THE IMPACT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) TO

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS

PUNITHA RAJENDRAN

A thesis submitted in

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

Degree of Master of Property and Facilities Management

Faculty of Technology Management and Business

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

JULY 2015

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ABSTRACT

Design in architecture is one of the most diverse activities considered by all related

parties in construction industry. During the construction design process, many

problems and errors such as design changes & rework, incomplete design, standard

of quality in drawings and technical specifications, lack of communication, delays in

the drawings, mistakes and errors are arising from this industry day by day. This

research has been conducted with the aim to establish the contribution of Building

Information modeling (BIM) on architectural design process. The objectives of this

research includes, to recognize and examine the current conventional design

problems in construction projects in terms of time, cost and quality and to

recommend the benefit that is obtained by using BIM technology in the architectural

design process. This research was conducted by using qualitative method where

experience architects whom are currently implementing BIM in their firms was been

interviewed. The feedback and results obtained from the interview were analyzed by

using Microsoft Excel. Quota sampling method was used in selecting the

respondents, which consists of 8 architects implementing BIM. The analysis results

shows that, architect realize the problems and suggested the solutions based on their

experience in handling several of projects by using the conventional method. It also

shows that, BIM is the future tools for 3D design since it integrate all the design

documents, the drawing are well interpreted and the designer easily viewable

compared to conventional method. It is important, architects need to present their

design in 3D drafting to create a better visualization to the client. Adoption of BIM

should be implemented from the early process in order to manage construction

project effectiveness.

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ABSTRAK

Rekabentuk adalah salah satu aktiviti yang paling penting dititikberatkan oleh semua

pihak yang terlibat di dalam industri seni bina. Semasa fasa pembinaan, kebanyakan

masalah yang sering berlaku seperti perubahan rekabentuk dan pembaikan semula,

rekabentuk yang tidak lengkap, tahap kualiti lukisan rekabentuk dan spesifikasi

teknikal, kurang komunikasi, kelewatan dalam penyiapan lukisan dan kekangan yang

meningkat dalam industry ini dari masa kesemasa. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk

mengenalpasti kebaikan pengunaan “BIM” dalam proses rekabentuk pembinaan.

Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti masalah yang wujud di fasa

rekabentuk dalam sektor pembinaan yang sedia ada dari segi masa, kos dan kualiti

serta mengkaji cara pengurangan masalah dalam fasa rekabentuk dan mencadangkan

faedah yang boleh diperolehi melalui pengaplikasian “BIM” dalam fasa rekabentuk

bangunan. Kaedah metodologi yang digunakan dalam kajian ialah melalui

pendekatan kualitatif. Maklum balas dan keputusan yang diperolehi melalui

temubual telah dianalisiskan dengan menggunakan “Microsoft Excel”. Kaedah

persampelan kuota digunakan untuk memilih responden arkitek seramai 8 orang

yang menggunakan “BIM”. Hasil kajian telah menunjukkan pihak arkitek menyedari

dan memberi cadangan mengikut pengalaman mereka dalam pengedalian sesebuah

projek pembinaan dengan menggunakan sistem konvensional. “BIM” adalah alat

rekabentuk maya 3D masa depan kerana ia dapat mengintegrasikan semua maklumat

projek serta boleh dipraktikan dalam sektor pembinaan berbanding dengan sistem

konvensional yang sedia ada. Cadangan kajian ini adalah, arkitek perlu

membentangkan rekabentuk mereka didalam paparan 3D supaya pelanggan dapat

memahami reka bentuk tersebut. “BIM” seharusnya dilaksanakan dari proses

permulaan supaya pengurusan effektif projek pembinaan dapat dilaksanakan.

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CONTENTS

TITLE i

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

CONTENTS ix

LIST OF TABLES xv

LIST OF FIGURES xvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES xviii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of Research 1

1.2 Problem Statement 4

1.3 Aim of the Research 6

1.4 Research Objectives 6

1.5 Significance of the Research 6

1.6 Scope of the Research 7

1.7 Research Methodology 7

1.8 Organization of the Thesis 8

1.9 Summary 10

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 11

2.1 Overview of the Malaysia Construction Industry 11

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2.2 Definition and Concept 12

2.2.1 Project Management (PM) 12

2.2.2 Design 13

2.2.3 Building Information Modeling (BIM) 14

2.3 BIM Concept 18

2.4 Current Industry Practices in PM 19

2.4.1 Time, Cost and Quality 20

2.4.2 Time Management 22

2.4.3 Cost Management 23

2.4.4 Quality Management 23

2.5 Issues of Construction Project Management 24

2.5.1 Fail to Achieve an Efficient Time 25

2.5.2 Wastage 26

2.5.3 Cost Overrun 27

2.6 Theoretical Framework 27

2.7 Factors Affecting Time, Cost and Quality Management 29

2.7.1 Rework 29

2.7.2 Design Error 29

2.7.3 Design Changes 30

2.8 Previous Studies on Time, Cost and Quality 30

2.9 BIM Technology 37

2.10 Usage of BIM on Construction Projects 38

2.11 BIM Technology Advances and Benefits 38

2.12 Design Effectiveness 41

2.13 BIM Technology in Design Stage 42

2.14 BIM in Time 44

2.14.1 Design Reviews 44

2.14.2 Design Quality 45

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2.14.3 Fasterand More Effective Processes 45

2.14.4 Early Check Againstand Reducing Rework in

Design Intent 46

2.14.5 Detection of Errorsand Omissions(Clash detection) 46

2.14.6 Reducing Conflicts and Changes 49

2.14.7 Better Collaboration 49

2.15 BIM and Cost 50

2.15.1 ConstructionandFabrication 50

2.15.2 Take-offsandEstimating 51

2.15.3 ShopandFabricationDrawing 52

2.16 BIM and Quality 53

2.16.1 System Coordination 53

2.16.2 Lighting Analysis 54

2.16.3 Structural Analysis 57

2.16.2 3D Coordination 57

2.16.3 Generation of Accurate and Consistent 2D

Drawings at any Stage 59

2.16.4 Code Validation 59

2.17 Benefits of BIM in Design Management 60

2.18 Summary 62

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 63

3.1 Introduction 63

3.2 Research Methodology Framework 64

3.3 Qualitative Research Approach 65

3.4 Method 66

3.4.1 Primary Data 67

3.4.2 Literature Review 67

3.5 Data Collection 68

3.5.1 Interview 68

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3.6 Sample Size 70

3.7 Respondent of Background 71

3.8 Data analysis 71

3.8.1 Coding and Textual Analysis 72

3.9 Summary 73

CHAPTER IV PROBLEMS IN DESIGN PROCESS 74

4.1 Introduction 74

4.2 Architects Interview and Survey 74

4.3 Respondent’s Profile 74

4.3.1 Company Specialization 75

4.3.2 Profession 76

4.3.3 Working Experience 76

4.3.4 BIM Practice’s (Years) 77

4.4 Interview Results 77

4.5 Time 82

4.5.1 Changes 82

4.5.2 Drawing Preparation Mistakes 84

4.5.3 Delay in Design Process 87

4.6 Cost 88

4.6.1 Design Changes and Error 89

4.6.2 Cost Overrun 90

4.7 Quality 91

4.7.1 Lack of Communication Between Stakeholders 91

4.7.2 Work With 2D Coordination 92

4.7.3 Poor Management Process 93

4.8 Discussion 94

4.9 Summary 97

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CHAPTER V BENEFITS OF USING BIM IN CONSTRUCTION DESIGN

PROCESS 98

5.1 Introduction 98

5.2 Interview Results 98

5.3 Benefits of BIM 101

5.3.1 BIM Changes the Process 105

5.3.2 Improve Coordination 106

5.3.3 3D and 4D Visualization 107

5.3.4 Faster, More Accurate Construction Documents 107

5.3.5 Better Design 108

5.3.6 Visual Planning 108

5.4 Cost 109

5.4.1 Reduced cost 109

5.5 Quality 110

5.5.1 Communication 110

5.5.2 Energy Analysis 110

5.5.3 3D model 111

5.6 Discussion 112

5.7 Summary 113

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 114

6.1 Introduction 114

6.2 Recommendation from Findings 114

6.3 Conclusions Drawn from the Research 115

6.4 Suggestions in Adopting BIM in the Construction Industry 117

6.4.1 Contribution of Government 117

6.4.2 Contribution of Related Bodies 117

6.4.3 Contribution of Academic and Researcher 118

6.5 Research Limitations 118

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6.6 Ideas for Further Research 118

6.7 Summary 120

REFERENCES 121

APPENDICES 135

xv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Effect Studied by Different Authors 30

Table 2.2 Construction Projects in Different Countries 33

Table 4.1 Respondents Profile 75

Table 4.2 Current Problem in Design Stage 78

Table 4.3 Minimization Current Problem in Design Stage 80

Table 5.1 Current Practice of BIM Technology in Construction Industry 99

Table 5.2 Benefits of BIM in Design Stage 100

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Building Designs Were Digitalized 1990’s Until Present 4

Figure 2.1 The Different Views of Design 13

Figure 2.2 A BIM approach 14

Figure 2.3 Different Definitions for BIM 16

Figure 2.4 Triangle Relationship 20

Figure 2.5 Usage of Technology to Produce Model in 2007 21

Figure 2.6 Theoretical Framework 27

Figure 2.7 Percentages of Market Share of BIM Technology 36

Figure 2.8 BIM, Interoperability and Integrated Processes 40

Figure 2.9 BIM Uses throughout a Building Lifecycle 41

Figure 2.10 Wall Assembly 44

Figure 2.11 3D View, Shows Errors and Warnings in Revit 46

Figure 2.12 Clash between Ventilation Shaft and False Ceiling 47

Figure 2.13 Clash between Ventilation Shaft and Supporting Wall 47

Figure 2.14 Enables Estimating Construction Costs 51

Figure 2.15 Systems Coordination 53

Figure 2.16 Visibility Analysis 54

Figure 2.17 Sun Paths on-Screen in Revit 55

Figure 2.18 Layers of Complex Systems 58

Figure 3.1 Flow of Research Methodology 63

Figure 4.1 Problems in Time 82

Figure 4.2 Design Activity Flow by Using Conventional Method 85

Figure 4.3 Problems in Cost 86

Figure 4.4 Problems in Quality 89

Figure 4.5 Design Activity Flow by Using BIM 91

Figure 5.1 Elevation View of a Building in CAD Application 104

Figure 5.2 Elevation View of a Building in BIM Application 104

Figure 5.3 Changes Can Be Updated Automatically 105

Figure 5.4 Floor Plan, Section Plan, 3D View, and

Elevation Plan in Revit 111

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

BIM - Building Information Modeling

IPD - Integrated Project Delivery

AEC - Architecture, Engineering and Construction

NIBS - National Institute of Building Sciences

CAD - Computer Aided Design

DOD - Department of Defense

DED - Department of Energy

RFI - Request for Information

xviii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Architectures Semi Structured Interview Question 136

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides general introduction for this thesis. It begins by discussing the

subject matter of the research by highlighting the main issue under exploration and

providing a background to explain it. This aspect culminated in the problem

statement of the research. The next main section addresses the purpose of the thesis

by explaining the main aim and objectives of the research. It also outlines the key

research questions that guided the inquiry. The next section indicates the scope and

limitation of the thesis. It describes the key elements considered in the research and

the geographic area to which the research is confined. It then indicates the limitations

of the research in terms of time and those relating to data collection. This followed

by briefly addressing the scientific relevance, applicability, societal relevance and

use and the methodology of the research. Finally, the organisations of research was

described.

1.1 Background of Research

Rapid growth of construction industry in Malaysia becomes one of the major

industries contributing significant growth to socio-economic development. The

Architecture/Engineering/Construction (AEC) industry is one of the

multidisciplinary domains in which collaboration among related parties is of utmost

importance. With the advent of computers, many material and technological

improvements have been made to building design in the last four decades and many

builders and designers saw their drafting load lightened because repetitive tasks

could be automated. After six centuries of manually conveying lines and texts on

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paper, computers were first adopted as an aid for automating certain aspects of the

design process to Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems which generate digital

files. Though, conventional two-dimensional (2D) CAD technology has dominated

the industry, and technological progress has been severely constrained by the limited

intelligence of such applications in representing buildings and the capability to

extract the relevant information from the representation that is needed for building

design. Drawings are no longer done manually, but the ubiquitous use of CAD

applications in creating drawings has not revolutionized the construction industry in

any way. With the automation of design tasks using computers, the essential nature

of documentation did not change. The same drawings and documents describing the

project are still used.

Architectural design is a complex and open process. Design process starts

from the abstract stage to solve a design problem until it reaches the design solution

in the form of design product. Designing activities is a repetitive problem solving

process (Demirkan 1998). Watanabe (1994) describes designing process as a process

to fulfill human needs through new idea produced. According to French (1998),

architecture design is a response to human special needs which is refuge and

comfort. Lawson (1997), states that architectural design is a process where an

architect produced a space, place and building which has a big amount of effects on

the quality of human life. Most architects agreed with Sanders (1996) whom stated

that architectural design is a repetitive process where the process scheme can be

recognized, valued, repeated, explored and repaired until the best solution is

achieved. Decision making activities in architectural design process happens at

sketching stage, schematic design stage and final design stage. At the details stage,

design process is focused on producing drawings activity and planned building

construction activity.

Currently, the work within the design process is split into several temporary

sequences, and it is delivered to different specialists for its execution. In building

projects, first the owner selects the architects who prepare the architectural designs

and specifications, then the structural design and other specialty designs are

developed. Generally, in construction stage, a contractor selected by the owner, and

it is deliver to different consultants for its execution.

3

As mentioned by Saputra et al. (2011), the time, cost and quality are the main

indicators in measuring construction project success. An assessment needed to

measure the capability to meet these three constraints before a project started. The

management can set up a set of action plans in the planning and design stage as

preventive or response based on the assessment results. It is in the design process

where the requirements of the client are identified and the constructive aspects and

the standards of quality are defined through procedures, drawings and technical

specifications.

Nowadays, the AEC (Architecture-Engineering and Construction) industry is

facing a technological change represented by the transition from CAD-based

(Computer Aided Design) documentation to BIM (Building Information Modeling).

Unlike the CAD drawings which were limited in information, BIM opens an

expanded range of possibilities due to the immense amount of information which can

be encapsulated and later extracted from the digital model. BIM involves

representing a design as objects that carry their geometry, relations and attributes

(Eastman, 2009). In addition, separate drawings for contract documents and then

developing a separate set of detail drawings are consider waste.

BIM not only helps to reduce this waste and inefficiency but also helps in

reducing the potential for litigation. It changes the base documentation used in

building design and construction to a new representations, which are machine

readable for automation as opposed to human readable for manual conducts (Smith et

al., 2009). Figure 1.1 shows the contents of building designs are transfer from paper

to digital 2D-CAD-drawings during the 1990's. Currently we are experiencing a

change from drawings towards model based technology and methods. The models

produced are more friendly then conventional method. Therefore, BIM adoption is

increasingly important in the construction industry (Penttila, 2009).

Therefore, this research is focus upon what is the impact of BIM on the

architectural design process.

4

Figure 1.1: Building designs were digitalized 1990’s until present (Penttila, 2009)

1.2 Problem Statement

Due to the fragmented and complex nature of construction, also many problems

could arises every day during the process of construction cause by factors such as

weather, material delivery delay, labour dispute, equipment breakdowns, job

accidents, change orders, and numerous other conditions. Most of the people

involved in the construction project are lack of communication and less interaction

among the project teams directly contributes to the problem. The earlier the changes

are rectified, the lesser impact it will have on the project. Furthermore, conflicts over

project changes can be minimized when the problem is found at the earlier phase of

the project.

During design stage usually, planners and architects work independently with

little input and lack of communication with each other (Granroth, 2011). Due to this,

revisions of plans and designs always occur that affect government and the private

are required to have a close collaboration and working together to bring positives

changes in the industry. Lerthlakkhanakul et al. (2008), and Autodesk (2008), state

the dependency between project platforms and technical platforms saying that there

is a gap in communication between architects and users. The architect fails to explain

5

his or her design how the design will look like after users are unable to imagine how

the design will be emerged after the construction phase. In the related literature, it is

also well documented that there is a lack of integration between the current computer

aided design (CAD) systems (Taslı and Sagun, 2002; Hew et al., 2001). Most of the

practical and exploratory CAD tools focus on single discipline or a single task in the

process. Therefore, the usefulness of models should be judged not against an

imaginary perfection, but in comparison with the mental and descriptive models that

could be used alternatively (Radford et al., 1988).

The problems of this work sequence have been discussed for many years. The

main problems that have been detected are the little interaction among design and

construction and among the specialists, this situation compels the following phases to

work on incomplete designs. The consequences are suboptimal solutions, lack of

constructability and a great number of change orders (design and construction

rework). The impacts of changes are not understood and rarely recognized, in terms

of costs and schedule. The work hours invested by the designers in the changes have

been estimated in a 40 to 50% of the total of a project (Koskela 1992). In Latin

American countries, it is estimated that between 20 to 25% of the total construction

period is lost as a product of design deficiencies (Undurraga 1996).

On the other hand, the problem with the traditional/conventional method is

that the documents produced are same as manual and did not save the building

design and construction industry from being inefficient. CAD systems did nothing to

reduce errors and wastages which basically arise due to coordination problems.

Though, as CAD systems were further developed, additional information was added

to these systems to allow for more data and associated text. With the introduction of

conventional three-dimensional (3D) modeling technologies, advanced definition and

complex surfacing tools were added. Based on the previous argumentation it is clear

that the design-construction interface offers a great potential for improvement.

To overcome the limitations of traditional 2D designs, BIM which is a novel

technology and concept has solved many issues related in design process. To achieve

this improvement it is necessary to recommend BIM technology and its benefits

which have been playing a major role in improving time, cost and quality in design

process.

6

1.3 Aim of the Research

The aim of this research is to establish the contribution of BIM on the architectural

design process.

1.4 Research Objectives

The objectives of this research are:

i. To recognize and examine the current conventional design problems in

construction projects in terms of time, cost and quality.

ii. To recommend the benefits that can be obtain by using BIM technology to

establish the impact of BIM on the architectural design process.

1.5 Significance of the Research

Today we are in a highly competitive world as far as project performance is

concerned. There is a need for construction innovation. Therefore, putting multiple

efforts in vastly integrated and complementary ways to achieve this construction

project success is required. This research will contribute to architects in particularly

on how designers can improve their work faster, effective and quality during the

design process, and identify how BIM technology can be apply in projects to realize

the impact of BIM on the architectural design process. The result from this research

will be useful to architects to practice the impact of BIM in early stage. The research

concluded that, although BIM technology do pose some shortcomings such as

interoperability issues, the use of BIM is beneficial to the construction stakeholders.

7

1.6 Scope of the Research

Project success is dependent on, the performance of the design team. The designers

are the key players in the construction industry whose services are need from the

conception stage of the project to its completion. The performance of the designers is

therefore important because any decision made at the inception of the project will

affect project success. According to Minato (2003), defective designs adversely

affect project performance and the participants and are responsible for many

construction failures. Failure at the conceptual planning and design stages may lead

to significant problems in successive stages of the project. Therefore, this research

concentrates on the design stage, focusing on architects in three triangle (time, cost

and quality) practices. This research focuses on the participants of the construction

industry, which is an architect to get their opinions towards the BIM adoption in

solving the construction projects success issues. The respondents were chosen based

on the top management level and the middle management only. In addition, the

research will only focus on the construction firms that using BIM.

The major limitation is that the interview of this thesis is focusing on

Malaysian architects firm which is regarding the use of BIM practices. Thereby the

majority of architects have limited knowledge and limited practical experience on

BIM issues. To set a realistic and interesting scope for this project, it was been

chosen to do interviews on the design process only.

1.7 Research Methodology

This chapter describes the methodology used in this research. In this study a

qualitative research method was applied and is built up by a relatively small number

of semi-structured and open-ended interviews (Silverman, 2005). The qualitative

method is used when there is a wish to describe things that already exists. It started

by conducting the first stage of the literature review. The goal of this research

methodology was to collect qualitative data that could be used to compare against

findings from other research strategies. It is important to note that this research

engaged two stages of literature reviews. The first stage of the review carried two

8

purposes as following: This approach is expected to understand and deliver the

interviewees’ experience, attitudes, and best practice to implement BIM in

construction projects. Both Trost (2005) and Silverman (2005) emphasize the view

of the reality as complex and our choice of study method as not always obvious.

After defining the interview questions and the data collection strategy, the

research progressed into the data collection stage. The stage was initiated by first

identifying potential representative. The identification was done by reviewing the

local job advertisements on the internet and in newspapers that offered BIM related

posts, direct communication with BIM tools providers, direct contact with

participants and speakers in a local BIM seminar and attachment and collaboration

with Construction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM), the research arm for

Construction Industry and Development Board of Malaysia (CIDB). As a result,

eight architects were identified and agreed to participate in the case study research.

Eight experts were interviewed. They were selected based on their knowledge

and expertise in this field. All of the eight interviewees have a long experience in

architectural practice and they are BIM users. The main techniques that were used to

collect the primary data were semi-structured interviews each organization. Each

interview was audio recorded using a Dictaphone. As for analyzing the data, it was

firstly transcribed into an interview script before content analysis was conducted.

The findings from each architect were then cross analyzed in a table of matrix form

to determine the pattern of answers. After that, the second stage literature review was

conducted to make sense, justify, and theoretically validate the research findings.

The process flow of the research is described in chapter 3, Research Methodology

Framework in Figure 3.1, Research Process Flow, as can be referred to page 64.

1.8 Organization of the Thesis

The organization of this thesis includes the following below;

Chapter I: Introduction

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This chapter aims to give an overview of the thesis. This first chapter provides an

introduction to the research issue. It presents a general view of the background and

describes briefly the main problem and what this research aims to achieve.

Chapter II: Literature Review

This chapter consists of a literature review where major research and other relevant

research with regards construction project performance, three triangles (time, cost

and quality) and time management are highlight. Authors elaborate the most

important parts of related theory found in academic literature and electronic sources.

Chapter III: Research Methodology

This chapter explains about the interview that have been use to carry out this

research. The description of each method briefly explained in the chapter. Besides

that, explains the technique used in the analysis and issues related to data collection.

Chapter IV: Problems in Design Process

This chapter explains about the first objective for the purpose of this research.

Identify the problems of design stage that currently exists in construction projects in

terms of time, cost and quality and identify the factors to overcome the problem in

construction design stage.

Chapter V: Benefit of Using BIM in Construction Design Process

This chapter consists of the second objective. It will determine the benefits that can

be obtained by using BIM technology to achieve construction project success in

design process.

Chapter VI: Conclusions and Recommendations

The chapter revisits and discusses the summary of the research, the research

objectives, and the research questions, presents the conclusions derived from the

research, highlights the contributions, points out the limitations of the study and

suggests recommendations for future research. References and appendices are

presented at the end of the thesis.

10

1.9 Summary

This chapter had covered the research topic, clarify the problem statement and

emphasise the importance of the research. The research background was first

introduce and explains current situation faced by construction industry in design

stage at Malaysia. The aim and objective of the research to established as well as the

scope and method study. Outline of the thesis chapters were also discuss. On this

basis, the research continues with detailed explanations of the research and

development process. The next chapter 2 describes the research procedure and

techniques that were used literature review of the thesis. Briefly described along with

the definition and concept, BIM concept, BIM benefits particular design phases.

11

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter is presented the literature; covering research papers, reports, white

papers, and books. The review of these studies confirms the previous discussion for

the need of detailed studies about the role and use of BIM from the project

management point of view. The first subchapter describes the basic information

regarding BIM. The second subchapter presents the construction project

management in time, cost and quality is more focused on the design process. Finally,

the chapter will zoom in on the potential of BIM for project management in

particular design phases.

2.1 Overview of the Malaysia Construction Industry

The opportunities and problems in construction are very much from those of the last

century. The demands of clients, companies and employees differ from time to time,

and thus the vision of the construction industry is always developing; to keep up,

management must change too. Based on several researches, it is known that time and

cost overruns create a bad image for the construction industry in many countries

including Malaysia. As mentioned by Adrian (2004), over the years there have been

many technological such as in the construction process that have both increased the

rate of construction, and supplemented the complexity of the construction processes.

BIM has the potential to develop the construction industry, although it is not without

its potential drawbacks, and the benefits of BIM have yet to be documented since it

is still relatively new to the construction industry. This research will address the

growing need to develop project management in design phase by using BIM, which

in turn will help in shaping the goals of the future.

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2.2 Definition and Concept

This section discusses the definition and concept of project management, design,

Building Information Modeling and BIM concept.

2.2.1 Project Management (PM)

Construction is one of the important sectors, which influence the economy of our

country. This sector creates many work opportunities to the citizen and involves

several parties such as contractors and architects. According to Kerzner (2006),

Project management defined as the short-term objective relatively in planning,

organizing, directing and controlling the company resources establishing to complete

the specific goals and objectives.

Project management is not much different from construction project

management in general; Walker (2007) defined, construction project management as

planning, coordinating and controlling of a project from the beginning to completion

on behalf of a client demanding objectives. This includes of utility, quality, function,

time and cost, and the establishment of relationship between the resources,

integrating, monitoring and controlling the contributors to the project and their

output, and evaluating and selecting alternatives in pursuit of the client’s satisfaction

with the project outcome.

Construction project management is the same main objects as project

management which are cost, time and performance, but in construction PM its cost,

time and quality as Walker mentioned, which did not change fundamentally but may

be taken at a wider range in referring to people and the importance of working

through others, also in construction project management client satisfaction is another

important key to project success besides the objectives and goals of the company

itself. Haynes (2010) defines project management as project management

concentrates on a project. A project is an undertaking that has a beginning and an end

and is carried out to meet established goals within cost, schedule and quality

objectives. Project management brings together and optimizes the resources

necessary to complete the project successfully. These resources include the skills,

13

talents and co-operative efforts of a team of people, facilities, tools, equipment,

information systems, techniques and money.

2.2.2 Design

Design in general, and in architecture specifically is one of the most diverse activities

done by humans. It been approached in many ways and has been formulated using

several principles. It is very hard to define what design actually is (Miles et al.,

1994). Design could be viewed as an activity that translates an idea into a blueprint

for something useful, whether it is a car, a building, a graphic, a service or a process.

The important part is the translation of the idea, though design's ability to spark the

idea in the first place should not be overlooked. Good design begins with the needs

of the user (Shedroff, 2009).

Details in Figure 2.1 show, the views of the design in different perspective.

An architect’s designs could solve a lot of problem in the construction industry,

where decision making during this design stage even during presentation of the

design stage is very important. Besides then that design also could reduce and

fulfilled constraint and direct the designer’s team to meet the objective of their

designs. Therefore, designs search of what the client’s requirement and as an early

stage of the planning in the construction industry. The most important part of the

design is by mapping a functional phase into a physical space.

14

Figure 2.1: The Different Views of Design (Miles et al., 1994)

2.2.3 Building Information Modeling (BIM)

According to National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS, 2007), BIM is

consider as a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a

facility and a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a

reliable basis for decision during its life cycle, defined as existing from earliest

conception to demolition.

BIM defined as the parametric modeling of a building. Simply stated BIM

allows the project team to virtually design and construct the building. BIM is not

only a technological innovation, but also a significant shift in the overall design

process (Hyatt, 2011). Figure 2.2 shows the trend of BIM tools in architectural,

structural and mechanical (plumbing & sanitary) and electrical model.

Design is satisfying constraints and meeting objectives

Design is problem solving

Design is decision making

Design is reasoning under uncertainty

Design is search

Design is planning

Design is an interactive process

Design is a parallel process

Design is an evolutionary process

Design is a mapping from functional space to a physical space

Design is like a game

Design is creative and inexplicable.

15

Figure 2.2: A BIM Approach (Azhar, 2008)

BIM is a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics

of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility,

forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from

earliest conception to demolition. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by

different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert,

extract, update or modify information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of

that stakeholder (Smith, 2009).

BIM is not just the latest release of CAD software, it is an entirely new way

of looking at the design and construction of a building. It is consider as one of the

most promising developments in the AEC industry (Smith, 2009; Eastman et al.,

2008) and will become the facilitators of integration, interoperability and

collaboration in the future of AEC industry (Isikdag et al., 2008). As architects move

more rapidly to BIM, the opportunities to leverage digital design data for

downstream building asset and facilities management become more prevalent

(Bernstein & Pittman, 2004).

Furthermore, BIM is an innovative new approach to building design,

construction, and management introduced by Autodesk (2008), and has changed the

way the industry professionals worldwide think about how technology can be apply

to building design, construction, and management. BIM supports the continuous and

immediate availability of project design scope, schedule, and cost information that is

high quality, reliable, integrated, and fully coordinated (Autodesk, 2005).

16

BIM in its present state commonly used on complex projects such as high-

rise buildings, bridges, arts centre, stadiums, and medical facilities. The term is most

commonly applied for planning, design, construction, and management of buildings;

however, its capabilities are being extended to challenging and complex civil

engineering projects. 3D modeling is just another aspect of BIM that has hogged the

limelight, but its real strength and power lies in the knowledge database, which can

used in conjunction with other software’s to deliver quick and reliable information in

areas of sustainability, estimating, structural analysis, demolition and reconstruction

(Sah & Cory, 2008).

BIM is beginning to change buildings how they look, the way they function,

the ways in which they built. BIM is not a type or a thing of software but a human

activity that involves wide process changes in construction. BIM is a philosophy for

managing and accessing common building and facilities information. It is apply

throughout the facilities life cycle, from requirements definition through disposal. Its

goals are to provide installation owners with the best information available for

making best value decisions and reducing total ownership costs (TOC).

Advancements in software technology have led a new architectural drafting

revolution. BIM software provides an innovative approach to developing a set of

construction drawings for a building. Compared to CAD, the BIM software

essentially creates a drawing for the user according to the provided input, hence the

name, ‘information modeling.’ There are many additional advantages that BIM has

over CAD software. CAD drawings are often insufficient to meet the requirements of

a model-based design process, as industry expectations for analysis using a model-

based approach are expanding (Autodesk, 2008). BIM is more than drawings. It is a

data repository for building design, construction and maintenance information

combined in one convenient model to share with all the stakeholders (Eastman,

2009).

BIM simplifies the drafting process and at the same time provides additional

assets to the drawings. Using one electronic file, an entire set of mechanical,

electrical, plumbing and structural drawings can be created from the architectural

model (Eastman, 2009). The user generated information can be modified to meet the

construction specifications. In other words, every time the user draws a wall, they

must declare the composition of the wall section. This includes products, materials

17

and sizes. Using this information the software will generate schedules and list of

materials with quantity of materials to purchase. This is where the main sustainable

aspect comes into play. Limited construction waste is a direct benefit of using BIM

software. In the construction industry, tremendous level of coordination is needed in

an environment where the collaboration of a number of organizations is crucial

during the duration of one project (Alshawi & Faraj, 2002). BIM technology can lead

to major productivity improvements by integrating the work of the construction

project network (Taylor & Bernstein, 2008).

However, NIBS (2007) notes that, the acronym BIM is used in several

different ways shows in Figure 2.3. BIM can refer to:

i. A product (Building Information Model; a structured dataset describing a

building),

ii. An activity (Building Information Modeling; the act of creating a Building

Information Model)

iii. A system (Building Information Management; business structures of work

and communication that increase quality and efficiency).

Figure 2.3: Different Definitions for BIM (NIBS, 2007).

18

According to Taylor & Bernstein (2008), BIM is a new industry term referring to

parametric three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) technologies and tools

to support the work in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC)

industry. However, in addition to 3D, BIM can also include dimensions of 4D or 5D

(Kraus et al., 2007). 4D means 3D CAD drawings with added dimension of time and

5D contains a 3D CAD model with the added dimension of time-based costs (Kraus

et al., 2007).

2.3 BIM Concept

BIM is basically a digital platform for creation of virtual buildings (GSA, 2007). If

BIM is to be applied in a total sense, a model should be able to contain all the

required information to collaborate, predict and make decisions regarding design,

construction, operation, cost, and maintenance of a facility prior to construction.

“BIM represents a paradigm change that will have far-reaching benefits, not only for

those in the building industry but for society at large, as better buildings are built

that consume less energy and require less labour and capital resources” (Eastman et

al., 2008). No project has yet fully realized the total scope of BIM.

BIM is considered more than just a tool or a technology it represents a whole

new way of addressing the building process in current construction practice. BIM

facilitates 3D, 4D, 5D, and 6D.

3D is object-based parametric modeling

4D is sequencing and scheduling of material, peoples, floor space, time, etc.

5D includes the part-lists and cost estimates

6D considers facilities management, the lifecycle cost, and environmental

impacts. These concepts are profoundly depending on software technology in

order to be implemented.

According to Words & Images (2009), three variants of BIM implementation in

design and construction in progressively more complex and powerful grades are:

BIM-A is the lowest level and refers to the use of BIM software to accelerate

document production within a design firm. BIM-A currently provides compelling

19

advantages over conventional CAD for design documentation. Early adopters in

large firms report savings of 30% or more in production costs and dramatic increases

in profitability.

BIM-B is the use of BIM software among partnering firms to take advantage

of data exchange opportunities to reduce communication costs. BIM-B is just

emerging in trial implementations on a few projects. BIM-B requires close, long-

term relationships among architects, consultants, and prime contractors that can

justify the standardization of documentation procedures and representations. In

theory the value can be very high but in practice there are very strong indicators of

effectiveness.

BIM-I is the conceptual model of industry-wide adoption of data exchange

protocols around standard software interfaces. BIM-I requires widespread

standardization of data exchange protocols as well as contractual and tacit

agreements to share data. The potential to reduce communication costs, reduce

construction waste, expedite schedules and increase quality are difficult to quantify

but may be several percentage points of construction cost.

According to General Services Administration (GSA) 2007), the most

important letter in BIM is therefore the I for information, as this is the revolutionary

part of BIM. The sequence of BIM-A to BIM-B to BIM-I is a natural and necessary

sequence that likely must be followed by each firm. BIM-B requires a certain

internal mastery of software and innovative processes that are representative of BIM-

A, while BIM-I requires a degree of familiarity with the data exchange necessary for

BIM-B as well as pervasive adoption of BIM technology and data exchange

protocols among consultants, contractors, and suppliers.

2.4 Current Industry Practices in PM

Construction process can be divided into three important phases; project conception,

project design and project construction. A project is a one-time task controlled by

time, cost, and quality, and its success depends on how fit these constraints are

balanced (Atkinson, 1999). All construction projects comprise two different phases:

the preconstruction phase (the period between the initial conceptions of the project to

20

awarding of the contract) and the construction phase (period from awarding the

contract to when the actual construction is completed). Delays and cost overruns

occur in both phases. However, the major instances of project overruns usually take

place in the construction phase (Frimpong et al., 2003). Before any construction can

takes place, the contractors usually need to redraw drawings so they are sufficient for

construction process. Those drawings are called “general arrangement drawings”.

Furthermore, subcontractors make their own “shop drawings” which are ready for

production of items like precast walls, steel connections, piping runs, etc. Shop

drawings are very precise and detailed. If they are based on drawings which, already

contain errors there might be conflicts on the site and costs associated with this issue

might be significant. To produce building elements offsite when detailed drawings

may not reflect real situation onsite is not rational solution. Therefore, most of the

fabrication has to take place onsite where all conditions are known. This, however, is

more costly and time consuming; quality control of produced elements is not as good

as it is in factory. In fact, the nature of the construction process is such that it requires

the timely exchange of appropriate, adequate and accurate information. It is between

the client and design teams during the brief, design interface in terms of the brief,

feasibility studies and sketch plans, and the design and building teams during the

design/construction interface in terms of the working drawings, schedules, bills of

quantities and specification.

2.4.1 Time, Cost and Quality

Management in the construction industry is considering as one of the most important

factors affecting performance of works. In the industrial world and construction

industry in particular, time, cost and quality form a triangular relationship (Figure

2.4). In the majority of decision making parts, management has to compromise in

one area in order to get the best result in the other two. Mainly, “Cost” and “Quality”

are always fighting for “Time” (Saputra, 2011).

21

Figure 2.4: Triangle relationship (Saputra, 2011)

2.4.1.1 Time

Timely completion of a construction project is frequently seen as a major criterion of

project success by clients, contractors and consultants similar. Successful companies

must deliver projects on time, within budget, and meet specifications while managing

project risk (Raymond & Bergeron, 2008). In construction, delay could be defined as

the time overrun either beyond completion date specified in a contract, or beyond the

date that the parties agreed upon for the delivery of a project.

2.4.1.2 Cost

A mentioned by Azhar et al. (2008) in his research “Cost is among the major

consideration throughout the project management life cycle and can be regarded as

one of the most important parameters of a project and the driving force of project

success”. Furthermore, cost performance is an effective technique in project

management effort expended and it is widely accepted in the literature and industry

(Gido & Clements, 2003).

22

2.4.1.3 Quality

According to Flanagan & Tate (1997), quality of the finished project one of the

components that contributes to “value for money” to the client. Vincent and Joel

(1995) define, total quality management as: “…the integration of all functions and

processes within an organisation in order to achieve continuous improvement of the

quality of goods and services. The goal is customer satisfaction.”

2.4.2 Time Management

Realistic ‘construction time’ has become increasingly important because it often

serves as a key benchmark for assessing the performance of a project and the

efficiency of the contractor (Kumaraswamy & Chan, 2002). According to

Samuelsson (2008), the use of technology that can handle 3D computer object has

doubled by architects and increased with over 30% by technical consultants (Figure

2.5).

Figure 2.5: Usage of Technology to Produce Model in 2007 (Samuelsson, 2008).

23

In the current situation, all participants in the project use a common database to store

drawings and exchange information with each other (Bergmark, 2004 & Noren,

2009). In conventional method (2D) “plain old” hidden lines views but in Revit

Architecture colour settings done and leaving the visualization studio to focus on the

high quality presentation material needed for reviews, approvals and marketing the

project save time. The platform from Revit linked to the visualization of 3D

StudioMax that minimizes the time required to coordinate the architectural design

and visualization (Autodesk, 2008).

2.4.3 Cost Management

Angelo et al. (2002) pointed out that, cost overrun is a main problem in project

development and is a regular feature in the construction industry but it is not as much

of effective compared to time management (Ramli, 2003). Categories of project cost

management include project resource planning, cost budgeting, cost control and cost

estimating. Two important components of cost control are cash flow management

and project accounting. It should determine the projected final cost and consider the

projections of future cost where it involving scope, time and quality. Normally, cost

estimation made before the start of a project so that it can be control within cost

budget. A project may require more than one person and may occur more than once

during the life of a project which, depending on the complexity of the project. It may

be very simple or extremely complex when managing the cost of project. In project

management, it should also consider the needs of project stakeholders in the project

cost (Gido & Clements, 2003).

2.4.4 Quality Management

The importance of quality management is quite noticeable in project management

literature (Choi et al., 2009; Din et al., 2010). In the success of construction projects

one of the critical factors is quality. Quality of construction projects linked with

24

proper quality management in all the phases of project life cycle (Memon, 2011). In

the project life cycle, design and construction are the two important phases of which

affect the quality outcome of construction projects significantly (Dahlia, 2010).

NEDO (National Economic Development Office), London survey found that

"design" and "poor workmanship in the construction process" combined to form

more than 90% of the total failure events (Rahman, 1996). The cost of the design

phase accounts for only about 3% to 10% of the project on average, most of the

research into and discussion of the quality of construction projects have focused on

the construction phase, and seldom on the design phase (Rahman, 2008). Quality

during the design phase has great impact on later expenditures (Memon, 2011).

In Malaysia, the application of the cost of quality concept in the construction

industry is a relatively new field of interest. Hence, the economics' sense of

improving quality not well understood within the players of the building construction

industry. It is no surprise therefore that some building contractors may avoid quality

improvement processes believing that these processes add only time and cost to the

process of construction. In the same time, less satisfactory performance in the

construction industry has led to the belief that construction projects cannot be

complete within budget and desired quality (Rahman, 1996). The findings of UK, the

BRE (Building Research Establishment) also found that, 50% of errors in buildings

had their origin in the design stage.

2.5 Issues of Construction Project Management

Projects defined by the need to complete a task on time, to budget, and with proper

technical performance/quality. A major criticism facing the Malaysian construction

industry is the growing rate of delays in project delivery. Time overrun and cost

overruns factor have contributed to the high cost of construction in many countries

for many years (Abdul Rahman et al., 2008). When projects delayed, contractor and

the project owner must plan ways to handle this unexpected delay. It causes

construction cost overrun. The research by Kaming et al. (1997) showed that, the

major factors influencing time delays are design changes, poor labour productivity,

inadequate planning, and resources shortage, while cost overruns are generally

121

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