the industrial revolution
DESCRIPTION
The Industrial Revolution. Libertyville HS. Ind. Rev. in England (18 th C.). Industrial rev. triggered by changes in agriculture Consolidation: wealthy landowners buying land up to make large estates Enclosures: small sections of large fields used to develop new ideas - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Industrial Revolution
Libertyville HS
Ind. Rev. in England (18th C.)• Industrial rev. triggered by
changes in agriculture – Consolidation: wealthy
landowners buying land up to make large estates
– Enclosures: small sections of large fields used to develop new ideas
– Led to efficiencies, new tech
• Developments– Seed drill (Jethro Tull)– Crop rotation
Roots of Industrialization• What is industrialization?– Process of developing
machine production of goods
– Industrialization roots were in England
• Why England?– Ample Factors of Production
• Land• Labor • Capital
– Presence of entrepreneurs
English Roots of Industrialization• Why England?– Expanding economy (lots of
banks, sophisticated methods of lending)
– “Protestant work ethic” (hard work, success = virtues)
– Form of government (200+ years of liberty, freedom)
– Climate of progress (England a dynamic, open society vs. rest of Europe / Russia)
Industrial Advancements• Textile industry first to
industrialize (machines replaced muscle power)– Flying shuttle (1733)– Spinning jenny (1764)– Steam engine (1765)– Spinning mule(1779)– Power loom (1787)– Cotton Gin (1793)
• New techniques– Old technique: piece work– Factory: place where bulky,
expensive machinery – and workers – were brought together
Weavers wove faster
SJ: process thread
Cotton GinSteam engine
Transportation Advancements
Erie Canal: 363 miles long!
• On water– Steam engine used to propel
boats (Steam ship & paddle wheel boat)
– Man made canals connected regions otherwise not fed with rivers
– Why was river / canal trade better than overland trade?
Transportation Advancements
• On Land– Macadam road
• Large rocks on top of smoothed gravel
• Easier travel, better drainage• Allowed travel during rainy
seasons
– Steam engine led to railroads• First RR engine = 1804• First RR line (1821)
transported coal to port city• Liverpool to Manchester line
(1830): 24 MPH train!
Transportation Developments
• Effects of Railroads– Spurred economic growth
(cheap way to transport goods)
– Created thousands of jobs• Coal mining• Iron smelting• Shipping
– Boosted agriculture– Made migration to cities
easier– Killed canal industry
Industrial Rev. on Continent• Belgium (ca. 1800)– First country to adopt
industrial processes from UK– Already had canals, raw
materials (textile industry)– Employed skilled British
workers– Built machinery, steam
engines, railroads
Industrial Rev. on Continent• Germany (ca. 1835)– Imported British ideas,
engineers & equipment– German children were sent
to UK schools, to learn about industrialization
– Germany first RRs were built connecting raw materials to manufacturing centers
– Helped Germany’s rise to power
Industrial Rev. on Continent• Regional spread of
industrialization to rest of Europe– Parts of Spain– Parts of Italy– Parts of Russia– Generally into cities near rivers
(why?)
• France industrialized after 1830 (what slowed it down?)– Government sponsored dev. of
RR after 1850– How was that different than
UK?
Impact of Industrialization
• Global inequality– Growing gap between
industrialized, non-industrialized nations
– Outside of Europe / America, no industrialization
Impact of Industrialization• Economic & Social Inequality
– Owners of factories got rich– Workers had hard, dangerous life
• Imperialism– Result of industrialization– Need for raw materials
• Where to get them from?
– Need for vast markets to sell finished (manufactured) goods • where to sell them?
– Industrialized nations took lands of non industrialized countries for raw materials, markets
– Even more power to industrialized nations
Impact of Industrialization• Economic power was
concentrated in the hands of Europe and America
• Asian & African economies based on agriculture and small work shops; no match for industrialized Europe