knees, elbows. elbows.


Saddle joints – both Saddle joints – both bones have a bones have a convex and convex and concave feature, concave feature, much like a saddle much like a saddle you would put on a you would put on a horse.horse.

Allows for larger Allows for larger range of motions range of motions

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Ball and Socket – a Ball and Socket – a spherical head of spherical head of one bone fits into one bone fits into the round socket of the round socket of another.another.

Allows for Allows for movement on movement on three axesthree axes

Shoulders and hipsShoulders and hips


Pivot – one Pivot – one rounded bone rounded bone fits into a sleeve fits into a sleeve or ring and can or ring and can rotate.rotate.

Forearm or shinForearm or shin


Condyloid - Condyloid - Knuckle/egg Knuckle/egg shaped joint. shaped joint.

Tend to be ovalTend to be oval

Synovial JointSynovial Joint

The bones are The bones are covered in covered in cartilage. cartilage.

A synovial A synovial membrane fills the membrane fills the space and is filled space and is filled with fluid. with fluid.

Tendons reinforce Tendons reinforce the structure. the structure.

Joint PainJoint Pain

The synovial membrane can become The synovial membrane can become inflamed. Or it could fill with too inflamed. Or it could fill with too much fluid. much fluid.

Arthritis is a general term for when Arthritis is a general term for when the joint is inflamed, causing pain. the joint is inflamed, causing pain.

Gout – uric acid forms sharp crystals Gout – uric acid forms sharp crystals joints which cause pain. joints which cause pain.

Joint ReplacementJoint Replacement

the skeletal system chapter 5. functions of bones support – supports the body and organs ...

Documents

cartilage bones

bone growth

osteoblasts bone

craniumoccipital bone

bone shell

craniumtemporal bones

parietal bones

brainmovement bones