the pre- columbian americas mr. ermer world history miami beach senior high
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THE PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAS
Mr. ErmerWorld HistoryMiami Beach Senior High
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MESOAMERICA
• Teotihuacan– Chinampas increase agricultural production– Stone apartment building, aristocratic rule– City comes to a violent end
• The Mayas– Farming practices unsustainable– “Long Court” calendar– Cities abandoned, civilization destroyed
• The Aztecs– Self-Identified as the Mexica– Establish civilization around Lake Texcoco
• Build twin capitals, Tenochtitlan & Tlatelolco• As Aztecs conquer land, monarchical system gains
power– Emperors do not have absolute power, kinship
ties loose import– Social mobility is possible through military service,
priesthood
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THE ANDES
• The Andean region’s hostile climate/geography produces complex administrative structure and social relationships– Accurate calendar needed for agricultural
production– Terraced farming at varied altitudes– Freeze-dried veggies and meats– Khipus (quipus) record keeping system– Complex transportation network; roads & bridges– Ayllu (clan) primary social unit, extended family
• Mit’a system of labor obligations
• Territorial states wished to exploit variety of ecological zones– Coastal Region: fish, maize, and cotton– Mountain Valleys: tubers (potatoes) and quinoa– High Altitude Region: wool and meat– Amazonian Region: coca and fruit
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THE ANDEAN PEOPLES
• The Moche– Occupied the coastal region– Theocratic government with highly stratified social structure
• Priests and military leaders = social elites
– Women in charge of textile production– Metallurgy included gold and copper for weapons and tools– Series of natural disasters causes Moche civilization to collapse
• The Tiwanaku and Wari– Tiwanaku located near Lake Titicaca, at about 13,000 ft.
• Agricultural production through raised, lakeside fields• Mostly copper tools and weapons, stone-based large-scale building• Colonies in other ecological zones provides regional trade network
– Wari = similar culture to that of Tiwanaku, conflict b/w both = fall
• The Inca– Developed vast imperial state, 6 million people by 1525– 1400s: Inca chiefdom begins to militarily conquer other areas– Pastoralists, mit’a labor makes large urban areas like Cuzco work– Incorporate cultural elements of conquered peoples– Sophisticated urban design, architecture, bronze work
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THE TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA
• The Southwestern Desert – The Hohokam
• Salt and Gila river valleys, strong Mesoamerican influence– Ball courts and platform mounds
– The Anasazi• Agricultural economy based on maize, beans, squash• Social life centered around buildings called kivas
– Many Anasazi town built into canyons• Decline as a result of drought, warfare
• The Mississippian Mound Builders– Chiefdom based government– Networks of trade tied together by urban centers
• Urban core built atop raised mounds, commoners live below on outskirts
• Barter system, flint = big commodity
– Hunter-gatherers with limited agriculture in beans, squash, maize
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• On page 158, write and answer questions 1-9
CHAPTER 8 ASSESSMENT