The Kingdoms of The Kingdoms of LifeLifeDiversity of the EarthDiversity of the Earth

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

There are 7 Major Characteristics that all living There are 7 Major Characteristics that all living creatures have in common.creatures have in common.

1.1. Organisms must obtain Energy.Organisms must obtain Energy. 2.2. Organisms must use Energy.Organisms must use Energy. 3.3. Organisms must be able to reproduce.Organisms must be able to reproduce. 4.4. Organisms must respond to changes in their Organisms must respond to changes in their

environment. (Adapt)environment. (Adapt) 5.5. Organisms must get rid of waste.Organisms must get rid of waste. 6.6. Organisms are made of cells.Organisms are made of cells. 7.7. Organisms have a life span.Organisms have a life span.

Theories of LifeTheories of Life

Spontaneous Generation – Life came Spontaneous Generation – Life came from non-living sources.from non-living sources.

Biogenesis – Life comes from life.Biogenesis – Life comes from life.

LifeLife

A living part of the natural environment is A living part of the natural environment is called a biotic factor.called a biotic factor.

A non-living, or once living, part of the A non-living, or once living, part of the environment is called an abiotic factor.environment is called an abiotic factor.

Theories of AdaptationTheories of Adaptation

An adaptation is a change in a species An adaptation is a change in a species over a long period of time.over a long period of time.

Two scientists have contributed ideas Two scientists have contributed ideas about adaptations.about adaptations.

Theories of AdaptationTheories of Adaptation

Sir Charles Darwin developed a theory Sir Charles Darwin developed a theory called called natural selectionnatural selection. We know his . We know his theory as survival of the fittest.theory as survival of the fittest.

Online Adaptation ToolOnline Adaptation Tool

Theories of AdaptationTheories of Adaptation

Jean Baptiste Lemarck developed a Jean Baptiste Lemarck developed a theory called theory called acquired characteristicsacquired characteristics. . He believed that an organism could He believed that an organism could change during its own lifetime and that change during its own lifetime and that the change would pass to its offspring.the change would pass to its offspring.

Ways to Obtain EnergyWays to Obtain Energy

An organism that can make its own An organism that can make its own energy through the process of energy through the process of photosynthesis is known as a producer or photosynthesis is known as a producer or an autotroph.an autotroph.

Ways to obtain energyWays to obtain energy

An organism that must get its energy An organism that must get its energy from organisms is called a consumer or a from organisms is called a consumer or a heterotroph.heterotroph.

Ways to obtain energyWays to obtain energy

Something that obtains its energy by Something that obtains its energy by feeding on dead or decaying matter is feeding on dead or decaying matter is called a decomposer. It also returns called a decomposer. It also returns nutrients to the soil.nutrients to the soil.

Decomposer VideoDecomposer Video

MoneraMoneraNow Split into 2 Kingdoms Now Split into 2 Kingdoms

Archaebacteria and Archaebacteria and EubacteriaEubacteria

About 10,000 SpeciesAbout 10,000 Species Prokaryotic and UnicellularProkaryotic and Unicellular Bacteria are very adaptable to changeBacteria are very adaptable to change

E. coli bacteria

Monera - BacteriaMonera - Bacteria In one gram of In one gram of

agricultural soil, agricultural soil, there can be as many there can be as many as 2.5 billion as 2.5 billion bacteria.bacteria.

Bacteria are so small, Bacteria are so small, that 1000 of them that 1000 of them can fit in a space the can fit in a space the size of one millimeter.size of one millimeter.

Bacteria are the most Bacteria are the most abundant organism abundant organism on the earth.on the earth.

Monera - BacteriaMonera - Bacteria

Bacteria have been Bacteria have been very successful and very successful and may be found in may be found in every ecosystem on every ecosystem on the earth, including the earth, including many that live in or many that live in or on the bodies of on the bodies of Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens. That’s us!That’s us!

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Monera - BacteriaMonera - Bacteria

Bacteria are the most Bacteria are the most abundant organism abundant organism on the earth.on the earth.

Bacteria can Bacteria can reproduce very reproduce very quickly, doubling quickly, doubling their population size their population size every 12.5 minutes.every 12.5 minutes.

Monera - BacteriaMonera - Bacteria Bacteria have very high growth ratesBacteria have very high growth rates There are about ten times more bacteria cells in There are about ten times more bacteria cells in

your body than there are human cells.your body than there are human cells. Some bacteria can perform photosynthesis while Some bacteria can perform photosynthesis while

most of them are considered decomposers. most of them are considered decomposers.

Brain Pop Bacteria Video Brain Pop Bacteria Video

2 Types of Bacteria2 Types of Bacteria Most scientists have now split Most scientists have now split

Kingdom Monera into two Kingdom Monera into two Kingdoms. Those are Kingdom Kingdoms. Those are Kingdom Archaebacteria and Kingdom Archaebacteria and Kingdom Eubacteria.Eubacteria.

Kingdom Eubacteria is a Kingdom Eubacteria is a general type of bacteria that general type of bacteria that you would find in your everyday you would find in your everyday environments from countertops, environments from countertops, to soil, to even your skin and to soil, to even your skin and body.body.

Examples of Eubacteria are: Examples of Eubacteria are: Esherischia coli, Bacillus Esherischia coli, Bacillus pneumonia, Clostridium tetani, pneumonia, Clostridium tetani, and Clostridium botulinum.and Clostridium botulinum.

2 Types of Bacteria2 Types of Bacteria The second type of bacteria is known The second type of bacteria is known

as archaebacteria. Archaebacteria as archaebacteria. Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments are found in extreme environments like geysers, volcanoes, deep like geysers, volcanoes, deep underground, in the salt flats of underground, in the salt flats of Utah, or even the Arctic tundra.Utah, or even the Arctic tundra.

Examples of Archaebacteria would Examples of Archaebacteria would include: Halobacterium, include: Halobacterium, Methanothermus, and Thermoproteus.

Archaebacteria are often known as being Halophilic, Thermophilic, and Methanogens (anaerobic and they die in the presence of oxygen).

Archaebacteria are thought to be some of the oldest species of organisms that have ever lived on earth. We have fossil remnants of them that go back 3.5 billion years.

ProtistaProtista

About 250,000 Species of ProtistsAbout 250,000 Species of Protists Protists can be unicellular or multi-Protists can be unicellular or multi-

cellular and Eukaryoticcellular and Eukaryotic 11stst Eukaryotic Protists appeared about Eukaryotic Protists appeared about

1.5 billion year ago1.5 billion year ago Some protists have to get their energy Some protists have to get their energy

from other organisms and some have from other organisms and some have to make their own foodto make their own food

Most protists are microscopicMost protists are microscopic

ProtistsProtists

Three Types of ProtistsThree Types of Protists

Protozoa (Animal like protists)Protozoa (Animal like protists)AlgaeAlgae (Plant like protists)(Plant like protists)Slime molds (Fungi like protists)Slime molds (Fungi like protists)

Brain Pop Protist VideoBrain Pop Protist Video

Protists - ProtozoaProtists - Protozoa

Protozoans are Protozoans are microscopic protists microscopic protists that have several that have several characteristics that characteristics that are like animals.are like animals.

This is a protozoan This is a protozoan called a Daphnia, called a Daphnia, commonly referred commonly referred to as a water flea.to as a water flea.

Protista - ProtozoanProtista - Protozoan

This is a diagram This is a diagram of the body of the body structures of a structures of a paramecium.paramecium.

As you can see, As you can see, they are pretty they are pretty complex for such complex for such little creatures.little creatures.

Protozoan-AmebaProtozoan-Ameba Ameba’s move and feed by forming Ameba’s move and feed by forming

pseudopodspseudopods which are temporary which are temporary bulges of the cell membrane that bulges of the cell membrane that fill with cytoplasm. fill with cytoplasm.

A pseudopod is also known as a A pseudopod is also known as a “false foot.” It’s almost as if the “false foot.” It’s almost as if the ameba is just sliding around as it ameba is just sliding around as it extends itself.extends itself.

This is also how the ameba eats This is also how the ameba eats because it can surround food because it can surround food particles with its body and particles with its body and consume them. This process is consume them. This process is called “called “phagocytosisphagocytosis.” .”

Ameba’s also have a Ameba’s also have a contractile contractile vacuolevacuole that helps them move as that helps them move as they can take in water and then they can take in water and then expel itexpel it

Ameba in Motion VideoAmeba in Motion Video

Protozoan-ParameciumProtozoan-Paramecium Paramecium have structures Paramecium have structures

called called ciliacilia which are hair-like which are hair-like projections that move like tiny projections that move like tiny oars. The cilia help the oars. The cilia help the paramecium move. paramecium move.

Paramecium eat when they use Paramecium eat when they use their cilia to sweep food their cilia to sweep food particles towards the area of particles towards the area of their body called an “oral their body called an “oral groove.” This area acts as a groove.” This area acts as a mouth as organisms are able to mouth as organisms are able to consume small food particles consume small food particles generally dissolved in water. generally dissolved in water.

Paramecium are some of the Paramecium are some of the most common protists found in most common protists found in water.water.

Algae-EuglenoidsAlgae-Euglenoids Euglenoids are green and Euglenoids are green and

use a whip like structure use a whip like structure called a “called a “flagellumflagellum” to ” to whip themselves through whip themselves through aqueous solutions.aqueous solutions.

Euglena are Euglena are photosynthetic organisms photosynthetic organisms that rely on the sun for that rely on the sun for energy. They have a energy. They have a structure in their body structure in their body called an “called an “eye spoteye spot” that ” that helps them locate light. helps them locate light.

Protists - AlgaeProtists - Algae

Algae are protists Algae are protists that have a few that have a few characteristics in characteristics in common with plants. common with plants.

Algae make their Algae make their own food using own food using photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

This is a Green AlgaeThis is a Green Algae

Protista – Slime MoldsProtista – Slime Molds

Slime and Water Molds have a few Slime and Water Molds have a few characteristics in common with fungicharacteristics in common with fungi

This is a common slime mold that can This is a common slime mold that can grow on a forest floorgrow on a forest floor

Macroscopic ProtistaMacroscopic Protista

Some Protista are Some Protista are actually quite large actually quite large and can be seen and can be seen easily with the naked easily with the naked eye.eye.

Kelp forests grow in Kelp forests grow in the ocean and are the ocean and are home to many home to many animals.animals.

Protists under a Protists under a microscopemicroscope

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

250,000 Species250,000 Species Eukaryotic and MulticellularEukaryotic and Multicellular Fungi must obtain their food from other Fungi must obtain their food from other

organismsorganisms Fungi are decomposersFungi are decomposers

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

Fungi are decomposers, Fungi are decomposers, this means that they this means that they must break down dead must break down dead or decaying organisms or decaying organisms to get the nutrients and to get the nutrients and energy that they need.energy that they need.

This picture is a Starfish This picture is a Starfish fungifungi

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

Fungi have root like Fungi have root like structures called structures called hyphae.hyphae.

Fungi can form Fungi can form symbiotic relationships symbiotic relationships with plants.with plants.

Fungi that form this Fungi that form this relationship with plants relationship with plants are called Mycorrhizaeare called Mycorrhizae

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

Some Fungi are very Some Fungi are very harmful to humans, to harmful to humans, to the right is a fungus the right is a fungus called Ringworm or called Ringworm or Tinea capitisTinea capitis

This is Athlete’s Foot, This is Athlete’s Foot, scientifically known as scientifically known as Tinea pedisTinea pedis

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

Some fungi can be very Some fungi can be very beneficial to humansbeneficial to humans

Some fungi are even Some fungi are even edible, some edible, some mushrooms are valued mushrooms are valued for their culinary use.for their culinary use.

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

250,000 Species250,000 Species Eukaryotic and MulticellularEukaryotic and Multicellular Make their own food during Make their own food during

photosynthesis.photosynthesis. Include: Mosses, ferns, grasses, Include: Mosses, ferns, grasses,

gymnosperms and angiosperms.gymnosperms and angiosperms. Plants have a cell wall and are made Plants have a cell wall and are made

of celluloseof cellulose

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae During photosynthesis, During photosynthesis,

plants take in carbon plants take in carbon dioxide, water and use dioxide, water and use energy from the sun to energy from the sun to form sugar and oxygen.form sugar and oxygen.

Plants are green Plants are green because of the pigment because of the pigment chlorophyll that they chlorophyll that they use in photosynthesis.use in photosynthesis.

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Bryophytes or MossesBryophytes or Mosses

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

FernsFerns

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

GrassesGrasses

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Gymnosperms or Gymnosperms or Cone bearing treesCone bearing trees

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Angiosperms or Angiosperms or flowering plantsflowering plants

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

• 1,000,000 Species

• Animals are divided into two main groups– Vertebrates: Animals having a backbone.– Invertebrates: Animals without a backbone.

*Humans belong to the Kingdom Animalia!

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

• The animal Kingdom contains the following different groups of animals:– Amphibians -Echinoderms– Arthropods -Mammals– Birds -Mollusks– Fishes -Reptiles– Sharks -Insects

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

• The phylum arthropoda is the largest group of organisms in the animal kingdom.

• If we were able to identify and classify all of the unknown insects in the rain forests and elsewhere, scientists estimate that there would be 10 million different kinds of arthropods!

Kingdom Animalia - AmphibiaKingdom Animalia - Amphibia

• Amphibians• The word amphibia in

greek means double life.

• Amphibians spend at least part of their lives in water!

Kingdom Animalia - ArthropodsKingdom Animalia - Arthropods

• Arthropoda• Bilateral Symmetry• There are five main

groups of arthropods: horseshoe crabs, arachnids, crustaceans, centipedes and millipedes, and insects.

Kingdom Animalia - BirdsKingdom Animalia - Birds

• Birds

• Have feathers and lay eggs.

Kingdom Animalia - FishesKingdom Animalia - Fishes

• Fishes• Spend their lives

in water.• Have gills

Kingdom Animalia - EchinodermataKingdom Animalia - Echinodermata

• Spiny skin, 5 part body, internal skeleton, tube feet.

• Starfish, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea lillies.

Kingdom Animalia - MammalsKingdom Animalia - Mammals

• Have hair and mammary glands, give birth to live young.

• Nearly all are warm blooded.

• We belong to this group.

Kingdom Animalia – MolluscaKingdom Animalia – Mollusca

• Animals with soft bodies.

• Have a toothed tongue.

• Many mollusks have shells.

• Mollusks include: snails, octopi, squid, clams, mussels and others

Kingdom Animalia - ReptilesKingdom Animalia - Reptiles

• Reptiles are animals that have scales, breathe air and lay eggs.

• Reptiles include: Snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, turtles,

Kingdom Animalia - SharksKingdom Animalia - Sharks

• Sharks have been on the earth for a very long time and they have changed relatively little over the years.

• Shark can have as many as 300 teeth!

Kingdom Animalia - InsectsKingdom Animalia - Insects

• Insects are part of the phylum arthropoda.

• This means that they are invertebrates. They have no backbone, but they do have an exoskeleton and 3 pairs of jointed appendages

• In Latin the word insect means segmented.

Domains of Life (Old Domains of Life (Old Classification System)Classification System)

• There used to be an 8th level of classification in which there was a classification group called Domain that was up above Kingdoms.

• The 3 Domains of Life were Archae, Eukarya, and Prokarya.

• Eukarya and Prokarya were used to reference whether or not cells had a nucleus.

VIDEO TIME!!!!!!!!!VIDEO TIME!!!!!!!!!

• Kingdoms of Life Video Review