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The Republic of Uganda OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR GENERAL VALUE FOR MONEY AUDIT REPORT ON THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES BY THE DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK HEALTH AND ENTOMOLOGY IN THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES Prepared by Office of the Auditor General P.O.Box.7083 Kampala March 2009

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The Republic of Uganda

OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR GENERAL

VALUE FOR MONEY AUDIT REPORT

ON THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES BY

THE DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK HEALTH AND ENTOMOLOGY IN THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES

Prepared by Office of the Auditor General

P.O.Box.7083 Kampala

March 2009

i

PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………………. 2-4

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………………… ………..……..5-6

GLOSSARY OF TERMS ……………………………………………………………………………….……………………7-10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………….11-15

CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………….....16

1.1 Background to the study …………………………………………………………………………………….……16

1.2 Reasons for the audit ………………………………………………………………………………………….16

1.3 Statutory Mandate …………………………………………………………………………………………18

1.4 Vision ……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………18

1.4.1 Mission

1.4.2 Goals and Objectives

1.5 Major Activities of the Department ………………………………………………………………………….18

1.6 The Organizational structure …………………………………………………………………………………..19

1.7 Sources of funding …………………………………………………………………………………………………19

1.8 Audit Scope ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…19

1.9 Audit methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………..….20

1.9.1 Interviews …………………………..……………………………………………………………………20

1.9.2 Document reviews……………………………………………………………………………………..20

1.9.3 Observations……………………………………………………………………………………………..20

1.9.4 Internet sites visited…………………………………………………………………………………..20

CHAPTER 2

2. PROCESSES IN PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES

2.1 Roles and responsibilities of Key players …………………………………………………………………..21

2.1.1 Permanent Secretary MAAIF………………………………………………………………………..21

2.1.2 Director of Animal Industry and Fisheries……………………………………………………..21

2.1.3 Commissioner and Assistant Commissioners of Livestock Health and Entomology

2.1.4 District Veterinary Officers and District Entomologists………………………………….…21

2.1.5 UWA Veterinary Coordinator………………………………………………………………………..22

2.1.6 URA, Immigration, Police and Army……………………………………………………………..22

ii

2.1.7 NALIRRI…………………………………………………………………………………………………….22

2.2. SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION………………………………………………………………………………………....22

2.2.1 Surveillance………………………………………………………………………………………………..22

2.2.2 Vaccinations……………………………………………………………………………………………….23

2.2.3 Laboratory Diagnosis………………………………………………………………………………….24

2.2.4 Animal movement control……………………………………………………………………………24

2.2.5 Sensitization……………………………………………………………………………………………….25

2.2.6 Coordination between MAAIF and the Districts……………………….…………………….26

2.2.7 Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders…………………………………….26

2.2.8 Vector Control………………………………………………………………………….…………………26

CHAPTER 3

3. FINDINGS

3.1 Notable achievements ………………………………………………………………………………………………28

3.1.1 Eradication of Rinderpest……………………………………………………………………………28

3.1.2 Control of the outbreak of Anthrax in Queen Elizabeth National Park……………28

3.2 Surveillance ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…28

3.2.1 Passive Surveillance……………………………………………………………………………………..28

3.2.2 Active Surveillance……………………………………………………………………………………….30

3.2.3 Cross border passive Surveillance of Trans boundary Animal Diseases (TADs)..31

3.3 Vaccinations ………………………….…………………………..………………………………………………….…31

3.3.1 Routine strategic vaccinations..................................................................31

3.3.2 Targeted vaccinations…………………………………………………………………………………..32

3.4 Laboratory Diagnosis ……………………….………………….…………………………………………………...32

3.4.1 Diagnostic Capacity at the National Animal Diagnostic and Epidemiology laboratory

3.4.2 Diagnostic Capacity at the districts…………………………………………………………………32

3.5 Sensitizations…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….33

3.6 Animal Movement Control……….…………………………………………………………………………….…..34

3.6.1 Enforcement of veterinary regulations at animal check points along NSR’s……….34

3.6.2 Animal movement control at border entry points……………………………………………34

3. 7 Coordination between MAAIF and the districts……………………………….….……………………….35

3.7.1 Implementation of livestock activities at Districts……………………………………………35

3.7.2 Livestock Census at Districts………………………………………………………………………….35

3. 8Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders…………………………………………………….36

3. 8.1 NALIRRI………………………………………………………………………………………………………36

iii

3. 8.2 Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA)………………………………………………………………….36

3. 8.3 East African Community (EAC)……………………………………………………………………..37

3.9 Vector Control Measures…………………………………………………………………………………………….37

3.9.1 Entomological Monitoring……………………………………………………………………………..37

3.9.2 Vector control measures in FITCA districts……………………………………………………..39

3.9.3 Vector control infrastructure………………………………………………………………………….40

3.9.4 Registration and approval of acaricides by MAAIF………………………………………….42

CHAPTER 4

Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….44

CHAPTER.5

Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….46

iv

Appendices

Tables

Table 1 Imports and Exports of Livestock and Livestock products

Table 2 Review of outbreaks of Livestock Disease in the selected districts from 2003 to 2007.

Table 3 Analysis of Disease Outbreaks in Districts per disease type from 2003-2007

Table 4 Livestock health and entomology funding from 2004/05 to December 2007.

Table 5 Epidemiological Reports submitted by Districts from 2003 to 2007

Table 6 Time taken to communicate diagnostic results.

Table 7 Intervals for carrying out routine vaccinations

Table 8 Targeted Vaccinations at districts following disease out breaks

Table 9 Capacity to undertake recommended diagnostic tests for important diseases in international

trade done at the centre as at August 2007

Table 10 Diagnostic Capacity at Districts

Table 11 Funds utilization of the development budget by the Department

Table 12 Status of Animal check points ACPs , Animal holding grounds (AHGs)and Animal

quarantine station (AQS) along the NSRs and Border entry points

Table 13 Category and value of Livestock and livestock products exported from 2003 to 2007

Table 14 Import and export of livestock and livestock products at designated border entry points in

the period 2003 to 2007

Table 15 Livestock census activities at the districts

Table 16 Breeds of livestock in Uganda

Table 17 Traps originally deployed at start of FITCA

Table 18 Entomological Monitoring in Non FITCA districts

Table 19 Status of FMS in FITCA districts

Table 20 Status of cattle spraying associations in selected FITCA districts

Table 21 Status of Communal and Private Dips

Table 22 Acaricides tested and recommended for use by MAAIF

Figures

Figure 1 Outbreaks of four major notifiable livestock diseases in the districts.

Figure 2 Import and export of livestock and livestock products at designated border entry points

v

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACP Animal Check Point

AHG Animal Holding Ground

AHO Animal Husbandry Officer

AI Avian Influenza

AQS Animal Quarantine Station

ARRIS Animal Resources Research Information system

ASF African Swine Fever

CAO Chief Administrative Officer

CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuro pneumonia

CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuro pneumonia

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

COCTU Coordinating Office for the Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda

DE District Entomologist

DVO District Veterinary Officer

EAC East African Community

ECF East Coast Fever

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FITCA Farming in Tsetse Control Areas of East Africa

FMD Foot and Mouth Disease

FMS Fixed Monitoring Sites

FTD Flies per Trap per day

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GOU Government of Uganda

IFMS Integrated Financial Management System

LG Local Government

LGDP Local Government Development Project

LSD Lumpy Skin Disease

MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries

MOFPED Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development

NAGRC&DB National Animal Genetic Resource Centre and Data Bank

NALIRRI National Animal Livestock Resources Research Institute

vi

NARO National Agriculture Research Organisation

NCD New Castle Disease

NDA National Drug Authority

NLPIP National Livestock Productivity Improvement Project

NPA National Planning Authority

NSR National Stock Routes

OAG Office of the Auditor General, Uganda

OIE World Organization for Animal Health

PACE Pan African Program for the control of Epizootics

PATTEC Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign

PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan

PMA Plan for Modernization of Agriculture

PPR Peste des Petits Ruminats

PVI Principal Veterinary Inspector

PVO Principal Veterinary Officer

RPV Rinderpest Virus

RVF Rift Valley Fever

SVI Senior Veterinary Inspector

SVO Senior Veterinary Officer

TAD Trans boundary Animal Diseases

TBD Tick Borne Diseases

URA Uganda Revenue Authority

UVA Uganda Veterinary Association

UVB Uganda Veterinary Board

UVRI Uganda Virus Research Institute

UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority

VFM Value for Money

WHO World Health Organisation

VO Veterinary Officer

www World wide web

vii

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Active Surveillance

Means purposeful and comprehensive searching for evidence of disease in animal populations or for

verification that such populations are free of specific diseases. Active disease surveillance

programmes may be of a catch-all nature to detect any significant disease occurrences, targeted

against specific high-threat diseases or designed to monitor the progress of individual disease

control or eradication campaigns.

Animal

Means a mammal, bird or bee.

Animal Check point

Means examination posts or barriers marked with signs bearing letter “Q” placed on highways also

known as National Stock Routes in high animal disease risk areas. The animal check points

operated are either fixed or mobile.

Animal Holding Ground

Means a place for isolation and quarantine for animals.

Animal Quarantine station

Means a facility under the control of the veterinary authority where animals are maintained in

isolation with no direct or indirect contact with other animals, to prevent the transmission of

specified pathogen(s) while the animals are undergoing observation for a specified length of time

and , if appropriate, testing and treatment

Animal for slaughter

Means an animal intended for slaughter within a short time, under the control of the relevant

veterinary authority.

Abattoir/slaughter house

Means premises used for the slaughter of animals for consumption or for feeding animals, these

premises should be approved by the veterinary administration.

Border post

Means any airport, or railway station or road check point open to international trade of

commodities, where import veterinary inspection can be performed.

Breeding birds

Means birds kept for the purpose of producing hatching eggs.

Case

Means an individual animal infected by a pathogenic agent, with or without clinical signs.

viii

Commissioner

Means the commissioner for livestock health and entomology.

Control programme

Means a programme which is approved and managed or supervised by the department in MAAIF for

the purpose of controlling a vector, pathogen or disease by specific measures applied throughout

the country, or within a zone or in Uganda.

Crushes

Means strongly built stall or cage for holding cattle safely while they are examined, marked, given

veterinary treatment or calves are fed.

Day old birds (poultry)

Means birds aged not more than seventy two hours after hatching.

Department

Means the department of Livestock Health and Entomology in the Ministry of Agriculture Animal

Industry and Fisheries.

Diagnosis

Means the systematic identification and investigation of a disease from its signs and symptoms

Disease

Means the clinical and /or pathological manifestation of an infection.

Disease free zones

Means a zone in which the absence of the disease under consideration has been demonstrated by

the requirements specified in the terrestrial code for free status being met. within the zone and its

borders, appropriate official veterinary control Is effectively applied for animals and animal products

and their transportation.

Disinfection

Means the application, after thorough cleansing, procedures intended to destroy the infectious or

parasitic agents of animal diseases, including zoonosis; this applies to premises ,vehicles and

different objects which may have been directly or indirectly contaminated.

Disinfestations

Means the application of procedures intended to eliminate arthropods which may cause disease or

are potential vectors of infectious agents of animal diseases including zoonoses.

Early detection system

Means a system under the control of the veterinary services for the timely detection and

identification of animal diseases characteristics of the system include:

a) Representative coverage of target animal population by field services.

ix

b) Ability to undertake effective disease investigation and reporting

c) Access to laboratories capable of diagnosing and differentiating relevant diseases

d) a training programme for Veterinarians and Para Veterinarians for detecting and reporting

unusual disease occurrences.

Epizootic

Means a disease that appears in animal populations.

Eradication

Means the elimination of a pathogenic agent from a country or zone

Incidence

Means the number of new cases or outbreaks of a disease that occur in a population at risk in a

particular geographical area within a defunct time interval.

Infected zone

Means a zone in which the absence of the disease under consideration has not been demonstrated

by the requirements specified by the terrestrial code or veterinary authorities as being met

Infection

Means the presence of the pathogenic agent in the host.

Laboratory

Means a properly equipped institution or family staffed by technically competent personnel under

the control of a specialist in veterinary diagnostic methods who is responsible for the validity of the

results.

Laboratory Diagnosis

All initial diagnosis of any disease is based on clinical diagnosis which is a diagnosis based on

observation of clinical signs like visible disruptions of the animal conduct and parts including visible

injuries and response to simple physical tests like temperature. The application of results of clinical

diagnosis is limited because mixed infections may not be detected; other diseases show similar

clinical pictures and strain differences in the some disease cannot be detected. Consequently

laboratory diagnosis is required.

Livestock

Is defined by the department as all animals of veterinary interest that have economic value other

than Wild life. For the purpose of this audit, Livestock is limited to cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and

poultry.

Livestock markets

Means place designated and approved by authorities. For trade in livestock and livestock products,

under the control of a veterinary authority

x

Monitoring

Means the continuous investigation of a given population or subpopulation and its environment, to

detect changes in the prevalence of a disease or characteristics of a pathogenic agent.

Notification

Means the procedure by which the commissioner is informed about the occurrence of an outbreak

of disease or infection, according to the provision of the Animal disease Act

Notifiable disease

Means a disease listed by the commissioner. As soon as it is detected or suspected, it must be

brought to the attention of the commissioner in accordance with the Animal disease Act.

Outbreak of disease or infection

Means the occurrence of one or more cases of a disease or an infection in an epidemiological unit.

Passive Surveillance

Means the routine gathering of information on disease incidents from sources such as requests for

assistance from farmers, reports from field veterinary officers and livestock officers, submission of

diagnostic specimens to laboratories and the results of laboratory investigations. Routine disease

reports may also come from other sources such as abattoirs and livestock markets.

Prevalence

Means the total number of cases or outbreak of disease that are present in a population at risk, in a

particular geographical area at one specified time or during a given period.

Rinderpest

Is an acute, fatal viral disease principally of cattle and some wild artiodactyls (African buffalo,

giraffe, eland and kudu) with death rates during outbreaks approaching 100%. Sheep and goats

may develop clinical signs but serious disease is uncommon. Disease occurs but may be apparent in

camels, deer and pigs. Humans are not affected

Ring Vaccination

Means the rapid creation of an immune belt around an infected area.

Routine Strategic Vaccinations

Means a vaccination of a high risk area based on a risk analysis.

Surveillance

Means the investigation of a given population or sub-population to detect the presence of

pathogenic agent or disease. The frequency and type of surveillance will be determined by the

epidemiology of the pathogenic agent or disease and the desired output.

xi

Vaccinations

Means the successful immunisation of susceptible animals through the administration of a vaccine

comprising antigens to the disease to be controlled

Valley Dams

Means big open water reservoirs found between valleys.

Zoonosis

Means any disease or infection which is naturally transmissible from animals to humans

xii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report focuses on the activities of the department of Livestock Health and Entomology in the

prevention and control of livestock diseases in Uganda. Livestock diseases, if not checked, pose a

serious threat to not only food security and quality of livestock products but also to exports.

Information from Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) indicates the value of exports of Uganda’s

livestock and livestock products for the year 2007 was estimated at Shs. 40 billion. The main

livestock diseases prevalent in Uganda from 2004 to 2007 are Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD),

Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP), Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), African Swine Fever

(ASF), Tick borne diseases (TBD),Nagana and NewCastle Disease(NCD).

While the livestock farmers bear the primary responsibility of ensuring that their livestock are

disease free, the department Livestock Health and Entomology is charged with the duty of putting

in place viable, sustainable measures and mechanisms for epidemic diseases and pest control,

regulation and enforcement of veterinary laws. It spent about Shs 15 billion from the financial year

2004/2005 to December 2007 on activities of prevention, control and eradication of livestock

diseases. This funding includes donor funds for projects like National Livestock Productivity

Improvement Project (NLPIP), Farming in Tsetse Control Areas of East Africa (FITCA) and Creation

of Tsetse and Tripanosomiasis Free Area. The department’s work is guided by various laws, which

include the Animal Disease Act, and the Animal movement Act. It also complies with the

requirements of World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).

A Value For Money (VFM) audit was conducted to assess the performance of the department in the

core activities of prevention and control of livestock diseases. These activities include; Surveillance,

Vaccinations, Diagnosis, Enforcement, Sensitization, Coordination between the Ministry of

Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) and the Districts and Collaboration between

MAAIF and key stakeholders and Vector control.

The study covered the districts of Arua, Lira, Gulu, Tororo, Soroti, Kotido, Nakapiripirit,

Nakasongola, Mukono, Rakai, Mbarara, Ntungamo and Kasese. It involved visiting and assessing

the operations and controls at the livestock border entry points of Paidha, Vurra, Oraba, Mutukula,

Mirama hills, Malaba, and Mpondwe. The team also visited 2 National parks namely: Lake Mburo

and Queen Elizabeth and also obtained information from Murchison falls and Kidepo National parks

in order to assess the collaboration between MAAIF and Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) on the

prevention and control of livestock diseases.

xiii

The study covered the financial years 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07 and the period July-

December 2007.

The audit was carried out in two phases namely, the preliminary study and the main study. In both

stages a number of data collection methods were employed these included interviews, document

review and inspections.

The audit was conducted in accordance with International Organization of Supreme Audit

Institutions (INTOSAI) Performance Auditing Standards. These standards require that performance

audit should be planned, conducted and reported on in a manner which ensures that an audit of

high quality is carried out in an economic, efficient and effective way and in a timely manner.

Findings

Achievements

Some notable achievements by the department of Livestock Health and Entomology include:-

The successful eradication of Rinderpest virus in the country. A provisional declaration of

freedom from the disease was made in 1999 on a Zonal basis and in 2002 the whole country

was provisionally declared free from the Rinderpest disease. In 2008 OIE gave Uganda

formal recognition declaring it free from Rinderpest Disease.

The containment of the outbreak of Anthrax in Queen Elizabeth national park in 2004. It

was controlled through a multidisciplinary National Task Force with MAAIF and UWA taking

the lead. It also involved the community, private companies. This incident shows the

advantages that can arise from collaboration.

However the audit also revealed some weaknesses in the prevention and control of livestock

diseases as shown below:-

1 Surveillance of livestock diseases.

It was noted that some districts did not submit the required number of reports, while some failed to

submit epidemiological reports by the 15th day of the subsequent month. Some reports were also

noted to be partially completed thereby hampering the compilation of district epidemiological data

and hence affecting decision making by MAAIF.

Delays were also noted in active surveillance. MAAIF took on average four weeks to diagnose

diseases from the time of outbreaks. These delays were noted in taking samples, and

xiv

communicating the diagnostic results to the affected districts. Late diagnosis led to spread of

livestock diseases.

Cross border surveillance on Trans-boundary Animal Diseases (TADs) concentrated on Rinderpest

increasing the risk of spread of other livestock diseases as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Rift

Valley fever (RVF), Peste des Petits Ruminats (PPR), Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP).

2 Routine strategic vaccinations and targeted vaccinations

It was noted that in all districts, routine strategic vaccination was not carried out. This resulted in

livestock becoming susceptible to preventable livestock diseases. Delayed targeted vaccinations

were also noted during outbreaks. Even in instances where vaccines were availed for targeted

vaccinations, they could not cover all the livestock population in affected areas, resulting in low

coverage of vaccinations.

3 Laboratory Diagnosis

It was noted that, with the exception of Tororo, Rakai, Mbarara and Soroti, all districts selected for

the study did not have mini laboratories for handling basic diagnosis of haematological and

microbiological tests thereby sending all diagnostic tests, both simple and complex to the National

animal laboratory at MAAIF leading to delays in diagnosis of livestock diseases.

The study also revealed the inadequacy of reagents and diagnostic equipment at the national

animal disease diagnostic laboratory. This reduced the timely diagnoses of disease out breaks and

subsequent interventions by MAAIF in the districts.

4 Sensitizations

It was observed that posters were not hanged in public places such as community centres and

abattoirs. Besides that, messages in some posters were not clear and also had not been explained

to livestock farmers by the extension workers in all the districts where they were distributed. It was

also noted that although pre-testing of sensitization materials was done in the Districts this was

limited. Large quantities of sensitization material could not be produced because of their cost and

limitations imposed by funding organizations.

Weaknesses in sensitizations resulted in limited awareness on prevention and control of livestock

diseases by livestock farmers, cattle traders and local leaders.

xv

5 Animal movement control along National Stock Routes (NSR’s). and Border

entry points

MAAIF operated fixed ACPs in the districts of Soroti, Kasese, Rakai and Arua and mobile ones in

Mukono, Mbarara, Kotido, Arua and Ntungamo. The district of Tororo did not operate ACPs. Apart

from Mukono, Kasese and Rakai, the rest of the districts did not have Animal Holding Grounds

(AHGs) as well as Animal Quarantine Stations (AQSs) for holding impounded livestock.

It was noted that only 4 out of 28 border entry points namely Entebbe International Airport,

Malaba, Busia and Mutukula had Veterinary Officers (VOs) stationed. Of the four, only Entebbe

International Airport and Mutukula had AQSs for holding suspected animals for mandatory

observation and testing for diseases.

Lack of VOs at some entry points enabled livestock farmers and cattle traders to move their

livestock in and out of the country without permit verifications and mandatory veterinary

inspections. In addition lack of AHGs and or AQSs encouraged the entry of suspected animals into

the country without being isolated and held for a period of more than 14 days for the mandatory

observation and testing for diseases.

6 Coordination between MAAIF and the districts

It was noted during audit that MAAIF was detached from districts veterinary departments. As a

result it does not offer adequate technical assistance, monitoring and supervision of activities

carried out in the districts.

Poor coordination between the two resulted in delays in vaccinations, diagnoses and disease

information flow between the districts and MAAIF.

7 Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders

7.1 NALIRRI

National Animal Livestock Resources Research Institute (NALIRRI) which is a livestock resources

research institute in the country doesn’t have the human capacity and expertise to develop vaccines

for livestock disease strains prevalent in Uganda. It also lacks equipments/ facilities necessary for

vaccine development

Failure to develop some essential vaccines in Uanda, results in MAAIF’s continued reliance on

importation of vaccines and thus failure to undertake routine and adequate targeted vaccinations.

xvi

7.2 UWA

Surveillance of wildlife diseases focused on only Rinderpest.

7.3 East African Community.

The study noted that meetings held by MAAIF with the neighboring countries of Kenya, Tanzania

and Rwanda on control of TADs and other initiatives aimed at the prevention and control of Rift

valley fever, Rinderpest and avian influenza were not consistent although they were carried out on

a continuous basis.

8 Vector control measures

Vector control infrastructure like dip tanks and crushes in most districts have been neglected and

are dilapidated, in addition Tsetse traps and chemicals supplied by MAAIF to the districts for tsetse

control are inadequate.

There are also vector control measures which are limited only to FITCA districts, while other vectors

as ticks and nuisance biting flies have been neglected by MAAIF. It was further noted that

entomological monitoring by MAAIF is not carried out in non FITCA districts.

This has resulted in the collapse of vector control infrastructure and increase in the occurrence of

tick borne diseases and tsetse infestation in these districts.

Our Recommendations

In light of the above, we recommend the following to be carried out:-

1. MAAIF should enforce the requirement by districts to submit epidemiological reports monthly

and on time.

2. Ensure that the District Veterinary Officers (DVOs) strengthen the monitoring and

supervision of VOs and Animal Husbandry Officers (AHOs) at the lower governments in the

districts for the timely collection, collation and dispatch of all epidemiological data to

districts.

3. Ensure that the importance of submitting complete and qualitative epidemiological reports to

MAAIF is emphasized to the DVOs.

4. Address the staff shortage at the National Animal Disease, Diagnostic laboratory in order to

improve service delivery.

xvii

5. The department should also extend the cross border surveillance to other TADs which the

PACE project had initially targeted.

6. Ensure that priority is accorded to routine strategic vaccinations by providing adequate

resources.

7. Emphasis is placed on timely collection of samples, diagnoses and communication of

diagnostic test results to affected areas following disease outbreaks so as to ensure timely

vaccinations.

8. Establish Buffer stocks of all types of vaccines to cater for unforeseen outbreaks of livestock

diseases to enable adequate coverage of vaccinations.

9. Ensure that test kits together with other logistical items are in place at district laboratories

for all diseases.

10. Urge the districts to avail laboratory space so that MAAIF can provide the basic laboratory

equipments and reagents necessary to perform basic diagnostic tests.

11. MAAIF in its advisory capacity should ensure that districts prioritize the veterinary activities

like entomological activities, enforcement and sensitization by providing adequate funds in

containing livestock disease outbreaks.

12. MAAIF in developing sensitization materials should involve other stakeholders like local

governments so that only the materials suited to the local settings of the targeted groups

are produced.

13. Urge districts to avail land for establishing livestock infrastructure as AHGs and AQSs for

holding livestock impounded from ACPs and border entry points and strengthen support to

districts which do not have enforcement infrastructure by providing necessary facilities and

equipment.

14. MAAIF should strengthen enforcement at the border entry points by having VOs stationed at

each entry point to ensure control over legal exportation and importation of livestock.

xviii

15. Following the eradication of Rinderpest, emphasis should forthwith be directed to other

diseases

16. Ensure strengthening and closer collaboration with neighboring countries like Sudan,

Democratic Republic of Congo which are not in the East African Community so as to benefit

from synergies.

17. Monitor all district entomological activities and extend the focus of entomological monitoring

to other vectors which also contribute to livestock diseases as tick borne diseases

18. Carry out appropriate tick and vector control measures to reduce incidence of TBD and

tsetse infestation and increase logistical support to the districts.

19. Carryout a comprehensive review of the tick control infrastructure and on the basis of risk

analysis, rehabilitate those that can be used by the communities.

20. Speed up the registration of acaricides in the department

1

CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION

This audit report is about the prevention and control of livestock diseases and it is aimed at coming

up with recommendations to help the department of Livestock health and Entomology improve the

way the major activities in prevention and control of livestock diseases are carried out.

This audit was conducted in accordance with Article 163(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of

Uganda.1 This mandate is amplified under Section 21(1) of the National Audit Act 20082 which

requires the Auditor-General to carry out value for money audits for purposes of establishing

economy, efficiency and effectiveness in the operations of any department or ministry.

1.1 Background to the study

MAAIF is responsible for supporting, promoting, guiding and regulating the production of Livestock,

Fisheries and Crops in order to ensure improved quality, quantity of the produce and their products

for local consumption, food security and export. This function is carried out by MAAIF in the two

Directorates of Crop Resource and Animal Resources and Fisheries. The department of Livestock

Health and entomology which is under the Directorate of Animal Resources and Fisheries is charged

with preventing, controlling and eradicating where possible, livestock diseases.

1.2 Reasons for the audit

The audit was motivated by the public outcry over the increased infection and death of livestock.

Furthermore, there have been press reports about pastoralists moving livestock in and out of the

country in an uncontrolled manner and occupying land illegally for grazing livestock. These reported

illegal movements and land occupations have contributed to the increased spread of livestock

diseases and livestock deaths because livestock epidemic diseases are frequently spread by the

movement of infected animals.

“The movement of animals and their products which do not meet mandatory standards put man

and animals at risk of infectious diseases, vectors, pests and or contaminants. Such sub-standard

activities whenever they occur put households who depend on animal industry at food security and

economic risks.’’3. This has put both animal and man at health and economic risk.

1 Constitution of the Republic of UGANDA (1995) as amended by Article 165. 2 National Audit Act 2008 3 Veterinary technical manual for animal movement control in Uganda- First Edition October 2007

2

Epidemic diseases inhibit export trade opportunities for livestock and livestock products. Beside food

security and household incomes, the livestock industry contributes significantly to the economy of

Uganda by about 9% of the Gross Domestic Product and about 17 % of the Agricultural Gross

Domestic Product. About one third of all farm related households in Uganda are estimated to derive

their livelihoods from the animal sub sector4.

A review of exports and imports of livestock products from 2003 to 2007 established that the

country has been exporting more livestock products than it imports as shown in Table 1 below,

Table 1 Imports and Exports of livestock and livestock products in Uganda (2003-2007)

Year Exports (Ushs) Imports (Ushs)

2003 11,492,233,503 6,621,662,621

2004 12,962,449,653 4,833,286,911

2005 15,217,745,316 4,011,878,476

2006 16,153,873,257 5,707,728,587

2007 39,969,438,330 8,368,208,260

Cumulative Totals since 2003

95,795,740,059 29,542,764,855

Source: OAG analysis of data from URA’s Ascuda generated reports

Despite MAAIF’s interventions through government finance and projects such as PACE, FITCA,

NLPIP and Creation of Tsetse and Tripanosomiasis free areas, livestock disease trends have not

significantly reduced in the past three years. There has been no significant reduction in the

occurrence of livestock diseases in districts of Arua, Kotido(CBPP) Kasese,Lira(LSD) and Rakai

(FMD) where the livestock diseases such as CBPP,LSD and FMD have occurred every year in the

periods under review. (See Table 2 and 3 in appendix 1).

4 Veterinary technical manual for animal movement control in Uganda- First Edition October 2007 page 4

3

Figure 1

Outbreaks of four major notifiable livestock diseases in the districts.

Source: OAG analysis of diseases from MAAIF’s cartographic maps This study was conducted to assess the performance of the department in the core activities of

prevention and control of livestock diseases and subsequently where possible come up with

appropriate recommendations that will help the department improve in addressing problems of

livestock disease.

1.3 Statutory Mandate

The department of livestock health and entomology is part of MAAIF whose mandate, vision and

mission are stated below:-

The mandate of MAAIF is “To support, promote and guide the production and processing of crops,

livestock, fish and all other agro-related activities in a sustainable manner so as to ensure the best

quality for the consumers in the market and increased quantity of agricultural produce and products

for domestic consumption, food security and export’’.

1.4 Vision

The vision of (MAAIF) is “To support the national development goal of poverty eradication, by

providing an enabling environment in which a profitable, competitive, dynamic and sustainable

agricultural and agro industrial sector can develop’’.

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1.4.1 Mission

The mission of MAAIF is “To support national efforts to transform subsistence agriculture to

commercial production in crops, fisheries and livestock, by ensuring that the agricultural sector

institutions provide efficient and effective demand-driven services to the farming community. Whilst

services are provided to the sector as a whole, the primary focus is on resource-poor farmers”.

1.4.2 Goals and Objectives

The Department of livestock health and Entomology however has specific goals and objectives. The

main goal of the department is “To prevent, control and where possible eradicate animal diseases’

and the main objective is to “put in place viable, sustainable measures and mechanisms for

epidemic diseases and pest control, regulate and enforce veterinary laws.”

1.5 Major Activities of the Department

The major activities of the department are;

a) Formulating strategies for preventing and controlling animal diseases and disease epidemics.

b) Monitoring outbreaks and prevalence of diseases, importation and exportation of animals

and their products in and out of the country. Monitoring performance of the entomology

division and livestock health activities in the Local Governments (LG’s) to ensure that they

are in conformity with national policies, standards, legislation and plans.

c) Carrying out surveillance of diseases and obtaining samples from the districts for diagnosis

and examination.

d) Prompt collection, collation and dissemination of epidemiological data.

e) Advising the district authorities and the decision makers on disease control strategies.

f) Collaborating with neighboring countries, research and international organizations on

disease control.

g) Availing and administration of vaccines, advising on importation, distribution and marketing

of drugs and chemicals in collaboration with National Drug Authority (NDA) for use on

livestock.

h) Enforcement of laws and regulations pertaining to prevention of disease spread from

animals to humans.

i) Carrying out sensitization / awareness campaigns on animal disease control.

1.6 The Organizational structure

The administrative structure of the Ministry comprises a Minister and three Ministers of State,

responsible for crops, animal industry and fisheries sub-sectors. At the managerial level is the

5

Permanent Secretary who is the Accounting Officer of the Ministry. The department of livestock

health and entomology which is under the directorate of Animal resources and fisheries is headed

by a commissioner. The details of the organizational structure are in the organogram (See

appendix.2 and 3).

1.7 Sources of funding

The major funding of the department is from the Government of Uganda (G.O.U). However it is also

funded by donors from time to time through various initiatives e.g. FITCA, NLPIP, PACE, Pan African

Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis eradication campaign (PATTEC) and Creation of Tsetse and trip free

areas. These initiatives are sometimes co-funded by the GOU, with the Memorandum of

Understanding specifying the various duties and responsibilities of the parties involved.

Table 4

Livestock health and entomology funding from 2004/05 to December 2007.

Source of Funding 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 Jul 07-Dec 07

GOU Recurrent 467,206,005

586,342,764

542,074,387

269,752,455

GOU Development 1,193,671,570

3,045,469,720

5,683,092,514

653,294,000

Donors-NLPIP 626,631,840

430,386,690

436,804,096

698,245,000

- FITCA 85,529,446

129,745,461

210,430,416

338,080,000

-Creation of Tsetse and trip free area

44,501,000

44,380,000

TOTAL FINANCING 2,373,038,861

4,191,944,635

6,916,902,413

2,003,751,455

Source: OAG analysis of financial data from Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS)

NB: 2003/2004 Financial data was not readily available because the IFMS system was not in place

then.

1.8 Audit scope

The audit focused on the management of prevention and control of livestock diseases by the

livestock health and entomology department in MAAIF.The study covered 13 selected districts

namely, Arua, Lira, Gulu, Tororo, Soroti, Kotido, Nakapiripirit, Nakasongola, Mukono, Rakai,

Mbarara, Ntungamo and Kasese which are involved in prevention and control of livestock diseases.

It further involved visiting and assessing the operations and controls at the livestock border entry

points of Paidha, Vurra, Oraba, Mutukula, Mirama hills, Malaba, and Mpondwe.

6

The team also visited Lake Mburo and Queen Elizabeth National Parks and obtained information

from Murchison falls and Kidepo National parks under Uganda Wild Authority (UWA) in order to

assess the coordination between UWA and the neighbouring districts on the control and prevention

of livestock diseases. The audit covered the period July 2003 to December 2007.

The audit objective was to assess the performance of the department and come up with suitable

recommendations based on the findings so that the department may make improvements in

prevention and control of livestock diseases.

1.9 Audit methodology

The audit was conducted in accordance with International Organization of Supreme Audit

Institutions (INTOSAI) Performance Auditing Standards. These standards require that performance

audit should be planned, conducted and reported on in a manner which ensures that an audit of

high quality is carried out in an economic, efficient and effective way and in a timely manner.

Data was collected using the following data collection methods;

1.9.1 Interviews

Interviews were conducted with the Commissioner of livestock health and entomology and three

assistant commissioners of the divisions of National disease control, Entomology and Veterinary

inspection and regulations. Also interviewed were DVO’s, District Entomologists (DE’s) of the

selected districts, two Game wardens and two veterinary doctors of the four National Parks.

1.9.2 Document reviews

The following documents were reviewed in order to obtain information on activities and

performance of the department

Animal disease Act 1964

MAAIF’s annual performance reports 2003,2005,2006, and 2007

OIE Terrestrial animal health code 15th edition 2006

State of the national animal disease diagnostics and epidemiology laboratory report August

2007

PACE annual reports and work plans 2004,2005,2006 and 2007

FITCA progress reports and work plans of 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007

MAAIF’s Policy statements (2003-2007)

Veterinary technical manual for animal movement control in Uganda October 2007

Local government Act (2006-Amended)

7

National Policy on the control of Ticks and Tick Borne Diseases (TBD’s) 2005

MAAIF’s strategy for control of livestock disease

UWA report on the exercise to dispose off Hippo carcasses from waters in Queen Elizabeth

national Park following outbreak of Anthrax 2004

Pathway of freedom from Rinderpest disease in Uganda.

1.9.3 Observations

Physical observations were done to ascertain the conditions and operations of livestock

infrastructure i.e;

Abattoirs at selected districts

Animal Check points

Valley dams, valley tanks, animal dips and crushes.

1.9.4 Internet sites visited

www.agriculture.co.ug

www.fao.org

www.ilri.org

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CHAPTER 2

2 PROCESSES IN PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES

2.1 Roles and responsibilities of Key players

2.1.1 Permanent Secretary, MAAIF

The Permanent Secretary (PS) is the Accounting officer of MAAIF responsible for overseeing all the

activities of the directorates and departments in the ministry.

2.1.2 Director of Animal Industry and Fisheries

The Director of Animal Industry is responsible for overseeing the three departments of the

directorate of Animal Industry. These departments are Animal Production, Fisheries resources and

livestock Health and Entomology.

2.1.3 Commissioner and Assistant Commissioners of Livestock Health and

entomology

These officers carry out the same activities in the department. The main thrust of their

responsibilities include:-

Formulating strategies for preventing and controlling animal diseases and disease epidemics.

Monitoring outbreaks and prevalence of diseases, importation and exportation of animals and

their products in and out of the country. Monitoring performance of the entomology division

and livestock health activities in the Local Governments to ensure that they are in conformity

with national policies, standards, legislation and plans.

Carrying out surveillance of diseases and obtaining samples from the districts for diagnosis

and examination.

Prompt collection, collation and dissemination of epidemiological data.

Advising the district authorities and the decision makers on disease control strategies.

Collaborating with neighboring countries, research and international organizations on disease

control.

Availing and administration of vaccines, advising on importation, distribution and marketing of

drugs and chemicals in collaboration with National Drug Authority (NDA) for use on livestock.

Enforcement of laws and regulations pertaining to prevention of disease spread from animals

to humans.

Carrying out sensitization / awareness campaigns on animal disease control.

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2.1.4 District Veterinary Officers and District Entomologists

These officers are the implementers of the activities of the department of animal health and

entomology at the districts. Their duties include:-

Formulating district strategies in collaboration with MAAIF for preventing and controlling

animal diseases and disease epidemics.

Monitoring outbreaks and prevalence of diseases at the districts, importation and

exportation of animals and their products in and out of the District. Monitoring performance

of the VO’s, AHO’s and livestock health inspectors in the Districts to ensure that they are in

conformity with national policies, standards, legislation and plans.

Carrying out surveillance of diseases and obtaining samples from the affected areas for

diagnosis and examination.

Prompt collection, collation and dissemination of epidemiological data to MAAIF.

Enforcement of laws and regulations at the districts pertaining to prevention of disease

spread within animals and from animals to humans.

Carrying out sensitization / awareness campaigns on animal disease control. Coordinating

vaccinations at the districts in collaboration with MAAIF and neighbouring districts and

Liaising with district authorities and other stake holders on disease control strategies.

2.1.5 UWA

UWA’s mandate is to control wildlife diseases in the Country. Wildlife and livestock sometimes

contract and transmit same diseases. Therefore MAAIF, through the PACE project entered into a

memorandum of understanding with UWA to carry out joint vaccinations, sensitizations, darting,

netting and taking samples for the purposes of monitoring and controlling epizootic diseases. UWA

is also supposed to coordinate with MAAIF in information sharing by submitting quarterly reports on

wildlife disease incidence to MAAIF. For notifiable diseases the reporting to MAAIF of disease

outbreak is immediate. Furthermore, UWA is also a member of the technical advisory committee of

MAAIF. The UWA veterinary coordinator is responsible for implementing disease control activities

between UWA and MAAIF.

2.1.6 Police

These help MAAIF and the Districts in law enforcement especially at border entry points and ACP’s.

The reason for this is that MAAIF is not a law enforcer and as such has to work with other law

enforcement agencies.

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2.1.7 NALIRRI

This is the only livestock resources research institute in the country mandated to carry out research

on livestock diseases and technologies. It develops technologies for livestock management which

are passed on to MAAIF for adoption and implementation.

2.2 SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION

The management of the prevention and control of livestock diseases involves mainly the following

activities;

2.2.1 Surveillance

i) Passive Surveillance

The OIE terrestrial Health code requires countries to make available to other countries, through

OIE, whatever information is necessary to minimize the spread of important animal diseases and to

assist in achieving better world wide control. In order to achieve this, MAAIF requires districts to

avail monthly epidemiological data not later that the 15th day of the subsequent month. As a

measure of performance, MAAIF set a standard of at least 10 reports submitted annually by every

district. These reports also should capture all information on disease outbreaks, vaccinations carried

out, vaccine stocks and meat inspections, laboratory activities, veterinary inspection services and

animal movements. This information is gathered by the VOs and AHOs at the lower local

governments while the DVOs monitor their activities.

Passive surveillance also involves the routine checking of livestock diseases in the field for disease

prevalence and incidents. Here surveillance teams are sent out to the field with sampling materials

to take representative samples from livestock for tests. This is done for purposes of early detection.

Reports of these surveillance activities are then furnished monthly to the epidemiological data

collection centre at MAAIF.

ii) Active surveillance

Active surveillance is purposeful and comprehensive searching for evidence of disease in animal

populations. Because of the speed at which infectious diseases spread, the key to controlling

outbreaks is to detect and diagnose diseases at the earliest possible stage. This enables rapid

detection of the emergence of, or sudden increase in the incidence of disease. It involves all

initiatives, mainly based on disease surveillance, reporting and epidemiological analysis that would

lead to improved awareness of the extent and area coverage of the disease outbreaks.

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The Animal Disease Act requires for suspected diseases to be reported immediately by the farmers

to responsible persons (parish chief, sub county chief). These responsible persons in turn report to

the DVOs who carry out initial assessment of the outbreak. Sometimes the farmers report disease

outbreaks directly to the DVO.

In order to make initial assessments of disease outbreaks, districts should have mini laboratories to

carry out simple haematological and microbiological tests. MAAIF is supposed to be informed within

24 hours of the outbreak by either telephone (and later accompanied by written), fax or e-mail

communication. When MAAIF is informed, it dispatches a team to collect samples from the Districts

for testing at the National Diagnostic Laboratory. MAAIF is then expected to communicate the

results of the tests to the affected districts within 3 days (72 hours).

When the Epidemiological unit of MAAIF receives disease outbreak reports from the Districts, it

enters the data in the data bank. It then forwards the information on the reported disease

outbreak to the commissioner animal health and entomology for action. The commissioner is then

obliged to report to the accounting officer of MAAIF. Following an epidemic disease outbreak, all

neighboring countries must also be notified of the disease and the associated risks. Food and

Agricultural Organization (FAO) and OIE are also notified.

iii) Cross Border Surveillance of TADs

It is the mandate of the department to carry out cross border surveillance in border districts at risk

of livestock diseases for early detection of diseases originating from neighboring countries. This has

been car

ried out through project funded initiatives like PACE

2.2.2 Vaccinations

i) Routine vaccinations

The OIE terrestrial animal health code requires member countries to carry out routine vaccinations

on livestock. It stipulates the intervals at which animals should be routinely vaccinated for particular

OIE listed diseases as a preventive measure. In areas with high prevalence, the intervals for

vaccination can be reduced to cater for the special circumstances. MAAIF is expected to avail

vaccines for routine vaccinations for notifiable diseases in liaison with the districts. The DVOs major

role is to mobilize resources, personnel and coordinate the activities related to administering the

vaccines to the livestock.

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ii) Targeted vaccinations

When livestock diseases break out in the districts, the DVOs are required to report to MAAIF within

24 hours by phone and subsequently by written or fax communication. MAAIF is then expected to

take samples from the affected areas and carry out diagnosis and communicate the test results to

the affected areas within 72 hours from the time of completing diagnosis. Vaccinations of livestock

in these areas ought to commence within a week from the time disease is reported.

After livestock disease diagnoses, containment of disease is carried out. This is by targeted

vaccinations which should be carried out immediately diagnoses have been done. In targeted

vaccinations, only the animals in an around the affected area are vaccinated. This is called ring

vaccinations whereby animals in the outer ring of the affected area are first vaccinated while

moving inwards. Vaccines supplied ought to be sufficient to cover the affected areas

If diseases are contagious, the following other measures are also preferred:-

The affected animals are identified, isolated immediately to avoid transmission of diseases

to other animals.

Quarantine of the affected area is imposed by the Commissioner of livestock health and

entomology basing on the nature of disease outbreak. During quarantines, zero movement

to limited movement of livestock and livestock products may be imposed. This is done at

the discretion of the commissioner.

Zero slaughter of livestock depending on the nature of the disease.

All livestock markets within that specified area are closed until the epidemic is handled and the

quarantine lifted by MAAIF.

2.2.3 Laboratory Diagnosis

Diagnosis is the systematic identification and investigation of a disease from blood samples, animal

by- products like feaces, animal skins. DVO’s do this by making initial assessments of the nature

and extent of disease outbreaks. To accomplish these tasks districts should have mini laboratory

units to carry out simple haematological and microbiological tests besides the clinical diagnosis of all

major diseases. The mini labs should have basic minimum laboratory equipment such as

centrifuges, fridges, reagents, light microscopes and glass ware (test tubes, beakers, specimen

bottles).

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Where Districts fail to carry out the said tests, MAAIF is informed within 24 hours and a team is

dispatched from MAAIF to collect samples for testing at the National Diagnostic Laboratory.

The national animal disease diagnostics and epidemiology laboratory should have diagnostic

capabilities (both technical and logistical) for all notifiable livestock diseases in the country.

The responsibility of delivering diognoses results to districts and other stakeholder is the head of

the Laboratory and Epidemiology unit through the commissioner responsible for Livestock Health

and Entomology and should be done within 72 hours. Tests that can not been undertaken at the

National Diagnostic Laboratory (due to lack of technical and logistical capacity) are referred to

laboratories outside the country.

2.2.4 Animal movement control

i) Animal movement control along NSRs.

Enforcement of the Animal diseases Act and the relevant regulations in the country relating to

animals is primarily a mandate of the department of Livestock Health and Entomology in

collaboration with mainly Veterinary departments in districts. In some instances however, the

police, local administration police, immigration officers at border points assist with enforcement in

collaboration with MAAIF. MAAIF is expected to operate ACPs in high animal disease risk areas and

along the NSRs. ACPs operated are strategic, mobile or fixed.

All ACP’s must be registered and supervised by state veterinary authorities in charge of National

Animal Health Services operating under the Animal Disease Act. ACP’s should have a shed for an

office, road barriers, chairs, table, and nearby facilities to hold animals and animal products that are

impounded. These facilities should have security, water, feeds, and disinfectants. They may also

have a store for storage of animal products.

ACPs should have a minimum of one authorized veterinary staff and two police officers, subject to

the work and conditions on the ground. The veterinary personnel inspects for the required animal

heath, veterinary public health and animal welfare standards through document verification, clinical

appraisal and where necessary taking samples for laboratory verification and or putting animals and

animal products under quarantine and subsequent evaluation.

The two police constables are to keep security and make legal follow ups of defaulters. The

veterinary inspector heads the team and keeps the official stamp for making the documents for

various actions taken.

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Every person carrying livestock and or livestock products on the highway or stock route must stop

at the ACP and present the movement permit for inspection. The issuing of movement permits

against which animals are inspected is a responsibility of the Commissioner. The permit issued

should indicate ownership of livestock, purpose of movement and whether they have been cleared

of disease. Veterinary officers at ACP’s examine the animals based on clinical assessment. The

permits further indicate the route to be used for transporting the animals.

The route can only be changed if unforeseen trouble or risks occur. The client then is required to

inform the nearest police unit and the veterinary authorities as soon as possible. Animals should not

be mistreated or exposed to unnecessary pain and or suffering while being moved. Livestock is only

permitted to be moved during the day.

Any animals or animal products impounded at an ACP may be kept at the nearest animal quarantine

facility specialized in domesticated or wild animals or any other place that is secure and keeps

animals and animal products safe and wholesome. Ports of entry /exit, border posts and entrances

or exits of animals, slaughter or processing places are also regarded as animal check points and

may be used for purposes of ACP activities.

ii) Enforcement of veterinary regulations at border entry points

When livestock is to be imported into the country, the importer is expected to inform the

commissioner of intention to import any animal and animal products. Basing on a risk assessment

done by MAAIF in relation to livestock imports from some countries (endangered countries),

importation may not be permitted until the country in question has been declared disease free. The

animals, on arrival at the entry point, which are also considered as ACP’s, are examined to verify if

they meet the conditions for entry. If conditions are met, Livestock entry is granted, else they are

returned to country of origin, quarantined or destroyed. MAAIF is supposed to have at least a

Veterinary officer stationed at the border entry points to enforce legal importation and exportation

of livestock and livestock products.

The border entry points are also required to have nearby AHGs from where animals are screened

before they are allowed into the country.

2.2.5 Sensitization

When carrying out sensitizations, MAAIF forms task forces to come up with messages relating to

the issues at hand, in consultation with other stakeholders. These sensitization messages should be

15

suited to the relevant target groups. To achieve this, best practice requires that the people targeted

should have some input in the development of sensitization materials. Messages in sensitization

materials ought to be explained to livestock farmers and traders by extension workers (VOs and

AHOs) during distribution.

For sensitization to achieve the desired results, the language, timing, medium of transmission and

the places where sensitizations materials are hanged/ pinned should be appropriate. These

mediums of transmission include Frequency Modulation (FM) stations, brochures, posters, billboards

and leaflets.

2.2.6 Coordination between MAAIF and the districts

For purposes of implementing national policies and adherence to performance standards relating to

livestock disease prevention and control, in the Districts, MAAIF is required to inspect, monitor

livestock infrastructure as livestock markets, communal dips, valley dams and tanks cattle crushes

in order to ensure that they are functional and where necessary offer technical advice and technical

support, support supervision and training to the Districts in implementation of national programs as

vaccinations, livestock census. Section 98 of the Local government Act 19975 states that a

government line ministry shall:-

a) Monitor and co-ordinate government initiatives and policies as they apply to Local

Governments.

b) Co-ordinate and advise persons and organizations in relation to projects involving direct

relations with local governments; and

c) Assist in the provision of technical assistance to local governments.

Coordination between MAAIF and the district veterinary staff through the Chief Administrative

Officers (CAO’s) is paramount. This is in terms of reporting of diseases to MAAIF, provision of

veterinary services and sensitization of the other stakeholders. There is also coordination between

MAAIF, neighboring countries and other international agencies. When there is an epidemic disease

out break in the country neighboring countries have to be notified. This notification is also extended

to OIE6.

5 Local Government Act 1997 6 Terrestrial Animal Health Code 15th edition 2006

16

2.2.7 Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders

MAAIF collaborates with key stakeholders as National Drug Authority (NDA), Uganda Wildlife

Authority (UWA)7, Coordinating Office for the Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda (COCTU),

National Animal Genetic Resource Centre and Data Bank (NAGRC&DB), National Agriculture

Research Organization (NARO), URA, OIE, Uganda Veterinary Association (UVA), Police and

Immigration in the prevention and control of livestock diseases

The stakeholders in the livestock sub sector are diverse ranging from the farmers, regulators and

enforcers, traders and consumers of livestock and their products. Others are; Livestock traders,

Government ministries and national and international agencies dealing in regulation, management

and funding of the livestock sub sector like MAAIF.

2.2.8 Vector Control

Entomology is the study of insects and arthropods. Vector control, involves tsetse flies, ticks and

other nuisance bitting flies which affect livestock.

The main vectors of animal diseases in Uganda are ticks and tsetse flies.

Vector control initially involved carrying out surveys on foot, and later use of tsetse traps. A

baseline survey of the country was carried out in which districts with high tsetse infestation were

identified on the basis of flies per trap per day (FTD where tsetse traps were deployed in the field

for 72 hours after which flies caught were identified. The count of flies in the trap per day after 72

hours formed the base line for determining the criteria under which high risk and low risk districts

were selected.

Following identification of areas with high tsetse infestation on the basis of FTD, fixed monitoring

sites (FMS) were established where tsetse traps were deployed to trap tsetse flies in order to

reduce the level of tsetse infestation

Tsetse control also involves the deployment of tsetse traps in tsetse infested places; the traps are

treated with chemicals at 0.8% with pyrethroids or 0.4% depending on the availability of the

medicine deltamethrin. Other techniques used to control tsetse are use of insecticide treated odour

baited screens for tsetse trapping and live baits technology where chemicals such as decatix are

poured on livestock. This has the advantage of dual vector control because not only are the tsetse

flies killed but ticks and other nuisance biting flies as well.

7 Memorandum between UWA and PACE/MAAIF March 2002

17

After setting up of the FMS districts are required by MAAIF to carry out entomological monitoring

and submit entomological reports to MAAIF every month on the FMS. MAAIF identified 12 districts

in central and eastern Uganda under Farming in Tsetse Controlled Areas (FITCA) project with high

tsetse infestation, the project came up with vector control measures and strategies as

Dissemination of appropriate agricultural practices, setting up sustainable structures for tsetse and

trypanosomiasis control and strengthening the capacity to control tsetse and trypanosomiasis

emergencies.

Districts were also expected to supplement MAAIF’s efforts by recruiting entomologists and

entomological assistants, buying chemicals and tsetse traps, it should be noted that tsetse

infestation is not only in the FITCA districts but also in other parts of Uganda with varying levels of

tsetse infestation.

Other than tsetse control G.O.U over the years through MAAIF had set up communal dips in which

livestock farmers were mandated to dip their livestock to control ticks and other nuisance bitting

flies, crushes were also established for spraying livestock. Before Tsetse and tick control were

decentralized to the Districts. Every district was required to have a budget for entomological

activities, with an entomologists (minim um of 2) assisted by entomological attendants (Minimum of

6) based at sub counties. Under decentralization, districts laid off most or all of these staff.

However following the decentralization of districts and the liberalization of the Uganda’s economy

the purchase and distribution of acaricides was left to the private sector with MAAIF assuming only

a regulatory role. Subsequently districts are then expected to comply and carry out appropriate

vector control measures of dipping, spraying livestock for tsetse flies, ticks and nuisance bitting flies

and other control strategies prescribed by MAAIF.

MAAIF also actively collaborates with NALIRRI and COCTU in the control of vectors and vector

borne diseases.

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CHAPTER 3

3. FINDINGS

This chapter presents audit findings. The findings relate to; notable achievements, vaccinations,

sensitizations, surveillance, diagnosis, enforcement, coordination collaboration between MAAIF and

Key stakeholders and Vector control.

3.1 Notable Achievements

Some of the achievements of the department of Livestock Health and Entomology include:-

3.1.1 Eradication of Rinderpest

The Pan African Control of Epizootics (PACE) which began in 2001 laid down a suitable foundation

for the pathway to freedom from the Rinderpest disease. This programme which emphasized

surveillance for early detection and determination of infection resulted in a provisional declaration of

freedom from the disease in Uganda in 1999 on a Zonal basis and in 2002 the whole country was

provisionally declared free from the Rinderpest disease. MAAIF is commended on this achievement.

The progressive decline in sero-positivity levels from 3.3% in 2003 to 0.0037% in 20068 and

fulfillment of all other requirements for freedom from the disease culminated in the submission of a

dossier to the OIE requesting for accreditation of Uganda as a country free from Rinderpest

disease. In accordance with the provisions of article 2.2.12.2 of the OIE Terrestrial Code, Uganda

was officially recognized as a Rinderpest disease free country by the OIE in 2008.

3.1.2 Control of the outbreak of Anthrax in Queen Elizabeth National Park

Anthrax is an infectious, febrile disease caused by bacteria. This disease is often characterized by its

sudden onset and rapidly fatal course. In August 2004, incidents of hippos dying in the waters of

Kazinga Channel, Lakes George and Edward within Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) were

reported to UWA. As at 21st October 2004 about 186 hippos had died. There was a risk of infection

to humans and livestock in the surrounding areas.9

The outbreak was controlled through a multidisciplinary National Task Force with MAAIF and UWA

taking the lead. It also involved the community and private companies. This incident was a

8 Pathway of freedom from Rinderpest disease in Uganda. 9 UWA report on disposal of Hippo carcases from Queen Elizabeth National Park following outbreak of Anthrax in 2004

19

confirmation that collaboration between MAAIF and UWA is very important in preventing and

controlling livestock diseases.

However the audit also revealed some weaknesses in the activities of prevention and control of

livestock diseases as shown below:-

3. 2 Surveillance

3. 2.1 Passive Surveillance

Disease surveillance is a major and integral component of all government veterinary services. This

is vital for early warning of diseases, planning and monitoring of disease prevention and control

programmes, provision of sound animal health advice to farmers. It is particularly important for

animal disease emergency preparedness.

In order to accomplish the surveillance function, OIE terrestrial Health code requires countries to

make available to other countries, through OIE, whatever information is necessary to minimize the

spread of important animal diseases and to assist in achieving better world wide control. MAAIF

requires districts to avail monthly epidemiological data not later than the 15th day of the subsequent

month. MAAIF set a standard of at least 10 reports submitted annually by every district. These

reports should capture all information on livestock disease prevention and control activities like

disease outbreaks, vaccinations carried out, vaccine stocks and meat inspections, laboratory

activities, veterinary inspection services and animal movements. This information is gathered by the

VOs and AHOs at the lower local governments while the DVOs monitor their activities.

Table 5: Epidemiological Reports submitted by Districts from 2003 to 2007

Source: OAG analysis of epidemiological reports from districts (Note: *Districts should submit at least 10 reports per annum).

DISTRICTS YEARS 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Arua 11 11 8 4 8 Gulu 12 11 12 11 10 Kasese 10 12 12 12 12 Kotido 10 5 0 12 7 Lira 12 12 12 8 9 Mbarara 12 12 12 12 7 Mukono 12 10 8 4 6 Nakapiripirit 10 4 3 9 11 Nakasongola 11 12 12 11 11 Ntungamo 10 12 12 10 7 Rakai 12 9 12 9 11 Soroti 12 11 12 11 11 Tororo 11 12 8 10 11

20

The analysis of the epidemiological report submission of the thirteen districts visited showed that all

districts submitted at least ten epidemiological reports in 2003. In the period under study (2003-

2007), only Gulu, Kasese, Nakasongola and Soroti submitted at least ten epidemiological reports per

annum while the districts of Mukono, Nakapiripirit Arua and Kotido failed to submit the required

number of reports in three out of the five years. All districts did not submit epidemiological reports

by the 15th day of the subsequent month; but did so after two months on average.

We reviewed 50% of the epidemiological reports and noted that, a third of them were incomplete

thereby making them inadequate as they lacked some vital information needed for surveillance

purposes.

The failure by districts to submit the required number of reports on time per annum was attributed

to the failure by MAAIF to identify effective methods of encouraging submission and enforcing this

requirement.

Failure to submit fully completed and timely reports was attributed to the failure of the DVOs to

effectively monitor and supervise the activities of the VOs and AHOs at the lower local governments

so as to ensure that all livestock information is collected. Insufficient transport means also

contributed to the late submission.

Non submission of the required number together with the submission of incomplete epidemiological

reports resulted in some livestock information from the non compliant districts not being captured.

The late submission resulted in information being captured late thereby being ineffective for timely

planning.

3.2.2 Active Surveillance

When disease outbreaks are suspected in some locations at districts, DVOs are required to carry out

purposeful and comprehensive searching for evidence of disease in animal populations or for

verification that such populations are free of specific diseases. DVOs make initial assessments of the

nature and extent of disease outbreaks. This is done by carrying out simple hematological and

microbiological tests from the mini laboratories at the districts.

MAAIF is supposed to be informed of disease outbreaks by the DVOs within 24 hours upon which it

dispatches teams to collect samples from the districts for testing at the National Diagnostic

21

Laboratory. MAAIF is then expected to communicate the results of the tests to the affected districts

within 3 days (72 hours).

We noted from a review of epidemiological reports and interviews with DVOs that MAAIF took on

average four weeks to diagnose diseases from the time of outbreaks to communicate the test

results in some cases however MAAIF appears not to have taken action on the reported cases. For

example in Ntungamo outbreaks of FMD and LSD were reported in 2006 and 2007 respectively,

however, no samples were picked by MAAIF for testing.

Table 6.

Time taken to communicate diagnostic results.

District Disease Date of outbreak

Time taken to collect samples

Time taken to communicate diagnostic results

Delay in Weeks

Mbarara FMD April 2007 After one week After one week More than2 weeks Mbarara Bird flu Feb 2007 After one day After two weeks More than2 weeks Kasese FMD May 2007 After one month After one month More than8 weeks Ntungamo LSD Jan/Feb 2007 Not taken* N/A

Ntungamo FMD April 2006 Not taken* N/A

Source: Epidemiological reports and interviews with DVOs

Samples were not taken from Ntungamo because samples from Mbarara and Kasese confirmed

existence of FMD.

Meanwhile some Districts do not have diagnostic information due to poor record keeping, while

others could not have data on the time taken to collect samples and time taken to communicate

diagnostic results.

Delays in the time taken to carry out diagnosis at the National Animal Disease and Diagnostic

Laboratory was mainly attributed to insufficient reagents and diagnostic equipments and also to

inadequate staffing (17 personnel instead of the established number of 34). Late communication of

diagnostic results leads to spread of livestock diseases. For instance the FMD out break in Kasese in

May 2007 originated from the purchase of sick animals by a farmer from cattle traders in Isingiro

district which were later transported to Kasese. This particular incident was attributed to a

breakdown in law enforcement.

22

3.2.3 Cross Border passive Surveillance of Trans Boundary Animal Diseases (TAD)

In collaboration with neighbouring countries, MAAIF is mandated to carry out cross border passive

surveillance in border districts. This is necessary for early detection of diseases originating from

neighboring countries. This cross border passive surveillance on TADs was intended to cover

Rinderpest, FMD, and Rift valley fever, PPR, CBPP, Rabies and African swine fever (ASF).

We noted that the department had been carrying out surveillance mainly on Rinderpest along the

Northern and North Eastern border areas adjacent to Kenya and Sudan and other districts along

Tanzania, Rwanda and Congo borders. The focus and response to outbreaks of other diseases such

as FMD, CBPP, and PPR had been minimal yet these diseases were prevalent in the border districts

of Rakai, Arua and Kotido/Nakapiripirit.

The reason for not responding to outbreaks of other diseases apart from Rinderpest in the districts

neighboring border areas was mainly due to the project design which focused on only Rinderpest

and inadequate funding.

The weaknesses and/or delays in response led to spread of TADs which in effect led to loss of

revenue in the affected districts due to the closure of several livestock markets.

3. 3 Vaccinations

3. 3.1 Routine Strategic Vaccinations

The OIE terrestrial animal health code stipulates the intervals at which animals should be routinely

vaccinated for particular OIE listed diseases as a preventive measure.

Table 7: Intervals for carrying out routine strategic vaccinations

No Disease Type Nso. of Vaccinations 1 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Once a year 2 Rabies Once a year 3 Contagious Bovine Pleuro pneumonia (CBPP) Once a year 4 Contagious Caprine Pleuro pneumonia (CCPP) Once a year 5 Peste des Petits Ruminats (PPR) Once a year 6 Rift Valley Fever (RVF) Once a year 7 New Castle Disease (NCD) Twice a year

Source: MAAIF

23

MAAIF is expected to avail vaccines for routine strategic vaccinations for the notifiable diseases at

the said intervals. In all the thirteen districts visited, it was found out that there were no routine

strategic vaccinations carried out by MAAIF.

MAAIF did not prioritize routine strategic vaccinations while budgeting and allocating resources,

thereby failing to provide vaccines for routine vaccinations. This has resulted in livestock being

susceptible to preventable livestock diseases.

3.3.2 Targeted vaccinations

When livestock diseases break out in the districts, the DVOs are required to report to MAAIF within

twenty four (24) hours by the quickest means including phone and subsequently by written or fax

communication; MAAIF is expected to take samples from the affected areas and carry out

diagnosis. Diagnostic test results are then communicated to the affected districts within 72 hours

from the time of completing diagnosis implying that vaccinations of livestock ought to commence

within a week from the time disease is reported. Vaccines supplied ought to be sufficient to cover

the affected areas.

Information obtained from four of the thirteen districts chosen for the study revealed that there

were generally marked delays in carrying out targeted vaccinations of affected livestock.

Information from the other nine districts was not available because of poor record keeping. For

instance in Rukoni sub County in Ntungamo District, where an outbreak of FMD occurred in April

2006, vaccinations commenced in May 2006, a delay of one month. The vaccines that were

received could only cover 40% of the ring vaccinations of the affected areas. (See Table 8 in

Appendix 4).

Delays in carrying out targeted vaccinations were caused by delays in taking samples, diagnosing

and availing vaccines to affected areas by MAAIF. In instances where insufficient vaccines were

availed to affected areas, it was attributed to non availability of vaccines at MAAIF. Delays at the

districts were attributed to insufficient logistical support in form of transport and facilitation to

personnel to carry out vaccinations.

Delayed targeted vaccinations resulted in the death of some livestock and spread of diseases to

unaffected herds.

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3.4 Laboratory Diagnosis

3.4.1 Diagnostic capacity at the National Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory.

The national animal disease diagnostics and epidemiology laboratory is expected to have diagnostic

capabilities (both technical and logistical) for all notifiable livestock diseases in the country.

The study noted that from 2003 to 2005 the technical and logistical (test kits) capacity at the

national laboratory was inadequate. (See Appendix 5 Table 9). In 2006 and 2007 the situation

was strengthened by improving the technical and logistical capacity, however the ability to

undertake diagnostic tests of the notifiable diseases like LSD, Rift Valley Fever, Newcastle disease,

rabies, CCPP, and infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) was still limited due to lack of kits.

Lack of test kits for undertaking diagnostic tests was attributed to lack of prioritization, evidenced in

the adequate capacity for diseases. (See Appendix 5 Table 9).

In case of suspected outbreaks of such diseases there will be failure to confirm the disease strain

and effectively respond to contain them in time.

3.4.2 Diagnostic Capacity at the Districts.

Given the speed at which infectious diseases spread, the key to controlling an outbreak is to detect

and diagnise the disease at the earliest possible stage. If a new disease can be recognized while it

is still localized and prompt action taken to contain it early, chances of controlling it are markedly

enhanced at a low cost with minimum damage to the livestock industry. In order to do this, districts

must have capacity to undertake clinical diagnosis of all diseases and to carry out simple

haematological and microbiological tests. This can only be possible with the availability of mini

laboratories which should have basic minimum laboratory equipment such as centrifuges, fridges,

reagents, light microscopes and glass ware (test tubes, beakers, specimen bottles).

Of the 13 districts studied, only Tororo, Rakai, Mbarara and Soroti had functional mini laboratories

with all the basic requirements for carrying out tests. Ntungamo district had a laboratory in place

which was non functional. It was also established that the districts of Kasese, Arua and Kotido

lacked laboratory space, although they had some basic minimum equipment. (See Table 10 in

Appendix 6).

25

Lack of mini laboratories at some districts was attributed to the failure to provide laboratory space

(building) by the districts which would then be equipped with the basic mini laboratory equipments

by MAAIF.

This resulted in most diagnostic tests (both simple and complex) being referred to the National

animal laboratory at MAAIF leading to delays in diagnosis of livestock diseases.

3.5 Sensitizations

Sensitizations should be suited to target groups. To achieve this best practice requires that the

people targeted should have some input in the development of sensitization materials. For

sensitization to achieve the desired results, the language, timing, medium of transmission and the

places where sensitizations materials are hanged/ pinned should be appropriate. Sensitization

materials should have a local touch and should depict what is suitable to the local settings.

Messages in posters ought to be explained to all concerned especially livestock farmers and traders

by extension workers (VOs and AHOs) during distribution. Sensitization in addition to other

initiatives like vaccinations, and quarantining should always be carried out when there are disease

outbreaks.

We noted that MAAIF carried out sensitizations through conducting seminars and workshops

involving the DVOs, VOs, AHOs and other district veterinary staff. It was however noted that

posters were not hanged in some public places like community centres and abattoirs. Besides the

messages in some of the posters was not clear and had not been explained to livestock farmers by

the extension workers in all the districts during distribution. It was also established that the pre-

testing of sensitization material in the districts was not extensive.

In Kasese, sensitization materials were last received in April 2005, yet there were other disease

outbreaks reported in May 2007, like the FMD outbreak in Lake Katwe Sub-county at Queen

Elizabeth National Park.

Although the VOs of Mbarara, Rakai, Ntungamo and Kasese, stated that they carried out some

sensitizations concurrently with the surveillance activities, there were no activity reports to

corroborate this information.

Failure by the extension workers to explain the messages in posters was attributed to districts’

failure to prioritize the veterinary and entomological activities thereby allocating inadequate funds

for extension services. Failure by MAAIF to develop adequate and appropriate sensitization

26

materials and carryout extensive pre-testing in the districts was attributed to limited funding and

conditionalities of the funding organizations who dictated which materials to procure and districts to

target.

The weaknesses in sensitizations resulted in limited awareness in the prevention and control of

livestock diseases by livestock farmers, cattle traders and local leaders.

3.6 Animal movement control

3. 6.1 Enforcement of Veterinary regulations at Animal Check Points (ACPs) along

NSR’s

MAAIF is required to operate Animal Check Points (ACPs) in high animal disease risk areas and

along the NSRs. (See Figure 2). ACPs operated are strategic, mobile or fixed. ACPs are operated in

order to inspect animals for health status, verify authenticity of movement permits and guarantee

animal welfare standards. Only animals and livestock products inspected and scientifically proven to

be disease and contaminant free are permitted to be moved. ACPs are required to have basic

infrastructure like sheds to be used as offices, road barriers, chairs, tables and nearby facilities like

AHGs where suspect animals and animal products are withheld for investigation and appropriate

action. Such facilities require security, water, feeds, disinfectants and animal health and storage

facilities like crushes, dips etc.

We noted that MAAIF operated fixed ACPs in the districts of Soroti, Kasese, Rakai and Arua and

mobile ones in Mukono, Mbarara, Kotido, Arua and Ntungamo. The district of Tororo did not

operate ACPs (See Appendix 8, Table 12). A part from Mukono, Kasese and Rakai, the rest of

the districts neither had AHGs nor AQSs and therefore held impounded livestock in unsuitable

places like police stations which lacked adequate water and pasture. The conditions in such places

made the authorities to sometimes release impounded livestock before action could be taken

against the culprits. We were informed that there was rampant movement of livestock by cattle

traders during the night a long the NSRs when the ACPs are not operating.

Absence of ACPs in some districts was attributed to both MAAIF’s and districts’ failure to allocate

sufficient funds for operating the ACPs. Lack of animal holding infrastructure was due to failure by

districts to avail land with titles to MAAIF to be developed for AHGs and AQSs. Rampant movement

of livestock during the night was mainly attributed to obsolete veterinary laws especially those

regarding fines for defaulters, which were non deterrent and operation of ACPs only during the day.

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3.6.2 Animal movement control at Border entry points

MAAIF is supposed to have at least one VO stationed at any border entry point to ensure legal

importation and exportation of livestock and livestock products. The border entry points are also

required to have nearby AHGs or AQSs for screening animals for pests and diseases before they are

allowed into the country. Suspected animals are kept for a period of not less than 14 days for

observation and testing.

We noted that only 4 out of 28 border entry points namely Entebbe International Airport, Malaba,

Busia and Mutukula had VOs stationed and the rest did not. Of the four that had VOs, only Entebbe

International Airport and Mutukula had AQSs.

The absence of VOs was attributed to shortage of qualified staff. Absence of AQS was due to failure

by districts to avail land with titles to MAAIF to develop and equip as AHGs and AQSs.

Lack of VOs at some entry points enabled livestock farmers and cattle traders to move livestock in

and out the country through the official border points without permit verifications and mandatory

veterinary inspections. Lack of AHGs and or AQSs encouraged the entry of suspected animals into

the country without isolating and holding them for a period of more than 14 days for the mandatory

observation and testing for diseases.

It is worth noting that from 2003 to 2007 livestock and livestock products worth shs 95billion and

shs29 billion were exported and imported respectively through Uganda’s border entry points.

Malaba border point handled the bulk of exports with livestock and livestock products valued at shs

54billion during the period, although most of the livestock and livestock products exported were not

processed, processed hides and skins accounted for most of the export revenue. (See Table 13 in

Appendix 8)

Table 14: Import and export of livestock and livestock products at designated border

entry points in the period 2003 to 2007

Border entry and exit points Malaba Busia Mutukula Entebbe

Airport Katuna Goli Oraba Atiak Mpondwe

Imports Value shs’000

10,392,037 4,016,067 24,559 5,390,182 70,902 - - - -

Exports Value shs’000

54,122,018 3,072,973 1,347,225 1,497,982, 5,168,513 34,469 329,391 106,548 4,479

Source: OAG analysis of URA data from Ascuda generated reports

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3.7 Coordination between MAAIF and the districts

Section 97 of the Local Government Act 1997 states that for the purposes of implementation of

national policies and adherence to performance standard by Districts, line ministries shall inspect,

monitor and where necessary offer technical advice, support supervision and training in their

respective sectors. Section 98 requires a government line ministry to;

a) Monitor and co-ordinate government initiatives and policies as they apply to Local

Governments.

b) Co-ordinate and advise persons and organizations in relation to projects involving direct

relations with local governments; and

c) Assist in the provision of technical assistance to local governments.

3.7.1 Implementation of Livestock activities at Districts

It was revealed from interviews with DVOs during audit that MAAIF did not have effective control

over the DVOs with regard to implementation of MAAIF livestock programs and activities at the

Districts. The DVOs further asserted that MAAIF does not offer adequate technical assistance,

monitoring and supervision of activities carried out in the districts. DVOs cited failure to rehabilitate

dip tanks; de-silt valley dams and tanks as examples of MAAIF’s failure to offer technical support.

This was evidenced through field visits which confirmed the poor state of livestock infrastructure.

However audit noted that the cause of the poor coordination was attributed to the decentralization

policy which placed the DVOs under the domain of the local governments. The DVOs report

progress of their activities indirectly to MAAIF through the CAOs.

Poor coordination between the Districts and MAAIF has resulted in delays in vaccinations, diagnoses

and disease information flow between the districts and MAAIF. It has further resulted in failure to

rehabilitate dip tanks, de-silt valley dams and tanks.

3.7.2 Livestock census activities at districts

The greatest concentration of cattle is found in the “cattle corridor” a semi stretch of land in South-

Western Uganda through central to north eastern Uganda. Districts are required to provide annual

estimates of livestock based on the counties and sub counties to MAAIF to act as a basis for

planning, decision making and for making interventions on how to respond to disease outbreaks. It

was noted that with the exception of Arua district all the districts did not provide annual estimates

29

of livestock in counties and sub counties. Further more in years where census and annual estimates

was carried out there was no consistency in carrying this out every year.

Interviews with the DVOs attributed the absence of annual estimates of livestock data to improper

record keeping by livestock farmers, cultural beliefs by some livestock farmers that prohibit

livestock from being counted, lack of cooperation because of the fear that the figures obtained will

be used for taxation and hence they hide and under declare their livestock numbers, frequent

disease outbreaks killing livestock and reducing their numbers, uncontrolled livestock movements,

lack of physical (logistics in terms of efficient motorcycles and motor vehicles and funds to carry out

annual census estimates and document the data. The absence of livestock data was corroborated

with information in the epidemiological reports and data obtained from the districts (See Table 15

and Table 16 in Appendix 11).

Absence of reliable annual livestock estimates has affected the provision of adequate vaccines,

chemicals, livestock infrastructure and logistics to effectively manage livestock disease and improve

livestock productivity.10

3. 8 Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders

3. 8.1 NALIRRI

This is the sole livestock resources research institute in the country mandated to carry out research

on livestock diseases and technologies. It develops technologies for livestock management which

are passed on to MAAIF for adoption and implementation. Some of the research programs planned

by NALIRRI include vaccine development, disease strain isolation and research into determining the

timing of vaccinations.

We noted that NALIRRI does not have the human resource expertise and technical facilities to

develop vaccines for livestock disease strains prevalent in Uganda. This was due to limited

development of the research institute over the years.

As a result MAAIF has continued to rely on the importation of vaccines and consequently failed to

undertake routine strategic and adequate targeted vaccinations.

10 A national livestock census was carried out in Uganda in February 2008 results are not yet out.

30

3.8.2 Uganda Wilde life Authority (UWA)

Some epizootics attack both livestock and wildlife. Therefore wildlife disease surveillance must not

be overlooked due to the vulnerability of adjacent livestock populations. Close cooperation is

therefore required between veterinary and wildlife authorities.

In this regard, MAAIF signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) under the PACE project, with

UWA in March 2002 to collaborate on the control of and monitoring of Epizootic diseases. MAAIF

was to encourage and facilitate involvement of UWA staff in PACE epidemiological surveillance

work. All districts were to send summarized monthly disease surveillance reports to MAAIF within

seven days of the end of the month, to be consolidated by MAAIF and sent to UWA. Emphasis of

this surveillance was to be placed on Rinderpest, Rabies, CBPP and FMD diseases. The study

revealed that sero surveillance in wildlife, involving UWA and MAAIF staff was carried out in all the

major National Parks and wildlife reserves. However the surveillance of wildlife diseases focused on

only Rinderpest.

We noted from the PACE 1st annual report that although MAAIF was expected to submit

summarized disease surveillance reports from the districts, to UWA on quarterly basis, this was not

being complied with fully. Out of 627 filled formats expected by end of 2005, only 486 had been

received at the epidemiology unit. This was an outturn of 77.5% compared to 72.4% in 2004.

Failure by MAAIF to submit quarterly reports to UWA was affected by the delayed installation of the

ARRIS (Animal Resources Research Information System) programme at the districts. Under this

programme, computers were to be given to the districts to ease collection, collation and

dissemination of disease information to MAAIF. However, the implementation of the programme got

delayed due to insufficient training of PACE coordinators at the districts. This impacted negatively

on MAAF’s ability to submit quarterly reports to UWA.

The failure by MAAIF to submit copies of summarized disease surveillance reports from all districts

to UWA on a quarterly basis resulted in un-coordinated prevention and control activities between

MAAIF and UWA. Besides focusing only on Rinderpest surveillance, increases the risk of spread of

other diseases like Rabies, CBPP and FMD.

3. 8.3 East African Community

Diseases do not know boundaries. OIE, WHO and FAO encourage collaboration between countries

in order to enjoy benefits that can be derived when countries cooperate in livestock development

activities including emergency livestock disease preparedness planning. Countries are expected to

31

devise mechanisms for information sharing, joint research on transboundary diseases, coordinating

emergency responses and where necessary implementing joint disease prevention and control

programmes.

MAAIF has been collaborating with neighboring countries like Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda in

control of TADs. We noted that meetings were held between MAAIF and the neighbouring countries

on a number of initiatives like the prevention and control of Rift Valley Fever, Rinderpest, and Avian

Influenza.

A visit to Rakai and Ntungamo districts also confirmed the occurence of consultative meetings,

between the leaders of the two districts and the local leaders of Rwanda and Tanzania. These

meetings were held so as to control the outbreak of FMD in 2006. It was noted however, that these

joint initiatives were carried out mainly when there were outbreaks of diseases.

Limited resources was the reason advanced by both MAAIF and the districts as to why the

collaborative initiatives with neighboring countries were only carried out during disease outbreaks

and not on a regular basis.

The effect of limited collaboration with neighboring countries has been the failure of MAAIF to

obtain adequate reliable information on livestock diseases from neighboring countries thus affecting

its timely response to disease out breaks originating from the borders of Uganda and spreading into

the country.

3.9 Vector Control measures

3.9.1 Entomological Monitoring

MAAIF is mandated to carry out entomological monitoring and produce or update vector distribution

and prevalence maps annually. Over the period covered by this report there was a bid to control

tsetse flies which spread nagana and sleeping sickness.

MAAIF through FITCA project carried out a baseline survey in twelve districts of South Eastern

Uganda to establish the levels of tsetse and disease challenge. The target of the project was to

reduce the tsetse infestation by 75% in the designated high risk sub counties. 1040 parishes were

tsetse surveyed in the district of (Busia, Kayunga, Mayunge, Mukono, Jinja, Iganga, Pallisa, Bugiri,

Kamuli, Tororo, Mbale, Soroti). Out of the 1040 parishes 103 were graded high risk, 265 medium risk

and 672 low risk.

32

After a risk analysis of parishes in the above districts which were tsetse surveyed using the flies per

trap per day (FTD) as a measure, fixed monitoring sites (FMS) were established which were then

followed by the deployment of tsetse traps in the high risk Sub counties. A total of 27,278

insecticide treated tsetse traps were subsequently deployed in 42 sub counties (22,520 pyramidal

and 4,758 monoscreen) with an estimated area of 4158 sq km under trap deployment.

Table 17: Traps originally deployed at start of FITCA selected districts

District No of

community workers

No of

pyramidal traps

deployed.

No of

monoscreen traps

deployed

No of sub counties

Under tsetse control

Approximate area

under tsetse control(sq Km).

Mukono 18 2,310 0 3 213

Tororo 18 1,491 318 3 175

Source: FITCA Summary Final Report MAAIF

In the 12 districts which were identified as high risk a specific intervention called Farming in tsetse

controlled areas (FITCA) project was designed to reduce the tsetse infestation by 75% in the

designated high risk sub counties and monitor the tsetse flies in these districts. The FITCA districts

were also required to submit monthly entomological monitoring reports to MAAIF.

FITCA districts

We selected 3 FITCA districts out of the twelve namely Soroti, Tororo and Mukono for review and it

was established that all of them submitted entomological monitoring reports to MAAIF. However we

noted that the formats of these reports varied in the district of Soroti despite agreement by MAAIF

and the districts to use agreed formats as Tsetse survey format and Entomological monitoring

format during the field harmonization meetings.

Non FITCA districts

With the exception of Mbarara, Ntungamo,Lira and Arua, no entomological monitoring for tsetse is

carried out in the districts. Only FITCA districts submitted monthly reports to MAAIF on vector and

tsetse control activities with no evidence of reports submitted to MAAIF by the other districts.

Meanwhile only Ntungamo compiled a report on entomological activities but the report remained at

33

the district. It was also noted that there was lack of uniformity in the information submitted to

MAAIF in accordance to the set standards.

The failure by Soroti district to submit harmonized reports on tsetse monitoring was due to failure

by MAAIF to effectively supervise and monitor the agreed reporting format.

While for non FITCA districts Failure of entomological monitoring was mainly attributed to lack of

staff in most districts and failure by the districts to prioritize entomology as an important activity

and the existing system under decentralization were districts were supposed to buy their own

logistics for Vector Control with no MAAIF support.

It was noted that MAAIF notified that any district which buys traps will be given insecticide to treat

the traps but because of the low priority given by the districts the traps are rarely bought this has

led to the resurgence of tsetse fly densities in some sub-counties. (See Table 18 in Appendix

12) showing entomological monitoring in Non FITCA districts.

Lack of qualitative and timely information on vectors such as tsetse flies affects proper planning and

delays interventions by MAAIF to reduce the tsetse infestation in the affected areas and prevention

and control of trypanosomiasis in livestock

3.9.2 Vector control Measures in FITCA Districts

a) Fixed Monitoring Sites (FMS) and deployment Tsetse traps

A review of FITCA project work plans and annual reports and field visits to the districts of Mukono,

Tororo and Soroti established that these vector control measures were successful in reducing the

tsetse infestation and control of trypanosomiasis. Except for Soroti district, the tsetse traps

deployed in the FMS ie Mukono and Tororo showed that tsetse population had reduced significantly

Mukono last deployed tsetse control traps in 2004 while Tororo had only 42 traps deployed at the

time of audit this was attributed to the small district budgets to buy traps for the districts. Active

trap deployment under FITCA ended in 2004 and local governments were supposed to carry on

however this was observed not to have happened.

34

Table 19: Status of FMS in FITCA districts

District No of FMS

Actual no Of FMS

No of tsetse traps deployed In the field

Current vector control measures Undertaken by the district

Affected high risk sub counties.

Soroti 23 30 *1,800 traps

Tsetse trapping, spraying of livestock and Sensitization of farmers

Asuret, Kyere, Kateta Olio, Pingire and Atiira

Mukono 35 35 *No extensive deployment of new tsetse traps under FITCA since July 2004, but traps for entomological monitoring from the 35 sites were given.

Tsetse trapping, spraying of livestock and Sensitization of farmers.

Najja , Ntenjeru and Wakisi

Tororo 33 33 *10 untreated pyramidal traps And 42 treated traps

Tsetse trapping, spraying of livestock, use of Live bait treatment with flumethrin for tsetse Flies and ticks.

Osukuru, Iyolwa and Rubongi

*information obtained through field visits from district entomologists and reports.

*The Local governments of the FITCA districts were supposed to expand on the activity of trap deployment and sustain successes by FITCA.. Source: OAG analysis of entomological data from districts and MAAIF

The actual number of FMS in the districts still remained the same as those initially established

except for few additions by respective districts at the end of PHASE 1 of FITCA 27,873 traps were

deployed in the region with 730 for Mukono,639 for Soroti and 1,491 for Tororo.

b) Crush spraying and crushes

In FITCA districts of Mukono, Tororo and Soroti cattle spraying associations were formed and these

used acaricides of dual nature to spray livestock to control tsetse flies and ticks. It was again noted

that because of poor management and lack of cohesion in the spraying associations their numbers

had fallen significantly to 54%,33% and 26% for Soroti ,Mukono and Tororo respectively

Table20: Status of cattle spraying associations in selected FITCA districts

District No of established

Crush spray

associations

No of existing

Crush spray

associations

Percentage of active

Crush spraying

associations

No. of crushes

Soroti 28 15 54% No information availed

Mukono 33 10 33% 17

Tororo 28 10 26% 22

Source: FITCA project MAAIF

35

ii) Vector control in Non FITCA districts

District entomological activities did not exist in Kasese, Kotido,Nakapirpirit, Rakai, Nakasongola,

Gulu and Lira., except in Arua, Mbarara and Ntungamo on a limited scale.

Tsetse Traps

We noted that very few districts deployed tsetse traps in sub counties to make any serious impact

on trapping of tsetse flies and other nuisance biting flies and most of these traps were not treated.

The Majority of the districts did not deploy traps altogether. In Ntungamo the small number of

untreated traps deployed in the field was attributed to limited number of traps in the stores, few

trap attendants to monitor the traps and theft of traps deployed in the field. The district

administration did not provide chemicals to treat traps nor did MAAIF send chemicals.

Non existent district entomological vector activities was attributed to lack of staff (entomologists

and entomological assistants) in the districts, lack of prioritization and funding by the districts of

entomological activities, and very limited support from MAAIF due to decentralization of vector

control to the districts. DVOs stated that they only carried out an advisory role of telling the

livestock farmers to spray livestock using approved and recommended acaricides, the DVOs also

encouraged livestock farmers to treat livestock with trypanomicides.

3.9.3 Vector control infrastructure

i) Cattle dips and dip wash testing

DVOs and MAAIF recommend regular dipping of livestock in dip tanks to control ticks and other

nuisance biting flies. Dip wash testing for acaricide use by the districts is required once a year to

establish the strength of the acaricdes and the results communicated to the DVO and MAAIF. The

government function is limited to regulatory functions of inspections, monitoring and diagnosis of

TBDs. MAAIF monitors tick resistance in acaricde use and conduct on spot checks on acaricides on

the market to ensure that adultered and substandard products are not sold to unsuspecting

livestock farmers.

Dip wash testing for acaricides was not being done in all the selected districts except in Rakai and

Mbarara where decatix and supona respectively were tested for acaricide strength. Dip wash testing

is carried out by companies supplying the acaricides to livestock farmers independently and not by

the districts or MAAIF. Dipping of livestock in dip tanks as a practice to kill off ticks and nuisance

flies is no longer undertaken in most districts. The communal dips have either collapsed or are

36

neglected except for private dips. Where livestock farming practice is not communal, livestock

farmers owning private farms as in Mbarara, Ntungamo and Kasese spray livestock using bucket

pumps to counter the none operational dips.

The presence of many non functional dip tanks in the districts was attributed to failure by the

districts to rehabilitate and maintain the communal dips. Meanwhile livestock farmers do not have

adequate funds to operate private dips opting to use bucket pumps instead as an alternative.

Very few functional community based animal health workers (CBAHW) are available to monitor and

maintain dips, private dips are very few except for in Mbarara district with 96 private dips in Kashari

County 12 private dips in Rwampara County; The position of dips for the selected districts is shown

in the table below;

Table 21: Status of Communal and Private Dips

District Communal dips Private dips Total Total Percentage Function

al dips Non functional dips

Functional dips

Non functional dips

Expected Functional dips

Actual Functional dips

% of actual Functional dips

Ntungamo 0 46 3 13 62 3 4.8%

Kasese 1 4 1 0 6 2 50%

Tororo 0 11 2 8 21 2 9.5%

Soroti 2 17 1 7 27 3 11.1%

*Kotido 5 5 5 0

*Nakapiripirit 0 8 0 0 8 0 0

Arua 0 11 0 5 16 0 0

Nakasongola 0 0 7 0 7 7 100%

Rakai 0 6 10 10 26 10 38.5%

*Mukono

Source: OAG analysis district data and interviews Note: *Kotido has 2 dips still under construction financed by NUSAF

*Nakapiripirit two dips under construction. July 2007 epi report

*Mukono all communal dips have broken down the current dips are private

37

Picture 1

A neglected Cattle Dip in Arapai Soroti district. December 2007

3.9.4 Registration and approval of acaricides by MAAIF

Under the NDA statute, NDA is mandated to approve, authorize and regulate the type of acaricides

to be imported and used in the country. This is done in collaboration with MAAIF through the

commissioner and the Director General of National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) to

ensure that only safe and efficacious acaricides are registered.

Approval and registration of acaricides for use takes a long time as shown in table 21 below. So far

19 candidate acaricides have been tested and recommended to MAAIF for use. Of these 6 are

registered, 2 in the process of being registration and 9 pending registration.

38

Table22: Acaricides tested and recommended for use by MAAIF

Acaricide Year tested Status Delays in registration

Bayticol 2% pour -on 2001 Registered None

Triatix 2001 Registered ”

Ektoban 2001 Not Known ”

Ecotic 2002 Registered ”

Protaid 2002 Registered ”

Cyperthion 2002 Registered ”

Alfapor 2002 Registered ”

Dominex 2003 In process of registration 5years

Butox 2003 In process of registration 5years

Delete 2003 Test results withheld due to Non- payment of test fee

5years

Deltamethrin 10% EC 2005 Pending registration 3 years

Alphacypermethrin 5% EC 2005 Pending registration 3 years

Cypermethrin 10% EC 2005 Pending registration 3 years

Paratryn 2005 Pending registration 3 years

Paratraz 2005 Pending registration 3 years

Alfacyp 2006 Pending registration 2 year

Tickbuster 2006 Pending registration 2 year

Deltatick Dip 2006 Pending registration 2 year

Deltatick pour-on 2006 Pending registration 2 year

Source: MAAIF The acaricides Deltamethrin 1 %( Pour on), Deltamethrin 5 %( Dip/spray) and Tsetse tick have also

been recommended for use by MAAIF. MAAIF is unable to effectively monitor, regulate and enforce

proper use of acaricides for vector control because the vector control section in MAAIF has only two

officers a Principal entomologist and a senior entomologist for the whole country. This technical

capacity is grossly inadequate for the whole country.

39

CHAPTER 4

4 CONCLUSIONS

4.1 Surveillance

Non, incomplete and/or late submission of epidemiological reports has impeded MAAIF‘s

epidemiological unit from performing its role of providing up to date and timely information

to the department and OIE.

Delays in carrying out diagnostic tests and communicating test results to affected districts

led to increased risk of spread of livestock diseases due to delays in combating the disease.

4.2 Vaccinations

Lack of routine vaccinations of livestock in the country has resulted in loss of livestock

through diseases which would otherwise have been prevented.

Delays in taking samples, diagnosing and communicating test results to the affected areas

by MAAIF impacted on the timing and availing vaccines and delayed commencement of

actual vaccinations.

Inadequate and delayed targeted vaccinations resulted in diseases spreading to surrounding

areas there by risking more livestock to get infected.

Well-planned, comprehensive vaccination programmes, supplemented by other disease

control measures, can go a long way towards controlling many epidemic livestock diseases.

4.3 Laboratory Diagnosis

Control of livestock diseases is extremely difficult and costly if suspected diseases are not

quickly diagnosed and appropriate actions taken to either prevent outbreaks or spread.

Given the inadequate capacity to diagnose livestock diseases at the districts, there is

bound to be delayed confirmation of diseases, strains of causative agents and required

vaccinations thereby leading to disease spread and possible loss of livestock.

4.4 Sensitisation

The limited pre testing of sensitization materials in the districts and inadequate

sensitization materials developed by MAAIF contributed to limited knowledge and

awareness of information on prevention and control of livestock diseases..

40

4.5 Animal movement control

Lack of basic infrastructure and AHGs with security, water, feeds, disinfectants and animal

health facilities have abetted illegal movement of livestock.

Non availability of VOs in some border entry points coupled with the lack of AHGs and AQSs

has made it difficult to isolate, observe and screen livestock for diseases during exports and

imports.

Increased cross border trade heightens the risk of introducing livestock diseases.

4.6 Coordination between MAAIF and the Districts

Following the decentralization policy of government, MAAIF lost direct control over the

Districts Veterinary activities, thereby making veterinary infrastructure that had been built

neglected and out of use mainly due to lack of maintenance and no prioritization by the

districts.

The poor state of livestock infrastructure (without adequate basic facilities in the districts

like cattle dips, abattoirs and inadequate enforcement facilities as such AHGs, AQS and ACP)

has greatly affected the extent to which the department has been able to effectively prevent

and control livestock diseases

Absence of accurate, reliable and timely data on livestock activities in the districts impedes

effective decision making and planning by MAAIF in responding to livestock disease control

MAAIF’s inadequacy in monitoring and inspecting livestock activities in the districts resulted

in delays in carrying out disease prevention and control activities as well as the dilapidation

of livestock infrastructure.

4.7 Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders

NALIRRI

Research in vaccine developments would go along way in easing the economic burden in

vaccine procurements for some vaccines.

UWA

Inadequate surveillance activities between MAAIF and UWA increases the risk of spread of

diseases from the game parks/reserves to livestock and vice versa

Close collaboration between MAAIF and UWA is paramount in order to ensure effective

prevention and control of spread of livestock diseases from the National parks to the

surrounding communities and vice versa.

41

East African Community

Collaboration with neighboring countries eases the burden on all countries in the Community

and results in harmonized plans and initiatives for prevention and control of animal disease

emergencies in the region.

A regional approach to prevention and control of livestock diseases is more likely to succeed

and it will reduce the subsequent risks for all countries to a greater extent than if countries

acted independently.

A number of activities could be carried out in combination to prevent and control epidemic

livestock diseases. The weight to be given to the different activities will be determined by

the nature of the disease in question, the epidemiological circumstances and their

acceptability and cost.

4.8 Vector Control

The existing manpower capacity for entomological monitoring in place at MAAIF is not

adequate to address vector control in the Country. In addition the decentralization of

entomological activities at the districts has not been effective in vector control.

42

CHAPTER 5

5 RECOMMENDATIONS

We recommend the following to be carried out;

5.1 Surveillance

i) MAAIF should identify methods of encouraging report submission and enforce the

requirement by the districts to submit timely epidemiological reports monthly such that

livestock disease information is effectively captured and analysed.

ii) MAAIF should also make more effort in guiding and strengthening the DVOs in completing

the epidemiological forms in addition to monitoring and supervision of VOs and AHOs at the

lower local governments so that timely collection, collation and dispatch of all

epidemiological data to districts is carried out.

iii) MAAIF should liaise with the Ministry of Public Service so as to address the staff shortage at

the department.

iv) The department should continue with cross border surveillance which the PACE project had

initially targeted.

5.2 Vaccinations

Routine strategic vaccinations

i) Basing on a risk analysis MAAIF should identify areas prone to disease outbreaks and carry

out routine strategic vaccinations.

ii) MAAIF should also enter into contracts with vaccine manufactures to keep some vaccine

stocks readily available for delivery following disease outbreaks. This arrangement has been

used by some countries/ organisations and found to be effective.

iii) MAAIF should make funds readily available for emergency procurement of vaccines following

disease out breaks.

Targeted vaccinations

iv) Emphasis should be put in timely collection of samples, diagnoses and communication of

diagnostic test results to affected areas following disease outbreaks so as to ensure timely

vaccinations.

43

v) Build Buffer stocks of all types of vaccines to cater for unforeseen outbreaks of livestock

diseases to enable adequate coverage during vaccinations.

vi) Avail transport facilities to the districts to ease transportation and vaccine delivery to disease

affected areas.

5.3 Laboratory Diagnosis

National animal disease diagnostics laboratory.

i) The laboratory should be fully equipped with reagents test kits and equipment to handle

multiple disease diagnosis on samples collected during surveillance.

ii) Address the staff shortage at the laboratory in order to ensure prompt diagnosis of livestock

diseases and communication of test results.

Districts

iii) Urge the districts to avail secure land with titles so that MAAIF builds laboratories and

equips them adequately to perform basic diagnostic tests.

iv) Fully equip the districts with sample collection kits for the common livestock diseases.

5.4 Sensitisation

i) MAAIF in developing sensitization materials should increase the level of pre-testing to cover

more districts and actively involve other stakeholders like local governments in order to

ensure that the materials are suited to the local settings of the targeted groups.

ii) MAAIF should also ensure that NAADS incorporates livestock health sensitization in the

extension services.

5.5 Animal movement control

i) Districts should be urged to avail land with titles to establish AHGs and AQSs for holding

livestock impounded from ACPs and border entry points.

ii) Adequate funding should be availed by MAAIF to the districts to operate ACPs.

iii) Strengthen support to districts which do not have movement control infrastructure by

providing facilities and equipment.

iv) MAAIF should strengthen livestock and livestock products movement control systems at the

border entry points by stationing VOs at each entry point to ensure legal exportation and

44

importation of livestock. In addition all other illegal cross points should be regulated by all

stakeholders with support from MAAIF and the Police.

v) MAAIF should identify all the land of veterinary interest in the districts so as to secure land

titles and lease offers for subsequent development of AHG and AQS.

5.6 Coordination between MAAIF and the districts

MAAIF should;

i) Strengthen inspection and monitoring of livestock disease initiatives and programs in the

districts and improve coordination of livestock activities between MAAIF and the Districts.

ii) Sensitize livestock farmers on record keeping of livestock data and empower DVOs to obtain

annual estimates of livestock data to enable effective planning by MAAIF in prevention and

control of livestock diseases.

5.7 Collaboration between MAAIF and Key stakeholders

i) MAAIF in collaboration with NALIRRI should ensure that the research agenda at the livestock

institute addresses National requirements. The inadequate technical staff and facilities for

carrying out research should also be addressed.

ii) MAAIF should speed up the training of district personnel meant to implement the IRIS

programme so as to enable exchange of epidemiological information between UWA and

MAAIF.

iii) Following the eradication of Rinderpest, emphasis should forthwith be directed to other

diseases as Rabies, FMD, CBPP, CCPP, RVF, LSD, PPR and ASF.

iv) Closer collaboration at local and regional level should be encouraged with EAC and extended

to other neighboring countries outside the East African Community such as Congo and

Sudan.

5 8 Vector control

Entomological monitoring

i) MAAIF should monitor all districts for entomological activities and come up with standard

forms on entomological activities which should be reported upon by the districts.

ii) Support the districts by availing them transport logistics as motorcycles for field staff and

bicycles for trap attendants

45

iii) MAAIF should liaise with Districts and ensure that they prioritize veterinary and

entomological activities by allocating adequate funds.

Vector control measures

i) MAAIF should undertake a comprehensive review of the effectiveness and efficiency of

vector control measures and their appropriateness to the local circumstances in the districts

and where possible recentralize vector disease control.

ii) MAAIF together with NARO and NDA should speed up the testing, approval and registration

of acaricides.

iii) There is need to strengthen the capacity of Nalirri to undertake acaricide tick resistance

testing and confirmation.

Vector control infrastructure

i) Carry out a comprehensive review of the status of all vector control infrastructure in the

districts in order to effectively plan how and where to provide technical and logistical

support.

ii) Enhance capacity of the entomological technical staff at the districts.

John F. S. Muwanga AUDITOR GENERAL KAMPALA 23RD MARCH 2009

46

Appendix 1 Table 2: Review of outbreaks of Livestock Disease in the selected districts from 2003 to 2007.

District Disease outbreaks Causes of disease outbreak Control measures taken by district

Rakai i) River fluke, flacidesworms, and

occasionally bovine TB and CBPP

These diseases were identified through

postmortem investigations

Treatment of infected livestock and total or

partial condemnation of livestock product

depending on degree of infection. For bovine TB it is total condemnation

ii) FMD ,LSD and ASF have been the

major diseases occurring from 2003 to 2007

most recent outbreaks in 2007 have been of FMD and LSD

Main cause of FMD during the years has been

uncontrolled movement of affected livestock from neighboring Tanzania through the

Uganda Tanzania border

FMD The recent Jan 06 outbreak of FMD at

Kyotera was contained through Creating a buffer zone and carrying out ring

vaccination. Imposing and effecting Quarantines targeting

neighboring districts of Isingiro and Mbarara. Closure of all livestock markets

Sensitisaton of livestock farmers, cattle traders

and transporters and police.

Mbarara FMD ,CBPP and LSD have been the

major diseases occurring in the period .

However FMD and LSD have been prevalent from 2006 and 2007

FMD is a viral disease which has been spread

by close contact of livestock from infected

herds in Isingiro district migrating from Tanzania in search of pasture

LSD is also a viral disease transmitted by bitting flies and mosquitoes it is cyclical and

periodical in Mbarara with mild and

Severe types occurring in the rain season.

FMD

Controlled through ring vaccination

Reinforcing ACPs and imposing of Quarantines. Sensiisation and mobilizing farmers about

Disease outbreak LSD

Vaccination of non affected livestock

Imposing of quarantines in affected subcounties Closure of livestock markets

Sensitization and mobilizing.farmers,Chiefs and LCs about the disease.

Kasese CBPP,FMD,ASF and LSD have been the

major diseases occurring in the period. However FMD has been prevalent from

2006 and 2007 while LSD is endemic in

the district occurring throughout the period.

Kasese is unique in that it is a livestock

importing district in addition to existing livestock herds hence contracting diseases

FMD

The latest out break of FMD in May 2007 was from purchase of sick infected livestock

bought at Isingiro near the Tanzania Uganda border, and purchase from migrant livestock

farmers who had settled in QENP LSD

this normally originates from Bundibugo

most slaughtered animals in the district are imported from Mbarara, Bundibugo,Kiruhura

and Kamwenge districts

FMD

Out breaks investigated and confirmed by the district DVO

Ring vaccinations with about 80% of 50,000

livestock vaccinated Imposing of animal movement restrictions

through the two ACPs at Katunguru and Hima. LSD

During 2006 out break no vaccines were available at MAAIF the district encouraged

farmers to buy from private vets

Vaccines were received in Sept 2007 from MAAIF at shs1300 on cost recovery.

47

in the subcounties of Kichwamba and

Karusandara the disease is still prevalent. Because vaccines are on cost recovery

livestock farmers are hesitant to buy vaccines

hence no comprehensive vaccinations have been carried out

Ntungam

o

No major disease outbreaks in

Ntungamo apart from FMD occurring in 2006 and LSD from Jan- Feb 2007

FMD

this originated from Isingiro from migrant livestock farmers

LSD It was reported in neighbouring districts of

Mbarara and Rukungiri and detected through

clinical signs by the VOs in the district.

FMD

During the April 2006 outbreak the following conrol measures were instituted

Ring vaccinations with about 40% of affected livestock covered.

Closure of all livestock markets within 3days of

outbreak. Imposing quarantine in sub county of origin

Enforcing operation of ACPs Collaborating with Rwanda

LSD During the outbreak there were no vaccines at

the district ,but vaccines were available with

private vets the district advised farmers to buy vaccines from the private vets

Livestock markets in the area were closed. Sensitization of farmers on the disease

Mukono With the exception of FMD CBPP,LSD and ASF occurring between 2003

and2005 in the 2006 and 2007 there

have been no outbreaks of notifiable diseases

No information availed FMD,LSD and CBPP Control measures included ring

vaccinations,Animal movement restrictions and

their bi products, cordoning off premises were outbreaks have occurred. and treatments

Soroti FMD last broke out in 2004, while LSD

and CBPP have become endemic in the district

FMD

FMD broke out in 2004 in Kasilo and Bugondo sub-counties the disease originated from a

livestock market in Bukedea Kumi District. FMD has now been contained in the

district

CBPP CBPP has become endemic in Soroti with

many livestock affected the disease is mainly spread in the district through carrier animals

in existing HOC from Karamoja LSD

CBPP

This has been controlled through routine abattoir testing and vaccinations.

LSD Controlled by ssensitization of livestock farmers.

Treatment of severe cases of wounds of animals

with drugs Regulating movement of breeding animals

48

LSD has also become endemic in Soroti

Occurring from Sept, Oct ,Nov and Dec 2007 it was still confirmed present during our visit

in Soroti in December 2007

Kotido Of the notifiable diseases it is only CBPP which has become virtually endemic in

Kotido from 2003 to 2007

PPR has also broke out in 2007 in Rengen Subcounty.

It has also been noted that CCPP and tick borne diseases are also prevalent in

Kotido.

CBPP CBPP is endemic in Kotido because

vaccinations are not done regularly if carried

out the affected livestock population is not all covered ,CBPP vaccines on cost recovery has

also forced many livestock farmers not to carry out vaccinations

PPR Following an outbreak of PPR a quarantine was

imposed in the District.

Tororo LSD is also spreading in the district however the majority of diseases are

tick borne diseases as East Cost

fever,anaplasmosis,Babesiosis and Trpanosomiasis.

Trypanosomiasis occurs throughout the district with a high prevalence in sub counties

of Mulanda,Rubongi,Kirewa,Nagongera,

Nabuyoga Iyolwa and Osukuru

Control of tickborne diseases is by spraying the cattle, treatment and vaccination.

Arua NCD ,Fowl Pox ,in poultry and Black

quarter and CBPP in cattle are the main diseases occurring in the district.

Nakasong

ola

LSD and CBPP are the main diseases

occurring in Nakasongola in the last two years.

LSD

LSD is becoming endemic in the district nuisance bitting flies and insects are casuing

the transmission CBPP

In Nakasongola llegal movement of affected livestock into the district has been the cause

of infections however lack of adequate

vaccines and the vaccines being on cost recovery.

CBPP

Vaccinations and abattoir testing

Source: OAG analysis of entomological reports and district data

49

Table 3 (Appendix 1 continued) Analysis of Disease Outbreaks in Districts per disease type from 2003-2007

District 2003 Year 2004 Year 2005 Year 2006 Year 2007 Year

FMD CBPP LSD ASF FMD CBPP LSD ASF FMD CBPP LSD ASF FMD CBPP LSD ASF FMD CBPP LSD ASF

Arua

Gulu

Lira

Nakasongola

Rakai

Mbarara

Ntungamo

Kasese

Mukono

Tororo

Soroti

Nakapiripirit

Kotido

Source: OAG analysis of diseases from MAAIF’s cartographic maps Key

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Lumpy skin disease (LSD) African swine fever (ASF) Peste de petit ruminats Note: there has been a recent outbreak of PPR in Kotido and Nakapiripirit in 2007

50

Appendix 2 MACRO-STRUCTURE Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF)

OFFICE OF THE

MINISTER

Permanent

Secretary

Policy Analysis Unit

Resource Centre Procurement Unit

National Agricultural Advisory Services

Dairy Development Authority

Cotton Development Organisation

National Agricultural Research

Organisation

National Animal Genetic ResourceCouncil

Uganda Coffee Development Authority

Coordinating Office for Control of

Trypanosomiaisis in Uganda

Directorate of Animal

Resources & Fisheries

Directorate of Crop

Resources

Crop

Production

Crop

Protection

Farm

Development

Animal

Production

Livestock

Health &

Entomology

Agricultural

Planning

Finance &

Administration

Fisheries

Resources

PMA

Secretariat

51

Appendix 3 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE (Livestock Health and Entomology Department (MAAIF)

COMMISSIONER

National Disease Control

Assistant Commissioner

Veterinary Inspection &

Regulation

Assistant Commissioner

Entomology

Assistant Commissioner

PVO

Epidemics

PVO

Diagnostics

&Epidemics

SVO Senior

Chemist

Principal

Laboratory

Technician

PVI

Veterinary

Inspection

Senior

Laboratory

Technician

Laboratory

Technician

PVI

Regulation

SVI

Port

Inspection

Principal Entomologist

Pest & Tsetse Control

Senior Entomologist

Cartographer

52

Appendix 4 Table 8: Targeted Vaccinations at districts following disease out breaks

District Disease Place Period of

outbreak

Time Reported Time vaccinations

commenced

Coverage

Mbarara FMD Kyahi Dec. 2005 Immediately the

outbreak was

suspected

Vaccines received

after three weeks and

vaccinations commenced

immediately

Ntungamo FMD Rukoni Apr 2006 Commissioner informed

immediately the disease was noticed

Vaccines sent in May 2006( after a month)

And vaccinations commenced

immediately Other vaccines sent

in July and August

and vaccinations commenced

immediately

Initial 20,000 doses received in

May covered only 40% of animals in

the affected area.

” LSD Jan-Feb 07 Commissioner

informed immediately the

disease was noticed

Vaccines never

availed by MAAIF Farmers had to

improvise

Kasese FMD Queen Elizabeth

National Park in Lake

Katwe sub

county

May 2007 Commissioner informed

immediately the disease was noticed

Vaccinations were collected from MAAIF

immediately and vaccinations also

commenced

immediately

100% coverage

Soroti FMD Bugondo 2004 Commissioner

informed

immediately the disease was noticed

Vaccines availed

three weeks after the

disease outbreak was reported

and vaccinations commenced

immediately

Higher coverage

Vaccines were

available at MAAIF at the time.

Source: OAG analysis of district data, district interviews and MAAIF disease maps

53

Appendix 5 Table 9: Capacity to undertake recommended diagnostic tests for important diseases

in international trade done at the centre as at August 2007 DISEASE RECOMMENDED

TEST ALTERNATIVE TESTS

CAPACITY Level of Capacity

(Sufficiency)

Foot and Mouth disease (FMD)

ELISA, VNT CFT 3ABC ELISA Antigen

detection Blocking

ELISA

Adequate (logistical &

technical)

Rinderpest ELISA VNT Capture ELISA

C ELISA

I ELISA

Adequate (logistical &

technical)

Peste des Petits

Ruminants (PPR)

VNT ELISA Immuno-

capture

Adequate

(logistical & technical)

Contagious Bovine Pleu

pneumonia (CBPP)

CFT ELISA CFT

C ELISA

Adequate

(logistical & technical)

Lumpy skin disease - VNT Lacking kit Technical only

Rift Valley Fever - HI, ELISA, PRN ELISA (Kit lacking)

Technical only

Blue Tongue Agent id, AGID,

ELISA, PCR

VNT Kit lacking Technical only

African Swine Fever ELISA I FAT I ELISA kits lacking

Technical only

Newcastle Disease - HI Kit lacking Technical only

Anthrax - - Slide Adequate

Echinococcosis / Hydotidosis

- - PM Adequate

Leptospirosis - MAT Kit lacking Technical only

Rabies VNT - I FAT Kits not

available

Heartwater - ELISA, I FAT Slide Adequate

Trichinellosis Agent id ELISA

ELISA (Kit lacking)

Technical only

Bovine Brucellosis BBAT, CFT, ELISA FPA SAT Adequate

Bovine genital campvlo bacteriosis

Agent id. Agent id. Adequate

Bovine Tuberculosis Tuberculin test - Kits now

available through JICA

Adequate

Enzootic bovine

Leukosis

AGID, ELISA - ELISA (Kit

lacking)

Technical only

Infectious Bovine

Rhinotrachitis / lnfectious Pustular

Vulvovaginitis

VNT, ELISA, Agent

id. (semen only)

- ELISA (Kit

lacking)

Technical only

Trichomoniasis Agent id. Mucus Agg. Dark field Adequate

54

DISEASE RECOMMENDED

TEST

ALTERNATIVE

TESTS

CAPACITY Level of

Capacity (Sufficiency)

Agent id. microcopy

Bovine Anaplasmosis -

CFT, Agg. Card Slide/microscopy

Adequate but require new

techniques

Bovine Babesiosis - ELISA, I FAT / PCR Slide / microscopy

Adequate but require new

techniques

Cysticercosis - Agent id. Meat inspection

Adequate

Dermatophilosis - - Slide /

microscopy

Adequate

Theileriosis Agent id., IFAT - Slide /

microscopy

Adequate but

require new

techniques

Haemorrrhagic

Septicaemia

- Agent id. Agent id. Low

Bovine Spongyform

Encephalopathy

- - Elisa – No kits

available

Technical only

Ovine Epididymitis CFT ELISA ELISA (Kit

lacking)

Technical only

(Brucella ovis infection)

SAT Adequate

Caprine and Ovine

brucellosis (excluding Brucellla ovis infection)

BBAT,CFT Brucellin test SAT Adequate

Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia

(CCPP)

CFT - CFT (Kit lacking)

Technical only

Porcine Brucellosis BBAT ELISA, FPA,

VNT

ELISA (Kit

lacking)

Technical only

Trasmissible

Gastroenteritis

- VNT, ELISA ELISA (Kit

lacking)

Low

Infectious Bursal

Disease (Gumboro disease)

- AGID, ELISA ELISA (Kit

lacking)

Technical only

Marek's disease - AGID No reagents Low

Avian Mycoplsmosis

(Mycoplama qallisepticum)

- Agg., HI No reagents Low

Fowl typhoid (Pullorum

disease)

- Agg., Agent id. Agent id. Technical only

55

DISEASE RECOMMENDED

TEST

ALTERNATIVE

TESTS

CAPACITY Level of

Capacity (Sufficiency)

Avian infectious

bronchitis

- VN, HI, ELISA ELISA (Kit

lacking)

Technical only

Avian infectious Laryngeo trachitis

- AGID, VNT, ELISA

ELISA (Kit lacking)

Technical only

Avian tuberculosis - Tuberculin test, Agent id.

Agent id. Technical only

Fowl cholera (avian pasteurellosis)

- - Agent id. Technical only

Myxomatosis - Agid, AGID, CF,IFAT

No Low

Malignant Cattarrhal

Fever

- VN, IFAT, PCR No Low

Salmonellosis - Agent id. Agent id. Technical only

Bovine Virus Diarrhoea

Agent id. - No Low

Trypanosomiasis (Tsetse transmitted)

- I FAT Agent id. (Haematocrit)

Adequate but require new

techniques

Nairobi Sheep Disease No Elisa kit Low

Scrapie - Agent id. Histopathology

Low

Fowl Pox - - RT PCR

required

Low

Mange - Agent id. Agent id. Adequate

Highly Pathogenic Avian

Infuenza (HPAI)

Virological tests RT PCR AI virus type

A antigen test kit

Only screening kits

available. Require RT-PCR

Legend PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction

IFAT - Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test ELISA - Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

CFT - Complement Fixation Test

VNT - Virus Neutralization Test cELISA - Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

I ELISA - Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay HI - Heamaglutination Inhibition Test

AGID - Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test Agg – Agglutination

SAT – Serum Agglutination

56

Appendix 6 Table 10 Diagnostic Capacity at Districts

Districts Mini Laboratories centrifuges Fridge Reagents Light microscope Glass ware

Mukono No Lab None Available No reagents None None

Rakai Lab exists Available Available Adequate reagents Available Adequate

Mbarara Lab exists Available Available Adequate reagents Available Adequate

Tororo Lab exists Available Available Adequate reagents Available Adequate

Soroti Lab exists Available Available Adequate reagents Available Adequate

Kasese No Lab None Available No reagents Available Adequate

Ntungamo Lab exists* Available Adequate reagents Available Adequate

Arua No Lab None Available Adequate reagents** Available*** Adequate

Kotido No Lab None Available No reagents Available None

Nakapiripiriti No Lab No information No information No information No information No information

Nakasongola No Lab No information No information No information No information No information

Gulu No Lab No information No information No information No information No information

Lira No information No information No information No information No information No information

Source: OAG analysis of epidemiological reports and district data and interviews

* Lab exists but not functional ** Assorted reagents provided by LGDP to start lab activities but not yet in place

*** Light microscopes available but not in use

57

Appendix 7 Table 11: Funds utilization of the development budget by the Department

Jul 07-dec-07 MAAIF fund utilisation

Description Actual release as a percentage of Total funds

workshops and seminars

39,470,000 6.04%

staff training 1,365,000 0.21%

medical and veterinary 332,000,000 50.82%

Total release 653,294,000

2006/07

workshops and seminars

66,012,420 1.16%

staff training 5,967,000 0.10%

medical and veterinary 4,991,098,206 87.82%

Total release 5,063,077,626

2005/06

workshops and seminars

82,483,011 2.70%

staff training 4,379,800 0.14%

medical and veterinary 1,862,955,000 61.17%

Total release 3,045,469,720

2004/05

workshops and seminars

64,869,025 4.94%

staff training 9,911,000 0.80%

medical and veterinary 939,045,000 78.67%

Total release 1,193,671,570

Source: OAG analysis of financial data from IFMS N.B Only allocations for workshops and seminars, staff training, medical

and veterinary supplies have been extracted.

58

Appendix 8 Table 12: Status of Animal check points ACPs , Animal holding grounds (AHGs)and Animal quarantine station (AQS) along the NSRs and Border entry points

District ACPs operated in the District AHGs and AQS Remarks

Mukono No permanent or Fixed ACPs only mobile checkpoints are operated

for 2 to 4 months

Kyetume is being rehabilitated to house an abattoir,livestock

market, and AHG and AQS

Limited budget allocations by the district have led to

operating the ACPs for a

few Months

Ntungamo 2 mobile checkpoints were

operated in the august 2007for 5 days each at mirama hill road and

1 on Kabale road

There are no AHGs however the

district has proposed two sites at Kafunjo and Kizinga to be

developed as AHGs

Limited prioritization by

district has reduced no of times ACPs can be operated

and the ACP signs were recently developed in June

2007.

Mbarara At time of audit the district operated only 1 mobile ACPs

No AHGs in the district to hold illegally moved livestock

Kasese 2 fixed ACPs are operated at

Katunguru and Mile 40

There is no VO at Mpondwe

border entry point.there is a small AHG at Kalambi capable

of holding 100 animals

ACP signs have just been

developed there is still ineffective policing at the

border entry point leading to uncontrolled movement

of livestock

Soroti 1 fixed ACP at Aoja is operated for 4 to 5 days a week on Soroti-

Mbale road the whole year no mobile ACPs are operated.

There are 3 AHGs at Arapai which is functional while the

two at Bugondo and Kamuda are not operational.

Tororo No fixed or mobile ACPs are

operated in the district.

A VO is stationed at Malaba

border entry point to inspect imported and exported animals

and animal products.

Kotido Only 1 mobile ACP is operated in the district at the market

No AHGs and AQS Inadequate staffing cattle rustling,transport and

inadequate funds to control illegal animal movement.

Arua A fixed ACP is operated at Vurra

customs border post 1 mobile ACP operates only when illegal

animal movements are reported

from Pakwach ACP

Packwach ACP at river Nile

Bridge acts as another control measure for illegal

movements intoWest Nile

district No natural barriers at DRC

border.

Rakai Audit observed one fixed ACP at Kasaali

Mutukula border entry point has a police post and VO stationed

to enforce animal regulations during import and export of

livestock. There is also a AGS but lacking basic quarantine

facilities.the district has an AHG

Police ,immigration and stakeholders are sensitized

on illegal movement of livestock however there is

still illegal animal movement because of the

porous border

Nakasongola 2 fixed ACPs are operated at Kafu and Kakooge

No AHGs and AQS Impounded livestock are taken to the police station.

Source: OAG analysis of epidemiological reports and district data and interviews

59

Appendix 8 (Continued) Table 13 Category and value of Livestock and livestock products exported from 2003 to 2007

Category of Livestock And livestock bi-product

2003 Value Ug shs

2004 Value Ug shs

2005 Value Ug shs

2006 Value Ug shs

2007 Value Ug shs

LIVESTOCK

Horses Breeding and non breeding

368,734 1,613,727 746,851 2,952,145 1,182,240

Cattle

Breeding and non breeding

3,095,156 34,641,875 56,015 2,370,623 2,562,866,635

Goats - 41,060,246 14,904,120 145,638 -

Poultry

Dayold chicks,live turkey and Ducks

20,421,702 39,788,376 89,849,225 4,637,246 245,561,849

Swine - - 257,822 5,369,940 44,900,055

Sheep - - - - 87,594,714

Wildlife,reptiles etc 123,864,179 124,870,406 70,363,014 40,514,548 32,134,036

LIVESTOCK BI-PRODUCTS

Bovine meat Fresh or chilled unprocessed Frozen processed Bovine semen

3,200,208

-

140,921,385

482,559,460

185,669,610

-

1,309,074,717

45,540,587

-

505,275,704

105,342,217

-

130,580,363

34,223,912

-

Poultry eggs - 268,475,954 340,221,140 2,200,000 -

Milk and Cream products 824,392,935 205,157,120 344,532,914 563,579,175 452,562,588

Wildlife bi products

Elephant tusks, tortoise shells etc 403,379,609 190,902,312 145,197,738 47,494,543 12,922,324

Bee products 1,346,308 13,499,246 - - -

HIDES AND SKINS

Bovine whole hides and skin 3,704,557,452 6,391,763,962 6,697,747,996 6,411,925,353 4,546,660,730

Other raw hides and skin 1,488790,029 679,163,932 363,148,689 2,429,764,465 7,711,703,170

Untanned sheepskin with wool 72,821,009 - - 103,010,742 79,878,487

Untanned sheepskin without wool 465,998,387 26,003,083 64,690,671 6,282,432 -

Untanned goat hides and skin 4,020,291,051 3,289,565,500 5,135,118,595 3,784,792,547 1.790,091,983

Processed hides and skin (fullgrains,unsplit,grain split)

218,785,359 205,412,894 52,901,009 319,249,621 3,741,035,394

Processed hides and skin wet state - 657,738,553 883,615,353 1,814,118,070 18,934,273,138

Processed hides and skin dry state - 165,623,643 - 4,848,248 13,829,300

TOTAL 11,492,233,503 12,962,449,65

3

15,217,745,31

6

16,153,873,257 39,969,438,330

Source: OAG analysis of data from URA’s Ascuda generated reports

60

Appendix 11 Table 15: Livestock census activities at the districts District Annual livestock estimates

Per county, sub county From 2003 to 2007

Year in which last annual

estimates Of livestock data was carried out

Reasons for failure to

Provide annual estimates of livestock

Data

Kasese No yearly annual estimates of livestock population carried out.

A livestock census was carried out in September2003 and October 2005

financed by the Belgian Technical

Corporation (BTC) based on sub counties

Pastoralists culturally do not want to tell the

Actual number of

livestock they have .

Ntungamo No yearly annual estimates of

livestock population carried out

The last indicative census figures

available are October 2003 and 2005

Cultural dislike in

allowing counting livestock and laxity in

disclosing actual numbers for fear of

tax

Mukono No yearly annual estimates of livestock population carried out

The last census was carried out in April 2003 based on sub counties otherwise n

annual estimates of livestock data are

available

Poor record keeping and

Lack of transportation

Logistic as motorcycles

And motor vehicles

Mbarara No yearly annual estimates of livestock population carried out

Last census carried out in 2001 And last estimates available for

1998 and 2005

Poor record keeping by

Livestock farmers

Soroti No yearly annual estimates of livestock population carried out

Last census carried out in 2000 by While estimates of livestock per

County were compiled in 2005

Poor record keeping by

Livestock farmers

Arua Livestock estimates available For 2003,2004,2005,2006 and

2007

Last census was carried out in 2001 Using the LC system however the

district provides estimates every year

There are still setbacks as low

staffing at sub county level, negative

attitudes towards

disclosing number of animals uncontrolled

livestock movements and disease.

Kotido No yearly annual estimates of

livestock population

Last census carried out in 1991 No proper record

keeping, local beliefs and frequent livestock

movements

Rakai No yearly annual estimates of livestock population carried out

Estimates provided in Jan 2007 epidemiological report

Tororo No yearly annual estimates

of livestock population carried out

Last census carried out in

December 2002 and funded by FITCA project

negative attitudes

towards disclosing number of animals

uncontrolled livestock

movements

Source: OAG analysis of epidemiological reports and district data and interviews

61

Appendix 11 (Continued) Table 16 Breeds of livestock in Uganda

Livestock type Livestock breed type Percentage of total breed Cattle breed Indigenous Ankole long horn 50% East African Zebu 33%

Cross (Nganda) 17% Goat breed Small East African 40%

Mubende 33%

Kigezi 5%

Others Boer goat Toggenberg Anglo Nubian Saanen

12%

Sheep Fat tailed Black head Pig breed Landrace

Large white Source: MAAIF annual report

62

Appendix 12 Table 18: Entomological Monitoring in Non FITCA districts

District Entomological Staff

Affected high risk sub counties and Fixed

monitoring sites (FMS)

Tsetse traps Deployed in the

field .

Control measures taken to control

tsetse flies

Arua 2 No information on specific affected subcounties

Less than 100 untreated

Lira 1 No information available Spraying of cattle

Treatment of cattle

Rakai Nil No information available Sensitization of

farmers.

The DVO advises farmers to use

trypanozides as dimendze.

Ntungamo 2 Nyachwera and Rukoni

There are 4 FMS 2 in each of these sub counties

Glosiana Mostans is the

tsetse species occurring.

18 untreated tsetse

traps deployed in Rukoni

Sensitization of

farmers. Advising farmers to

regularly spray

livestock with acaricides

Tsetse trappng

Mbarara 2 Bugamba and Biharwe Glosiana Mostans is the

tsetse species occurring

20 untreated traps Sensitization of farmers.

Use of tsetse traps Encouraging farmers

to use acaricides of dual purpose when

spraying cattle.

Tsetse trapping

Kasese Nil No information

available

The DVO advises

farmers to use

trypanomicides.

Source: OAG analysis of district data interviews of DVOs and district entomologists