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The Republic of Uganda
OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR GENERAL
VALUE FOR MONEY AUDIT REPORT
ON THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES BY
THE DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK HEALTH AND ENTOMOLOGY IN THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
Prepared by Office of the Auditor General
P.O.Box.7083 Kampala
March 2009
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PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………………. 2-4
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………………… ………..……..5-6
GLOSSARY OF TERMS ……………………………………………………………………………….……………………7-10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………….11-15
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………….....16
1.1 Background to the study …………………………………………………………………………………….……16
1.2 Reasons for the audit ………………………………………………………………………………………….16
1.3 Statutory Mandate …………………………………………………………………………………………18
1.4 Vision ……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………18
1.4.1 Mission
1.4.2 Goals and Objectives
1.5 Major Activities of the Department ………………………………………………………………………….18
1.6 The Organizational structure …………………………………………………………………………………..19
1.7 Sources of funding …………………………………………………………………………………………………19
1.8 Audit Scope ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…19
1.9 Audit methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………..….20
1.9.1 Interviews …………………………..……………………………………………………………………20
1.9.2 Document reviews……………………………………………………………………………………..20
1.9.3 Observations……………………………………………………………………………………………..20
1.9.4 Internet sites visited…………………………………………………………………………………..20
CHAPTER 2
2. PROCESSES IN PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES
2.1 Roles and responsibilities of Key players …………………………………………………………………..21
2.1.1 Permanent Secretary MAAIF………………………………………………………………………..21
2.1.2 Director of Animal Industry and Fisheries……………………………………………………..21
2.1.3 Commissioner and Assistant Commissioners of Livestock Health and Entomology
2.1.4 District Veterinary Officers and District Entomologists………………………………….…21
2.1.5 UWA Veterinary Coordinator………………………………………………………………………..22
2.1.6 URA, Immigration, Police and Army……………………………………………………………..22
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2.1.7 NALIRRI…………………………………………………………………………………………………….22
2.2. SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION………………………………………………………………………………………....22
2.2.1 Surveillance………………………………………………………………………………………………..22
2.2.2 Vaccinations……………………………………………………………………………………………….23
2.2.3 Laboratory Diagnosis………………………………………………………………………………….24
2.2.4 Animal movement control……………………………………………………………………………24
2.2.5 Sensitization……………………………………………………………………………………………….25
2.2.6 Coordination between MAAIF and the Districts……………………….…………………….26
2.2.7 Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders…………………………………….26
2.2.8 Vector Control………………………………………………………………………….…………………26
CHAPTER 3
3. FINDINGS
3.1 Notable achievements ………………………………………………………………………………………………28
3.1.1 Eradication of Rinderpest……………………………………………………………………………28
3.1.2 Control of the outbreak of Anthrax in Queen Elizabeth National Park……………28
3.2 Surveillance ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…28
3.2.1 Passive Surveillance……………………………………………………………………………………..28
3.2.2 Active Surveillance……………………………………………………………………………………….30
3.2.3 Cross border passive Surveillance of Trans boundary Animal Diseases (TADs)..31
3.3 Vaccinations ………………………….…………………………..………………………………………………….…31
3.3.1 Routine strategic vaccinations..................................................................31
3.3.2 Targeted vaccinations…………………………………………………………………………………..32
3.4 Laboratory Diagnosis ……………………….………………….…………………………………………………...32
3.4.1 Diagnostic Capacity at the National Animal Diagnostic and Epidemiology laboratory
3.4.2 Diagnostic Capacity at the districts…………………………………………………………………32
3.5 Sensitizations…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….33
3.6 Animal Movement Control……….…………………………………………………………………………….…..34
3.6.1 Enforcement of veterinary regulations at animal check points along NSR’s……….34
3.6.2 Animal movement control at border entry points……………………………………………34
3. 7 Coordination between MAAIF and the districts……………………………….….……………………….35
3.7.1 Implementation of livestock activities at Districts……………………………………………35
3.7.2 Livestock Census at Districts………………………………………………………………………….35
3. 8Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders…………………………………………………….36
3. 8.1 NALIRRI………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
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3. 8.2 Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA)………………………………………………………………….36
3. 8.3 East African Community (EAC)……………………………………………………………………..37
3.9 Vector Control Measures…………………………………………………………………………………………….37
3.9.1 Entomological Monitoring……………………………………………………………………………..37
3.9.2 Vector control measures in FITCA districts……………………………………………………..39
3.9.3 Vector control infrastructure………………………………………………………………………….40
3.9.4 Registration and approval of acaricides by MAAIF………………………………………….42
CHAPTER 4
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….44
CHAPTER.5
Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….46
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Appendices
Tables
Table 1 Imports and Exports of Livestock and Livestock products
Table 2 Review of outbreaks of Livestock Disease in the selected districts from 2003 to 2007.
Table 3 Analysis of Disease Outbreaks in Districts per disease type from 2003-2007
Table 4 Livestock health and entomology funding from 2004/05 to December 2007.
Table 5 Epidemiological Reports submitted by Districts from 2003 to 2007
Table 6 Time taken to communicate diagnostic results.
Table 7 Intervals for carrying out routine vaccinations
Table 8 Targeted Vaccinations at districts following disease out breaks
Table 9 Capacity to undertake recommended diagnostic tests for important diseases in international
trade done at the centre as at August 2007
Table 10 Diagnostic Capacity at Districts
Table 11 Funds utilization of the development budget by the Department
Table 12 Status of Animal check points ACPs , Animal holding grounds (AHGs)and Animal
quarantine station (AQS) along the NSRs and Border entry points
Table 13 Category and value of Livestock and livestock products exported from 2003 to 2007
Table 14 Import and export of livestock and livestock products at designated border entry points in
the period 2003 to 2007
Table 15 Livestock census activities at the districts
Table 16 Breeds of livestock in Uganda
Table 17 Traps originally deployed at start of FITCA
Table 18 Entomological Monitoring in Non FITCA districts
Table 19 Status of FMS in FITCA districts
Table 20 Status of cattle spraying associations in selected FITCA districts
Table 21 Status of Communal and Private Dips
Table 22 Acaricides tested and recommended for use by MAAIF
Figures
Figure 1 Outbreaks of four major notifiable livestock diseases in the districts.
Figure 2 Import and export of livestock and livestock products at designated border entry points
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ACP Animal Check Point
AHG Animal Holding Ground
AHO Animal Husbandry Officer
AI Avian Influenza
AQS Animal Quarantine Station
ARRIS Animal Resources Research Information system
ASF African Swine Fever
CAO Chief Administrative Officer
CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuro pneumonia
CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuro pneumonia
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
COCTU Coordinating Office for the Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda
DE District Entomologist
DVO District Veterinary Officer
EAC East African Community
ECF East Coast Fever
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FITCA Farming in Tsetse Control Areas of East Africa
FMD Foot and Mouth Disease
FMS Fixed Monitoring Sites
FTD Flies per Trap per day
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GOU Government of Uganda
IFMS Integrated Financial Management System
LG Local Government
LGDP Local Government Development Project
LSD Lumpy Skin Disease
MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries
MOFPED Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development
NAGRC&DB National Animal Genetic Resource Centre and Data Bank
NALIRRI National Animal Livestock Resources Research Institute
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NARO National Agriculture Research Organisation
NCD New Castle Disease
NDA National Drug Authority
NLPIP National Livestock Productivity Improvement Project
NPA National Planning Authority
NSR National Stock Routes
OAG Office of the Auditor General, Uganda
OIE World Organization for Animal Health
PACE Pan African Program for the control of Epizootics
PATTEC Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign
PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan
PMA Plan for Modernization of Agriculture
PPR Peste des Petits Ruminats
PVI Principal Veterinary Inspector
PVO Principal Veterinary Officer
RPV Rinderpest Virus
RVF Rift Valley Fever
SVI Senior Veterinary Inspector
SVO Senior Veterinary Officer
TAD Trans boundary Animal Diseases
TBD Tick Borne Diseases
URA Uganda Revenue Authority
UVA Uganda Veterinary Association
UVB Uganda Veterinary Board
UVRI Uganda Virus Research Institute
UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority
VFM Value for Money
WHO World Health Organisation
VO Veterinary Officer
www World wide web
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Active Surveillance
Means purposeful and comprehensive searching for evidence of disease in animal populations or for
verification that such populations are free of specific diseases. Active disease surveillance
programmes may be of a catch-all nature to detect any significant disease occurrences, targeted
against specific high-threat diseases or designed to monitor the progress of individual disease
control or eradication campaigns.
Animal
Means a mammal, bird or bee.
Animal Check point
Means examination posts or barriers marked with signs bearing letter “Q” placed on highways also
known as National Stock Routes in high animal disease risk areas. The animal check points
operated are either fixed or mobile.
Animal Holding Ground
Means a place for isolation and quarantine for animals.
Animal Quarantine station
Means a facility under the control of the veterinary authority where animals are maintained in
isolation with no direct or indirect contact with other animals, to prevent the transmission of
specified pathogen(s) while the animals are undergoing observation for a specified length of time
and , if appropriate, testing and treatment
Animal for slaughter
Means an animal intended for slaughter within a short time, under the control of the relevant
veterinary authority.
Abattoir/slaughter house
Means premises used for the slaughter of animals for consumption or for feeding animals, these
premises should be approved by the veterinary administration.
Border post
Means any airport, or railway station or road check point open to international trade of
commodities, where import veterinary inspection can be performed.
Breeding birds
Means birds kept for the purpose of producing hatching eggs.
Case
Means an individual animal infected by a pathogenic agent, with or without clinical signs.
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Commissioner
Means the commissioner for livestock health and entomology.
Control programme
Means a programme which is approved and managed or supervised by the department in MAAIF for
the purpose of controlling a vector, pathogen or disease by specific measures applied throughout
the country, or within a zone or in Uganda.
Crushes
Means strongly built stall or cage for holding cattle safely while they are examined, marked, given
veterinary treatment or calves are fed.
Day old birds (poultry)
Means birds aged not more than seventy two hours after hatching.
Department
Means the department of Livestock Health and Entomology in the Ministry of Agriculture Animal
Industry and Fisheries.
Diagnosis
Means the systematic identification and investigation of a disease from its signs and symptoms
Disease
Means the clinical and /or pathological manifestation of an infection.
Disease free zones
Means a zone in which the absence of the disease under consideration has been demonstrated by
the requirements specified in the terrestrial code for free status being met. within the zone and its
borders, appropriate official veterinary control Is effectively applied for animals and animal products
and their transportation.
Disinfection
Means the application, after thorough cleansing, procedures intended to destroy the infectious or
parasitic agents of animal diseases, including zoonosis; this applies to premises ,vehicles and
different objects which may have been directly or indirectly contaminated.
Disinfestations
Means the application of procedures intended to eliminate arthropods which may cause disease or
are potential vectors of infectious agents of animal diseases including zoonoses.
Early detection system
Means a system under the control of the veterinary services for the timely detection and
identification of animal diseases characteristics of the system include:
a) Representative coverage of target animal population by field services.
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b) Ability to undertake effective disease investigation and reporting
c) Access to laboratories capable of diagnosing and differentiating relevant diseases
d) a training programme for Veterinarians and Para Veterinarians for detecting and reporting
unusual disease occurrences.
Epizootic
Means a disease that appears in animal populations.
Eradication
Means the elimination of a pathogenic agent from a country or zone
Incidence
Means the number of new cases or outbreaks of a disease that occur in a population at risk in a
particular geographical area within a defunct time interval.
Infected zone
Means a zone in which the absence of the disease under consideration has not been demonstrated
by the requirements specified by the terrestrial code or veterinary authorities as being met
Infection
Means the presence of the pathogenic agent in the host.
Laboratory
Means a properly equipped institution or family staffed by technically competent personnel under
the control of a specialist in veterinary diagnostic methods who is responsible for the validity of the
results.
Laboratory Diagnosis
All initial diagnosis of any disease is based on clinical diagnosis which is a diagnosis based on
observation of clinical signs like visible disruptions of the animal conduct and parts including visible
injuries and response to simple physical tests like temperature. The application of results of clinical
diagnosis is limited because mixed infections may not be detected; other diseases show similar
clinical pictures and strain differences in the some disease cannot be detected. Consequently
laboratory diagnosis is required.
Livestock
Is defined by the department as all animals of veterinary interest that have economic value other
than Wild life. For the purpose of this audit, Livestock is limited to cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and
poultry.
Livestock markets
Means place designated and approved by authorities. For trade in livestock and livestock products,
under the control of a veterinary authority
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Monitoring
Means the continuous investigation of a given population or subpopulation and its environment, to
detect changes in the prevalence of a disease or characteristics of a pathogenic agent.
Notification
Means the procedure by which the commissioner is informed about the occurrence of an outbreak
of disease or infection, according to the provision of the Animal disease Act
Notifiable disease
Means a disease listed by the commissioner. As soon as it is detected or suspected, it must be
brought to the attention of the commissioner in accordance with the Animal disease Act.
Outbreak of disease or infection
Means the occurrence of one or more cases of a disease or an infection in an epidemiological unit.
Passive Surveillance
Means the routine gathering of information on disease incidents from sources such as requests for
assistance from farmers, reports from field veterinary officers and livestock officers, submission of
diagnostic specimens to laboratories and the results of laboratory investigations. Routine disease
reports may also come from other sources such as abattoirs and livestock markets.
Prevalence
Means the total number of cases or outbreak of disease that are present in a population at risk, in a
particular geographical area at one specified time or during a given period.
Rinderpest
Is an acute, fatal viral disease principally of cattle and some wild artiodactyls (African buffalo,
giraffe, eland and kudu) with death rates during outbreaks approaching 100%. Sheep and goats
may develop clinical signs but serious disease is uncommon. Disease occurs but may be apparent in
camels, deer and pigs. Humans are not affected
Ring Vaccination
Means the rapid creation of an immune belt around an infected area.
Routine Strategic Vaccinations
Means a vaccination of a high risk area based on a risk analysis.
Surveillance
Means the investigation of a given population or sub-population to detect the presence of
pathogenic agent or disease. The frequency and type of surveillance will be determined by the
epidemiology of the pathogenic agent or disease and the desired output.
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Vaccinations
Means the successful immunisation of susceptible animals through the administration of a vaccine
comprising antigens to the disease to be controlled
Valley Dams
Means big open water reservoirs found between valleys.
Zoonosis
Means any disease or infection which is naturally transmissible from animals to humans
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report focuses on the activities of the department of Livestock Health and Entomology in the
prevention and control of livestock diseases in Uganda. Livestock diseases, if not checked, pose a
serious threat to not only food security and quality of livestock products but also to exports.
Information from Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) indicates the value of exports of Uganda’s
livestock and livestock products for the year 2007 was estimated at Shs. 40 billion. The main
livestock diseases prevalent in Uganda from 2004 to 2007 are Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD),
Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP), Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), African Swine Fever
(ASF), Tick borne diseases (TBD),Nagana and NewCastle Disease(NCD).
While the livestock farmers bear the primary responsibility of ensuring that their livestock are
disease free, the department Livestock Health and Entomology is charged with the duty of putting
in place viable, sustainable measures and mechanisms for epidemic diseases and pest control,
regulation and enforcement of veterinary laws. It spent about Shs 15 billion from the financial year
2004/2005 to December 2007 on activities of prevention, control and eradication of livestock
diseases. This funding includes donor funds for projects like National Livestock Productivity
Improvement Project (NLPIP), Farming in Tsetse Control Areas of East Africa (FITCA) and Creation
of Tsetse and Tripanosomiasis Free Area. The department’s work is guided by various laws, which
include the Animal Disease Act, and the Animal movement Act. It also complies with the
requirements of World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).
A Value For Money (VFM) audit was conducted to assess the performance of the department in the
core activities of prevention and control of livestock diseases. These activities include; Surveillance,
Vaccinations, Diagnosis, Enforcement, Sensitization, Coordination between the Ministry of
Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) and the Districts and Collaboration between
MAAIF and key stakeholders and Vector control.
The study covered the districts of Arua, Lira, Gulu, Tororo, Soroti, Kotido, Nakapiripirit,
Nakasongola, Mukono, Rakai, Mbarara, Ntungamo and Kasese. It involved visiting and assessing
the operations and controls at the livestock border entry points of Paidha, Vurra, Oraba, Mutukula,
Mirama hills, Malaba, and Mpondwe. The team also visited 2 National parks namely: Lake Mburo
and Queen Elizabeth and also obtained information from Murchison falls and Kidepo National parks
in order to assess the collaboration between MAAIF and Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) on the
prevention and control of livestock diseases.
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The study covered the financial years 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07 and the period July-
December 2007.
The audit was carried out in two phases namely, the preliminary study and the main study. In both
stages a number of data collection methods were employed these included interviews, document
review and inspections.
The audit was conducted in accordance with International Organization of Supreme Audit
Institutions (INTOSAI) Performance Auditing Standards. These standards require that performance
audit should be planned, conducted and reported on in a manner which ensures that an audit of
high quality is carried out in an economic, efficient and effective way and in a timely manner.
Findings
Achievements
Some notable achievements by the department of Livestock Health and Entomology include:-
The successful eradication of Rinderpest virus in the country. A provisional declaration of
freedom from the disease was made in 1999 on a Zonal basis and in 2002 the whole country
was provisionally declared free from the Rinderpest disease. In 2008 OIE gave Uganda
formal recognition declaring it free from Rinderpest Disease.
The containment of the outbreak of Anthrax in Queen Elizabeth national park in 2004. It
was controlled through a multidisciplinary National Task Force with MAAIF and UWA taking
the lead. It also involved the community, private companies. This incident shows the
advantages that can arise from collaboration.
However the audit also revealed some weaknesses in the prevention and control of livestock
diseases as shown below:-
1 Surveillance of livestock diseases.
It was noted that some districts did not submit the required number of reports, while some failed to
submit epidemiological reports by the 15th day of the subsequent month. Some reports were also
noted to be partially completed thereby hampering the compilation of district epidemiological data
and hence affecting decision making by MAAIF.
Delays were also noted in active surveillance. MAAIF took on average four weeks to diagnose
diseases from the time of outbreaks. These delays were noted in taking samples, and
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communicating the diagnostic results to the affected districts. Late diagnosis led to spread of
livestock diseases.
Cross border surveillance on Trans-boundary Animal Diseases (TADs) concentrated on Rinderpest
increasing the risk of spread of other livestock diseases as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Rift
Valley fever (RVF), Peste des Petits Ruminats (PPR), Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP).
2 Routine strategic vaccinations and targeted vaccinations
It was noted that in all districts, routine strategic vaccination was not carried out. This resulted in
livestock becoming susceptible to preventable livestock diseases. Delayed targeted vaccinations
were also noted during outbreaks. Even in instances where vaccines were availed for targeted
vaccinations, they could not cover all the livestock population in affected areas, resulting in low
coverage of vaccinations.
3 Laboratory Diagnosis
It was noted that, with the exception of Tororo, Rakai, Mbarara and Soroti, all districts selected for
the study did not have mini laboratories for handling basic diagnosis of haematological and
microbiological tests thereby sending all diagnostic tests, both simple and complex to the National
animal laboratory at MAAIF leading to delays in diagnosis of livestock diseases.
The study also revealed the inadequacy of reagents and diagnostic equipment at the national
animal disease diagnostic laboratory. This reduced the timely diagnoses of disease out breaks and
subsequent interventions by MAAIF in the districts.
4 Sensitizations
It was observed that posters were not hanged in public places such as community centres and
abattoirs. Besides that, messages in some posters were not clear and also had not been explained
to livestock farmers by the extension workers in all the districts where they were distributed. It was
also noted that although pre-testing of sensitization materials was done in the Districts this was
limited. Large quantities of sensitization material could not be produced because of their cost and
limitations imposed by funding organizations.
Weaknesses in sensitizations resulted in limited awareness on prevention and control of livestock
diseases by livestock farmers, cattle traders and local leaders.
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5 Animal movement control along National Stock Routes (NSR’s). and Border
entry points
MAAIF operated fixed ACPs in the districts of Soroti, Kasese, Rakai and Arua and mobile ones in
Mukono, Mbarara, Kotido, Arua and Ntungamo. The district of Tororo did not operate ACPs. Apart
from Mukono, Kasese and Rakai, the rest of the districts did not have Animal Holding Grounds
(AHGs) as well as Animal Quarantine Stations (AQSs) for holding impounded livestock.
It was noted that only 4 out of 28 border entry points namely Entebbe International Airport,
Malaba, Busia and Mutukula had Veterinary Officers (VOs) stationed. Of the four, only Entebbe
International Airport and Mutukula had AQSs for holding suspected animals for mandatory
observation and testing for diseases.
Lack of VOs at some entry points enabled livestock farmers and cattle traders to move their
livestock in and out of the country without permit verifications and mandatory veterinary
inspections. In addition lack of AHGs and or AQSs encouraged the entry of suspected animals into
the country without being isolated and held for a period of more than 14 days for the mandatory
observation and testing for diseases.
6 Coordination between MAAIF and the districts
It was noted during audit that MAAIF was detached from districts veterinary departments. As a
result it does not offer adequate technical assistance, monitoring and supervision of activities
carried out in the districts.
Poor coordination between the two resulted in delays in vaccinations, diagnoses and disease
information flow between the districts and MAAIF.
7 Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders
7.1 NALIRRI
National Animal Livestock Resources Research Institute (NALIRRI) which is a livestock resources
research institute in the country doesn’t have the human capacity and expertise to develop vaccines
for livestock disease strains prevalent in Uganda. It also lacks equipments/ facilities necessary for
vaccine development
Failure to develop some essential vaccines in Uanda, results in MAAIF’s continued reliance on
importation of vaccines and thus failure to undertake routine and adequate targeted vaccinations.
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7.2 UWA
Surveillance of wildlife diseases focused on only Rinderpest.
7.3 East African Community.
The study noted that meetings held by MAAIF with the neighboring countries of Kenya, Tanzania
and Rwanda on control of TADs and other initiatives aimed at the prevention and control of Rift
valley fever, Rinderpest and avian influenza were not consistent although they were carried out on
a continuous basis.
8 Vector control measures
Vector control infrastructure like dip tanks and crushes in most districts have been neglected and
are dilapidated, in addition Tsetse traps and chemicals supplied by MAAIF to the districts for tsetse
control are inadequate.
There are also vector control measures which are limited only to FITCA districts, while other vectors
as ticks and nuisance biting flies have been neglected by MAAIF. It was further noted that
entomological monitoring by MAAIF is not carried out in non FITCA districts.
This has resulted in the collapse of vector control infrastructure and increase in the occurrence of
tick borne diseases and tsetse infestation in these districts.
Our Recommendations
In light of the above, we recommend the following to be carried out:-
1. MAAIF should enforce the requirement by districts to submit epidemiological reports monthly
and on time.
2. Ensure that the District Veterinary Officers (DVOs) strengthen the monitoring and
supervision of VOs and Animal Husbandry Officers (AHOs) at the lower governments in the
districts for the timely collection, collation and dispatch of all epidemiological data to
districts.
3. Ensure that the importance of submitting complete and qualitative epidemiological reports to
MAAIF is emphasized to the DVOs.
4. Address the staff shortage at the National Animal Disease, Diagnostic laboratory in order to
improve service delivery.
xvii
5. The department should also extend the cross border surveillance to other TADs which the
PACE project had initially targeted.
6. Ensure that priority is accorded to routine strategic vaccinations by providing adequate
resources.
7. Emphasis is placed on timely collection of samples, diagnoses and communication of
diagnostic test results to affected areas following disease outbreaks so as to ensure timely
vaccinations.
8. Establish Buffer stocks of all types of vaccines to cater for unforeseen outbreaks of livestock
diseases to enable adequate coverage of vaccinations.
9. Ensure that test kits together with other logistical items are in place at district laboratories
for all diseases.
10. Urge the districts to avail laboratory space so that MAAIF can provide the basic laboratory
equipments and reagents necessary to perform basic diagnostic tests.
11. MAAIF in its advisory capacity should ensure that districts prioritize the veterinary activities
like entomological activities, enforcement and sensitization by providing adequate funds in
containing livestock disease outbreaks.
12. MAAIF in developing sensitization materials should involve other stakeholders like local
governments so that only the materials suited to the local settings of the targeted groups
are produced.
13. Urge districts to avail land for establishing livestock infrastructure as AHGs and AQSs for
holding livestock impounded from ACPs and border entry points and strengthen support to
districts which do not have enforcement infrastructure by providing necessary facilities and
equipment.
14. MAAIF should strengthen enforcement at the border entry points by having VOs stationed at
each entry point to ensure control over legal exportation and importation of livestock.
xviii
15. Following the eradication of Rinderpest, emphasis should forthwith be directed to other
diseases
16. Ensure strengthening and closer collaboration with neighboring countries like Sudan,
Democratic Republic of Congo which are not in the East African Community so as to benefit
from synergies.
17. Monitor all district entomological activities and extend the focus of entomological monitoring
to other vectors which also contribute to livestock diseases as tick borne diseases
18. Carry out appropriate tick and vector control measures to reduce incidence of TBD and
tsetse infestation and increase logistical support to the districts.
19. Carryout a comprehensive review of the tick control infrastructure and on the basis of risk
analysis, rehabilitate those that can be used by the communities.
20. Speed up the registration of acaricides in the department
1
CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION
This audit report is about the prevention and control of livestock diseases and it is aimed at coming
up with recommendations to help the department of Livestock health and Entomology improve the
way the major activities in prevention and control of livestock diseases are carried out.
This audit was conducted in accordance with Article 163(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of
Uganda.1 This mandate is amplified under Section 21(1) of the National Audit Act 20082 which
requires the Auditor-General to carry out value for money audits for purposes of establishing
economy, efficiency and effectiveness in the operations of any department or ministry.
1.1 Background to the study
MAAIF is responsible for supporting, promoting, guiding and regulating the production of Livestock,
Fisheries and Crops in order to ensure improved quality, quantity of the produce and their products
for local consumption, food security and export. This function is carried out by MAAIF in the two
Directorates of Crop Resource and Animal Resources and Fisheries. The department of Livestock
Health and entomology which is under the Directorate of Animal Resources and Fisheries is charged
with preventing, controlling and eradicating where possible, livestock diseases.
1.2 Reasons for the audit
The audit was motivated by the public outcry over the increased infection and death of livestock.
Furthermore, there have been press reports about pastoralists moving livestock in and out of the
country in an uncontrolled manner and occupying land illegally for grazing livestock. These reported
illegal movements and land occupations have contributed to the increased spread of livestock
diseases and livestock deaths because livestock epidemic diseases are frequently spread by the
movement of infected animals.
“The movement of animals and their products which do not meet mandatory standards put man
and animals at risk of infectious diseases, vectors, pests and or contaminants. Such sub-standard
activities whenever they occur put households who depend on animal industry at food security and
economic risks.’’3. This has put both animal and man at health and economic risk.
1 Constitution of the Republic of UGANDA (1995) as amended by Article 165. 2 National Audit Act 2008 3 Veterinary technical manual for animal movement control in Uganda- First Edition October 2007
2
Epidemic diseases inhibit export trade opportunities for livestock and livestock products. Beside food
security and household incomes, the livestock industry contributes significantly to the economy of
Uganda by about 9% of the Gross Domestic Product and about 17 % of the Agricultural Gross
Domestic Product. About one third of all farm related households in Uganda are estimated to derive
their livelihoods from the animal sub sector4.
A review of exports and imports of livestock products from 2003 to 2007 established that the
country has been exporting more livestock products than it imports as shown in Table 1 below,
Table 1 Imports and Exports of livestock and livestock products in Uganda (2003-2007)
Year Exports (Ushs) Imports (Ushs)
2003 11,492,233,503 6,621,662,621
2004 12,962,449,653 4,833,286,911
2005 15,217,745,316 4,011,878,476
2006 16,153,873,257 5,707,728,587
2007 39,969,438,330 8,368,208,260
Cumulative Totals since 2003
95,795,740,059 29,542,764,855
Source: OAG analysis of data from URA’s Ascuda generated reports
Despite MAAIF’s interventions through government finance and projects such as PACE, FITCA,
NLPIP and Creation of Tsetse and Tripanosomiasis free areas, livestock disease trends have not
significantly reduced in the past three years. There has been no significant reduction in the
occurrence of livestock diseases in districts of Arua, Kotido(CBPP) Kasese,Lira(LSD) and Rakai
(FMD) where the livestock diseases such as CBPP,LSD and FMD have occurred every year in the
periods under review. (See Table 2 and 3 in appendix 1).
4 Veterinary technical manual for animal movement control in Uganda- First Edition October 2007 page 4
3
Figure 1
Outbreaks of four major notifiable livestock diseases in the districts.
Source: OAG analysis of diseases from MAAIF’s cartographic maps This study was conducted to assess the performance of the department in the core activities of
prevention and control of livestock diseases and subsequently where possible come up with
appropriate recommendations that will help the department improve in addressing problems of
livestock disease.
1.3 Statutory Mandate
The department of livestock health and entomology is part of MAAIF whose mandate, vision and
mission are stated below:-
The mandate of MAAIF is “To support, promote and guide the production and processing of crops,
livestock, fish and all other agro-related activities in a sustainable manner so as to ensure the best
quality for the consumers in the market and increased quantity of agricultural produce and products
for domestic consumption, food security and export’’.
1.4 Vision
The vision of (MAAIF) is “To support the national development goal of poverty eradication, by
providing an enabling environment in which a profitable, competitive, dynamic and sustainable
agricultural and agro industrial sector can develop’’.
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1.4.1 Mission
The mission of MAAIF is “To support national efforts to transform subsistence agriculture to
commercial production in crops, fisheries and livestock, by ensuring that the agricultural sector
institutions provide efficient and effective demand-driven services to the farming community. Whilst
services are provided to the sector as a whole, the primary focus is on resource-poor farmers”.
1.4.2 Goals and Objectives
The Department of livestock health and Entomology however has specific goals and objectives. The
main goal of the department is “To prevent, control and where possible eradicate animal diseases’
and the main objective is to “put in place viable, sustainable measures and mechanisms for
epidemic diseases and pest control, regulate and enforce veterinary laws.”
1.5 Major Activities of the Department
The major activities of the department are;
a) Formulating strategies for preventing and controlling animal diseases and disease epidemics.
b) Monitoring outbreaks and prevalence of diseases, importation and exportation of animals
and their products in and out of the country. Monitoring performance of the entomology
division and livestock health activities in the Local Governments (LG’s) to ensure that they
are in conformity with national policies, standards, legislation and plans.
c) Carrying out surveillance of diseases and obtaining samples from the districts for diagnosis
and examination.
d) Prompt collection, collation and dissemination of epidemiological data.
e) Advising the district authorities and the decision makers on disease control strategies.
f) Collaborating with neighboring countries, research and international organizations on
disease control.
g) Availing and administration of vaccines, advising on importation, distribution and marketing
of drugs and chemicals in collaboration with National Drug Authority (NDA) for use on
livestock.
h) Enforcement of laws and regulations pertaining to prevention of disease spread from
animals to humans.
i) Carrying out sensitization / awareness campaigns on animal disease control.
1.6 The Organizational structure
The administrative structure of the Ministry comprises a Minister and three Ministers of State,
responsible for crops, animal industry and fisheries sub-sectors. At the managerial level is the
5
Permanent Secretary who is the Accounting Officer of the Ministry. The department of livestock
health and entomology which is under the directorate of Animal resources and fisheries is headed
by a commissioner. The details of the organizational structure are in the organogram (See
appendix.2 and 3).
1.7 Sources of funding
The major funding of the department is from the Government of Uganda (G.O.U). However it is also
funded by donors from time to time through various initiatives e.g. FITCA, NLPIP, PACE, Pan African
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis eradication campaign (PATTEC) and Creation of Tsetse and trip free
areas. These initiatives are sometimes co-funded by the GOU, with the Memorandum of
Understanding specifying the various duties and responsibilities of the parties involved.
Table 4
Livestock health and entomology funding from 2004/05 to December 2007.
Source of Funding 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 Jul 07-Dec 07
GOU Recurrent 467,206,005
586,342,764
542,074,387
269,752,455
GOU Development 1,193,671,570
3,045,469,720
5,683,092,514
653,294,000
Donors-NLPIP 626,631,840
430,386,690
436,804,096
698,245,000
- FITCA 85,529,446
129,745,461
210,430,416
338,080,000
-Creation of Tsetse and trip free area
44,501,000
44,380,000
TOTAL FINANCING 2,373,038,861
4,191,944,635
6,916,902,413
2,003,751,455
Source: OAG analysis of financial data from Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS)
NB: 2003/2004 Financial data was not readily available because the IFMS system was not in place
then.
1.8 Audit scope
The audit focused on the management of prevention and control of livestock diseases by the
livestock health and entomology department in MAAIF.The study covered 13 selected districts
namely, Arua, Lira, Gulu, Tororo, Soroti, Kotido, Nakapiripirit, Nakasongola, Mukono, Rakai,
Mbarara, Ntungamo and Kasese which are involved in prevention and control of livestock diseases.
It further involved visiting and assessing the operations and controls at the livestock border entry
points of Paidha, Vurra, Oraba, Mutukula, Mirama hills, Malaba, and Mpondwe.
6
The team also visited Lake Mburo and Queen Elizabeth National Parks and obtained information
from Murchison falls and Kidepo National parks under Uganda Wild Authority (UWA) in order to
assess the coordination between UWA and the neighbouring districts on the control and prevention
of livestock diseases. The audit covered the period July 2003 to December 2007.
The audit objective was to assess the performance of the department and come up with suitable
recommendations based on the findings so that the department may make improvements in
prevention and control of livestock diseases.
1.9 Audit methodology
The audit was conducted in accordance with International Organization of Supreme Audit
Institutions (INTOSAI) Performance Auditing Standards. These standards require that performance
audit should be planned, conducted and reported on in a manner which ensures that an audit of
high quality is carried out in an economic, efficient and effective way and in a timely manner.
Data was collected using the following data collection methods;
1.9.1 Interviews
Interviews were conducted with the Commissioner of livestock health and entomology and three
assistant commissioners of the divisions of National disease control, Entomology and Veterinary
inspection and regulations. Also interviewed were DVO’s, District Entomologists (DE’s) of the
selected districts, two Game wardens and two veterinary doctors of the four National Parks.
1.9.2 Document reviews
The following documents were reviewed in order to obtain information on activities and
performance of the department
Animal disease Act 1964
MAAIF’s annual performance reports 2003,2005,2006, and 2007
OIE Terrestrial animal health code 15th edition 2006
State of the national animal disease diagnostics and epidemiology laboratory report August
2007
PACE annual reports and work plans 2004,2005,2006 and 2007
FITCA progress reports and work plans of 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007
MAAIF’s Policy statements (2003-2007)
Veterinary technical manual for animal movement control in Uganda October 2007
Local government Act (2006-Amended)
7
National Policy on the control of Ticks and Tick Borne Diseases (TBD’s) 2005
MAAIF’s strategy for control of livestock disease
UWA report on the exercise to dispose off Hippo carcasses from waters in Queen Elizabeth
national Park following outbreak of Anthrax 2004
Pathway of freedom from Rinderpest disease in Uganda.
1.9.3 Observations
Physical observations were done to ascertain the conditions and operations of livestock
infrastructure i.e;
Abattoirs at selected districts
Animal Check points
Valley dams, valley tanks, animal dips and crushes.
1.9.4 Internet sites visited
www.agriculture.co.ug
www.fao.org
www.ilri.org
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CHAPTER 2
2 PROCESSES IN PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES
2.1 Roles and responsibilities of Key players
2.1.1 Permanent Secretary, MAAIF
The Permanent Secretary (PS) is the Accounting officer of MAAIF responsible for overseeing all the
activities of the directorates and departments in the ministry.
2.1.2 Director of Animal Industry and Fisheries
The Director of Animal Industry is responsible for overseeing the three departments of the
directorate of Animal Industry. These departments are Animal Production, Fisheries resources and
livestock Health and Entomology.
2.1.3 Commissioner and Assistant Commissioners of Livestock Health and
entomology
These officers carry out the same activities in the department. The main thrust of their
responsibilities include:-
Formulating strategies for preventing and controlling animal diseases and disease epidemics.
Monitoring outbreaks and prevalence of diseases, importation and exportation of animals and
their products in and out of the country. Monitoring performance of the entomology division
and livestock health activities in the Local Governments to ensure that they are in conformity
with national policies, standards, legislation and plans.
Carrying out surveillance of diseases and obtaining samples from the districts for diagnosis
and examination.
Prompt collection, collation and dissemination of epidemiological data.
Advising the district authorities and the decision makers on disease control strategies.
Collaborating with neighboring countries, research and international organizations on disease
control.
Availing and administration of vaccines, advising on importation, distribution and marketing of
drugs and chemicals in collaboration with National Drug Authority (NDA) for use on livestock.
Enforcement of laws and regulations pertaining to prevention of disease spread from animals
to humans.
Carrying out sensitization / awareness campaigns on animal disease control.
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2.1.4 District Veterinary Officers and District Entomologists
These officers are the implementers of the activities of the department of animal health and
entomology at the districts. Their duties include:-
Formulating district strategies in collaboration with MAAIF for preventing and controlling
animal diseases and disease epidemics.
Monitoring outbreaks and prevalence of diseases at the districts, importation and
exportation of animals and their products in and out of the District. Monitoring performance
of the VO’s, AHO’s and livestock health inspectors in the Districts to ensure that they are in
conformity with national policies, standards, legislation and plans.
Carrying out surveillance of diseases and obtaining samples from the affected areas for
diagnosis and examination.
Prompt collection, collation and dissemination of epidemiological data to MAAIF.
Enforcement of laws and regulations at the districts pertaining to prevention of disease
spread within animals and from animals to humans.
Carrying out sensitization / awareness campaigns on animal disease control. Coordinating
vaccinations at the districts in collaboration with MAAIF and neighbouring districts and
Liaising with district authorities and other stake holders on disease control strategies.
2.1.5 UWA
UWA’s mandate is to control wildlife diseases in the Country. Wildlife and livestock sometimes
contract and transmit same diseases. Therefore MAAIF, through the PACE project entered into a
memorandum of understanding with UWA to carry out joint vaccinations, sensitizations, darting,
netting and taking samples for the purposes of monitoring and controlling epizootic diseases. UWA
is also supposed to coordinate with MAAIF in information sharing by submitting quarterly reports on
wildlife disease incidence to MAAIF. For notifiable diseases the reporting to MAAIF of disease
outbreak is immediate. Furthermore, UWA is also a member of the technical advisory committee of
MAAIF. The UWA veterinary coordinator is responsible for implementing disease control activities
between UWA and MAAIF.
2.1.6 Police
These help MAAIF and the Districts in law enforcement especially at border entry points and ACP’s.
The reason for this is that MAAIF is not a law enforcer and as such has to work with other law
enforcement agencies.
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2.1.7 NALIRRI
This is the only livestock resources research institute in the country mandated to carry out research
on livestock diseases and technologies. It develops technologies for livestock management which
are passed on to MAAIF for adoption and implementation.
2.2 SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION
The management of the prevention and control of livestock diseases involves mainly the following
activities;
2.2.1 Surveillance
i) Passive Surveillance
The OIE terrestrial Health code requires countries to make available to other countries, through
OIE, whatever information is necessary to minimize the spread of important animal diseases and to
assist in achieving better world wide control. In order to achieve this, MAAIF requires districts to
avail monthly epidemiological data not later that the 15th day of the subsequent month. As a
measure of performance, MAAIF set a standard of at least 10 reports submitted annually by every
district. These reports also should capture all information on disease outbreaks, vaccinations carried
out, vaccine stocks and meat inspections, laboratory activities, veterinary inspection services and
animal movements. This information is gathered by the VOs and AHOs at the lower local
governments while the DVOs monitor their activities.
Passive surveillance also involves the routine checking of livestock diseases in the field for disease
prevalence and incidents. Here surveillance teams are sent out to the field with sampling materials
to take representative samples from livestock for tests. This is done for purposes of early detection.
Reports of these surveillance activities are then furnished monthly to the epidemiological data
collection centre at MAAIF.
ii) Active surveillance
Active surveillance is purposeful and comprehensive searching for evidence of disease in animal
populations. Because of the speed at which infectious diseases spread, the key to controlling
outbreaks is to detect and diagnose diseases at the earliest possible stage. This enables rapid
detection of the emergence of, or sudden increase in the incidence of disease. It involves all
initiatives, mainly based on disease surveillance, reporting and epidemiological analysis that would
lead to improved awareness of the extent and area coverage of the disease outbreaks.
11
The Animal Disease Act requires for suspected diseases to be reported immediately by the farmers
to responsible persons (parish chief, sub county chief). These responsible persons in turn report to
the DVOs who carry out initial assessment of the outbreak. Sometimes the farmers report disease
outbreaks directly to the DVO.
In order to make initial assessments of disease outbreaks, districts should have mini laboratories to
carry out simple haematological and microbiological tests. MAAIF is supposed to be informed within
24 hours of the outbreak by either telephone (and later accompanied by written), fax or e-mail
communication. When MAAIF is informed, it dispatches a team to collect samples from the Districts
for testing at the National Diagnostic Laboratory. MAAIF is then expected to communicate the
results of the tests to the affected districts within 3 days (72 hours).
When the Epidemiological unit of MAAIF receives disease outbreak reports from the Districts, it
enters the data in the data bank. It then forwards the information on the reported disease
outbreak to the commissioner animal health and entomology for action. The commissioner is then
obliged to report to the accounting officer of MAAIF. Following an epidemic disease outbreak, all
neighboring countries must also be notified of the disease and the associated risks. Food and
Agricultural Organization (FAO) and OIE are also notified.
iii) Cross Border Surveillance of TADs
It is the mandate of the department to carry out cross border surveillance in border districts at risk
of livestock diseases for early detection of diseases originating from neighboring countries. This has
been car
ried out through project funded initiatives like PACE
2.2.2 Vaccinations
i) Routine vaccinations
The OIE terrestrial animal health code requires member countries to carry out routine vaccinations
on livestock. It stipulates the intervals at which animals should be routinely vaccinated for particular
OIE listed diseases as a preventive measure. In areas with high prevalence, the intervals for
vaccination can be reduced to cater for the special circumstances. MAAIF is expected to avail
vaccines for routine vaccinations for notifiable diseases in liaison with the districts. The DVOs major
role is to mobilize resources, personnel and coordinate the activities related to administering the
vaccines to the livestock.
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ii) Targeted vaccinations
When livestock diseases break out in the districts, the DVOs are required to report to MAAIF within
24 hours by phone and subsequently by written or fax communication. MAAIF is then expected to
take samples from the affected areas and carry out diagnosis and communicate the test results to
the affected areas within 72 hours from the time of completing diagnosis. Vaccinations of livestock
in these areas ought to commence within a week from the time disease is reported.
After livestock disease diagnoses, containment of disease is carried out. This is by targeted
vaccinations which should be carried out immediately diagnoses have been done. In targeted
vaccinations, only the animals in an around the affected area are vaccinated. This is called ring
vaccinations whereby animals in the outer ring of the affected area are first vaccinated while
moving inwards. Vaccines supplied ought to be sufficient to cover the affected areas
If diseases are contagious, the following other measures are also preferred:-
The affected animals are identified, isolated immediately to avoid transmission of diseases
to other animals.
Quarantine of the affected area is imposed by the Commissioner of livestock health and
entomology basing on the nature of disease outbreak. During quarantines, zero movement
to limited movement of livestock and livestock products may be imposed. This is done at
the discretion of the commissioner.
Zero slaughter of livestock depending on the nature of the disease.
All livestock markets within that specified area are closed until the epidemic is handled and the
quarantine lifted by MAAIF.
2.2.3 Laboratory Diagnosis
Diagnosis is the systematic identification and investigation of a disease from blood samples, animal
by- products like feaces, animal skins. DVO’s do this by making initial assessments of the nature
and extent of disease outbreaks. To accomplish these tasks districts should have mini laboratory
units to carry out simple haematological and microbiological tests besides the clinical diagnosis of all
major diseases. The mini labs should have basic minimum laboratory equipment such as
centrifuges, fridges, reagents, light microscopes and glass ware (test tubes, beakers, specimen
bottles).
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Where Districts fail to carry out the said tests, MAAIF is informed within 24 hours and a team is
dispatched from MAAIF to collect samples for testing at the National Diagnostic Laboratory.
The national animal disease diagnostics and epidemiology laboratory should have diagnostic
capabilities (both technical and logistical) for all notifiable livestock diseases in the country.
The responsibility of delivering diognoses results to districts and other stakeholder is the head of
the Laboratory and Epidemiology unit through the commissioner responsible for Livestock Health
and Entomology and should be done within 72 hours. Tests that can not been undertaken at the
National Diagnostic Laboratory (due to lack of technical and logistical capacity) are referred to
laboratories outside the country.
2.2.4 Animal movement control
i) Animal movement control along NSRs.
Enforcement of the Animal diseases Act and the relevant regulations in the country relating to
animals is primarily a mandate of the department of Livestock Health and Entomology in
collaboration with mainly Veterinary departments in districts. In some instances however, the
police, local administration police, immigration officers at border points assist with enforcement in
collaboration with MAAIF. MAAIF is expected to operate ACPs in high animal disease risk areas and
along the NSRs. ACPs operated are strategic, mobile or fixed.
All ACP’s must be registered and supervised by state veterinary authorities in charge of National
Animal Health Services operating under the Animal Disease Act. ACP’s should have a shed for an
office, road barriers, chairs, table, and nearby facilities to hold animals and animal products that are
impounded. These facilities should have security, water, feeds, and disinfectants. They may also
have a store for storage of animal products.
ACPs should have a minimum of one authorized veterinary staff and two police officers, subject to
the work and conditions on the ground. The veterinary personnel inspects for the required animal
heath, veterinary public health and animal welfare standards through document verification, clinical
appraisal and where necessary taking samples for laboratory verification and or putting animals and
animal products under quarantine and subsequent evaluation.
The two police constables are to keep security and make legal follow ups of defaulters. The
veterinary inspector heads the team and keeps the official stamp for making the documents for
various actions taken.
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Every person carrying livestock and or livestock products on the highway or stock route must stop
at the ACP and present the movement permit for inspection. The issuing of movement permits
against which animals are inspected is a responsibility of the Commissioner. The permit issued
should indicate ownership of livestock, purpose of movement and whether they have been cleared
of disease. Veterinary officers at ACP’s examine the animals based on clinical assessment. The
permits further indicate the route to be used for transporting the animals.
The route can only be changed if unforeseen trouble or risks occur. The client then is required to
inform the nearest police unit and the veterinary authorities as soon as possible. Animals should not
be mistreated or exposed to unnecessary pain and or suffering while being moved. Livestock is only
permitted to be moved during the day.
Any animals or animal products impounded at an ACP may be kept at the nearest animal quarantine
facility specialized in domesticated or wild animals or any other place that is secure and keeps
animals and animal products safe and wholesome. Ports of entry /exit, border posts and entrances
or exits of animals, slaughter or processing places are also regarded as animal check points and
may be used for purposes of ACP activities.
ii) Enforcement of veterinary regulations at border entry points
When livestock is to be imported into the country, the importer is expected to inform the
commissioner of intention to import any animal and animal products. Basing on a risk assessment
done by MAAIF in relation to livestock imports from some countries (endangered countries),
importation may not be permitted until the country in question has been declared disease free. The
animals, on arrival at the entry point, which are also considered as ACP’s, are examined to verify if
they meet the conditions for entry. If conditions are met, Livestock entry is granted, else they are
returned to country of origin, quarantined or destroyed. MAAIF is supposed to have at least a
Veterinary officer stationed at the border entry points to enforce legal importation and exportation
of livestock and livestock products.
The border entry points are also required to have nearby AHGs from where animals are screened
before they are allowed into the country.
2.2.5 Sensitization
When carrying out sensitizations, MAAIF forms task forces to come up with messages relating to
the issues at hand, in consultation with other stakeholders. These sensitization messages should be
15
suited to the relevant target groups. To achieve this, best practice requires that the people targeted
should have some input in the development of sensitization materials. Messages in sensitization
materials ought to be explained to livestock farmers and traders by extension workers (VOs and
AHOs) during distribution.
For sensitization to achieve the desired results, the language, timing, medium of transmission and
the places where sensitizations materials are hanged/ pinned should be appropriate. These
mediums of transmission include Frequency Modulation (FM) stations, brochures, posters, billboards
and leaflets.
2.2.6 Coordination between MAAIF and the districts
For purposes of implementing national policies and adherence to performance standards relating to
livestock disease prevention and control, in the Districts, MAAIF is required to inspect, monitor
livestock infrastructure as livestock markets, communal dips, valley dams and tanks cattle crushes
in order to ensure that they are functional and where necessary offer technical advice and technical
support, support supervision and training to the Districts in implementation of national programs as
vaccinations, livestock census. Section 98 of the Local government Act 19975 states that a
government line ministry shall:-
a) Monitor and co-ordinate government initiatives and policies as they apply to Local
Governments.
b) Co-ordinate and advise persons and organizations in relation to projects involving direct
relations with local governments; and
c) Assist in the provision of technical assistance to local governments.
Coordination between MAAIF and the district veterinary staff through the Chief Administrative
Officers (CAO’s) is paramount. This is in terms of reporting of diseases to MAAIF, provision of
veterinary services and sensitization of the other stakeholders. There is also coordination between
MAAIF, neighboring countries and other international agencies. When there is an epidemic disease
out break in the country neighboring countries have to be notified. This notification is also extended
to OIE6.
5 Local Government Act 1997 6 Terrestrial Animal Health Code 15th edition 2006
16
2.2.7 Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders
MAAIF collaborates with key stakeholders as National Drug Authority (NDA), Uganda Wildlife
Authority (UWA)7, Coordinating Office for the Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda (COCTU),
National Animal Genetic Resource Centre and Data Bank (NAGRC&DB), National Agriculture
Research Organization (NARO), URA, OIE, Uganda Veterinary Association (UVA), Police and
Immigration in the prevention and control of livestock diseases
The stakeholders in the livestock sub sector are diverse ranging from the farmers, regulators and
enforcers, traders and consumers of livestock and their products. Others are; Livestock traders,
Government ministries and national and international agencies dealing in regulation, management
and funding of the livestock sub sector like MAAIF.
2.2.8 Vector Control
Entomology is the study of insects and arthropods. Vector control, involves tsetse flies, ticks and
other nuisance bitting flies which affect livestock.
The main vectors of animal diseases in Uganda are ticks and tsetse flies.
Vector control initially involved carrying out surveys on foot, and later use of tsetse traps. A
baseline survey of the country was carried out in which districts with high tsetse infestation were
identified on the basis of flies per trap per day (FTD where tsetse traps were deployed in the field
for 72 hours after which flies caught were identified. The count of flies in the trap per day after 72
hours formed the base line for determining the criteria under which high risk and low risk districts
were selected.
Following identification of areas with high tsetse infestation on the basis of FTD, fixed monitoring
sites (FMS) were established where tsetse traps were deployed to trap tsetse flies in order to
reduce the level of tsetse infestation
Tsetse control also involves the deployment of tsetse traps in tsetse infested places; the traps are
treated with chemicals at 0.8% with pyrethroids or 0.4% depending on the availability of the
medicine deltamethrin. Other techniques used to control tsetse are use of insecticide treated odour
baited screens for tsetse trapping and live baits technology where chemicals such as decatix are
poured on livestock. This has the advantage of dual vector control because not only are the tsetse
flies killed but ticks and other nuisance biting flies as well.
7 Memorandum between UWA and PACE/MAAIF March 2002
17
After setting up of the FMS districts are required by MAAIF to carry out entomological monitoring
and submit entomological reports to MAAIF every month on the FMS. MAAIF identified 12 districts
in central and eastern Uganda under Farming in Tsetse Controlled Areas (FITCA) project with high
tsetse infestation, the project came up with vector control measures and strategies as
Dissemination of appropriate agricultural practices, setting up sustainable structures for tsetse and
trypanosomiasis control and strengthening the capacity to control tsetse and trypanosomiasis
emergencies.
Districts were also expected to supplement MAAIF’s efforts by recruiting entomologists and
entomological assistants, buying chemicals and tsetse traps, it should be noted that tsetse
infestation is not only in the FITCA districts but also in other parts of Uganda with varying levels of
tsetse infestation.
Other than tsetse control G.O.U over the years through MAAIF had set up communal dips in which
livestock farmers were mandated to dip their livestock to control ticks and other nuisance bitting
flies, crushes were also established for spraying livestock. Before Tsetse and tick control were
decentralized to the Districts. Every district was required to have a budget for entomological
activities, with an entomologists (minim um of 2) assisted by entomological attendants (Minimum of
6) based at sub counties. Under decentralization, districts laid off most or all of these staff.
However following the decentralization of districts and the liberalization of the Uganda’s economy
the purchase and distribution of acaricides was left to the private sector with MAAIF assuming only
a regulatory role. Subsequently districts are then expected to comply and carry out appropriate
vector control measures of dipping, spraying livestock for tsetse flies, ticks and nuisance bitting flies
and other control strategies prescribed by MAAIF.
MAAIF also actively collaborates with NALIRRI and COCTU in the control of vectors and vector
borne diseases.
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CHAPTER 3
3. FINDINGS
This chapter presents audit findings. The findings relate to; notable achievements, vaccinations,
sensitizations, surveillance, diagnosis, enforcement, coordination collaboration between MAAIF and
Key stakeholders and Vector control.
3.1 Notable Achievements
Some of the achievements of the department of Livestock Health and Entomology include:-
3.1.1 Eradication of Rinderpest
The Pan African Control of Epizootics (PACE) which began in 2001 laid down a suitable foundation
for the pathway to freedom from the Rinderpest disease. This programme which emphasized
surveillance for early detection and determination of infection resulted in a provisional declaration of
freedom from the disease in Uganda in 1999 on a Zonal basis and in 2002 the whole country was
provisionally declared free from the Rinderpest disease. MAAIF is commended on this achievement.
The progressive decline in sero-positivity levels from 3.3% in 2003 to 0.0037% in 20068 and
fulfillment of all other requirements for freedom from the disease culminated in the submission of a
dossier to the OIE requesting for accreditation of Uganda as a country free from Rinderpest
disease. In accordance with the provisions of article 2.2.12.2 of the OIE Terrestrial Code, Uganda
was officially recognized as a Rinderpest disease free country by the OIE in 2008.
3.1.2 Control of the outbreak of Anthrax in Queen Elizabeth National Park
Anthrax is an infectious, febrile disease caused by bacteria. This disease is often characterized by its
sudden onset and rapidly fatal course. In August 2004, incidents of hippos dying in the waters of
Kazinga Channel, Lakes George and Edward within Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) were
reported to UWA. As at 21st October 2004 about 186 hippos had died. There was a risk of infection
to humans and livestock in the surrounding areas.9
The outbreak was controlled through a multidisciplinary National Task Force with MAAIF and UWA
taking the lead. It also involved the community and private companies. This incident was a
8 Pathway of freedom from Rinderpest disease in Uganda. 9 UWA report on disposal of Hippo carcases from Queen Elizabeth National Park following outbreak of Anthrax in 2004
19
confirmation that collaboration between MAAIF and UWA is very important in preventing and
controlling livestock diseases.
However the audit also revealed some weaknesses in the activities of prevention and control of
livestock diseases as shown below:-
3. 2 Surveillance
3. 2.1 Passive Surveillance
Disease surveillance is a major and integral component of all government veterinary services. This
is vital for early warning of diseases, planning and monitoring of disease prevention and control
programmes, provision of sound animal health advice to farmers. It is particularly important for
animal disease emergency preparedness.
In order to accomplish the surveillance function, OIE terrestrial Health code requires countries to
make available to other countries, through OIE, whatever information is necessary to minimize the
spread of important animal diseases and to assist in achieving better world wide control. MAAIF
requires districts to avail monthly epidemiological data not later than the 15th day of the subsequent
month. MAAIF set a standard of at least 10 reports submitted annually by every district. These
reports should capture all information on livestock disease prevention and control activities like
disease outbreaks, vaccinations carried out, vaccine stocks and meat inspections, laboratory
activities, veterinary inspection services and animal movements. This information is gathered by the
VOs and AHOs at the lower local governments while the DVOs monitor their activities.
Table 5: Epidemiological Reports submitted by Districts from 2003 to 2007
Source: OAG analysis of epidemiological reports from districts (Note: *Districts should submit at least 10 reports per annum).
DISTRICTS YEARS 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Arua 11 11 8 4 8 Gulu 12 11 12 11 10 Kasese 10 12 12 12 12 Kotido 10 5 0 12 7 Lira 12 12 12 8 9 Mbarara 12 12 12 12 7 Mukono 12 10 8 4 6 Nakapiripirit 10 4 3 9 11 Nakasongola 11 12 12 11 11 Ntungamo 10 12 12 10 7 Rakai 12 9 12 9 11 Soroti 12 11 12 11 11 Tororo 11 12 8 10 11
20
The analysis of the epidemiological report submission of the thirteen districts visited showed that all
districts submitted at least ten epidemiological reports in 2003. In the period under study (2003-
2007), only Gulu, Kasese, Nakasongola and Soroti submitted at least ten epidemiological reports per
annum while the districts of Mukono, Nakapiripirit Arua and Kotido failed to submit the required
number of reports in three out of the five years. All districts did not submit epidemiological reports
by the 15th day of the subsequent month; but did so after two months on average.
We reviewed 50% of the epidemiological reports and noted that, a third of them were incomplete
thereby making them inadequate as they lacked some vital information needed for surveillance
purposes.
The failure by districts to submit the required number of reports on time per annum was attributed
to the failure by MAAIF to identify effective methods of encouraging submission and enforcing this
requirement.
Failure to submit fully completed and timely reports was attributed to the failure of the DVOs to
effectively monitor and supervise the activities of the VOs and AHOs at the lower local governments
so as to ensure that all livestock information is collected. Insufficient transport means also
contributed to the late submission.
Non submission of the required number together with the submission of incomplete epidemiological
reports resulted in some livestock information from the non compliant districts not being captured.
The late submission resulted in information being captured late thereby being ineffective for timely
planning.
3.2.2 Active Surveillance
When disease outbreaks are suspected in some locations at districts, DVOs are required to carry out
purposeful and comprehensive searching for evidence of disease in animal populations or for
verification that such populations are free of specific diseases. DVOs make initial assessments of the
nature and extent of disease outbreaks. This is done by carrying out simple hematological and
microbiological tests from the mini laboratories at the districts.
MAAIF is supposed to be informed of disease outbreaks by the DVOs within 24 hours upon which it
dispatches teams to collect samples from the districts for testing at the National Diagnostic
21
Laboratory. MAAIF is then expected to communicate the results of the tests to the affected districts
within 3 days (72 hours).
We noted from a review of epidemiological reports and interviews with DVOs that MAAIF took on
average four weeks to diagnose diseases from the time of outbreaks to communicate the test
results in some cases however MAAIF appears not to have taken action on the reported cases. For
example in Ntungamo outbreaks of FMD and LSD were reported in 2006 and 2007 respectively,
however, no samples were picked by MAAIF for testing.
Table 6.
Time taken to communicate diagnostic results.
District Disease Date of outbreak
Time taken to collect samples
Time taken to communicate diagnostic results
Delay in Weeks
Mbarara FMD April 2007 After one week After one week More than2 weeks Mbarara Bird flu Feb 2007 After one day After two weeks More than2 weeks Kasese FMD May 2007 After one month After one month More than8 weeks Ntungamo LSD Jan/Feb 2007 Not taken* N/A
Ntungamo FMD April 2006 Not taken* N/A
Source: Epidemiological reports and interviews with DVOs
Samples were not taken from Ntungamo because samples from Mbarara and Kasese confirmed
existence of FMD.
Meanwhile some Districts do not have diagnostic information due to poor record keeping, while
others could not have data on the time taken to collect samples and time taken to communicate
diagnostic results.
Delays in the time taken to carry out diagnosis at the National Animal Disease and Diagnostic
Laboratory was mainly attributed to insufficient reagents and diagnostic equipments and also to
inadequate staffing (17 personnel instead of the established number of 34). Late communication of
diagnostic results leads to spread of livestock diseases. For instance the FMD out break in Kasese in
May 2007 originated from the purchase of sick animals by a farmer from cattle traders in Isingiro
district which were later transported to Kasese. This particular incident was attributed to a
breakdown in law enforcement.
22
3.2.3 Cross Border passive Surveillance of Trans Boundary Animal Diseases (TAD)
In collaboration with neighbouring countries, MAAIF is mandated to carry out cross border passive
surveillance in border districts. This is necessary for early detection of diseases originating from
neighboring countries. This cross border passive surveillance on TADs was intended to cover
Rinderpest, FMD, and Rift valley fever, PPR, CBPP, Rabies and African swine fever (ASF).
We noted that the department had been carrying out surveillance mainly on Rinderpest along the
Northern and North Eastern border areas adjacent to Kenya and Sudan and other districts along
Tanzania, Rwanda and Congo borders. The focus and response to outbreaks of other diseases such
as FMD, CBPP, and PPR had been minimal yet these diseases were prevalent in the border districts
of Rakai, Arua and Kotido/Nakapiripirit.
The reason for not responding to outbreaks of other diseases apart from Rinderpest in the districts
neighboring border areas was mainly due to the project design which focused on only Rinderpest
and inadequate funding.
The weaknesses and/or delays in response led to spread of TADs which in effect led to loss of
revenue in the affected districts due to the closure of several livestock markets.
3. 3 Vaccinations
3. 3.1 Routine Strategic Vaccinations
The OIE terrestrial animal health code stipulates the intervals at which animals should be routinely
vaccinated for particular OIE listed diseases as a preventive measure.
Table 7: Intervals for carrying out routine strategic vaccinations
No Disease Type Nso. of Vaccinations 1 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Once a year 2 Rabies Once a year 3 Contagious Bovine Pleuro pneumonia (CBPP) Once a year 4 Contagious Caprine Pleuro pneumonia (CCPP) Once a year 5 Peste des Petits Ruminats (PPR) Once a year 6 Rift Valley Fever (RVF) Once a year 7 New Castle Disease (NCD) Twice a year
Source: MAAIF
23
MAAIF is expected to avail vaccines for routine strategic vaccinations for the notifiable diseases at
the said intervals. In all the thirteen districts visited, it was found out that there were no routine
strategic vaccinations carried out by MAAIF.
MAAIF did not prioritize routine strategic vaccinations while budgeting and allocating resources,
thereby failing to provide vaccines for routine vaccinations. This has resulted in livestock being
susceptible to preventable livestock diseases.
3.3.2 Targeted vaccinations
When livestock diseases break out in the districts, the DVOs are required to report to MAAIF within
twenty four (24) hours by the quickest means including phone and subsequently by written or fax
communication; MAAIF is expected to take samples from the affected areas and carry out
diagnosis. Diagnostic test results are then communicated to the affected districts within 72 hours
from the time of completing diagnosis implying that vaccinations of livestock ought to commence
within a week from the time disease is reported. Vaccines supplied ought to be sufficient to cover
the affected areas.
Information obtained from four of the thirteen districts chosen for the study revealed that there
were generally marked delays in carrying out targeted vaccinations of affected livestock.
Information from the other nine districts was not available because of poor record keeping. For
instance in Rukoni sub County in Ntungamo District, where an outbreak of FMD occurred in April
2006, vaccinations commenced in May 2006, a delay of one month. The vaccines that were
received could only cover 40% of the ring vaccinations of the affected areas. (See Table 8 in
Appendix 4).
Delays in carrying out targeted vaccinations were caused by delays in taking samples, diagnosing
and availing vaccines to affected areas by MAAIF. In instances where insufficient vaccines were
availed to affected areas, it was attributed to non availability of vaccines at MAAIF. Delays at the
districts were attributed to insufficient logistical support in form of transport and facilitation to
personnel to carry out vaccinations.
Delayed targeted vaccinations resulted in the death of some livestock and spread of diseases to
unaffected herds.
24
3.4 Laboratory Diagnosis
3.4.1 Diagnostic capacity at the National Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory.
The national animal disease diagnostics and epidemiology laboratory is expected to have diagnostic
capabilities (both technical and logistical) for all notifiable livestock diseases in the country.
The study noted that from 2003 to 2005 the technical and logistical (test kits) capacity at the
national laboratory was inadequate. (See Appendix 5 Table 9). In 2006 and 2007 the situation
was strengthened by improving the technical and logistical capacity, however the ability to
undertake diagnostic tests of the notifiable diseases like LSD, Rift Valley Fever, Newcastle disease,
rabies, CCPP, and infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) was still limited due to lack of kits.
Lack of test kits for undertaking diagnostic tests was attributed to lack of prioritization, evidenced in
the adequate capacity for diseases. (See Appendix 5 Table 9).
In case of suspected outbreaks of such diseases there will be failure to confirm the disease strain
and effectively respond to contain them in time.
3.4.2 Diagnostic Capacity at the Districts.
Given the speed at which infectious diseases spread, the key to controlling an outbreak is to detect
and diagnise the disease at the earliest possible stage. If a new disease can be recognized while it
is still localized and prompt action taken to contain it early, chances of controlling it are markedly
enhanced at a low cost with minimum damage to the livestock industry. In order to do this, districts
must have capacity to undertake clinical diagnosis of all diseases and to carry out simple
haematological and microbiological tests. This can only be possible with the availability of mini
laboratories which should have basic minimum laboratory equipment such as centrifuges, fridges,
reagents, light microscopes and glass ware (test tubes, beakers, specimen bottles).
Of the 13 districts studied, only Tororo, Rakai, Mbarara and Soroti had functional mini laboratories
with all the basic requirements for carrying out tests. Ntungamo district had a laboratory in place
which was non functional. It was also established that the districts of Kasese, Arua and Kotido
lacked laboratory space, although they had some basic minimum equipment. (See Table 10 in
Appendix 6).
25
Lack of mini laboratories at some districts was attributed to the failure to provide laboratory space
(building) by the districts which would then be equipped with the basic mini laboratory equipments
by MAAIF.
This resulted in most diagnostic tests (both simple and complex) being referred to the National
animal laboratory at MAAIF leading to delays in diagnosis of livestock diseases.
3.5 Sensitizations
Sensitizations should be suited to target groups. To achieve this best practice requires that the
people targeted should have some input in the development of sensitization materials. For
sensitization to achieve the desired results, the language, timing, medium of transmission and the
places where sensitizations materials are hanged/ pinned should be appropriate. Sensitization
materials should have a local touch and should depict what is suitable to the local settings.
Messages in posters ought to be explained to all concerned especially livestock farmers and traders
by extension workers (VOs and AHOs) during distribution. Sensitization in addition to other
initiatives like vaccinations, and quarantining should always be carried out when there are disease
outbreaks.
We noted that MAAIF carried out sensitizations through conducting seminars and workshops
involving the DVOs, VOs, AHOs and other district veterinary staff. It was however noted that
posters were not hanged in some public places like community centres and abattoirs. Besides the
messages in some of the posters was not clear and had not been explained to livestock farmers by
the extension workers in all the districts during distribution. It was also established that the pre-
testing of sensitization material in the districts was not extensive.
In Kasese, sensitization materials were last received in April 2005, yet there were other disease
outbreaks reported in May 2007, like the FMD outbreak in Lake Katwe Sub-county at Queen
Elizabeth National Park.
Although the VOs of Mbarara, Rakai, Ntungamo and Kasese, stated that they carried out some
sensitizations concurrently with the surveillance activities, there were no activity reports to
corroborate this information.
Failure by the extension workers to explain the messages in posters was attributed to districts’
failure to prioritize the veterinary and entomological activities thereby allocating inadequate funds
for extension services. Failure by MAAIF to develop adequate and appropriate sensitization
26
materials and carryout extensive pre-testing in the districts was attributed to limited funding and
conditionalities of the funding organizations who dictated which materials to procure and districts to
target.
The weaknesses in sensitizations resulted in limited awareness in the prevention and control of
livestock diseases by livestock farmers, cattle traders and local leaders.
3.6 Animal movement control
3. 6.1 Enforcement of Veterinary regulations at Animal Check Points (ACPs) along
NSR’s
MAAIF is required to operate Animal Check Points (ACPs) in high animal disease risk areas and
along the NSRs. (See Figure 2). ACPs operated are strategic, mobile or fixed. ACPs are operated in
order to inspect animals for health status, verify authenticity of movement permits and guarantee
animal welfare standards. Only animals and livestock products inspected and scientifically proven to
be disease and contaminant free are permitted to be moved. ACPs are required to have basic
infrastructure like sheds to be used as offices, road barriers, chairs, tables and nearby facilities like
AHGs where suspect animals and animal products are withheld for investigation and appropriate
action. Such facilities require security, water, feeds, disinfectants and animal health and storage
facilities like crushes, dips etc.
We noted that MAAIF operated fixed ACPs in the districts of Soroti, Kasese, Rakai and Arua and
mobile ones in Mukono, Mbarara, Kotido, Arua and Ntungamo. The district of Tororo did not
operate ACPs (See Appendix 8, Table 12). A part from Mukono, Kasese and Rakai, the rest of
the districts neither had AHGs nor AQSs and therefore held impounded livestock in unsuitable
places like police stations which lacked adequate water and pasture. The conditions in such places
made the authorities to sometimes release impounded livestock before action could be taken
against the culprits. We were informed that there was rampant movement of livestock by cattle
traders during the night a long the NSRs when the ACPs are not operating.
Absence of ACPs in some districts was attributed to both MAAIF’s and districts’ failure to allocate
sufficient funds for operating the ACPs. Lack of animal holding infrastructure was due to failure by
districts to avail land with titles to MAAIF to be developed for AHGs and AQSs. Rampant movement
of livestock during the night was mainly attributed to obsolete veterinary laws especially those
regarding fines for defaulters, which were non deterrent and operation of ACPs only during the day.
27
3.6.2 Animal movement control at Border entry points
MAAIF is supposed to have at least one VO stationed at any border entry point to ensure legal
importation and exportation of livestock and livestock products. The border entry points are also
required to have nearby AHGs or AQSs for screening animals for pests and diseases before they are
allowed into the country. Suspected animals are kept for a period of not less than 14 days for
observation and testing.
We noted that only 4 out of 28 border entry points namely Entebbe International Airport, Malaba,
Busia and Mutukula had VOs stationed and the rest did not. Of the four that had VOs, only Entebbe
International Airport and Mutukula had AQSs.
The absence of VOs was attributed to shortage of qualified staff. Absence of AQS was due to failure
by districts to avail land with titles to MAAIF to develop and equip as AHGs and AQSs.
Lack of VOs at some entry points enabled livestock farmers and cattle traders to move livestock in
and out the country through the official border points without permit verifications and mandatory
veterinary inspections. Lack of AHGs and or AQSs encouraged the entry of suspected animals into
the country without isolating and holding them for a period of more than 14 days for the mandatory
observation and testing for diseases.
It is worth noting that from 2003 to 2007 livestock and livestock products worth shs 95billion and
shs29 billion were exported and imported respectively through Uganda’s border entry points.
Malaba border point handled the bulk of exports with livestock and livestock products valued at shs
54billion during the period, although most of the livestock and livestock products exported were not
processed, processed hides and skins accounted for most of the export revenue. (See Table 13 in
Appendix 8)
Table 14: Import and export of livestock and livestock products at designated border
entry points in the period 2003 to 2007
Border entry and exit points Malaba Busia Mutukula Entebbe
Airport Katuna Goli Oraba Atiak Mpondwe
Imports Value shs’000
10,392,037 4,016,067 24,559 5,390,182 70,902 - - - -
Exports Value shs’000
54,122,018 3,072,973 1,347,225 1,497,982, 5,168,513 34,469 329,391 106,548 4,479
Source: OAG analysis of URA data from Ascuda generated reports
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3.7 Coordination between MAAIF and the districts
Section 97 of the Local Government Act 1997 states that for the purposes of implementation of
national policies and adherence to performance standard by Districts, line ministries shall inspect,
monitor and where necessary offer technical advice, support supervision and training in their
respective sectors. Section 98 requires a government line ministry to;
a) Monitor and co-ordinate government initiatives and policies as they apply to Local
Governments.
b) Co-ordinate and advise persons and organizations in relation to projects involving direct
relations with local governments; and
c) Assist in the provision of technical assistance to local governments.
3.7.1 Implementation of Livestock activities at Districts
It was revealed from interviews with DVOs during audit that MAAIF did not have effective control
over the DVOs with regard to implementation of MAAIF livestock programs and activities at the
Districts. The DVOs further asserted that MAAIF does not offer adequate technical assistance,
monitoring and supervision of activities carried out in the districts. DVOs cited failure to rehabilitate
dip tanks; de-silt valley dams and tanks as examples of MAAIF’s failure to offer technical support.
This was evidenced through field visits which confirmed the poor state of livestock infrastructure.
However audit noted that the cause of the poor coordination was attributed to the decentralization
policy which placed the DVOs under the domain of the local governments. The DVOs report
progress of their activities indirectly to MAAIF through the CAOs.
Poor coordination between the Districts and MAAIF has resulted in delays in vaccinations, diagnoses
and disease information flow between the districts and MAAIF. It has further resulted in failure to
rehabilitate dip tanks, de-silt valley dams and tanks.
3.7.2 Livestock census activities at districts
The greatest concentration of cattle is found in the “cattle corridor” a semi stretch of land in South-
Western Uganda through central to north eastern Uganda. Districts are required to provide annual
estimates of livestock based on the counties and sub counties to MAAIF to act as a basis for
planning, decision making and for making interventions on how to respond to disease outbreaks. It
was noted that with the exception of Arua district all the districts did not provide annual estimates
29
of livestock in counties and sub counties. Further more in years where census and annual estimates
was carried out there was no consistency in carrying this out every year.
Interviews with the DVOs attributed the absence of annual estimates of livestock data to improper
record keeping by livestock farmers, cultural beliefs by some livestock farmers that prohibit
livestock from being counted, lack of cooperation because of the fear that the figures obtained will
be used for taxation and hence they hide and under declare their livestock numbers, frequent
disease outbreaks killing livestock and reducing their numbers, uncontrolled livestock movements,
lack of physical (logistics in terms of efficient motorcycles and motor vehicles and funds to carry out
annual census estimates and document the data. The absence of livestock data was corroborated
with information in the epidemiological reports and data obtained from the districts (See Table 15
and Table 16 in Appendix 11).
Absence of reliable annual livestock estimates has affected the provision of adequate vaccines,
chemicals, livestock infrastructure and logistics to effectively manage livestock disease and improve
livestock productivity.10
3. 8 Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders
3. 8.1 NALIRRI
This is the sole livestock resources research institute in the country mandated to carry out research
on livestock diseases and technologies. It develops technologies for livestock management which
are passed on to MAAIF for adoption and implementation. Some of the research programs planned
by NALIRRI include vaccine development, disease strain isolation and research into determining the
timing of vaccinations.
We noted that NALIRRI does not have the human resource expertise and technical facilities to
develop vaccines for livestock disease strains prevalent in Uganda. This was due to limited
development of the research institute over the years.
As a result MAAIF has continued to rely on the importation of vaccines and consequently failed to
undertake routine strategic and adequate targeted vaccinations.
10 A national livestock census was carried out in Uganda in February 2008 results are not yet out.
30
3.8.2 Uganda Wilde life Authority (UWA)
Some epizootics attack both livestock and wildlife. Therefore wildlife disease surveillance must not
be overlooked due to the vulnerability of adjacent livestock populations. Close cooperation is
therefore required between veterinary and wildlife authorities.
In this regard, MAAIF signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) under the PACE project, with
UWA in March 2002 to collaborate on the control of and monitoring of Epizootic diseases. MAAIF
was to encourage and facilitate involvement of UWA staff in PACE epidemiological surveillance
work. All districts were to send summarized monthly disease surveillance reports to MAAIF within
seven days of the end of the month, to be consolidated by MAAIF and sent to UWA. Emphasis of
this surveillance was to be placed on Rinderpest, Rabies, CBPP and FMD diseases. The study
revealed that sero surveillance in wildlife, involving UWA and MAAIF staff was carried out in all the
major National Parks and wildlife reserves. However the surveillance of wildlife diseases focused on
only Rinderpest.
We noted from the PACE 1st annual report that although MAAIF was expected to submit
summarized disease surveillance reports from the districts, to UWA on quarterly basis, this was not
being complied with fully. Out of 627 filled formats expected by end of 2005, only 486 had been
received at the epidemiology unit. This was an outturn of 77.5% compared to 72.4% in 2004.
Failure by MAAIF to submit quarterly reports to UWA was affected by the delayed installation of the
ARRIS (Animal Resources Research Information System) programme at the districts. Under this
programme, computers were to be given to the districts to ease collection, collation and
dissemination of disease information to MAAIF. However, the implementation of the programme got
delayed due to insufficient training of PACE coordinators at the districts. This impacted negatively
on MAAF’s ability to submit quarterly reports to UWA.
The failure by MAAIF to submit copies of summarized disease surveillance reports from all districts
to UWA on a quarterly basis resulted in un-coordinated prevention and control activities between
MAAIF and UWA. Besides focusing only on Rinderpest surveillance, increases the risk of spread of
other diseases like Rabies, CBPP and FMD.
3. 8.3 East African Community
Diseases do not know boundaries. OIE, WHO and FAO encourage collaboration between countries
in order to enjoy benefits that can be derived when countries cooperate in livestock development
activities including emergency livestock disease preparedness planning. Countries are expected to
31
devise mechanisms for information sharing, joint research on transboundary diseases, coordinating
emergency responses and where necessary implementing joint disease prevention and control
programmes.
MAAIF has been collaborating with neighboring countries like Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda in
control of TADs. We noted that meetings were held between MAAIF and the neighbouring countries
on a number of initiatives like the prevention and control of Rift Valley Fever, Rinderpest, and Avian
Influenza.
A visit to Rakai and Ntungamo districts also confirmed the occurence of consultative meetings,
between the leaders of the two districts and the local leaders of Rwanda and Tanzania. These
meetings were held so as to control the outbreak of FMD in 2006. It was noted however, that these
joint initiatives were carried out mainly when there were outbreaks of diseases.
Limited resources was the reason advanced by both MAAIF and the districts as to why the
collaborative initiatives with neighboring countries were only carried out during disease outbreaks
and not on a regular basis.
The effect of limited collaboration with neighboring countries has been the failure of MAAIF to
obtain adequate reliable information on livestock diseases from neighboring countries thus affecting
its timely response to disease out breaks originating from the borders of Uganda and spreading into
the country.
3.9 Vector Control measures
3.9.1 Entomological Monitoring
MAAIF is mandated to carry out entomological monitoring and produce or update vector distribution
and prevalence maps annually. Over the period covered by this report there was a bid to control
tsetse flies which spread nagana and sleeping sickness.
MAAIF through FITCA project carried out a baseline survey in twelve districts of South Eastern
Uganda to establish the levels of tsetse and disease challenge. The target of the project was to
reduce the tsetse infestation by 75% in the designated high risk sub counties. 1040 parishes were
tsetse surveyed in the district of (Busia, Kayunga, Mayunge, Mukono, Jinja, Iganga, Pallisa, Bugiri,
Kamuli, Tororo, Mbale, Soroti). Out of the 1040 parishes 103 were graded high risk, 265 medium risk
and 672 low risk.
32
After a risk analysis of parishes in the above districts which were tsetse surveyed using the flies per
trap per day (FTD) as a measure, fixed monitoring sites (FMS) were established which were then
followed by the deployment of tsetse traps in the high risk Sub counties. A total of 27,278
insecticide treated tsetse traps were subsequently deployed in 42 sub counties (22,520 pyramidal
and 4,758 monoscreen) with an estimated area of 4158 sq km under trap deployment.
Table 17: Traps originally deployed at start of FITCA selected districts
District No of
community workers
No of
pyramidal traps
deployed.
No of
monoscreen traps
deployed
No of sub counties
Under tsetse control
Approximate area
under tsetse control(sq Km).
Mukono 18 2,310 0 3 213
Tororo 18 1,491 318 3 175
Source: FITCA Summary Final Report MAAIF
In the 12 districts which were identified as high risk a specific intervention called Farming in tsetse
controlled areas (FITCA) project was designed to reduce the tsetse infestation by 75% in the
designated high risk sub counties and monitor the tsetse flies in these districts. The FITCA districts
were also required to submit monthly entomological monitoring reports to MAAIF.
FITCA districts
We selected 3 FITCA districts out of the twelve namely Soroti, Tororo and Mukono for review and it
was established that all of them submitted entomological monitoring reports to MAAIF. However we
noted that the formats of these reports varied in the district of Soroti despite agreement by MAAIF
and the districts to use agreed formats as Tsetse survey format and Entomological monitoring
format during the field harmonization meetings.
Non FITCA districts
With the exception of Mbarara, Ntungamo,Lira and Arua, no entomological monitoring for tsetse is
carried out in the districts. Only FITCA districts submitted monthly reports to MAAIF on vector and
tsetse control activities with no evidence of reports submitted to MAAIF by the other districts.
Meanwhile only Ntungamo compiled a report on entomological activities but the report remained at
33
the district. It was also noted that there was lack of uniformity in the information submitted to
MAAIF in accordance to the set standards.
The failure by Soroti district to submit harmonized reports on tsetse monitoring was due to failure
by MAAIF to effectively supervise and monitor the agreed reporting format.
While for non FITCA districts Failure of entomological monitoring was mainly attributed to lack of
staff in most districts and failure by the districts to prioritize entomology as an important activity
and the existing system under decentralization were districts were supposed to buy their own
logistics for Vector Control with no MAAIF support.
It was noted that MAAIF notified that any district which buys traps will be given insecticide to treat
the traps but because of the low priority given by the districts the traps are rarely bought this has
led to the resurgence of tsetse fly densities in some sub-counties. (See Table 18 in Appendix
12) showing entomological monitoring in Non FITCA districts.
Lack of qualitative and timely information on vectors such as tsetse flies affects proper planning and
delays interventions by MAAIF to reduce the tsetse infestation in the affected areas and prevention
and control of trypanosomiasis in livestock
3.9.2 Vector control Measures in FITCA Districts
a) Fixed Monitoring Sites (FMS) and deployment Tsetse traps
A review of FITCA project work plans and annual reports and field visits to the districts of Mukono,
Tororo and Soroti established that these vector control measures were successful in reducing the
tsetse infestation and control of trypanosomiasis. Except for Soroti district, the tsetse traps
deployed in the FMS ie Mukono and Tororo showed that tsetse population had reduced significantly
Mukono last deployed tsetse control traps in 2004 while Tororo had only 42 traps deployed at the
time of audit this was attributed to the small district budgets to buy traps for the districts. Active
trap deployment under FITCA ended in 2004 and local governments were supposed to carry on
however this was observed not to have happened.
34
Table 19: Status of FMS in FITCA districts
District No of FMS
Actual no Of FMS
No of tsetse traps deployed In the field
Current vector control measures Undertaken by the district
Affected high risk sub counties.
Soroti 23 30 *1,800 traps
Tsetse trapping, spraying of livestock and Sensitization of farmers
Asuret, Kyere, Kateta Olio, Pingire and Atiira
Mukono 35 35 *No extensive deployment of new tsetse traps under FITCA since July 2004, but traps for entomological monitoring from the 35 sites were given.
Tsetse trapping, spraying of livestock and Sensitization of farmers.
Najja , Ntenjeru and Wakisi
Tororo 33 33 *10 untreated pyramidal traps And 42 treated traps
Tsetse trapping, spraying of livestock, use of Live bait treatment with flumethrin for tsetse Flies and ticks.
Osukuru, Iyolwa and Rubongi
*information obtained through field visits from district entomologists and reports.
*The Local governments of the FITCA districts were supposed to expand on the activity of trap deployment and sustain successes by FITCA.. Source: OAG analysis of entomological data from districts and MAAIF
The actual number of FMS in the districts still remained the same as those initially established
except for few additions by respective districts at the end of PHASE 1 of FITCA 27,873 traps were
deployed in the region with 730 for Mukono,639 for Soroti and 1,491 for Tororo.
b) Crush spraying and crushes
In FITCA districts of Mukono, Tororo and Soroti cattle spraying associations were formed and these
used acaricides of dual nature to spray livestock to control tsetse flies and ticks. It was again noted
that because of poor management and lack of cohesion in the spraying associations their numbers
had fallen significantly to 54%,33% and 26% for Soroti ,Mukono and Tororo respectively
Table20: Status of cattle spraying associations in selected FITCA districts
District No of established
Crush spray
associations
No of existing
Crush spray
associations
Percentage of active
Crush spraying
associations
No. of crushes
Soroti 28 15 54% No information availed
Mukono 33 10 33% 17
Tororo 28 10 26% 22
Source: FITCA project MAAIF
35
ii) Vector control in Non FITCA districts
District entomological activities did not exist in Kasese, Kotido,Nakapirpirit, Rakai, Nakasongola,
Gulu and Lira., except in Arua, Mbarara and Ntungamo on a limited scale.
Tsetse Traps
We noted that very few districts deployed tsetse traps in sub counties to make any serious impact
on trapping of tsetse flies and other nuisance biting flies and most of these traps were not treated.
The Majority of the districts did not deploy traps altogether. In Ntungamo the small number of
untreated traps deployed in the field was attributed to limited number of traps in the stores, few
trap attendants to monitor the traps and theft of traps deployed in the field. The district
administration did not provide chemicals to treat traps nor did MAAIF send chemicals.
Non existent district entomological vector activities was attributed to lack of staff (entomologists
and entomological assistants) in the districts, lack of prioritization and funding by the districts of
entomological activities, and very limited support from MAAIF due to decentralization of vector
control to the districts. DVOs stated that they only carried out an advisory role of telling the
livestock farmers to spray livestock using approved and recommended acaricides, the DVOs also
encouraged livestock farmers to treat livestock with trypanomicides.
3.9.3 Vector control infrastructure
i) Cattle dips and dip wash testing
DVOs and MAAIF recommend regular dipping of livestock in dip tanks to control ticks and other
nuisance biting flies. Dip wash testing for acaricide use by the districts is required once a year to
establish the strength of the acaricdes and the results communicated to the DVO and MAAIF. The
government function is limited to regulatory functions of inspections, monitoring and diagnosis of
TBDs. MAAIF monitors tick resistance in acaricde use and conduct on spot checks on acaricides on
the market to ensure that adultered and substandard products are not sold to unsuspecting
livestock farmers.
Dip wash testing for acaricides was not being done in all the selected districts except in Rakai and
Mbarara where decatix and supona respectively were tested for acaricide strength. Dip wash testing
is carried out by companies supplying the acaricides to livestock farmers independently and not by
the districts or MAAIF. Dipping of livestock in dip tanks as a practice to kill off ticks and nuisance
flies is no longer undertaken in most districts. The communal dips have either collapsed or are
36
neglected except for private dips. Where livestock farming practice is not communal, livestock
farmers owning private farms as in Mbarara, Ntungamo and Kasese spray livestock using bucket
pumps to counter the none operational dips.
The presence of many non functional dip tanks in the districts was attributed to failure by the
districts to rehabilitate and maintain the communal dips. Meanwhile livestock farmers do not have
adequate funds to operate private dips opting to use bucket pumps instead as an alternative.
Very few functional community based animal health workers (CBAHW) are available to monitor and
maintain dips, private dips are very few except for in Mbarara district with 96 private dips in Kashari
County 12 private dips in Rwampara County; The position of dips for the selected districts is shown
in the table below;
Table 21: Status of Communal and Private Dips
District Communal dips Private dips Total Total Percentage Function
al dips Non functional dips
Functional dips
Non functional dips
Expected Functional dips
Actual Functional dips
% of actual Functional dips
Ntungamo 0 46 3 13 62 3 4.8%
Kasese 1 4 1 0 6 2 50%
Tororo 0 11 2 8 21 2 9.5%
Soroti 2 17 1 7 27 3 11.1%
*Kotido 5 5 5 0
*Nakapiripirit 0 8 0 0 8 0 0
Arua 0 11 0 5 16 0 0
Nakasongola 0 0 7 0 7 7 100%
Rakai 0 6 10 10 26 10 38.5%
*Mukono
Source: OAG analysis district data and interviews Note: *Kotido has 2 dips still under construction financed by NUSAF
*Nakapiripirit two dips under construction. July 2007 epi report
*Mukono all communal dips have broken down the current dips are private
37
Picture 1
A neglected Cattle Dip in Arapai Soroti district. December 2007
3.9.4 Registration and approval of acaricides by MAAIF
Under the NDA statute, NDA is mandated to approve, authorize and regulate the type of acaricides
to be imported and used in the country. This is done in collaboration with MAAIF through the
commissioner and the Director General of National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) to
ensure that only safe and efficacious acaricides are registered.
Approval and registration of acaricides for use takes a long time as shown in table 21 below. So far
19 candidate acaricides have been tested and recommended to MAAIF for use. Of these 6 are
registered, 2 in the process of being registration and 9 pending registration.
38
Table22: Acaricides tested and recommended for use by MAAIF
Acaricide Year tested Status Delays in registration
Bayticol 2% pour -on 2001 Registered None
Triatix 2001 Registered ”
Ektoban 2001 Not Known ”
Ecotic 2002 Registered ”
Protaid 2002 Registered ”
Cyperthion 2002 Registered ”
Alfapor 2002 Registered ”
Dominex 2003 In process of registration 5years
Butox 2003 In process of registration 5years
Delete 2003 Test results withheld due to Non- payment of test fee
5years
Deltamethrin 10% EC 2005 Pending registration 3 years
Alphacypermethrin 5% EC 2005 Pending registration 3 years
Cypermethrin 10% EC 2005 Pending registration 3 years
Paratryn 2005 Pending registration 3 years
Paratraz 2005 Pending registration 3 years
Alfacyp 2006 Pending registration 2 year
Tickbuster 2006 Pending registration 2 year
Deltatick Dip 2006 Pending registration 2 year
Deltatick pour-on 2006 Pending registration 2 year
Source: MAAIF The acaricides Deltamethrin 1 %( Pour on), Deltamethrin 5 %( Dip/spray) and Tsetse tick have also
been recommended for use by MAAIF. MAAIF is unable to effectively monitor, regulate and enforce
proper use of acaricides for vector control because the vector control section in MAAIF has only two
officers a Principal entomologist and a senior entomologist for the whole country. This technical
capacity is grossly inadequate for the whole country.
39
CHAPTER 4
4 CONCLUSIONS
4.1 Surveillance
Non, incomplete and/or late submission of epidemiological reports has impeded MAAIF‘s
epidemiological unit from performing its role of providing up to date and timely information
to the department and OIE.
Delays in carrying out diagnostic tests and communicating test results to affected districts
led to increased risk of spread of livestock diseases due to delays in combating the disease.
4.2 Vaccinations
Lack of routine vaccinations of livestock in the country has resulted in loss of livestock
through diseases which would otherwise have been prevented.
Delays in taking samples, diagnosing and communicating test results to the affected areas
by MAAIF impacted on the timing and availing vaccines and delayed commencement of
actual vaccinations.
Inadequate and delayed targeted vaccinations resulted in diseases spreading to surrounding
areas there by risking more livestock to get infected.
Well-planned, comprehensive vaccination programmes, supplemented by other disease
control measures, can go a long way towards controlling many epidemic livestock diseases.
4.3 Laboratory Diagnosis
Control of livestock diseases is extremely difficult and costly if suspected diseases are not
quickly diagnosed and appropriate actions taken to either prevent outbreaks or spread.
Given the inadequate capacity to diagnose livestock diseases at the districts, there is
bound to be delayed confirmation of diseases, strains of causative agents and required
vaccinations thereby leading to disease spread and possible loss of livestock.
4.4 Sensitisation
The limited pre testing of sensitization materials in the districts and inadequate
sensitization materials developed by MAAIF contributed to limited knowledge and
awareness of information on prevention and control of livestock diseases..
40
4.5 Animal movement control
Lack of basic infrastructure and AHGs with security, water, feeds, disinfectants and animal
health facilities have abetted illegal movement of livestock.
Non availability of VOs in some border entry points coupled with the lack of AHGs and AQSs
has made it difficult to isolate, observe and screen livestock for diseases during exports and
imports.
Increased cross border trade heightens the risk of introducing livestock diseases.
4.6 Coordination between MAAIF and the Districts
Following the decentralization policy of government, MAAIF lost direct control over the
Districts Veterinary activities, thereby making veterinary infrastructure that had been built
neglected and out of use mainly due to lack of maintenance and no prioritization by the
districts.
The poor state of livestock infrastructure (without adequate basic facilities in the districts
like cattle dips, abattoirs and inadequate enforcement facilities as such AHGs, AQS and ACP)
has greatly affected the extent to which the department has been able to effectively prevent
and control livestock diseases
Absence of accurate, reliable and timely data on livestock activities in the districts impedes
effective decision making and planning by MAAIF in responding to livestock disease control
MAAIF’s inadequacy in monitoring and inspecting livestock activities in the districts resulted
in delays in carrying out disease prevention and control activities as well as the dilapidation
of livestock infrastructure.
4.7 Collaboration between MAAIF and key stakeholders
NALIRRI
Research in vaccine developments would go along way in easing the economic burden in
vaccine procurements for some vaccines.
UWA
Inadequate surveillance activities between MAAIF and UWA increases the risk of spread of
diseases from the game parks/reserves to livestock and vice versa
Close collaboration between MAAIF and UWA is paramount in order to ensure effective
prevention and control of spread of livestock diseases from the National parks to the
surrounding communities and vice versa.
41
East African Community
Collaboration with neighboring countries eases the burden on all countries in the Community
and results in harmonized plans and initiatives for prevention and control of animal disease
emergencies in the region.
A regional approach to prevention and control of livestock diseases is more likely to succeed
and it will reduce the subsequent risks for all countries to a greater extent than if countries
acted independently.
A number of activities could be carried out in combination to prevent and control epidemic
livestock diseases. The weight to be given to the different activities will be determined by
the nature of the disease in question, the epidemiological circumstances and their
acceptability and cost.
4.8 Vector Control
The existing manpower capacity for entomological monitoring in place at MAAIF is not
adequate to address vector control in the Country. In addition the decentralization of
entomological activities at the districts has not been effective in vector control.
42
CHAPTER 5
5 RECOMMENDATIONS
We recommend the following to be carried out;
5.1 Surveillance
i) MAAIF should identify methods of encouraging report submission and enforce the
requirement by the districts to submit timely epidemiological reports monthly such that
livestock disease information is effectively captured and analysed.
ii) MAAIF should also make more effort in guiding and strengthening the DVOs in completing
the epidemiological forms in addition to monitoring and supervision of VOs and AHOs at the
lower local governments so that timely collection, collation and dispatch of all
epidemiological data to districts is carried out.
iii) MAAIF should liaise with the Ministry of Public Service so as to address the staff shortage at
the department.
iv) The department should continue with cross border surveillance which the PACE project had
initially targeted.
5.2 Vaccinations
Routine strategic vaccinations
i) Basing on a risk analysis MAAIF should identify areas prone to disease outbreaks and carry
out routine strategic vaccinations.
ii) MAAIF should also enter into contracts with vaccine manufactures to keep some vaccine
stocks readily available for delivery following disease outbreaks. This arrangement has been
used by some countries/ organisations and found to be effective.
iii) MAAIF should make funds readily available for emergency procurement of vaccines following
disease out breaks.
Targeted vaccinations
iv) Emphasis should be put in timely collection of samples, diagnoses and communication of
diagnostic test results to affected areas following disease outbreaks so as to ensure timely
vaccinations.
43
v) Build Buffer stocks of all types of vaccines to cater for unforeseen outbreaks of livestock
diseases to enable adequate coverage during vaccinations.
vi) Avail transport facilities to the districts to ease transportation and vaccine delivery to disease
affected areas.
5.3 Laboratory Diagnosis
National animal disease diagnostics laboratory.
i) The laboratory should be fully equipped with reagents test kits and equipment to handle
multiple disease diagnosis on samples collected during surveillance.
ii) Address the staff shortage at the laboratory in order to ensure prompt diagnosis of livestock
diseases and communication of test results.
Districts
iii) Urge the districts to avail secure land with titles so that MAAIF builds laboratories and
equips them adequately to perform basic diagnostic tests.
iv) Fully equip the districts with sample collection kits for the common livestock diseases.
5.4 Sensitisation
i) MAAIF in developing sensitization materials should increase the level of pre-testing to cover
more districts and actively involve other stakeholders like local governments in order to
ensure that the materials are suited to the local settings of the targeted groups.
ii) MAAIF should also ensure that NAADS incorporates livestock health sensitization in the
extension services.
5.5 Animal movement control
i) Districts should be urged to avail land with titles to establish AHGs and AQSs for holding
livestock impounded from ACPs and border entry points.
ii) Adequate funding should be availed by MAAIF to the districts to operate ACPs.
iii) Strengthen support to districts which do not have movement control infrastructure by
providing facilities and equipment.
iv) MAAIF should strengthen livestock and livestock products movement control systems at the
border entry points by stationing VOs at each entry point to ensure legal exportation and
44
importation of livestock. In addition all other illegal cross points should be regulated by all
stakeholders with support from MAAIF and the Police.
v) MAAIF should identify all the land of veterinary interest in the districts so as to secure land
titles and lease offers for subsequent development of AHG and AQS.
5.6 Coordination between MAAIF and the districts
MAAIF should;
i) Strengthen inspection and monitoring of livestock disease initiatives and programs in the
districts and improve coordination of livestock activities between MAAIF and the Districts.
ii) Sensitize livestock farmers on record keeping of livestock data and empower DVOs to obtain
annual estimates of livestock data to enable effective planning by MAAIF in prevention and
control of livestock diseases.
5.7 Collaboration between MAAIF and Key stakeholders
i) MAAIF in collaboration with NALIRRI should ensure that the research agenda at the livestock
institute addresses National requirements. The inadequate technical staff and facilities for
carrying out research should also be addressed.
ii) MAAIF should speed up the training of district personnel meant to implement the IRIS
programme so as to enable exchange of epidemiological information between UWA and
MAAIF.
iii) Following the eradication of Rinderpest, emphasis should forthwith be directed to other
diseases as Rabies, FMD, CBPP, CCPP, RVF, LSD, PPR and ASF.
iv) Closer collaboration at local and regional level should be encouraged with EAC and extended
to other neighboring countries outside the East African Community such as Congo and
Sudan.
5 8 Vector control
Entomological monitoring
i) MAAIF should monitor all districts for entomological activities and come up with standard
forms on entomological activities which should be reported upon by the districts.
ii) Support the districts by availing them transport logistics as motorcycles for field staff and
bicycles for trap attendants
45
iii) MAAIF should liaise with Districts and ensure that they prioritize veterinary and
entomological activities by allocating adequate funds.
Vector control measures
i) MAAIF should undertake a comprehensive review of the effectiveness and efficiency of
vector control measures and their appropriateness to the local circumstances in the districts
and where possible recentralize vector disease control.
ii) MAAIF together with NARO and NDA should speed up the testing, approval and registration
of acaricides.
iii) There is need to strengthen the capacity of Nalirri to undertake acaricide tick resistance
testing and confirmation.
Vector control infrastructure
i) Carry out a comprehensive review of the status of all vector control infrastructure in the
districts in order to effectively plan how and where to provide technical and logistical
support.
ii) Enhance capacity of the entomological technical staff at the districts.
John F. S. Muwanga AUDITOR GENERAL KAMPALA 23RD MARCH 2009
46
Appendix 1 Table 2: Review of outbreaks of Livestock Disease in the selected districts from 2003 to 2007.
District Disease outbreaks Causes of disease outbreak Control measures taken by district
Rakai i) River fluke, flacidesworms, and
occasionally bovine TB and CBPP
These diseases were identified through
postmortem investigations
Treatment of infected livestock and total or
partial condemnation of livestock product
depending on degree of infection. For bovine TB it is total condemnation
ii) FMD ,LSD and ASF have been the
major diseases occurring from 2003 to 2007
most recent outbreaks in 2007 have been of FMD and LSD
Main cause of FMD during the years has been
uncontrolled movement of affected livestock from neighboring Tanzania through the
Uganda Tanzania border
FMD The recent Jan 06 outbreak of FMD at
Kyotera was contained through Creating a buffer zone and carrying out ring
vaccination. Imposing and effecting Quarantines targeting
neighboring districts of Isingiro and Mbarara. Closure of all livestock markets
Sensitisaton of livestock farmers, cattle traders
and transporters and police.
Mbarara FMD ,CBPP and LSD have been the
major diseases occurring in the period .
However FMD and LSD have been prevalent from 2006 and 2007
FMD is a viral disease which has been spread
by close contact of livestock from infected
herds in Isingiro district migrating from Tanzania in search of pasture
LSD is also a viral disease transmitted by bitting flies and mosquitoes it is cyclical and
periodical in Mbarara with mild and
Severe types occurring in the rain season.
FMD
Controlled through ring vaccination
Reinforcing ACPs and imposing of Quarantines. Sensiisation and mobilizing farmers about
Disease outbreak LSD
Vaccination of non affected livestock
Imposing of quarantines in affected subcounties Closure of livestock markets
Sensitization and mobilizing.farmers,Chiefs and LCs about the disease.
Kasese CBPP,FMD,ASF and LSD have been the
major diseases occurring in the period. However FMD has been prevalent from
2006 and 2007 while LSD is endemic in
the district occurring throughout the period.
Kasese is unique in that it is a livestock
importing district in addition to existing livestock herds hence contracting diseases
FMD
The latest out break of FMD in May 2007 was from purchase of sick infected livestock
bought at Isingiro near the Tanzania Uganda border, and purchase from migrant livestock
farmers who had settled in QENP LSD
this normally originates from Bundibugo
most slaughtered animals in the district are imported from Mbarara, Bundibugo,Kiruhura
and Kamwenge districts
FMD
Out breaks investigated and confirmed by the district DVO
Ring vaccinations with about 80% of 50,000
livestock vaccinated Imposing of animal movement restrictions
through the two ACPs at Katunguru and Hima. LSD
During 2006 out break no vaccines were available at MAAIF the district encouraged
farmers to buy from private vets
Vaccines were received in Sept 2007 from MAAIF at shs1300 on cost recovery.
47
in the subcounties of Kichwamba and
Karusandara the disease is still prevalent. Because vaccines are on cost recovery
livestock farmers are hesitant to buy vaccines
hence no comprehensive vaccinations have been carried out
Ntungam
o
No major disease outbreaks in
Ntungamo apart from FMD occurring in 2006 and LSD from Jan- Feb 2007
FMD
this originated from Isingiro from migrant livestock farmers
LSD It was reported in neighbouring districts of
Mbarara and Rukungiri and detected through
clinical signs by the VOs in the district.
FMD
During the April 2006 outbreak the following conrol measures were instituted
Ring vaccinations with about 40% of affected livestock covered.
Closure of all livestock markets within 3days of
outbreak. Imposing quarantine in sub county of origin
Enforcing operation of ACPs Collaborating with Rwanda
LSD During the outbreak there were no vaccines at
the district ,but vaccines were available with
private vets the district advised farmers to buy vaccines from the private vets
Livestock markets in the area were closed. Sensitization of farmers on the disease
Mukono With the exception of FMD CBPP,LSD and ASF occurring between 2003
and2005 in the 2006 and 2007 there
have been no outbreaks of notifiable diseases
No information availed FMD,LSD and CBPP Control measures included ring
vaccinations,Animal movement restrictions and
their bi products, cordoning off premises were outbreaks have occurred. and treatments
Soroti FMD last broke out in 2004, while LSD
and CBPP have become endemic in the district
FMD
FMD broke out in 2004 in Kasilo and Bugondo sub-counties the disease originated from a
livestock market in Bukedea Kumi District. FMD has now been contained in the
district
CBPP CBPP has become endemic in Soroti with
many livestock affected the disease is mainly spread in the district through carrier animals
in existing HOC from Karamoja LSD
CBPP
This has been controlled through routine abattoir testing and vaccinations.
LSD Controlled by ssensitization of livestock farmers.
Treatment of severe cases of wounds of animals
with drugs Regulating movement of breeding animals
48
LSD has also become endemic in Soroti
Occurring from Sept, Oct ,Nov and Dec 2007 it was still confirmed present during our visit
in Soroti in December 2007
Kotido Of the notifiable diseases it is only CBPP which has become virtually endemic in
Kotido from 2003 to 2007
PPR has also broke out in 2007 in Rengen Subcounty.
It has also been noted that CCPP and tick borne diseases are also prevalent in
Kotido.
CBPP CBPP is endemic in Kotido because
vaccinations are not done regularly if carried
out the affected livestock population is not all covered ,CBPP vaccines on cost recovery has
also forced many livestock farmers not to carry out vaccinations
PPR Following an outbreak of PPR a quarantine was
imposed in the District.
Tororo LSD is also spreading in the district however the majority of diseases are
tick borne diseases as East Cost
fever,anaplasmosis,Babesiosis and Trpanosomiasis.
Trypanosomiasis occurs throughout the district with a high prevalence in sub counties
of Mulanda,Rubongi,Kirewa,Nagongera,
Nabuyoga Iyolwa and Osukuru
Control of tickborne diseases is by spraying the cattle, treatment and vaccination.
Arua NCD ,Fowl Pox ,in poultry and Black
quarter and CBPP in cattle are the main diseases occurring in the district.
Nakasong
ola
LSD and CBPP are the main diseases
occurring in Nakasongola in the last two years.
LSD
LSD is becoming endemic in the district nuisance bitting flies and insects are casuing
the transmission CBPP
In Nakasongola llegal movement of affected livestock into the district has been the cause
of infections however lack of adequate
vaccines and the vaccines being on cost recovery.
CBPP
Vaccinations and abattoir testing
Source: OAG analysis of entomological reports and district data
49
Table 3 (Appendix 1 continued) Analysis of Disease Outbreaks in Districts per disease type from 2003-2007
District 2003 Year 2004 Year 2005 Year 2006 Year 2007 Year
FMD CBPP LSD ASF FMD CBPP LSD ASF FMD CBPP LSD ASF FMD CBPP LSD ASF FMD CBPP LSD ASF
Arua
Gulu
Lira
Nakasongola
Rakai
Mbarara
Ntungamo
Kasese
Mukono
Tororo
Soroti
Nakapiripirit
Kotido
Source: OAG analysis of diseases from MAAIF’s cartographic maps Key
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Lumpy skin disease (LSD) African swine fever (ASF) Peste de petit ruminats Note: there has been a recent outbreak of PPR in Kotido and Nakapiripirit in 2007
50
Appendix 2 MACRO-STRUCTURE Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF)
OFFICE OF THE
MINISTER
Permanent
Secretary
Policy Analysis Unit
Resource Centre Procurement Unit
National Agricultural Advisory Services
Dairy Development Authority
Cotton Development Organisation
National Agricultural Research
Organisation
National Animal Genetic ResourceCouncil
Uganda Coffee Development Authority
Coordinating Office for Control of
Trypanosomiaisis in Uganda
Directorate of Animal
Resources & Fisheries
Directorate of Crop
Resources
Crop
Production
Crop
Protection
Farm
Development
Animal
Production
Livestock
Health &
Entomology
Agricultural
Planning
Finance &
Administration
Fisheries
Resources
PMA
Secretariat
51
Appendix 3 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE (Livestock Health and Entomology Department (MAAIF)
COMMISSIONER
National Disease Control
Assistant Commissioner
Veterinary Inspection &
Regulation
Assistant Commissioner
Entomology
Assistant Commissioner
PVO
Epidemics
PVO
Diagnostics
&Epidemics
SVO Senior
Chemist
Principal
Laboratory
Technician
PVI
Veterinary
Inspection
Senior
Laboratory
Technician
Laboratory
Technician
PVI
Regulation
SVI
Port
Inspection
Principal Entomologist
Pest & Tsetse Control
Senior Entomologist
Cartographer
52
Appendix 4 Table 8: Targeted Vaccinations at districts following disease out breaks
District Disease Place Period of
outbreak
Time Reported Time vaccinations
commenced
Coverage
Mbarara FMD Kyahi Dec. 2005 Immediately the
outbreak was
suspected
Vaccines received
after three weeks and
vaccinations commenced
immediately
Ntungamo FMD Rukoni Apr 2006 Commissioner informed
immediately the disease was noticed
Vaccines sent in May 2006( after a month)
And vaccinations commenced
immediately Other vaccines sent
in July and August
and vaccinations commenced
immediately
Initial 20,000 doses received in
May covered only 40% of animals in
the affected area.
” LSD Jan-Feb 07 Commissioner
informed immediately the
disease was noticed
Vaccines never
availed by MAAIF Farmers had to
improvise
Kasese FMD Queen Elizabeth
National Park in Lake
Katwe sub
county
May 2007 Commissioner informed
immediately the disease was noticed
Vaccinations were collected from MAAIF
immediately and vaccinations also
commenced
immediately
100% coverage
Soroti FMD Bugondo 2004 Commissioner
informed
immediately the disease was noticed
Vaccines availed
three weeks after the
disease outbreak was reported
and vaccinations commenced
immediately
Higher coverage
Vaccines were
available at MAAIF at the time.
Source: OAG analysis of district data, district interviews and MAAIF disease maps
53
Appendix 5 Table 9: Capacity to undertake recommended diagnostic tests for important diseases
in international trade done at the centre as at August 2007 DISEASE RECOMMENDED
TEST ALTERNATIVE TESTS
CAPACITY Level of Capacity
(Sufficiency)
Foot and Mouth disease (FMD)
ELISA, VNT CFT 3ABC ELISA Antigen
detection Blocking
ELISA
Adequate (logistical &
technical)
Rinderpest ELISA VNT Capture ELISA
C ELISA
I ELISA
Adequate (logistical &
technical)
Peste des Petits
Ruminants (PPR)
VNT ELISA Immuno-
capture
Adequate
(logistical & technical)
Contagious Bovine Pleu
pneumonia (CBPP)
CFT ELISA CFT
C ELISA
Adequate
(logistical & technical)
Lumpy skin disease - VNT Lacking kit Technical only
Rift Valley Fever - HI, ELISA, PRN ELISA (Kit lacking)
Technical only
Blue Tongue Agent id, AGID,
ELISA, PCR
VNT Kit lacking Technical only
African Swine Fever ELISA I FAT I ELISA kits lacking
Technical only
Newcastle Disease - HI Kit lacking Technical only
Anthrax - - Slide Adequate
Echinococcosis / Hydotidosis
- - PM Adequate
Leptospirosis - MAT Kit lacking Technical only
Rabies VNT - I FAT Kits not
available
Heartwater - ELISA, I FAT Slide Adequate
Trichinellosis Agent id ELISA
ELISA (Kit lacking)
Technical only
Bovine Brucellosis BBAT, CFT, ELISA FPA SAT Adequate
Bovine genital campvlo bacteriosis
Agent id. Agent id. Adequate
Bovine Tuberculosis Tuberculin test - Kits now
available through JICA
Adequate
Enzootic bovine
Leukosis
AGID, ELISA - ELISA (Kit
lacking)
Technical only
Infectious Bovine
Rhinotrachitis / lnfectious Pustular
Vulvovaginitis
VNT, ELISA, Agent
id. (semen only)
- ELISA (Kit
lacking)
Technical only
Trichomoniasis Agent id. Mucus Agg. Dark field Adequate
54
DISEASE RECOMMENDED
TEST
ALTERNATIVE
TESTS
CAPACITY Level of
Capacity (Sufficiency)
Agent id. microcopy
Bovine Anaplasmosis -
CFT, Agg. Card Slide/microscopy
Adequate but require new
techniques
Bovine Babesiosis - ELISA, I FAT / PCR Slide / microscopy
Adequate but require new
techniques
Cysticercosis - Agent id. Meat inspection
Adequate
Dermatophilosis - - Slide /
microscopy
Adequate
Theileriosis Agent id., IFAT - Slide /
microscopy
Adequate but
require new
techniques
Haemorrrhagic
Septicaemia
- Agent id. Agent id. Low
Bovine Spongyform
Encephalopathy
- - Elisa – No kits
available
Technical only
Ovine Epididymitis CFT ELISA ELISA (Kit
lacking)
Technical only
(Brucella ovis infection)
SAT Adequate
Caprine and Ovine
brucellosis (excluding Brucellla ovis infection)
BBAT,CFT Brucellin test SAT Adequate
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
(CCPP)
CFT - CFT (Kit lacking)
Technical only
Porcine Brucellosis BBAT ELISA, FPA,
VNT
ELISA (Kit
lacking)
Technical only
Trasmissible
Gastroenteritis
- VNT, ELISA ELISA (Kit
lacking)
Low
Infectious Bursal
Disease (Gumboro disease)
- AGID, ELISA ELISA (Kit
lacking)
Technical only
Marek's disease - AGID No reagents Low
Avian Mycoplsmosis
(Mycoplama qallisepticum)
- Agg., HI No reagents Low
Fowl typhoid (Pullorum
disease)
- Agg., Agent id. Agent id. Technical only
55
DISEASE RECOMMENDED
TEST
ALTERNATIVE
TESTS
CAPACITY Level of
Capacity (Sufficiency)
Avian infectious
bronchitis
- VN, HI, ELISA ELISA (Kit
lacking)
Technical only
Avian infectious Laryngeo trachitis
- AGID, VNT, ELISA
ELISA (Kit lacking)
Technical only
Avian tuberculosis - Tuberculin test, Agent id.
Agent id. Technical only
Fowl cholera (avian pasteurellosis)
- - Agent id. Technical only
Myxomatosis - Agid, AGID, CF,IFAT
No Low
Malignant Cattarrhal
Fever
- VN, IFAT, PCR No Low
Salmonellosis - Agent id. Agent id. Technical only
Bovine Virus Diarrhoea
Agent id. - No Low
Trypanosomiasis (Tsetse transmitted)
- I FAT Agent id. (Haematocrit)
Adequate but require new
techniques
Nairobi Sheep Disease No Elisa kit Low
Scrapie - Agent id. Histopathology
Low
Fowl Pox - - RT PCR
required
Low
Mange - Agent id. Agent id. Adequate
Highly Pathogenic Avian
Infuenza (HPAI)
Virological tests RT PCR AI virus type
A antigen test kit
Only screening kits
available. Require RT-PCR
Legend PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction
IFAT - Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test ELISA - Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
CFT - Complement Fixation Test
VNT - Virus Neutralization Test cELISA - Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
I ELISA - Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay HI - Heamaglutination Inhibition Test
AGID - Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test Agg – Agglutination
SAT – Serum Agglutination
56
Appendix 6 Table 10 Diagnostic Capacity at Districts
Districts Mini Laboratories centrifuges Fridge Reagents Light microscope Glass ware
Mukono No Lab None Available No reagents None None
Rakai Lab exists Available Available Adequate reagents Available Adequate
Mbarara Lab exists Available Available Adequate reagents Available Adequate
Tororo Lab exists Available Available Adequate reagents Available Adequate
Soroti Lab exists Available Available Adequate reagents Available Adequate
Kasese No Lab None Available No reagents Available Adequate
Ntungamo Lab exists* Available Adequate reagents Available Adequate
Arua No Lab None Available Adequate reagents** Available*** Adequate
Kotido No Lab None Available No reagents Available None
Nakapiripiriti No Lab No information No information No information No information No information
Nakasongola No Lab No information No information No information No information No information
Gulu No Lab No information No information No information No information No information
Lira No information No information No information No information No information No information
Source: OAG analysis of epidemiological reports and district data and interviews
* Lab exists but not functional ** Assorted reagents provided by LGDP to start lab activities but not yet in place
*** Light microscopes available but not in use
57
Appendix 7 Table 11: Funds utilization of the development budget by the Department
Jul 07-dec-07 MAAIF fund utilisation
Description Actual release as a percentage of Total funds
workshops and seminars
39,470,000 6.04%
staff training 1,365,000 0.21%
medical and veterinary 332,000,000 50.82%
Total release 653,294,000
2006/07
workshops and seminars
66,012,420 1.16%
staff training 5,967,000 0.10%
medical and veterinary 4,991,098,206 87.82%
Total release 5,063,077,626
2005/06
workshops and seminars
82,483,011 2.70%
staff training 4,379,800 0.14%
medical and veterinary 1,862,955,000 61.17%
Total release 3,045,469,720
2004/05
workshops and seminars
64,869,025 4.94%
staff training 9,911,000 0.80%
medical and veterinary 939,045,000 78.67%
Total release 1,193,671,570
Source: OAG analysis of financial data from IFMS N.B Only allocations for workshops and seminars, staff training, medical
and veterinary supplies have been extracted.
58
Appendix 8 Table 12: Status of Animal check points ACPs , Animal holding grounds (AHGs)and Animal quarantine station (AQS) along the NSRs and Border entry points
District ACPs operated in the District AHGs and AQS Remarks
Mukono No permanent or Fixed ACPs only mobile checkpoints are operated
for 2 to 4 months
Kyetume is being rehabilitated to house an abattoir,livestock
market, and AHG and AQS
Limited budget allocations by the district have led to
operating the ACPs for a
few Months
Ntungamo 2 mobile checkpoints were
operated in the august 2007for 5 days each at mirama hill road and
1 on Kabale road
There are no AHGs however the
district has proposed two sites at Kafunjo and Kizinga to be
developed as AHGs
Limited prioritization by
district has reduced no of times ACPs can be operated
and the ACP signs were recently developed in June
2007.
Mbarara At time of audit the district operated only 1 mobile ACPs
No AHGs in the district to hold illegally moved livestock
Kasese 2 fixed ACPs are operated at
Katunguru and Mile 40
There is no VO at Mpondwe
border entry point.there is a small AHG at Kalambi capable
of holding 100 animals
ACP signs have just been
developed there is still ineffective policing at the
border entry point leading to uncontrolled movement
of livestock
Soroti 1 fixed ACP at Aoja is operated for 4 to 5 days a week on Soroti-
Mbale road the whole year no mobile ACPs are operated.
There are 3 AHGs at Arapai which is functional while the
two at Bugondo and Kamuda are not operational.
Tororo No fixed or mobile ACPs are
operated in the district.
A VO is stationed at Malaba
border entry point to inspect imported and exported animals
and animal products.
Kotido Only 1 mobile ACP is operated in the district at the market
No AHGs and AQS Inadequate staffing cattle rustling,transport and
inadequate funds to control illegal animal movement.
Arua A fixed ACP is operated at Vurra
customs border post 1 mobile ACP operates only when illegal
animal movements are reported
from Pakwach ACP
Packwach ACP at river Nile
Bridge acts as another control measure for illegal
movements intoWest Nile
district No natural barriers at DRC
border.
Rakai Audit observed one fixed ACP at Kasaali
Mutukula border entry point has a police post and VO stationed
to enforce animal regulations during import and export of
livestock. There is also a AGS but lacking basic quarantine
facilities.the district has an AHG
Police ,immigration and stakeholders are sensitized
on illegal movement of livestock however there is
still illegal animal movement because of the
porous border
Nakasongola 2 fixed ACPs are operated at Kafu and Kakooge
No AHGs and AQS Impounded livestock are taken to the police station.
Source: OAG analysis of epidemiological reports and district data and interviews
59
Appendix 8 (Continued) Table 13 Category and value of Livestock and livestock products exported from 2003 to 2007
Category of Livestock And livestock bi-product
2003 Value Ug shs
2004 Value Ug shs
2005 Value Ug shs
2006 Value Ug shs
2007 Value Ug shs
LIVESTOCK
Horses Breeding and non breeding
368,734 1,613,727 746,851 2,952,145 1,182,240
Cattle
Breeding and non breeding
3,095,156 34,641,875 56,015 2,370,623 2,562,866,635
Goats - 41,060,246 14,904,120 145,638 -
Poultry
Dayold chicks,live turkey and Ducks
20,421,702 39,788,376 89,849,225 4,637,246 245,561,849
Swine - - 257,822 5,369,940 44,900,055
Sheep - - - - 87,594,714
Wildlife,reptiles etc 123,864,179 124,870,406 70,363,014 40,514,548 32,134,036
LIVESTOCK BI-PRODUCTS
Bovine meat Fresh or chilled unprocessed Frozen processed Bovine semen
3,200,208
-
140,921,385
482,559,460
185,669,610
-
1,309,074,717
45,540,587
-
505,275,704
105,342,217
-
130,580,363
34,223,912
-
Poultry eggs - 268,475,954 340,221,140 2,200,000 -
Milk and Cream products 824,392,935 205,157,120 344,532,914 563,579,175 452,562,588
Wildlife bi products
Elephant tusks, tortoise shells etc 403,379,609 190,902,312 145,197,738 47,494,543 12,922,324
Bee products 1,346,308 13,499,246 - - -
HIDES AND SKINS
Bovine whole hides and skin 3,704,557,452 6,391,763,962 6,697,747,996 6,411,925,353 4,546,660,730
Other raw hides and skin 1,488790,029 679,163,932 363,148,689 2,429,764,465 7,711,703,170
Untanned sheepskin with wool 72,821,009 - - 103,010,742 79,878,487
Untanned sheepskin without wool 465,998,387 26,003,083 64,690,671 6,282,432 -
Untanned goat hides and skin 4,020,291,051 3,289,565,500 5,135,118,595 3,784,792,547 1.790,091,983
Processed hides and skin (fullgrains,unsplit,grain split)
218,785,359 205,412,894 52,901,009 319,249,621 3,741,035,394
Processed hides and skin wet state - 657,738,553 883,615,353 1,814,118,070 18,934,273,138
Processed hides and skin dry state - 165,623,643 - 4,848,248 13,829,300
TOTAL 11,492,233,503 12,962,449,65
3
15,217,745,31
6
16,153,873,257 39,969,438,330
Source: OAG analysis of data from URA’s Ascuda generated reports
60
Appendix 11 Table 15: Livestock census activities at the districts District Annual livestock estimates
Per county, sub county From 2003 to 2007
Year in which last annual
estimates Of livestock data was carried out
Reasons for failure to
Provide annual estimates of livestock
Data
Kasese No yearly annual estimates of livestock population carried out.
A livestock census was carried out in September2003 and October 2005
financed by the Belgian Technical
Corporation (BTC) based on sub counties
Pastoralists culturally do not want to tell the
Actual number of
livestock they have .
Ntungamo No yearly annual estimates of
livestock population carried out
The last indicative census figures
available are October 2003 and 2005
Cultural dislike in
allowing counting livestock and laxity in
disclosing actual numbers for fear of
tax
Mukono No yearly annual estimates of livestock population carried out
The last census was carried out in April 2003 based on sub counties otherwise n
annual estimates of livestock data are
available
Poor record keeping and
Lack of transportation
Logistic as motorcycles
And motor vehicles
Mbarara No yearly annual estimates of livestock population carried out
Last census carried out in 2001 And last estimates available for
1998 and 2005
Poor record keeping by
Livestock farmers
Soroti No yearly annual estimates of livestock population carried out
Last census carried out in 2000 by While estimates of livestock per
County were compiled in 2005
Poor record keeping by
Livestock farmers
Arua Livestock estimates available For 2003,2004,2005,2006 and
2007
Last census was carried out in 2001 Using the LC system however the
district provides estimates every year
There are still setbacks as low
staffing at sub county level, negative
attitudes towards
disclosing number of animals uncontrolled
livestock movements and disease.
Kotido No yearly annual estimates of
livestock population
Last census carried out in 1991 No proper record
keeping, local beliefs and frequent livestock
movements
Rakai No yearly annual estimates of livestock population carried out
Estimates provided in Jan 2007 epidemiological report
Tororo No yearly annual estimates
of livestock population carried out
Last census carried out in
December 2002 and funded by FITCA project
negative attitudes
towards disclosing number of animals
uncontrolled livestock
movements
Source: OAG analysis of epidemiological reports and district data and interviews
61
Appendix 11 (Continued) Table 16 Breeds of livestock in Uganda
Livestock type Livestock breed type Percentage of total breed Cattle breed Indigenous Ankole long horn 50% East African Zebu 33%
Cross (Nganda) 17% Goat breed Small East African 40%
Mubende 33%
Kigezi 5%
Others Boer goat Toggenberg Anglo Nubian Saanen
12%
Sheep Fat tailed Black head Pig breed Landrace
Large white Source: MAAIF annual report
62
Appendix 12 Table 18: Entomological Monitoring in Non FITCA districts
District Entomological Staff
Affected high risk sub counties and Fixed
monitoring sites (FMS)
Tsetse traps Deployed in the
field .
Control measures taken to control
tsetse flies
Arua 2 No information on specific affected subcounties
Less than 100 untreated
Lira 1 No information available Spraying of cattle
Treatment of cattle
Rakai Nil No information available Sensitization of
farmers.
The DVO advises farmers to use
trypanozides as dimendze.
Ntungamo 2 Nyachwera and Rukoni
There are 4 FMS 2 in each of these sub counties
Glosiana Mostans is the
tsetse species occurring.
18 untreated tsetse
traps deployed in Rukoni
Sensitization of
farmers. Advising farmers to
regularly spray
livestock with acaricides
Tsetse trappng
Mbarara 2 Bugamba and Biharwe Glosiana Mostans is the
tsetse species occurring
20 untreated traps Sensitization of farmers.
Use of tsetse traps Encouraging farmers
to use acaricides of dual purpose when
spraying cattle.
Tsetse trapping
Kasese Nil No information
available
The DVO advises
farmers to use
trypanomicides.
Source: OAG analysis of district data interviews of DVOs and district entomologists