The Progressives to WWI..Chapters 17, 18 & 19

The Progressive Agenda.

• Progressives had four major goals

- Protecting Social Welfare

- Promoting Moral Improvement

- Creating Economic Reform

- Fostering Efficiency

Protecting Social Welfare• Some believed that

morality rather than the workplace held the key to improving the lives of the poor - Felt poor should uplift selves by improving own behavior

• Prohibition - banning of alcoholic drinks- Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheaded prohibition crusade

Protecting Social Welfare • Wanted to help people deal with the

harsh conditions of industrialization- Social Gospel & settlement houses inspired other reform groups

• Florence Kelley – became a political activist advocate for women & children- Helped pass law prohibiting child labor & limiting women’s hours

Creating Economic Reform• Journalists who

exposed corruption in politics & business became known as Muckrakers- Ida Tarbell attacked John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil for using cut throat businesses practices to eliminate competition

The Muckrakers

• Food, drug advertisements made false claims& medicines were often unsafe

• Muckrakers - Writers who exposed corruption in American society

• Exposed unhappy practices in the food industry

• Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle - unsanitary conditions in meatpacking

• Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up Sinclair’s account

• Forced government to pass the laws

THE JUNGLE…

The Muckrakers

• Pure Food and Drug Act halted sale of• contaminated food & medicine

- required truth in labeling FDA• Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act

- dictated sanitary requirements - Created federal meat inspection program

(USDA)• These laws gave government inspectors the

power to enforce safety and health standards in the making and selling of food and medicine

• Eugene V. Debs (1855-1926), of Indiana, had worked as a young man on the railroads. After being elected to the Indiana legislature in 1893, he edited a labor magazine and organized the American Railway Union. His activities in the Pullman Strike led to his arrest and imprisonment;

American Socialist Partyin prison Debs adopted socialism, and for the rest of his life he championed socialist political solutions to American economic problems. In 1920, while in jail for opposing World War I, he ran for president and received more than 900,000 votes. Photographed in 1909.

Fostering Efficiency

• Assembly lines were used to speed up production- Made people work like machines- Caused higher worker turnover

• Henry Ford reduced workday to 8 hours & paid employees $5 a day to prevent turnover

Protecting Working Children• Child workers

received lower wages- Small hands handled small parts better- Families need children’s wages

• National Child Labor Committee gathered evidence of harsh conditions- Accidents & diseases caused by overwork

Protecting Working Children• Labor unions argue

children’s wages lower all wages

• Groups pressed government to ban child labor & cut hours

• Convinced most states to pass legislation banning child labor and setting maximum hours

Reforming Elections• Oregon adopted secret ballot, initiative,

referendum, recall• Initiative—bill proposed by people, not lawmakers,

put on ballots• Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if

initiative becomes law• Recall—voters remove elected official through

early election • Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to

choose candidates• Direct Election of Senators• Became law in 1913 (17th amendment

Women's Suffrage

• Women reformers targeted workplace, housing, education, food, & drugs

• National Association of Colored Women (NACW) - Goal was the moral education of the race was with which they were identified -Managed nurseries reading rooms, & kindergartens

• Susan B. Anthony of National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)- worked for woman suffrage, or right to vote

Imperialism and AmericaBeginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition causes the United States to expand

United Sates expands overseas• 1906 - Fleet of 16

U.S. battleships sail around the world

• Showed the world that the U.S. was a power to be reckoned with

• Important step in expanding America's international interest

Seward and Expansion

• 1867 - Arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million- Had trouble convincing House to fund purchase- Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,” “Seward’s Folly”- Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil

• Arranged for the U.S. to buy the Virgin Islands from Denmark (Didn't actually occur until 1917)- Also wanted to add the Hawaiian Islands

Seward and Expansion

• William Seward – Served as Secretary of State under Lincoln & Johnson - Tried to gain new lands for U.S.

• 1867 - ordered navy to occupy the Midway Islands in the Pacific Ocean- Valuable as a Fueling station to refuel ships

The Annexation of Hawaii

• 1790s - U.S. merchants began stopping in Hawaii on way to China, India

• Early 1800's - Christian missionaries moved to Hawaii to convert the people- Yankee missionaries founded schools & churches on islands- Many of the missionaries’ descendants became wealthy sugar and pineapple planters- They controlled the government

The Annexation of Hawaii

• 1891 - Queen Liliuokalani came to power- She wanted to regain control of the island- Tried to remove landowning requirement

• Planters called the u.s. government for help

• Hawaii was valuable refueling station

• U.S. sent marines- Marines and planters overthrew Queen

Section 2The Spanish-American WarIn 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain.

Reasons for American Expansion• New ideas - Charles

Darwin - survival of the fittest

- Social Darwinism - Americans believed that their society was superior and would spread throughout the world

• People argued the U.S. had duty to Christianize or civilize “inferior peoples”

- Also used to support racism

Reasons for American Expansion• U.S developed a

desire for Desire for military strength - Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to compete- U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power

Reasons for American Expansion

• Imperialism - policy of extending control over weaker nations - European countries practiced this in the 1700's and 1800's

• 1800s - Europeans divided up most of Africa & competed for China

• Japan joined race for China & U.S. decided to expand overseas

• U.S. didn't want to do this in the beginning - Once colonies ourselves - Couldn't afford a war

• Our attitude changed in the late 1800's for several reasons - Nationalism - U.S. united again following Civil War- People wanted to be a world power- Needed colonies to be one

Rebellion against Spain

• Spain's empire was crumbling

- Had once controlled most of the Americas

- Late 1800's - Spain had only a few colonies

• Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippines began wanting independence

Rebellion against Spain

• Two papers fighting for customers (circulation war)

- The World owned by Joseph Pulitzer

- Journal owned by William Randolph Hearst

• They wrote sensationalized writing stories to attract customers

- Called yellow journalism

America goes to War

• President McKinley didn't want to go to war- He had fought in the Civil War

• Public pressure forced McKinley to take action against Spain- He demanded that Spain stop its harsh treatment of Cubans - Spain sent general Weyler home but didn't stop treatment

• February 9, 1898 - U.S. recovered a private letter written by a Spanish minister named Enrique Dupuy de Lôme- He called President McKinley weak- Spain apologized & de Lôme resigned- American public remained angry

America goes to War

• U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property - The Maine exploded in Havana Harbor - U.S. blames Spain - "Remember the Maine” became war cry

“Remember the Maine”

The War in the Caribbean

• U.S. only had 28,000 men when war started - 200,000 signed up within 6 months

• Teddy Roosevelt picked a group of soldiers known as the "Rough Riders" - Chose a diverse group- Cowboys, N.Y. City policemen, athletes, and American Indians

The War in the Caribbean

• Rough Riders attacked and took San Juan Hill- Didn't have horses (they were left behind in Florida)- Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill- Aug. 12 1898 - Spain signs truce

War in the Philippines..

Treaty of Paris

• August 12, 1898 – Spain & U.S. signed armistice • Met in Paris to make treaty• U.S. shocked Spain at the treaty signing in

France- Demanded the Spain hand over Puerto Rico, the island of Guam, and the Philippines (war had been fought over Cuba)- Spain didn't have any choice

• Spain freed Cuba; handed Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S. & sold Philippines

• Treaty of Paris touched off a great debate over imperialism- McKinley tried to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds- Opponents gave political, moral, economic arguments against

Results of the War

• Guam was controlled by the U.S. navy

• President McKinley decided that the Philippines should become an American Colony- Philippines wanted independence- Revolted against the U.S. - 1902 - U.S. troops finally restored order

• July 4, 1946, Philippines became independent

Results of the War

• Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory

• Had its own elected legislature and a governor chosen by the president

• 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses

Results of the War

• U.S. didn't grant Cuba independence immediately - Cuba had to agree to the Platt Amendment- It gave the U.S. the right interfere in Cuban affairs when there was a threat to life, property, and individual liberty - Cuba had to allow an American naval base at Guantanamo Bay until 1999

Theodore Roosevelt…. As president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms

TR the Progressive President…

Roosevelt’s Career..Fought against Spain in Cuba (Rough Riders)Became governor of New York

- Tried to clean up government

- Pushed through a civil service law

- Hired qualified peopleNY political bosses couldn’t control him,& urged him to run for vice-president1900 – William McKinley won reelection

- Roosevelt became Vice President

Roosevelt Becomes President• McKinley shot in

Buffalo• Teddy Roosevelt

became youngest person to hold office (age 42)

• His leadership & publicity campaigns helped create modern presidency

• Supports federal government role when states do not solve problems concerning national welfare

Roosevelt Becomes President• Public loved

Roosevelt (1st to use bully pulpit)

- Called him Teddy

- He refused to shoot a bear cub while on a hunting trip

- Resulted in new toy (the teddy bear)

The Square Deal

• Square Deal - Roosevelt’s progressive reforms

• Roosevelt felt the government should act as an umpire

- Make sure everyone got a "square deal"

Square Deal…

Using Federal Power

• Trust busting • 1902 Coal Strike

- Coal reserves were low- Roosevelt forced both sides to accept arbitration (3rd party decides dispute)- Each side received some of what it wanted- Sets principle of federal intervention when strike threatens public- Other presidents had sent troops to end strikes

Using Federal Power

• Railroad Regulation- 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act established the Interstate Commerce Commission to prevent railroads from colluding to fix high prices (ICC too weak to enforce law)- Roosevelt pushed for federal regulation to control abuses- Elkins Act -stopped rebates & sudden rate changes- Hepburn Act - limited free railroad passes & enabled ICC to set maximum railroad rates

Trust Busting

• hurt public interest• Roosevelt began to

enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act- 1st target was the railroads

• Biggest target was Standard Oil- 1911 - Supreme Court ordered that it be broken up into smaller companies

Teddy Roosevelt and the World• Roosevelt didn’t not want

Europeans to control world economy & politics

• 1904 - Japan & Russia disputed control of Korea (Japanese-Russo War)

• Roosevelt negotiated Treaty of Portsmouth: - Japan received Manchuria & Korea- Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize

• U.S. & Japan continued diplomatic talks - Pledged to respect each other’s possessions

Attack on laissez Faire

• Laissez faire - hands off approach towards business

• Business leaders were shocked by Roosevelt's actions- They felt that government should not interfere with the economy- That the economy performed best when people were left free to create businesses and hire workers

• Progressives felt that laissez faire created high prices and low wages

The Panama Canal

• U.S. wanted canal to cut travel time of commercial & military ships

• Colombia controlled the isthmus of Panama (Best Spot)

• U.S. bought French company’s route through Panama

• Negotiated with Colombia to build Panama Canal - Talks broke down

The Panama Canal..

The Panama Canal

• French company agent helped organize Panamanian rebellion

- U.S. gave military aid

• Panama gained independence

• U.S., Panama sign treaty

• U.S. paid $10 million for Canal zone

Policing the Hemisphere

• Roosevelt wanted it made clear that the U.S was the leading power in the Americas- Speak softly and carry a big stick"

• Roosevelt reminded Europe about the Monroe Doctrine

- It said that the U.S would police the western hemisphere

• Added the Roosevelt Corollary - added to the Monroe Doctrine- Said that if a situation arose that required international police power the U.S. would do the job

Roosevelt Corollary

The Progressives and Race• Roosevelt invited

Booker T. Washington to the White House

• Other than that the Progressive's record on racism was terrible- They worked to keep Jewish out of universities- Japanese immigrants were denied the right to own land in California - Racism resulted in increased segregation in the south

Beginning of civil and Equal rights.. – The Atlanta Compromise..

African Americans Organize• African Americans

looked to new leaders to help them fight discrimination

• W.E.B. Du Bois believed that African Americans should focus on legality- Met with other black leader at Niagara Falls (Niagara Movement)- Formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Changes in Leadership

• Progressives agenda became America’s plan

• 1908 - William Howard Taft elected as president

- Roosevelt's hand picked successor

Taft’s Presidency

• Disputing Public Lands• Angered conservationists

when he appointed Richard A. Ballinger as secretary of the interior - Ballinger put reserved lands in public domain

• Interior official who protested action was fired

• Gifford Pinchot head of U.S. Forest Service - testified against Ballinger- He was also fired by Taft

The Bull Moose Party

• Roosevelt decided to run for president again

• Taft people outmaneuvered Roosevelt’s for nomination in the 1912 Republican convention

• Progressives formed Bull Moose Party & nominated Roosevelt

• Progressives called for:- More voter participation in government- Woman suffrage- Labor legislation, business controls

The Bull Moose Party

• Roosevelt & Taft ran against Democrat Woodrow Wilson,

- Wilson was a reform governor from NJ

Section 5Wilson’s New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson establishes a strong reform agenda as a progressive leader.

Wilson and Big business

• Woodrow Wilson shared the same views as Roosevelt • He felt that "good trust" didn't exist• He focused on attacking trusts, tariffs, & high finance• Clayton Antitrust Act - stopped companies from

buying stock to form a monopoly- Stated that labor unions & farming organizations had the right to exist - Strikes & peaceful protest and the collection of strike benefits became legal - Ended injunctions against strikers unless threaten irreparable damage

• Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 - Established new “watchdog” agency FTC- investigated regulatory violations- ended unfair business practices

A New Tax System

• Wilson pushed for Underwood Act to substantially reduce tariffs

• Businesses tried to get Congress to vote it down

• Set precedent of giving State of the Union message in person

• Used bully pulpit to gain passage• Government had to replace revenue lost by

lowering tariffs• 1913 - Sixteenth Amendment legalized

graduated federal income tax- 1% to 6%- Government earned a lot more money from income tax than it ever earned from tariffs

Federal Reserve System

• Nation needed a way to strengthen the way banks were run as well as control the amount of money in circulation

• 1913 – Federal Reserve Act divided the nation into 12 banks and established a regional bank in each district

• These banks loaned served other banks in the region - Issued paper money - loaned money to banks in trouble

• Federal Reserve System - Brought private banking system under federal control

Women Win Suffrage

• College-educated women spread suffrage message to working-class

• College Equal Suffrage League went door-to-door, took trolley tours & gave speeches at stops

• Carrie Chapman Catt, head of NAWSA, stressed organization & lobbying

The Limits of Progressivism• Wilson disappointed Progressives who

wanted social reforms concerning civil rights• Won support of NAACP for favoring civil

rights when he was a candidate running for president

• Opposed anti -lynching legislation after he became president

• Appointed fellow white Southerners to cabinet who extended segregation

• Segregated white and black federal employees

• NAACP felt betrayed which resulted in a rift with he president

Women Win Suffrage

• National Woman’s Party aggressively pressured for suffrage amendment

• Work of patriotic women in war effort influenced politicians

• 1920 - Nineteenth Amendment granted women right to vote

The Twilight of Progressivism• Outbreak of World War I

distracted most Americans

• Reform efforts stalled