the indo-european language family - uni-jena.dex4diho/hist.the_ie_language_family.pdf · the...
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The Indo-European
language family
Principles of language change
Holger Diessel University of Jena
http://www.holger-diessel.de/
Germanic Germanic
West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic
Germanic Germanic
West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic
English
Frisian
German
Yiddish
Dutch
Afrikaans
Germanic Germanic
West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic
English Swedish
Frisian Danish
German Norwegian
Yiddish Icelandic
Dutch
Afrikaans
Germanic Germanic
West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic
English Swedish Gothic
Frisian Danish Vandal
German Norwegian Burgundian
Yiddish Icelandic
Dutch
Afrikaans
Romance
French Catalan
Italian Galician
Spanish Sardinian
Portuguese Provencal
Romanian Rhomansh
The comparative method
‘Old’ Languages
Indo-European (3500)
Semitic (Hebrew, Arabic, Egyptian)
Chinese
Japanese
Turkish
Dravidian
African languages
Native American languages
Phonetic evidence
You spotted snakes with double tongue,
Thorny hedge-hogs, be not seen;
Newts, and blind-worms, do no wrong;
Come not near our fairy queen.
(Shakespeare)
Phonetic evidence
‘cosul’ consul
‘cesor’ censor
(Latin inscriptions)
Phonetic evidence
‘We produce this letter by pressing the lower lip on the
upper teeth. The tongue is turned back towards the
roof of the mouth, and the sound is accompanied by a
gentle puff of breath.’
(Roman grammarian)
700
500
400
0
200
400
800 1000 1200
1500
3000 Proto Indo-European
700
500
400
0
200
400
800 1000 1200
1500 Vedic Sanskrit
3000 Proto Indo-European
700
500
400
0
200
400
800 1000 Old Persian 1200 Hittite
1500 Vedic Sanskrit
3000 Proto Indo-European
700
500
400
0
200
400
800 Greek 1000 Old Persian 1200 Hittite
1500 Vedic Sanskrit
3000 Proto Indo-European
700
500
400
0
200
400 Classical Sanskrit
800 Greek 1000 Old Persian 1200 Hittite
1500 Vedic Sanskrit
3000 Proto Indo-European
700
500
400
0
200 Latin
400 Classical Sanskrit
800 Greek 1000 Old Persian 1200 Hittite
1500 Vedic Sanskrit
3000 Proto Indo-European
700
500
400 Gothic
0
200 Latin
400 Classical Sanskrit
800 Greek 1000 Old Persian 1200 Hittite
1500 Vedic Sanskrit
3000 Proto Indo-European
700 English
500
400 Gothic
0
200 Latin
400 Classical Sanskrit
800 Greek 1000 Old Persian 1200 Hittite
1500 Vedic Sanskrit
3000 Proto Indo-European
Sound correspondences
Sanskrit Latin Greek
asmi
asi
asti
smas
stha
santi
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
eini
ei
esti
esmen
este
eisi
English German Swedish
sun Sonne sol
house Haus hus
cat Katze kat
apple Apfel äpple
father Vater fader
hand Hand hand
go gehen går
see sehen sår
hear hören höra
run rennen rännar
dream träumen drömar
Sound correspondences
time Zeit
tongue Zunge
ten zehn
tame zahm
tent Zelt
to zu
two zwei
twins Zwillinge
Second Germanic
Sound shift (3-5th
century AD – 9th
century)
Second Germanic sound shift
time Zeit
tongue Zunge
ten zehn
hat hassen
eat essen
let lassen
that das
there da
through durch
pan Pfanne
path Pfad
pole Pfahl
ship Schiff
deep tief
sleep schlafen
Sound correspondences
cheese
child
chin
cheery
church
Käse
Kind
Kinn
Kirsche
Kirche
king König
Sound correspondences
Italian Sardinian Romansh French Spanish
Hundred
Sky
Stag
Wax
ʧnto
tʧelo
tʧErvo
tʧera
kɛntu
kɛlu
kɛrbu
kɛra
tsjɛnt
tsil
tsɛrf
tsairaɛ
sa
sjɛl
sɛʀ
siR
ʧjen
ʧjelo
ʧjerbo
ʧera
Numerals in Indo-European
English Gothic Latin Greek Sanskrit
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
ains
twai
θrija
fidwor
fimf
saihs
sibun
ahtau
niun
taihun
unus
duo
tres
quattuor
quinque
sex
septem
octo
novembe
decem
heis
duo
treis
tettares
pente
heks
hepta
okto
ennea
deka
ekas
dva
trayas
catvaras
panca
sat
sapta
asta
nava
dasa
PIE numbers Proto-Indo-European English
*sems, *oi- one
*duwo / *dwo two
*treyes three
*kwetwores four
*penkwe five
*sweks / *seks six
*septam seven
*októ eight
*newan nine
*dekamt ten
Sound correspondences?
Arabic Urdu Turkish Swahili Malay
news
time
book
service
beggar
xabar
waqt
kitab
xidmat
faqir
xabar
vaqt
kitab
xidmatgari
faqir
haber
vakit
kitap
hizmet
fakir
habari
wakti
kitabu
huduma
fakiri
khabar
waktu
kitab
khidmat
fakir
Grimm‘s law
Latin Old English Gothic
/p/ /f/
/t/ /θ/
/k/ /x/h/
/d/ /t/
/g/ /k/
pedum
piscis
tres
tu
cordem
centum
edo
decem
ager
genus
fot
fisc
three [Tri]
thou [TaU]
heart
hundred
eat
ten
acre
kin
fotus
fiskis
thrir
thuU
hairto
hund
itan
taihun
akrs
kuni
The first Germanic sound shift
Latin Old English Gothic
/p/ /f/
/t/ /θ/
/k/ /x/h/
/d/ /t/
/g/ /k/
pedum
piscis
tres
tu
cordem
centum
edo
decem
ager
genus
fot
fisc
three [θri]
thou [θaʊ]
heart
hundred
eat
ten
acre
kin
fotus
fiskis
thrir thuU
hairto
hund
itan
taihun
akrs
kuni
The first Germanic sound shift
Latin Old English Gothic
/p/ /f/
/t/ /θ/
/k/ /x/h/
/d/ /t/
/g/ /k/
pedum
piscis
tres
tu
cordem
centum
edo
decem
ager
genus
fot
fisc
three [θri]
thou [θaʊ]
heart
hundred
eat
ten
acre
kin
fotus
fiskis
thrir thuU
hairto
hund
itan
taihun
akrs
kuni
The first Germanic sound shift
Latin Old English Gothic
/p/ /f/
/t/ /θ/
/k/ /x/h/
/d/ /t/
/g/ /k/
pedum
piscis
tres
tu
cordem
centum
edo
decem
ager
genus
fot
fisc
three [θri]
thou [θaʊ]
heart
hundred
eat
ten
acre
kin
fotus
fiskis
thrir thuU
hairto
hund
itan
taihun
akrs
kuni
The first Germanic sound shift
Latin Old English Gothic
/p/ /f/
/t/ /θ/
/k/ /x/h/
/d/ /t/
/g/ /k/
pedum
piscis
tres
tu
cordem
centum
edo
decem
ager
genus
fot
fisc
three [θri]
thou [θaʊ]
heart
hundred
eat
ten
acre
kin
fotus
fiskis
thrir
thuʊ
hairto
hund
itan
taihun
akrs
kuni
The first Germanic sound shift
Grimm’s law
*p t k f T x/h
*b d g p t k
*bh dh gh b d g
Exceptions to Grimm’s law
[p t k]
[f T x] [b d g]
Sanskrit Old English
vártate weorTan
varárta wearT
vavrtimá wurdon
vavrta:ná worden
Verner’s law
[p t k] [f T x] / [stressed syllable] __
[b d g] / [unstressed syllable] __
Neogrammarian Hypothesis
Every sound change takes place according to laws that
admit no exceptions.
[Karl Brugmann]
Internal Reconstruction
[D] [T]
father think
mother thief
feather thick
heather thin
weather thigh
bother thank