the language of composition chapter 3: synthesizing sources: entering the conversation

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The Language of The Language of Composition Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources: Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources: Entering the Conversation Entering the Conversation AP English AP English Language and Language and Composition Composition

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The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources: Entering the Conversation. AP English Language and Composition. Synthesizing Sources. All writers use the work of others to develop their own ideas and position. . Synthesizing Sources. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

The Language of CompositionThe Language of CompositionChapter 3: Synthesizing Sources: Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:

Entering the ConversationEntering the Conversation

AP English AP English Language and CompositionLanguage and Composition

Page 2: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Synthesizing SourcesSynthesizing Sources All writers All writers

use the work use the work of of othersothers to to develop their develop their own ideas own ideas and position. and position.

Page 3: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Synthesizing SourcesSynthesizing Sources The speaker must The speaker must

be as be as knowledgeableknowledgeable as as possible about possible about his/her his/her subjectsubject in in order to develop order to develop ethosethos with the with the audience.audience.

Page 4: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Synthesizing SourcesSynthesizing Sources The speaker must The speaker must

researchresearch and use and use the work of the work of others to develop others to develop his/her own his/her own understandingunderstanding of of the subject. the subject.

Page 5: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Synthesizing SourcesSynthesizing Sources By engaging with By engaging with

a a variety of variety of sourcessources and and developing developing questionsquestions (annotations, etc.) (annotations, etc.) you enter a larger you enter a larger conversation.conversation.

Page 6: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Synthesizing SourcesSynthesizing Sources As a writer, the As a writer, the

synthesissynthesis of of these sources will these sources will provide strong provide strong supportsupport for your for your position.position.

Page 7: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources A A multi-facetedmulti-faceted

collection of collection of sources will sources will provide more provide more detailed and detailed and specificspecific examples examples to help establish to help establish your position.your position.

Page 8: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources AnecdotesAnecdotes are are

brief stories that brief stories that illustrate a point. illustrate a point.

They can be They can be about about personal personal experiencesexperiences or or about something about something that happened to that happened to somebody else.somebody else.

Page 9: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources FactsFacts represent represent

information that information that is is verifiableverifiable through general through general sources, such sources, such as encyclopedia, as encyclopedia, history books, history books, or biographical or biographical dictionaries. dictionaries.

Page 10: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources Since facts are available in numerous Since facts are available in numerous

reference booksreference books, they represent a , they represent a general cultural knowledge called general cultural knowledge called ““Common KnowledgeCommon Knowledge.” .”

Common knowledge does Common knowledge does notnot need need to to be citedbe cited..

Page 11: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources Quantitative DataQuantitative Data are are

typically represented typically represented as as statisticalstatistical information. information.

Quantitative Data Quantitative Data must be cited must be cited because they because they represent the work represent the work of others.of others.

Page 12: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources Expert TestimonyExpert Testimony

represents the represents the opinions of those opinions of those with with extensive extensive knowledgeknowledge of a of a subject. subject.

It should be It should be quoted directly or quoted directly or paraphrased and paraphrased and must be cited.must be cited.

Page 13: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources Citing anecdotes, Citing anecdotes,

facts, data, and facts, data, and expert testimony expert testimony helps to establish helps to establish logoslogos between between the speaker and the speaker and the subject. the subject. AudienceAudience

SpeakerSpeaker

SubjectSubject

LogosLogos

Page 14: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources It also adds to the It also adds to the

development of development of ethosethos between the between the speaker and the speaker and the audience since you audience since you are giving credit to are giving credit to those who have those who have developed these developed these ideas.ideas.

AudienceAudience

SpeakerSpeaker

SubjectSubject

EthosEthos

Page 15: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Types of SourcesTypes of Sources No matter how helpful sources may be No matter how helpful sources may be

in informing you about your topic, in in informing you about your topic, in supporting your position, or in supporting your position, or in demonstrating your awareness of demonstrating your awareness of conflicting viewpoints, conflicting viewpoints, your argument your argument must always be centralmust always be central..

Page 16: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Relationship of Sources to the Relationship of Sources to the AudienceAudience

When determining the When determining the type of sources to use type of sources to use within your writing, within your writing, and even the format and even the format by which to cite those by which to cite those sources, we need to sources, we need to refer back to the refer back to the Rhetorical Triangle. Rhetorical Triangle.

AudienceAudience

SpeakerSpeaker

SubjectSubject

EthosEthos LogosLogos

PathosPathos

Page 17: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Relationship of Sources to the Relationship of Sources to the AudienceAudience The level of formality in the The level of formality in the

documentation of sources is documentation of sources is determined by who the determined by who the audienceaudience is and is and what the what the contextcontext of the piece is… of the piece is… In-class essay vs. formal research In-class essay vs. formal research

paperpaper

Page 18: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Relationship of Sources to the Relationship of Sources to the AudienceAudience

The types of sources The types of sources included should also included should also vary in order to build vary in order to build rapportrapport (ethos) with (ethos) with the audience. the audience.

Stress those Stress those sources that are sources that are likely to likely to engageengage your your audience.audience.

AudienceAudience

SpeakerSpeaker

SubjectSubject

EthosEthos

Page 19: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

Relationship of Sources to the Relationship of Sources to the AudienceAudience

These tips will These tips will establish both establish both logos and ethoslogos and ethos between the between the author and author and audience.audience.

AudienceAudience

SpeakerSpeaker

SubjectSubject

EthosEthos LogosLogos

Page 20: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

The Synthesis EssayThe Synthesis Essay The Synthesis Essay is the typical The Synthesis Essay is the typical

school school research paperresearch paper where a student where a student must make use of must make use of multiple sourcesmultiple sources to to support a position, or thesis.support a position, or thesis.

Page 21: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

The Synthesis EssayThe Synthesis Essay The key to the synthesis essay is to The key to the synthesis essay is to

make make your argument centralyour argument central. . What is it you want to prove? What is it you want to prove? What is your What is your messagemessage? ? Start from this perspective. Start from this perspective.

Page 22: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

The Synthesis EssayThe Synthesis Essay If you are If you are uninformeduninformed about a given about a given

topic, then make ample use of the topic, then make ample use of the sources provided/researched to sources provided/researched to develop an adequate develop an adequate understandingunderstanding before attempting before attempting to developto develop a a position. position.

Page 23: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

The Synthesis EssayThe Synthesis Essay Once you have Once you have

developed a developed a position, a thesis, position, a thesis, weave weave ((synthesizesynthesize) the ) the sources into the sources into the paper paper to supportto support your position.your position.

Page 24: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

The Synthesis EssayThe Synthesis Essay

1.1. AssessAssess how the sources will help you how the sources will help you complete your task. complete your task.

Can the sources provide you with Can the sources provide you with information that backs up your information that backs up your position? position?

Do they provide you with an Do they provide you with an opposing argumentopposing argument that you can that you can refute? refute?

Page 25: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

The Synthesis EssayThe Synthesis Essay It’s extremely important to keep an It’s extremely important to keep an

open mindopen mind to the information provided to the information provided by all the sources as this will reveal by all the sources as this will reveal your ability to understand the your ability to understand the complexitycomplexity of the issue. of the issue.

Page 26: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

The Synthesis EssayThe Synthesis Essay

2.2. “Take stock” of the “Take stock” of the various issuesvarious issues surrounding the task. surrounding the task.

Arguments rarely have only Arguments rarely have only two two sidessides

Separating the task will provide Separating the task will provide greater scope to your positiongreater scope to your position

Page 27: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

The Synthesis EssayThe Synthesis Essay

3.3. Present your thesis reasonably, Present your thesis reasonably, logicallylogically, and clearly. , and clearly.

Apply the rhetorical triangleApply the rhetorical triangle A reasonable voice is an A reasonable voice is an informed informed

voicevoice Anticipate Anticipate objectionsobjections and respect and respect

the the multiple perspectivesmultiple perspectives within the within the tasktask

Page 28: The Language of Composition Chapter 3: Synthesizing Sources:  Entering the Conversation

The Synthesis EssayThe Synthesis Essay

4.4. Incorporate the sources within your Incorporate the sources within your argument. argument.

Use Use direct quotationsdirect quotations and and paraphrases. paraphrases.

CiteCite sources to establish ethos and sources to establish ethos and logos. logos.

Most importantly, be sure that the Most importantly, be sure that the sources are used in the service of sources are used in the service of your argumentyour argument..