the skeletal system - cengage...

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C H A P T E R 7

O B J EC T I V ES

ACTIVITIES

A. CompletionFill in the blank spaces with the correct term.

1. The five functions of the skeletal system include , , , , and .

2. Osteoblasts invade and begin the process of ossification.

3. The is a fibrovascular membrane that covers bone; the is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

4. Bone remodeling is made possible by and .

5. The process of ossification can be either or .

6. Correct calcium ion concentration in blood and bone is maintained by and .

7. bone is dense and strong, whereas bone is spongy.

8. An osteon, also called the , allows for the effective metabolism of bone cells.

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Name the functions of the skeletal system.

2. Name the two types of ossification.

3. Describe why diet can affect bone development in children and bone maintenance in older adults.

4. Describe the histology of compact bone.

5. Define and give examples of bone markings.

6. Name the cranial and facial bones.

7. Name the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

The Skeletal System

NAME: DATE:

38736_07_Ch07_p097-118.indd 9738736_07_Ch07_p097-118.indd 97 8/26/09 11:54:32 AM8/26/09 11:54:32 AM

98 Section 2 • Chapter Exercises


9. The spaces within cancellous bone contain , which is responsible for hematopoiesis.

10. Long bones consist of a(n) , , and a(n) .

11. bones are enclosed in a tendon and fascial tissue.

12. An obvious bony prominence is called a(n) .

13. A depression or cavity in or on a bone is called a(n) .

14. The skeleton is divided into two main parts, the and the .

15. The bone is a single bone that forms the posterior base of the cranium.

16. The anchor bone for the cranium is the .

17. The freely movable bone of the face is the .

18. The spinal cord passes through a space called the .

19. The largest and strongest vertebrae are those of the section of the spine.

20. are the bones of the fingers and toes.

21. is the manufacture of red blood cells.

22. The turbinates are also called the nasal bones.

23. A black eye is also known as a(n) ecchymosis or bruise.

B. MatchingMatch the term on the right with the definition on the left.

24. result of abnormal endochondral ossifi cation at the epiphyseal plate of long bones a. osteoporosis

25. lateral curvature of the spine b. lordosis

26. the laminae of the posterior vertebral arch do not unite at the midline c. giantism

27. disorder characterized by disease in bone mass with increased susceptibility to fractures d. axis

28. rupture of fi brocartilage surrounding an intervertebral disk e. kyphosis

29. irregular thickening and softening of the bones with excessive bone destruction f. scoliosis

30. swayback g. false ribs

31. strongest portion of the hip bone h. spina bifi da

32. accentuated curvature of the spine in the upper thoracic region i. herniated disk

33. second vertebra j. incus

34. direct articulation with the sternum k. patella

35. indirect articulation with the sternum l. carpals

36. do not attach anteriorly m. ischium

37. bones of the wrist n. true ribs


Chapter 7 • The Skeletal System 99


38. anvil o. hyoid

39. kneecap p. osteoprogenitor

40. give rise to osteoblasts q. Paget’s disease

41. immovable joint line of the cranium r. fl oating ribs

42. tie bone to bones s. suture

43. tongue attached to it t. ligaments

C. Key TermsUse the text to look up the following terms. Write the definition or explanation.

44. Acetabulum:

45. Acromegaly:

46. Acromial process:

47. Calcaneus:

48. Capitate:

49. Cervical vertebrae:

50. Condyle:

51. Coracoid process:




52. Fontanelle:

53. Foramen:

54. Gladiolus:

55. Hamate:

56. Haversian (system):

57. Hematopoiesis:

58. Lunate:

59. Malleus:

60. Manubrium:

61. Meatus:




62. Obturator foramen:

63. Ossification:

64. Osteomalacia:

65. Osteon:

66. Phalanx:

67. Pisiform:

68. Sagittal suture:

69: Sinusitis:

70. Stapes:

71. Talus:




72. Trabeculae:

73. Triquetral:

74. Tympanic plate:

75. Vomer (bone):

76. Xiphoid:

77. Zygomatic (bones):




D. Labeling Exercise 78. Label the bones of the skeletal system as indicated in Figure 7-1.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

P.

O.

N.

M.

Lower limbs

Upper limbs

I.

Pectoral girdle

G.

F.

H.

J.

K.

L.

Figure 7-1




A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

I.

J.

K.

L.

M.

N.

O.

P.




79. Label the parts of the spinal column as indicated in Figure 7-2.

A.

F.

D.

E.

G.

H.

Anterior view

B.

C1

C2

C1

C2 C3

C4 C5 C6 C7

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

C.

Figure 7-2

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.




80. Label the bones of the thoracic cage as indicated in Figure 7-3.

A. (1–7)

11

12

B.

C. (8–12)

D.(11 and 12)

Figure 7-3

A.

B.

C.

D.




81. Label the bones of the hand and wrist as indicated in Figure 7-4.

A.

D. E.

C.

B.

Figure 7-4

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.




82. Label the bones of the foot as indicated in Figure 7-5.

B.

C.

A.

D.

Figure 7-5

A.

B.

C.

D.




E. Coloring Exercise 83. Using Figure 7-6, color the skull blue, the axial skeleton green, and the appendicular skeleton red.

Figure 7-6




F. Critical ThinkingAnswer the following questions in complete sentences.

84. Why is the calcaneus a large strong bone?

85. Differentiate osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteoprogenitor cell.

86. How does the body maintain proper calcium balance?

87. Differentiate red and yellow bone marrow.

88. What defect results from fusion failure of the maxillary bones? Why would it affect speech?

89. Why are the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs called “floating ribs”?




90. The glenoid fossa is similar to what structure of the hip?

91. Why is rickets a common disease in many third world countries?

92. Differentiate between tendon and ligament.

93. Explain how aging affects bone and its supporting tissues.

94. Identify the skeletal system career option that would best fit your interests and explain why.

95. Briefly explain the difference among an orthotist, an orthopedist, and a prosthetist.




96. Describe what a Doctor of Chiropractic, or chiropractor, does and the training required to become one.

G. Crossword Puzzle

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9

10 11 12 13

14 15 16

17 18

19 20

21

22 23 24

25

26

27 28

29 30

31 32 33 34

35

36 37 38 39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46 47

48 49

Complete the crossword puzzle using the following clues.

ACROSS DOWN

1. Narrow junction between two bones 2. Disease caused by lack of vitamin D

5. Sharp, slender projection 3. Opening in bone for nerve or blood vessel, etc.

8. Bone supporting the tongue 4. Bone depressions

12. Ear bone referred to as the anvil 6. Bones forming the bridge of the nose

14. Five unfused vertebrae in the lower back 7. Knuckle-like prominence at an articulation point




Aayshah, a 13-year-old girl, is being evaluated by her health care provider. Aayshah, who has an abnormal curvature of her spine in the thoracic region, was born with one leg slightly shorter than the other. The health care provider determines that the curvature is progressing in severity, and she refers Aayshah to an orthotist for treatment.

QUESTIONS

1. For what skeletal problem is Aayshah being treated?

2. What are the major causes of this condition?

3. What is the role of an orthotist in treating individuals with orthopedic disorders?

C A S E S T U D Y

16. Shoulder blade 9. Small, rounded process

17. Mature osteoblast 10. Bone type that protects vital body parts

19. Connects the head to the rest of a long bone 11. Ear bone referred to as the hammer

20. 12 vertebrae that connect with the ribs 13. Longest bone of the upper arm

22. Small rounded bone 15. Pulley-shaped process

23. Perforating canals 18. Single bone forming the back of the cranium

26. Bones that make up part of the orbit of the 20. Meshwork of interconnecting bone sections inner angle of the eye

28. Forms the dense, outer layer of bone

30. Part of the sternum resembling the handle of a sword

33. Finger bones

39. Long, tubelike passage

40. Narrow ridge of bone

41. Cavity within a bone

42. Fibrovascular membrane covering a bone

44. Making blood cells

46. Shorter bone of the forearm

47. Flared portion at the ends of a long bone

48. Terminal enlargement of a bone

49. Lines the medullary cavity of long bones

21. Zygomatic bone

24. Furrow or groove

25. Tiny cavities between lamellae

27. Shaft of long bone

29. Soft spot on a baby’s head

31. Cells responsible for reabsorption of bone

32. Spongy bone

34. Breastbone

35. Haversian canal

36. Formation of bone by osteoblasts

37. Ring of bone around the haversian canal

38. Bone supporting the nasal cavity structure

43. Bone whose length exceeds its width

45. Ear bone referred to as the stirrup




CHAPTER QUIZ

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

a. support d. movement b. protection e. storage of mineral salts c. nutrient absorption

Answer:

2. Longitudinal growth of bone continues until approximately what age in boys?

a. 15 d. 21 b. 13 e. 16 c. 14

Answer:

3. Undifferentiated bone cells are called

a. osteoclasts d. osteons b. osteoprogenitors e. osteocytes c. osteoblasts

Answer:

4. The skeletal system is most closely associated with which system?

a. respiratory d. muscular b. digestive e. lymphatic c. excretory

Answer:

5. The hormones responsible for proper calcium balance in the body are

a. calcitonin/potassium d. parathormone/calcitonin b. thyroxine/calcitonin e. progesterone/epinephrine c. renin/parathormone

Answer:

6. Osteomalacia in adults is known as what disease in children?

a. measles d. rickets b. spina bifi da e. Graves disease c. Paget’s disease

Answer:

7. Hematopoiesis takes place in which type of bone?

a. compact d. short b. fl at e. cancellous c. hard

Answer:

8. The haversian system is necessary for

a. maintaining calcium balance d. ossifi cation b. hematopoiesis e. effective metabolism of bone cells c. protection of soft tissue

Answer:




9. Blood cells in all stages of development are found in

a. lacunae d. red marrow b. canaliculi e. Volkmann’s canals c. yellow marrow

Answer:

10. Bones can be divided into how many categories based on shape?

a. 5 d. 10 b. 7 e. 3 c. 2

Answer:

11. Long bones have a shaft called a(n)

a. epiphysis d. osteon b. diaphysis e. medullary c. metaphysis

Answer:

12. The medullary shaft is fi lled with

a. blood d. cartilage b. yellow marrow e. trabeculae c. red marrow

Answer:

13. Examples of fl at bones are

a. wrist/ankle d. carpal/tarsal b. ribs/scapula e. vertebrae/auditory ossicles c. tibia/fi bula

Answer:

14. A sesamoid bone is the

a. patella d. phalanges b. sternum e. mandible c. clavicle

Answer:

15. Which of the following is NOT a process?

a. meatus d. crest b. condyle e. trochlea c. tubercle

Answer:

16. Which of the following is NOT a fossa?

a. suture d. sulcus b. sinus e. foramen c. trochanter

Answer:




17. Which two bones form the upper sides and roof of the cranium?

a. occipital d. temporal b. frontal e. sphenoid c. parietal

Answer:

18. The cheekbones are which bones?

a. nasal d. lacrimal b. palatine e. turbinates c. malar

Answer:

19. Bones act as storage areas for mineral salts and

a. muscle tissue d. lymph b. blood e. waste c. fats

Answer:

20. Which bone of the axial skeleton has no articulation with other bones?

a. vomer d. palatine b. temporal e. occipital c. hyoid

Answer:

21. There are how many sections of the spine?

a. 4 d. 5 b. 15 e. 10 c. 7

Answer:

22. The two sections of the spine that consist of fused bones are the

a. cervical/coccygeal d. sacrum/lumbar b. thoracic/sacrum e. coccygeal/sacrum c. lumbar/cervical

Answer:

23. Abnormal curvature of the spine in the lumbar region is known as swayback or

a. kyphosis d. Paget’s disease b. rickets e. lordosis c. osteoporosis

Answer:

24. The manubrium articulates with the

a. scapula d. acromion process b. axis e. clavicle c. sacrum

Answer:




25. The lower fi ve pairs of ribs are called

a. true ribs d. costal ribs b. fl oating ribs e. paired ribs c. false ribs

Answer:

26. Two bony projections of the scapula are called the

a. acromial processes d. acetabulum b. glenoid processes e. spinous processes c. coracoid processes

Answer:

27. The longer bone of the forearm is the

a. humerus d. scaphoid b. radius e. carpal c. ulna

Answer:

28. The coxal bones make up the

a. pubis d. acetabulum b. ischium e. pelvic girdle c. ilium

Answer:

29. The longest and heaviest bone of the body is the

a. ilium d. patella b. tibia e. femur c. humerus

Answer:

30. The shinbone is the

a. tibia d. patella b. fi bula e. femur c. calcaneus

Answer:

31. Which of the foot bones is the largest?

a. cuboid d. navicular b. phalanges e. talus c. calcaneus

Answer:

32. Decreased height of the longitudinal arches is known as

a. rickets d. tinea pedis b. Graves disease e. pes planus c. kyphosis

Answer:




33. Which of the following is NOT a bone of the axial skeleton?

a. sternum d. radius b. occipital e. coccyx c. xiphoid

Answer:

34. Which of the following is NOT a bone of the appendicular skeleton?

a. ulna d. patella b. ribs e. calcaneus c. femur

Answer:

35. Which of the following attaches bone to bone?

a. tendons d. muscle b. aponeurosis e. none of the above c. ligament

Answer:

36. The metaphysis consists mainly of

a. tendons d. muscle b. spongy bone e. ligaments c. compact bone

Answer:

37. What is the name for the two deep cavities in the upper portion of the face that protect the eyes?

a. orbits d. vomers b. aponeuroses e. palatines c. metaphyses

Answer:

38. During labor and birth, epidural anesthetics are commonly given in

a. the shoulders d. the lumbar region b. the sternum e. the cervical region c. the ribs

Answer:


the skeletal system - cengage...

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