The Nature of Living Things:How They Are Organized

Chapter 2

Taxonomy of Living ThingsKingdom Features Examples

Monera • Prokaryotic• Unicellular

Bacteria

Protista • Eukaryotes that “don’t fit into other kingdoms”• Most are unicellular

Amoeba, Algae, Slime Molds

Fungi • Filamentous eukaryotes Yeast, Bread Mold

Plantae • Photosynthetic• Multicellular• Have cell walls

Moss, Flowering plants, Conifers

Animalia • Multicellular• Non-photosynthetic

Coral, Insects, Mammals

Next

Monera

Table

Protists

Table

Fungi

Table

Plants

Table

Animals

Table

Levels of OrganizationEukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells

• more complex• contain a nucleus• membrane-bound organelles• protists, fungi, plants, and animals

• simple cells• no nucleus• no organelles•bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells StructuresOrganelles Function

Plasma membrane Permeable cell membrane; separates external and internal environment

Nucleus Contains DNA

Cytoplasm Part of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane; contains cytosol

Ribosome Site of protein synthesis

Mitochondria Site of aerobic respiration (ATP synthesis)

Chloroplast Contains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis

Cell wall Boundary outside cell membrane

Eukaryotic Nucleus

Cellular MoleculesSmall Organic Molecules Macromolecules

• Occur free in solution in cytoplasm• Examples: - Simple sugars - Fatty acids - Amino acids - Nucleotides

• Larger molecules • Made of chains (polymers) of simpler/smaller molecules that act as building blocks (monomers)• Examples: - Proteins - Nucleic acids - Polysaccharides

Small Organic Molecules

Glucose

Nucleotides

Macromolecules

Smaller Organic Molecule or Monomers

Macromolecule or Polymer

Macromolecules

Amino Acids (Monomers)

Proteins (Polymer)

Macromolecules

Nucleotides (Monomers)

Nucleic Acid (Polymer)

Proteins• Long polymers made up of many monomers

(amino acids)• 20 different amino acids can combine in

different number and sequence to produce huge variety of proteins

• Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form long chains, polypeptide chains

For example:

Function of Proteins

• Structural – help make up cells and cell membranes

• Catalysts (enzymes) or substrates (reactants)• Help regulate production of other proteins

• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/

Enzymes

• Group of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

DNA Structure

DNA Structure• Nucleotides join together to form long strands• DNA consists of two strands• Strands twist around each other to form a double helix• Nucleotides are held together by a phosphodiester bond

– Connects the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of another

• Nucleotide sequence can vary

Phosphodiester bonds

Polarity of DNA

• Each strand of nucleotides has a 5’ end and 3’ end– The 3’ end used to bond to another nucleotide– The 5’ end is attached to the phosphate group

of the nucleotide

• A strand of DNA runs from the 5’ 3’

•Each carbon in the deoxyribose is numbered 1’-5’

DNA Structure

• DNA consists of two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds between the base pair

• Base pairs are complementary on opposite strands– Adenine only base pairs with thymine– Guanine only base pairs with cytosine

• Two strands are considered antiparallel because the polarity of each strand opposite– Necessary for nitrogen bases to align and form

hydrogen bonds

DNA Animations

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html#

• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/

• http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html• http://

www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/DNA_structure.html

Images taken from:

• http://s569.photobucket.com/albums/ss139/kateharsh/Monera/?action=view&current=bacecoli.png&newest=1

• http://www.williamsclass.com/SixthScienceWork/Classification/ClassificationNotes/ClassificationNotes.htm

• http://www.scientificentertainment.com/Brain-Eating_Amoeba.html• http://scienceblogs.com/neurotopia/2009/12/friday_weird_science_the_milli.php• http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm• http://inhabitat.com/2009/01/19/moss-carpet-by-nguyen-la-chanh/• http://plantimporters.com/plantphotos5.htm• http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/aa-oct-08/• http://www.mghs.sa.edu.au/Internet/Faculties/Science/Year8/livingWorld.htm• http://www2.volstate.edu/UGarimella/BIOL1010/BIOL1010lab.htm• http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12c.html• https://www.lakelawnandpond.com/WeedItemGroups.aspx?weed=46• http://www.biologyjunction.com/fungi_notes_b1.htm• http://soe.ucdavis.edu/ms0809/180Sec1/WongJ/Web/Default.html• http://www.insectcollectorshop.com/• http://sdakotabirds.com/species/baltimore_oriole_info.htm • http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcid.php• http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcids2.php• http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/what-makes-an-amino-acid• http://www.npc.edu.hk/~chem/news/3_03/Hair%20Waves.htm• http://www.bioss.ac.uk/~dirk/genomeOdyssey/go_1955_to_66.html