the prehistory

PREHISTORY

PEDRO FLORES. 1º ESO

PERIODS OF PREHISTORY

PREHISTORY IS THE PERIOD SINCE THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST HOMINIDS (2.5 MILLIONYEARS AGO) UNTIL THE INVENTION OF WRITING (3,500 BC).


PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC

STONE AGE

PREHISTORY

METAL AGES

CUPPER BRONZE IRON

HUMAN EVOLUTION

CHARLES DARWIN, ENGLISH NATURALIST OF THE 19TH CENTURY. AFTER A LONG EXPLORATION JOURNEY IN HIS BOAT CALLED “BEAGLE”, HE WROTE A BOOK CALLED “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES” WHERE HE DESCRIBED HIS “EVOLUTION THEORY” AND STATED THAT HUMAN BEINGS ARE THE RESULT OF A SLOW PROCESS OF CHANGE AND TRANSFORMATION.

PREHISTORY STUDIES

THERE ARE SOME DIFFICULTIES: THERE ARE FEW REMAINS AND THERE ARE NO WRITTEN TEXTS. THERE JUST ARCHAOLOGICAL REMAINS.

ARCHEOLOGISTS WORK ON SITES OR PLACES WHERE THERE ARE REMAINS OR FOSSILS (PETRIFIED ORGANIC RESTS).

OTHER SCIENTISTS: GENETITS, PALEONTOLOGISTS, ANTHROPOLOGISTS…

Planning and archeological dig of the site.

PREHISTORY STUDIES

Discovering stratum or layers

PREHISTORY STUDIES

Cleaning of the archeological remains

PREHISTORY STUDIES

Dating

PREHISTORY STUDIES

Reconstruction of the remains and fossils.

PREHISTORY STUDIES

Scientific work: getting DNA fossil and teeth proofs.

PREHISTORY STUDIES

Recreation of primates and hominids.

PREHISTORY STUDIES

THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATIONWE CALL PROCESS OF HOMINSATION TO THE GROUP OF CHANGES THAT TRANSFORMTHE PRIMATES INTO HUMAN BEINGS AROUND 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO.

THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION

- UPRIGHT POSITION- BIPEDALISM- FREE HANDS- INCREASE IN SKULL SIZE- BRAIN DEVELOPMENT- REDUCTION OF THE JAW AND

THE TEETH- APPEARANCE OF THE CHIN- FLAT FOREHEADFRENTE PLANA- LANGUAGE- CREATION OF TOOLS

THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATIONWE CALL PROCESS OF HOMINSATION TO THE GROUP OF CHANGES THAT TRANSFORMTHE PRIMATES INTO HUMAN BEINGS AROUND 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO.

AUSTRALOPITHECUS

AUSTRALIS: SOUTHERNPITHECUS: MONKEY

CRONOLOGY: 4 TO 1 MILLION YEARSBRAIN CAP.: 500 CM3HEIGHT: 1,10-1,50 METERSWEIGHT: 40 KGCARACTERISTICS: WALKS UPRIGHTTOOLS:IT DOESNT MAKE, JUST USELOCATION: EASTERN AFRICA

“LUCY”“LUCY IN THE SKY WITHDIAMONDS” THE BEATLES“SELAM GIRL”


HOMO HABILIS

CRONOLOGY: 2,5 TO 1,6 MILLION YEARSBRAIN CAP.: 650 CM3HEIGHT: 1,50 METERSWEIGHT: 50 KGCARACTERISTICS: WALKS UPRIGHT LANGUAGETOOLS: IT MAKES FIRST TOOLS IT BUILT HUTSLOCATION: AFRICA

HOMO: MANHABILIS: SKILLFULL


HOMO HABILIS

FIRST TOOLS: CHOPPERS AND BIFACES


HOMO ERECTUSHOMO: MANERECTUS: STRAIGHT

CRONOLOGY: 1,8 TO 300.000 YEARSBRAIN CAP.: 1000 CM3HEIGHT: 1,60-1,70 METERSWEIGHT: 60 KGCARACTERISTICS: WALKS UPRIGHT CONTROLS THE FIRE HUNT IN GROUPS USES LEATHER TOOLS: FIRST BIFACES AND AXES IT BUILTS HUTSLOCATION: AFRICA AND ASIA


OTHER HOMO SPECIES

HOMO ANTECESSOR“FIRST EUROPEAN INHABITANT”

HOMO GEORGICUS

HOMO FLORESIENSIS“THE HOBBIT”

HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS“THE STRONGEST ONE”


HOMO NEANDERTHALENSISHOMO: MANNEANDERTHAL: NEANDER VALLEY (GERMANY)

CRONOLOGY: 235.000 A 35.000 YEARSBRAIN CAP.: 1450 CM3HEIGHT: 1,70-1,80 METERSWEIGHT: 80 KGCARACTERISTICS: FIRST BURIALS FACIAL CHANGESTOOLS: SPECIALIZED TOOLS LOCATION: AFRICA, ASIA AND EUROPE


HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENSHOMO: MANSAPIENS: INTELLIGENT

CRONOLOGY: 300.000 YEARSBRAIN CAP.: 1400 CM3HEIGHT: 1,70-1,80 METERSWEIGHT: 80 KGCHARACTERISTICS: CURRENT ASPECT GREAT INTELLIGENCE PRIMERAS MUESTRAS DE ARTETOOLS: STONE, BONE AND HORN TOOLS LOCATION: WORLDWIDE


EL PROCESO DE HOMINIZACIÓN.HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS VS. SAPIENS SAPIENS

IN EUROPE THEY LIVED TOGETHER DURING SOME TIME. HOWEVER, THE HOMOSAPIENS STILL EXISTED WHILE THE HOMO NEANDERTHALENDIS DID NOT. WHY?.

EL PROCESO DE HOMINIZACIÓN.HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS VS. SAPIENS SAPIENS

HUMAN EXPANSION

ACTIVITIES: THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION1.- WHAT IS PREHISTORY? DRAW A TIMELINE WITH THE PERIODS WHICH PREHISTORY IS DIVIDED.

2.- LOOK INTO WHO WAS CHARLES DARWIN AND WHAT IS HIS “EVOLUTION THEORY” ABOUT.

3.- WHAT IS THE HOMINISATION PROCESS? WHICH ARE THE MAIN CHANGES BETWEEN PRIMATES ANDHOMINIDS? CHOOSE THREE OF THESE CHANGES AND EXPLAIN WHY ARE SO IMPORTANT.

4.- COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE COMPARING THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF HOMINIDS.

ESPECIES CRONOLOGY LOCATION MAIN CHARACTERISTIC

TOOLS

AUSTRALOPITHECUS

H. HABILIS

H.ERECTUS

H. NEANDERTHAL

H.SAPIENS

EL PALEOLÍTICO

PALEO: OLDLITHOS: STONE

PALEOLITHIC: “OLD STONE AGE”

2,5 m.y.: Appearance of human beings 10.000 a.C: agricultura and livestock farming

LOWERPALEOLITHIC

MIDDLEPALEOLITHIC

UPPERPALEOLITHIC

2,5 m.y.-100.000 100.000-50.000 50.000-9.000

- AUSTRALOPITHECUS- H. HABILIS- H.ERECTUS

- H. NEANDERTHAL - H. SAPIENS

THE PALEOLITHICHUNTERS AND GATHERERS SOCIETIES

PREDATORS: HUNTING, FISHING AND GATHERING

CONSEQUENCES

THEY OBTAINED FOOD, SKINS, BONES FOR MAKING TOOLS AND TENDONS FOR MAKINGTHREADS

IMPROVEMENT IN COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE, BRAIN AND HANDS DEVELOPMENT

NOMADISM: THEY CONSTANTLY MOVED FROM PLACE TO PLACE SEARCHING FOOD AND SHELTER

WHERE DO THEY LIVE?

CAVES

SHALLOW CAVES

OPEN AIR


CAVES


OPEN AIR HUTS


CLANS: MADE UP BY FEW PEOPLE, THERE WERE NOT PRIVATE PROPERTY.LIFE EXPENCTANCY: 30 YEARSSOMETIMES DIFFERENT CLANS JOINED TOGETHER FOR HUNTING


ACTIVITIES: HUNTING, FISHING AND GATHERING.WOMEN: GATHERED FRUITS AND HUNTED SMALL ANIMALS.MEN: HUNTED HUGE ANIMALS LIKE MAMMUTS.


USE OF FIRE:H.ERECTUS DISCOVERED FIRE CASUALLY.H.NEANDERTHALENSIS LEARNT TO MAKE IT (RUBBING A STICK OR CLASHING TWO FLINT STONES).USES: CHASE AWAY DEPREDATORS, TO HEAT UP, TO COOK…


CLOTHING:THEY USED SKINS’ ANIMALS.THEY SAW WITH BONE NEEDLES.THEY USED TENDONS AS THREADS.THEY USED NECKLACES AND COLOURED THEIR BODIES.


STONE INDUSTRY

LOWER PALEOLITHIC- HOMO HABILIS- CHOPPERS AND PEBBLES- SCULPTED (HIT)- CHOPPER Y CHOPPING TOOL- USE: CUT MEAT AND PLANTS

1ST STAGE

2ND STAGE

LOWER PALEOLITHIC- HOMO HABILIS Y ERECTUS- FLINT OR QUARZITE- HAMMER (HIT) AND PRESSURE- HAND AXES AND CRACKER- USE: MEAT, WOOD AND SKINS

THE PALEOLITHIC

STONE INDUSTRYTHE PALEOLITHIC

MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC- HOMO NEANDERTHAL- FLINT- LEVALLOIS TECHNIQUE- AXES, DENTATE, SCRATCHER- POINTED AND LEAF

3RD STAGE

4TH STAGE

UPPER PALEOLITHIC- HOMO SAPIENS- FLINT, BONE, IVORY AND HORN- PERFECTIONATED TECHNIQUE- SEVERAL TOOLS- USE: SPECIALISED

STONE INDUSTRY

THE PALEOLITHIC

ARROWS BIFACE NEDDLES

STONE TOOLS: SPEAR HEADS, KNIFES, SCRAPERS…BONE AND WOOD TOOLS: ARPOONS, HOOKS, NEEDLES…

THE PALEOLITHIC

ARPOONS PERFORATOR SCRAPER

SCRAPER SCRAPER SPEAR THROWER

THE PALEOLITHIC

EL PALEOLÍTICO

FIRST RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

FUNERARY RITUAL

CANIVALISM

BEAR WHORSHIP

OTHER

- FERTILITY WHORSHIP- HUNTING- HEAL ILLNESSES- ETC.

THE PALEOLITHIC

THE BIRTH OF ART

CAVE ART: PAINTINGS, RELIEFS AND ENGRAVINGS ON CAVE WALLS

UPPER PALEOLITHIC: 30.000 YEARSHOMO SAPIENS SAPIENSANIMALS AND HUNTIGN SCENES AND DAILYLIFESEVERAL COLOURS (FAT, BLOOD, EGGS)MEANING: MAGICAL RITUALS

PORTABLE ART: STATUES AND OBJECTS

VENUS: FERTILITY

BATTONS OF COMMAND

LUXURIOUS SPEAR THROWERS

BONE, IVORY AND STONE

THE PALEOLITHIC

ACTIVITIES: THE PALEOLITHIC5.- DEFINE PALEOLITHIC AND MAKE A TIMELINE ABOUT IT

6.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING MULTIPLE CHOISE QUESTIONS:

- During Paleolithic, human beings:a) They lived on agricultura b) They were hunters and gatherers c) They lived on trade- Art Works appeared in: a) Lower Paleolithic b) Upper Paleolithic c) Middle Paleolithic- Stone industry refers to techniques for: a) Making clothes b) Decorating caves with paintings c) Making stone tools- During Paleolithic, human beings lived in: a) Caves b) Open air c) Caves and open air

7.- FIND OUT WHAT THE USE OF EACH PALEOLITHIC TOOL:

- Breaking bones and extract marrow SPEAR THROWER- Sewing skins’ animals CHOPPER- Engrave on stone animal figures BIFACE- Throwing javelins or spears BONE NEDDLE- Scraping skin’s animals PERFORATOR- Making holes on skins’ animals and bones SCRAPER- Cutting meat FLINT BURIN

8.- ANSWER TRUE OR FALSE AND CORRECT THE FALSE ONES:

A) During Paleolithic human beings are predators ( )B) Cave art had a magical meaning ( )C) The “battons of command” used to have animal shaped engravings ( )D) They used to bury dinosaurs skulls, it was the so-called “skull cult” ( )E) Where flint was scarce, they used quartzite to make their tools ( )F) Paleolithic people had a high population density ( )G) Fire could be used to heat the stones before sculpting them ( )

9.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT PALEOLITHIC ART

H) What two main groups is Paleolithic art divided in? What is its main difference?I) When and what specie developed this art?J) What is the meaning of this art?K) What do they use to paint on cave walls?L) How do they get the following colours: RED, GREEN, BLACK, BROWNM) Find out which ones are the main caves with cave art in SpainN) What are the Venus? Find out which one is the most important of Europe and where is it?

ACTIVITIES: THE PALEOLITHIC

THE NEOLITHICNEO: NEWLITHOS: STONE

NEOLITHIC: “NEW STONE AGE”

10.000 B.C: AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK FARMING

HOMO SAPIENS

4.500 B.C: USE OF METALS

SCULPED STONE IS CHANGED BY POLISHED STONE

AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK FARMING BEGINS

AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOK FARMING SOCIETIES

AGRICULTURE

HOW DOES IT START? FROM GATHERING AND NATURAL FERTILISERSWHERE? NEAR EAST, CALLED THE FERTILE CRESCENTWHAT CROPS? CEREALS, LENTILS, PEAS AND LINEWHAT TECHNIQUE? SHIFTING CULTIVATION (BURNING THE LAND)

CLIMATE CHANGE (HOLOCENE)

THE NEOLITHIC

LIVESTOCK FARMING

WHERE DOES IT START? FROM HUNTINGWHERE? NEAR EAST, CALLED THE FERTILE CRESCENTWHAT ANIMALS? DOG, GOAT, SHEEP, HORSE AND PIGWHAT TECHNIQUES? CONTROLLED HUNTING, SHEPERDING AND BREEDING


THE NEOLITHIC

NEOLITHIC EXPANSION

SEDENTARY WAY OF LIFE: THEY USED TO REMAIN IN A FIXED PLACE FOR TAKING CARE OFCROPS AND HERDS.

WHERE DO THEY LIVE?

HOUSES TOWNS

- CIRCULAR- SQUARE- RECTANGULAR- ADOBE, TRUNKS, BRANCHES, MUD

- SMALL- SMALL POPULATION- ELEVATED PLACES- NO ORDER


THE NEOLITHIC

TOWNS


THE NEOLITHIC

NEW TECHNIQUES POLISHED STONE

SPEAR ARROWS, ARPOONS, KNIFES,NEEDLES,ETC.

AGRICULTURAL TOOLS.

FIRST PROFESSIONS

TEXTILES

BASKETMAKING

TRADE

POTTERY

MINING

THE NEOLITHIC

FIRST PROFESSIONSWORK SPECIALISATION: A FULL TIME ACTIVITY

THE NEOLITHIC

NEW TECHNIQUES

POTTERY:HANDMADE, DECORATED WITH DRAWINGS.MADE IN A OVEN.

THE NEOLITHIC

BELIEFSMEGALITHIC MONUMENTS

MEGA: BIGLÍTICO: STONE

MOTHER GODDESS WORSHIP(STATUE)

ANIMAL WHOSHIP(IDOLS)

THE NEOLITHIC

ACTIVIDADES: EL NEOLÍTICO10.- WHAT DOES “NEOLITHIC” MEAN? GIVE ITS CHRONOLOGY AND INDICATE WHICH ARE THE TWO MAIN CHANGES.

11.- EXPLAIN HOW AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK FARMING APPEARED.

12.- LOOK AT THE SLIDE “NEOLITHIC EXPANSION” AND INDICATE WHERE DID IT START ANDWHERE DID IT EXPANDED FIRST. FIND OUT WHAT CURRENT COUNTRIES IT STARTED

3.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS (THERE IS JUST ONE RIGHT)1. Neolithic is characterised by:

a) A predatory economy b) An industrial economy c) A producer economy2. Neolithic houses are made of:

a) Adobe and stone b) Stone and concrete c) Stone and cement3. Agricultural activities were started by:

a) Homo Neanderthalensis b) Homo Sapiens c) Homo Erectus4. Neolithic brought changes in human lifestyles like:

a) Sedentarism b) Depredatory activities) Nomadic life5. The presence of funerary objects in neolithic burials indicates:

a) they were christian b) they believed in the afterlife c) they practiced canibalism6. Neolithic stone tools are made by:

a) Polishing the raw material b) There are no stone tools c) Sculpting the raw material

ACTIVIDADES: EL NEOLÍTICO14.- DRAW THE FOLLOWING MEGALITHIC MONUMENTS

DOLMEN/ ALIGNMENT / CROMLECH/ MENHIR

15.- INDICATE IF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES ARE TRUE OR FALSE AND CORRECT THE FALSE ONESa) Pottery appeared during the Upper Paleolithic ( )b) Hunting and gathering are productive activities ( )c) Sedentary life started with appearance of the first Neolithic towns ( )d) First funerary rituals appeared in the Neolithic ( )e) A menhir is a standing stone used to mark territory ( )f) Work specialization starts during the Neolithic ( )g) Megalithic monuments were made by aliens ( )h) Textiles appeared during Neolithic ( )

16.- SOMETIMES WE USE THE EXPRESSION “NEOLITHICH REVOLUTION” TO SPEAK ABOUT THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD. EXPLAIN WHY WAS IT A REVOLUTION.

17.- IMAGINE THAT YOU ARE IN A TIME MACHINE AND YOU ARE NOW IN THE NEOLITHIC.EXPLAIN HOW IS YOUR LIFE, YOUR FAMILY’S LIFE AND FRIENDS IN THAT PERIOD.

THE METAL AGES

4.500 B.C.: Use of metals 3.000 B.C.: invention of writing

COPPER AGE BRONZE AGE IRON AGE

SOFT AND MALLEABLE METAL

CUPPER AND TINALLOY

MALLEABLE, HARDAND RESISTANT METAL

THE METAL AGES: METALWORKING

COPPER

ONLY FOR ADORNMENTS

BRONZE

WEAPONS ANDADORNMENTS

HITS AND FORGE(HEATING UP THE METAL)

SMELTING(SMELTING THE METAL)

THE METAL AGES: METALWORKING

HITS AND FORGE(HEATING UP THE METAL)

SMELTING(SMELTING THE METAL)

THE METAL AGES: IRON INDUSTRYIRON

ALL TYPES OF TOOLS

TOWNS BECAME CITIES

WHERE DID THEY LIVE?

HOUSES FIRST CITIES

- ROUNDED, SQUARED OR RECTANGULAR

- ADOBE, STONE OR WOOD

- SEVERAL FLOORS- SOCIAL

DIFFERENCES

- BIGGER- MORE

INHABITANTS- ELEVATED AND

WALLED- CHECKERBOARD

DESING

THE METAL AGES: IRON INDUSTRY

ECONOMY SOCIAL ORGANISATION

ECONOMIC ACT.- AGRICULTURE- LIVESTOCK FARMING- CRAFTMANSHIP- TRADE

INVENTIONS- WHEEL- SAIL (BOATS)- COINS

SOCIAL DIFFERENCES- PRIVILEGDED GROUPRUPO: KINGS, LEADERS,WARRIORS, PRIESTS.- NON PRIVILEGDED: REST OF THE PEOPLE

THE METAL AGES: IRON INDUSTRY

ACTIVITIES: THE METAL AGES18.- BUILD A TIMELINE ABOUT THE STAGES OF THE METAL AGES.

19.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE METAL AGES.

a) How was cupper, bronze and iron obtained?b) What techniques were used to mould the metals? Explain.c) What was the use of the different metals?d) What is the most abundant and resistant metal?

20.- FILL THE FOLLLOWING TABLE COMPARING HOUSES AND TOWNS IN THE NEOLITHIC ANDTHE METAL AGEs. NEOLÍTICO Y LA EDAD DE LOS METALESNEOLITHIC METAL AGES

HOUSES’S SHAPE

MATERIAL

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HOUSES

TOWNS PROTECTION

TOWN SIZE

POPULATION DENSITY

ORDER

ACTIVITIES: THE METAL AGES

21.- WHAT THREE INVENTIONS WERE VERY IMPORTANT DURING THE METAL AGES? WHY DIDTHOSE INVENTIONS APPEAR?

22.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE METAL AGES:

1.-To know more about human being’s beliefs we study: a) Pottery remains b) Types of burials c) Types of houses2. During the Metal Ages trade relationships: a) Were based on coins b) Were based on bartering c) Did not exist3. Bronze is an alloy of: a) Copper and zinc b) Copper and aluminium c) Copper and tin4. At first, the metals: a) Were only used by powerful people b) To make agricultural tools c) Were used for making harnesses for animals5. The discovery of metalworking brought: a) The invention of pottery b) Egalitarian societies c) Warrior societies6. The discovery of ironworking a) Happened after the discovery of copper b) It allowed making diverse tools c) Was only used for making weapons

the prehistory

Education