the industrial revolution urbanization. western society: –1800 – rural and agragarian –1900...
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The Industrial Revolution
Urbanization
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Urbanization
Western Society:– 1800 – rural and agragarian– 1900 – urban and industrial
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The Pogues: “Dirty Old Town”
Manchester, England
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Listen … think
How do the lyrics of the song reflect the changes brought about by the Industrial
Revolution in England?
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“Manchester from Kersal Moor”
William Wylde (1857)
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Ancoats Mill, 1840’s Manchester
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Same mill, 1976
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The Industrial Revolution and Urbanization
• 1801 – 17% of Europe’s population lived in cities• 1851 – 35% • 1891 – 54%
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European Urbanization
European cities with pop. Over 100,00:
• 1801 – 22
• 1851 - 47
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Rate of Growth
• Manchester 40-47% per decade• Glasgow 30% decade for 3 decades
• So what?
• What if it were Brantford?
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Urban Growth
Town of pop. 40,000Growing at 30% per decade:
In ten years – 53,000
In twenty years – 69,000
In thirty years – 90,000
Within your lifetime, you would not recognize the city you were born in
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“Walking Cities”
• Rapid growth• No planning• No public transportation system• Workers lived near their
factories• Use of all available space
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Lancashire
1969
Note - outhouses
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Wigan
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“Terraces” (Row Houses)
Shropshire
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“Terraces”
Manchester
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“Terraces”
Newcastle (1970)
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“Terraces”
Newcastle (1972)
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“Walking Cities”
• Use of every available space• Few parks or open areas• Narrow streets• No front yards• Small backyards• “terraces” (row houses)• Over-crowding:
– “six, eight, and even ten occupying one room is anything but uncommon”
- Doctor, Aberdeen 1842 gov’t report
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Unsanitary• Open drains, sewers … if any (“privy pits”, “dung heaps”)
• Sewage had to be carted away
• Primitive toilet facilities – Manchester – 1 toilet for 200 people in w.c. district
• Sewage leaked in to cellars:– Cellar “full of night soil [human excrement] to the depth of three
feet … which had accumulated for years from the overflow of cesspools” – London construction engineer
– “to put it as mildly as possible, millions of English men, women, and children were living in shit” – 1840 gov’t report
• Filth was common:– Poor house admission requirement – a bath:
• One man protested that it was “equal to robbing him of a great coat which he had had for some years”
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Infant Mortality
• English cities – 1830’s:– 20% of children died before age 5
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The “Great Stink”
• a.k.a. “the Big Stink”
• London
• Summer 1858
• Causes:– Untreated human waste in the Thames
– Unusually hot summer
– Introduction of flush toilets• More water in cesspools = overflow
• Effects:– Interfered with gov’t and courts
– Gov’t faced with the problem
– Need for better sewer system
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Death of HRH Prince Albert• Died of typhoid fever 1861, age 42
• Cause:– Water contaminated with fecal matter
• significance
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Public Health Reform“The Silent Revolution”
• Edwin Chadwick:– Gov’t appointee– Poor Law reform (1834)– Health and poverty – urban living conditions
• “Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Britain” (1842):– 3 year study– Scientific – Definitively proved relationship between disease and filthy
environmental conditions– Published at his own expense
• Key ideas• 1848 – Britain’s first Public Health Law
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The Bacterial Revolution:Following in Chadwick’s Footsteps
• 1860’s-1870’s• Louis Pasteur – germ theory• Robert Koch – bacteria and diseases• Joseph Lister – sterilization
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Results …
Life expectancy in England:
1837 – 36
1901 - 48
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In contrast … Paris
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Baron Georges Haussmann• French civic planner• Hired by Napoleon III to redesign
Paris (2 general goals)• Specific goals:
– Safer– Better housing– Uniform building heights– Cleaner– Shopper-friendly– Tree-lined– Better traffic flow– Train stations– Streets too broad for rebels to barricade
• 12 grand avenues
• Re-designed Paris in the 1860’s
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Avenue de la Grand Armee
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Paris
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Paris
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Paris
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Paris