The Rise of Dictators The Rise of Dictators and Totalitarian Regimes and Totalitarian Regimes

pre- WWIIpre- WWII

Section 1: Steps to WarSection 1: Steps to War

The Rise of DictatorsThe Rise of Dictators

Germany was treated severely after WWI Germany was treated severely after WWI (stripped of territory, forced to disarm, (stripped of territory, forced to disarm, pay reparations)pay reparations)

Worldwide Depression also hit – many Worldwide Depression also hit – many people looked to new leaders to solve people looked to new leaders to solve problemsproblems

Dictators (absolute rulers) seized Dictators (absolute rulers) seized power in many countries, which power in many countries, which became totalitarian regimesbecame totalitarian regimes

DictatorDictator = a ruler with unrestricted = a ruler with unrestricted power, without any power, without any

democratic democratic restrictionsrestrictions

Totalitarian state Totalitarian state = gov’t uses = gov’t uses intimidation, violence, propaganda, to intimidation, violence, propaganda, to rule all aspects of social & political liferule all aspects of social & political life

Rise of dictatorships in Italy, Germany, Rise of dictatorships in Italy, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union after World War IJapan, Soviet Union after World War I

The MAJOR Dictators: The MAJOR Dictators: -Benito Mussolini in Italy -Benito Mussolini in Italy -Adolf Hitler in Germany -Adolf Hitler in Germany -Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union-Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union

Others:Others:- Emperor Hirohito & Tojo in JapanEmperor Hirohito & Tojo in Japan- Francisco Franco in SpainFrancisco Franco in Spain

Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Communist leader Communist leader

(Russia became (Russia became Communist 1917)Communist 1917)

Controlled every Controlled every aspect of people’s aspect of people’s liveslives

Eliminated Eliminated allall competition to him in competition to him in order to stay in powerorder to stay in power

Stalin cont.Stalin cont. Focus on building industry & military Focus on building industry & military

(ignoring the needs of the people)(ignoring the needs of the people) Restrict media (censorship) & travelRestrict media (censorship) & travel Secret Police – gov’t controlled courtsSecret Police – gov’t controlled courts ““Great Purge” millions were convictedGreat Purge” millions were convicted Millions died under Stalin – executions Millions died under Stalin – executions

or labour camps (Gulags in Siberia)or labour camps (Gulags in Siberia)

Benito Mussolini (Italy)Benito Mussolini (Italy) ““Il Duce”Il Duce”(the leader)(the leader) Preached a Preached a

government called government called FascismFascism – includes – includes intense patriotism intense patriotism & nationalism& nationalism

Very much linked Very much linked to racism and to racism and cultural superioritycultural superiority

ChauvinistChauvinist

““Blackshirts”Blackshirts” Attacked Attacked

communists & communists & socialistssocialists

Gained seats Gained seats democraticallydemocratically

Then seized power Then seized power in a “March on in a “March on Rome”Rome”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fr2swTOI49Q&feature=related

Adolf Hitler (Germany)Adolf Hitler (Germany) Leader of the Nazi Leader of the Nazi

Party (1921)Party (1921) Spoke about Spoke about

German racial German racial superioritysuperiority

Wanted revenge Wanted revenge for Germany’s loss for Germany’s loss in World War Iin World War I

LebensraumLebensraum

Hitler cont.Hitler cont. 1932 – Nazis largest party in 1932 – Nazis largest party in

ReichstagReichstag 1933 Hitler becomes 1933 Hitler becomes

ChancellorChancellor Eliminates political partiesEliminates political parties Uses secret police(Gestapo)Uses secret police(Gestapo)

Defies T of VDefies T of V

““The Master Race”The Master Race” Aryans – supposedly “pure” raceAryans – supposedly “pure” race Non-Aryans, especially Jewish people, Non-Aryans, especially Jewish people,

Roma, Slavs considered inferior – targetedRoma, Slavs considered inferior – targeted

Targets also included: Targets also included: - mentally & physically handicappedmentally & physically handicapped- CommunistsCommunists- HomosexualsHomosexuals

Jews especially targeted:Jews especially targeted:

Nuremberg Laws: - wear star of DavidNuremberg Laws: - wear star of David- banned inter-marriage- banned inter-marriage- limited professions- limited professions

• 1938 – Kristallnacht (Crystal night)1938 – Kristallnacht (Crystal night)--Nazi mobs attacked Jewish homes & businessesNazi mobs attacked Jewish homes & businesses

• Later became illegal to own businesses, or travelLater became illegal to own businesses, or travel

• Hitler & Himmler institute “Final Solution”Hitler & Himmler institute “Final Solution”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6ddf00iqDM&feature=related

Spain: Francisco Franco 1939-1975Spain: Francisco Franco 1939-1975

1936 Fascist rebels 1936 Fascist rebels “Nationalists” overthrow “Nationalists” overthrow governmentgovernment

Results in 3 yr civil warResults in 3 yr civil war 1200 Cdn volunteers 1200 Cdn volunteers

(Mac-Paps)(Mac-Paps) Canada made it illegal Canada made it illegal

to fight foreign warsto fight foreign wars Hitler & Mussolini Hitler & Mussolini

support Francosupport Franco

Japan:Japan: Emperor HirohitoEmperor Hirohito Militarists seize controlMilitarists seize control Hideki Tojo – GeneralHideki Tojo – General Secret policeSecret police NationalismNationalism Notions of Racial Notions of Racial

superioritysuperiority expansionistexpansionist

Dictators Expand Territory = Dictators Expand Territory = IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

1931 – Japan 1931 – Japan attacks Manchuria attacks Manchuria in northern Chinain northern China

Japan wants more Japan wants more natural resources natural resources for its growing for its growing population population (Manchuria is rich (Manchuria is rich in natural in natural resources)resources)

Italy invades EthiopiaItaly invades Ethiopia 1935 – Italy 1935 – Italy

invaded Ethiopia in invaded Ethiopia in AfricaAfrica

Mussolini wanted Mussolini wanted new areas to new areas to expand his empire expand his empire in Africain Africa

Germany Begins ConquestsGermany Begins Conquests 1936 – Hitler moves 1936 – Hitler moves

troops into the troops into the RhinelandRhineland (German (German region near the French region near the French border)border)

WWI treaty said WWI treaty said nono German troops hereGerman troops here

French Gov’t and French Gov’t and League of Nations – League of Nations – TAKE NO ACTIONTAKE NO ACTION

German-Italian AllianceGerman-Italian Alliance Germany and Italy Germany and Italy

form the form the Axis PowersAxis Powers Now – two dictators Now – two dictators

with stated goals of with stated goals of expansion are good expansion are good friendsfriends

Axis Powers help Axis Powers help Spain’s Fascist Spain’s Fascist military overthrow its military overthrow its elected government elected government (Spanish Civil War)(Spanish Civil War)

Mussolini and Hitler

Hitler begins his own ConquestsHitler begins his own Conquests 1938 – Hitler and the 1938 – Hitler and the

Germans invade Germans invade Austria (most Austria (most Austrians spoke Austrians spoke German and German and welcomed becoming a welcomed becoming a part of Germany)part of Germany)

But…Hitler and the But…Hitler and the Germans were Germans were expanding – and the expanding – and the WWI treaty told them WWI treaty told them not to…not to…

The SudetenlandThe Sudetenland After taking Austria After taking Austria

– Hitler wants more– Hitler wants more His next desire is His next desire is

the the SudetenlandSudetenland in Czechoslovakiain Czechoslovakia

The Czechs didn’t The Czechs didn’t want to give this want to give this area to Germany – area to Germany – nor did France and nor did France and RussiaRussia

Germany’s ExpansionGermany’s Expansion

““AppeasementAppeasement” at Munich” at Munich The British step in to The British step in to

offer a peace and offer a peace and avoid waravoid war

British Prime Minister British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler in meets with Hitler in Munich, GermanyMunich, Germany• They agree to give They agree to give

Hitler the Hitler the SudetenlandSudetenland

• Hitler has to promise Hitler has to promise he is done seeking he is done seeking territoryterritory

Reactions to MunichReactions to Munich Neville Neville

ChamberlainChamberlain, the , the British Prime British Prime Minister who came Minister who came up with the up with the agreement, said agreement, said that he had that he had achieved “peace in achieved “peace in our time”our time”

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill, , the future Prime the future Prime Minister, said: Minister, said: “Britain and France “Britain and France had to choose had to choose between war and between war and shame. They chose shame. They chose shame. They will shame. They will get war, too.”get war, too.”

Hitler breaks his promise: Germany Hitler breaks his promise: Germany Starts the WarStarts the War

After being given Sudetenland – Hitler After being given Sudetenland – Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakiatakes the rest of Czechoslovakia

Hitler signs a Non-Aggression Pact with Hitler signs a Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin and the Soviet Union (they agree to Stalin and the Soviet Union (they agree to not make war on each other) – now France not make war on each other) – now France and Britain have lost an allyand Britain have lost an ally

Immediately after – Germany invades Immediately after – Germany invades Poland (France & Britain declare war on Poland (France & Britain declare war on Germany) WWII officially beginsGermany) WWII officially begins

In summary:In summary: Causes of WWII: Causes of WWII: similarsimilar to causes of WWI to causes of WWI NationalismNationalism (Mussolini and Hitler VERY (Mussolini and Hitler VERY

nationalistic)nationalistic) Arms RaceArms Race Germany, Italy and Japan Germany, Italy and Japan

spent a lot of money building up the spent a lot of money building up the military and formed the military and formed the Axis PowersAxis Powers

ImperialismImperialism- Larger countries continued - Larger countries continued to try to gain more land overseas (ex: Italy to try to gain more land overseas (ex: Italy takes Ethiopia and Japan takes Manchuria takes Ethiopia and Japan takes Manchuria and Germany takes Czechoslovakia)and Germany takes Czechoslovakia)

In summary:In summary: Causes of WWII Causes of WWII different different from from

causes of WWIcauses of WWI Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles-Made -Made

Germans angryGermans angry The Great DepressionThe Great Depression- made - made

people very poor and desperate for people very poor and desperate for change. People more willing to change. People more willing to follow dictators.follow dictators.

Causes of WWI and WWII Venn Causes of WWI and WWII Venn DiagramDiagram

What were the causes of WWI?What were the causes of WWI? How were they the same or different How were they the same or different

from the causes of WWII? Fill out a from the causes of WWII? Fill out a Venn Diagram to show the Venn Diagram to show the similarities and differences between similarities and differences between the causes of WWI and WWII.the causes of WWI and WWII.